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The article discusses relative relevant undercitation (RRU) in computer science databases including Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Digital Library (DL). According to the article, conference papers are not always as represented as journal articles in citations for reasons that include parsing technology and a traditional bias for journals. Three experiments testing computer science databases for inaccuracies are described. Tables present researched information about citations by author and database.

The article discusses software engineering in which software is used to develop software. Compilers convert a text form of instructions into machine instructions executable by a machine, the author states. Topics include integrated development environments (IDEs) which are mostly word processors with specific look-up processes, what the act of putting knowledge onto pieces of paper does to the knowledge itself, and computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools used to store knowledge in a variety of formats including tables.

Without question the hottest part of cyberspace at present is the World Wide Web. The Web is the Internet's killer protocol mix, the client-server handshaking and communications protocol, HyperText Transfer Protocol, together with a protocol for document formatting, HyperText Markup Language. As this article was being written, the Web became the dominant Internet resource as measured by both packet count and volume, surpassing File Transfer Protocol, Telnet, and Gopher. The client side of the Web at this moment is dominated by Mozilla and Microsoft Windows operating system of Netscape Corp. For one thing the non-Unix world represents the greatest growth potential for the client side. The few million existing Unix workstations pale in comparison to the estimated 60-75 million Windows computers and another 100 million that use DOS, not to mention tens of millions of OS⁄2 and Macintosh computers. The two basic ingredients of a Web client are a navigation tool and a document browser.

The authors present research papers regarding the use of cryptography to ensure private online communication and advances in systems verification or verified systems design.

For the past fifty years, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) has been a major professional computer society and publisher of scholarly literature in computer science and engineering. The Association's sixteen refereed journals have earned reputations for being highly respected in the field. Science and engineering fields are now crossing an historic divide in which electronic dissemination is increasingly preferred to printed distribution. ACM is moving aggressively toward making all its publications available in electronic form. This transition has raised questions in some universities about the quality of papers published electronically and whether the review of these papers meets traditional standards. Tenure and promotion decisions have been based in part on a candidate's authorship of printed refereed papers. ACM's policy and procedures are designed to ensure a uniformly high standard for all publications that the Association identifies as refereed, whether distributed electronically or in print. ACM has preserved the traditional criteria and standards for appointing editorial boards and refereeing papers, even as the medium of distribution of the final results is changed from print to electronic formats.

Focuses on the use of computer technology by the police department in the United States. Implementation of the police computer technology; Application of the technology on decision making, strategic planning and person-machine interaction; Relation of computer technology to law enforcement and society.

The article focuses on the role virtual possessions and interaction with them play in people's lives. It states that electronic books are outselling paper-bound books while digital downloads are surpassing music on compact disc in sales. It mentions the use of virtual communities such as Facebook and Goodreads.com in organizing and gathering virtual photographs and books to share with other people. It suggests that computer avatars, email, virtual currency, and instant messages help to serve as psychological anchor points for the self-narrative of users. It talks about how teenagers use virtual reality to create a space largely free of scrutiny from parents. It comments on the history of virtual property through virtual funds such as credit and debit cards.

The article discusses advertising on Internet search engines such as Google or Yahoo, providing an examination of the advertising on the Internet that has been purchased by lawyers. Search engines can profit through advertisements provided for niche or unusual popular products, the article states. Other topics include advertisements purchased by lawyers specializing in computer crime lawsuits, advantages that search platforms enjoy over other online advertising platforms, and the unsuccessful efforts of offline companies to tailor their advertisements.

The article discusses voting systems in U.S. elections, examining the benefits of the end-to-end (E2E) auditable voting system, also known as E2E verifiable voting. Eight years after voting failures occurred in Florida in 2000, the article states, the U.S. still has a mishmash of voting standards and methods. Benefits of E2E includes the preservation of an accurately recorded single ballot through to the accurate tally of collected ballots, the ability to audit in a public manner, and voters who can verify that their individual vote was recorded accurately. Also discussed is the use of cryptography to accurately count votes.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles including "On the Security of Multiple Encryption," by Ralph C. Merkle and Martin E. Hellman in the July 1981 issue, "Computational Algorithms for Product Form Queueing Networks," by K.M. Chandy and C. H. Sauer in the October 1980 issue, and "Computer System Design Using a Hierarchical Approach to Performance Evaluation," by B. Kumar, and E.S. Davidson. Responses of the authors are provided.

A research agenda for intelligent systems that will result in fundamental new capabilities for understanding the Earth system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses contest theory, a set of theories for better understanding and informed design of contests. It looks at how the operation of online platforms rely on incentive mechanisms for getting user contributions. The author details how the theory offers insight on user behavior and algorithms for estimating skills of individuals based on observed contest outcomes.

The article discusses the computer technology that enables zooming, or the ability to navigate different levels of information on a computer screen, noting the effects of cost prohibitiveness to the development of advances to zoom technology. It addresses the development of the zoomable user interface (ZUI) including the application ChronoZoom, as well as comments on the issue of web content providing more information than can fit on a computer screen. It notes the development of high-resolution touch screen displays.

The article advocates for the possible automated personalization of Web-based map generation through the use of data-mining techniques. Topics addressed include commentary on how this process reverses the traditional cartography model of producing single maps for large populations, an outline of several concepts and processes necessary for effective automated map personalization, and discussion of the risk of personalization leading to social fragmentation and isolation.

The article offers the author's view on the challenges of maintaining Internet routing security. She mentions the border gateway protocol (BGP) and its role in Internet management which allows data communications between significant networks from various organizations. She notes its capability in routing networks to destination Internet protocol (IP) prefixes which have variable lengths and addresses. An overview of the longest-prefix-match routing that involves packets and routers is also presented.

We propose a new method to quickly and accurately predict human pose—the 3D positions of body joints—from a single depth image, without depending on information from preceding frames. Our approach is strongly rooted in current object recognition strategies. By designing an intermediate representation in terms of body parts, the difficult pose estimation problem is transformed into a simpler per-pixel classification problem, for which efficient machine learning techniques exist. By using computer graphics to synthesize a very large dataset of training image pairs, one can train a classifier that estimates body part labels from test images invariant to pose, body shape, clothing, and other irrelevances. Finally, we generate confidence-scored 3D proposals of several body joints by reprojecting the classification result and finding local modes. The system runs in under 5ms on the Xbox 360. Our evaluation shows high accuracy on both synthetic and real test sets, and investigates the effect of several training parameters. We achieve state-of-the-art accuracy in our comparison with related work and demonstrate improved generalization over exact whole-skeleton nearest neighbor matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of molecular databases and open-source chemistry software on drug discovery in chemistry research, focusing on the use of computer science technology to manage chemical information. Topics include data mining, the Chemical Markup Language, the use of algorithms in molecular encoding, the International Chemical Identifier for computational chemical matching, predictive modeling, molecular design, and the use of electronic lab notebooks in knowledge management. The chemical databases ChEMBLdb and PubChem are mentioned.

The article presents a discussion of a report within the issue by D. Horowitz and S. Kamvar about a social question and answer (QA) website called Aardvark. The development of the site requires the creation of user models, scaling for quick and accurate responses for millions of people, and a network of users that trust and recommend the site. It is noted that Aardvark connected through an Internet chat service, focused on the social experience of users, and utilized search engine algorithms.

The article looks at an online social question and answer site called Aardvark that uses the village paradigm to route user queries to members of that person's social network who are likely to have the correct answer. An overview is provided of the key elements of the program, including indexing of user social network resources, analysis of informational questions, and ranking algorithm of accessible resources. Also discussed are statistical patterns of Aardvark searches and answers, as well as an evaluation of Aardvark results as compared to those from the Google search engine.

We present a system that can reconstruct 3D geometry from large, unorganized collections of photographs such as those found by searching for a given city (e.g., Rome) on Internet photo-sharing sites. Our system is built on a set of new, distributed computer vision algorithms for image matching and 3D reconstruction, designed to maximize parallelism at each stage of the pipeline and to scale gracefully with both the size of the problem and the amount of available computation. Our experimental results demonstrate that it is now possible to reconstruct city-scale image collections with more than a hundred thousand images in less than a day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the potential for global communication and electrical power disruption in 2012 due to cyclic sunspot activity that causes geomagnetic radiation. The authors state that maximum solar storm activity is expected in 2012 and 2013, which will be the first such activity since the creation of widely-used wireless technology. The article examines the origin of the solar storms, which are coronal mass ejections (CME) caused by energy surges from the sun's interior that can break through the earth's magnetosphere. The authors point to the solar storm of 1859, which disrupted telegraph use in the U.S. and Europe. The authors suggest responses to potential risks including alternate wireless providers, renewable nuclear energy, and preparing business continuity plans.

The article discusses the relationship that businesses have with Web 2.0 technologies. Topics discussed within the article include business problems that can be solved with Web 2.0 technology, the financial benefits that companies can experience by using the technology, and the ways in which the technology can be used without interrupting a company's infrastructure. Specific Web 2.0 technologies are discussed, such as podcasts and blogs. Comparisons are given regarding the way in which different types of companies use Web 2.0 technologies, including a pharmaceutical company, a financial services company, and an information technology (IT) company.

The authors discuss their development of an intelligent care (iCare) system of electronic care (eCare) for older people that includes a focus on social and behavioral dimensions of quality of life. The model for iCare involves collective decision-making with consumer participation. A home portal provides telemedicine for multiple types of care, real-time monitoring and personalized service. Cultural and technological resources are offered, such as connection-oriented electronic services (e-Services), a home movie service and personal information management.

The article discusses the accessibility of corporate Web sites. Electronic commerce is directly impacted by the accessibility of the Internet and Web accessibility holds social, legal, and economic implications. There are over 50 million people in the U.S. with disabilities that may affect their Web accessibility. A study conducted on the accessibility of Fortune 100 corporate Web sites was conducted which found that more than 80% of these Web sites were inaccessible to those with visual disabilities. However, many corporations have begun modifying their Web sites due to inaccessibility issues.

The article discusses the manner in which performance of the Internet may be improved by building scalable and fast content-delivery systems. The biggest bottleneck related to the performance of commercial-grade Web applications, the author states, is the "middle mile," or the amount of time data takes to travel the Internet between the origin server and the end user. Other topics include the middle mile as a heterogeneous infrastructure that is owned by competing entities and the peering and transit points where networks trade traffic.

This article describes mechanisms for asynchronous collaboration in the context of information visualization, recasting visualizations as not just analytic tools, but social spaces. We contribute the design and implementation of sense.us, a Web site supporting asynchronous collaboration across a variety of visualization types. The site supports view sharing, discussion, graphical annotation, and social navigation and includes novel interaction elements. We report the results of user studies of the system, observing emergent patterns of social data analysis, including cycles of observation and hypothesis, and the complementary roles of social navigation and data-driven exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the 2008 annual report for the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery). An introduction to the report is given that includes commentary from the outgoing president of the ACM. Topics include the ACM's Digital Library, a new ACM office in China, and ACM membership at a record high number of 89,000 members. Also discussed is the the revitalized "Communications of the ACM" periodical, the ACM's visibility within the worldwide educational community, and the debut of the "Transactions on Accessible Computing" periodical.

The article discusses the Semantic Web, examining the shortcomings of the hypertext paradigm that is behind the simplicity of Web searches and its distributed hypertext and link navigation. Content has become increasingly difficult to find via the search and browse method, the article states. Topics include the capabilities of Web query engines, the integration of information from multiple sources, and locating and integrating information without human intervention. Also discussed is creating suitable ontologies and dealing with the variable quality of Web content.

The article discusses information systems (IS) in the context of organizational agility, examining how an inefficient or insufficient use of IS can hinder an organization's effectiveness. Organizational agility is defined as the ability of an enterprise to sense and respond to changes in the internal and external environment, then respond appropriately. Topics include processing incoming signals and acting on such information as well as learning from the new information and making subsequent changes. An example is given of data collected from POS (Point Of Sale) systems.

The article discusses the collection and analysis of Internet data related to human interaction, examining the connections that exist between computer network technology and social networks. Focus is given to the growing connections between people, the growth of virtual communities, and increased self-expression. Other topics include principles of human social interaction which can be observed and quantified through data generated by online social networks, the disintegration of a social group into factions, and the flow of information through social groups.

The article discusses the digital business ecosystem (DBE), defining the DBE as a concept and technology designed to provide a flexible infrastructure which will tie a region's economic development to the support of its local trade and industry by developing software. By creating a DBE, the authors indicate, local infrastructures will federate regional cooperation by developing nodes of innovation and by integrating pan-European initiatives. Also discussed are the software methodologies used and biological concepts of self-organization.

The article discusses the development of online forums that facilitate grassroots participation in emergency preparedness and response. Often when disasters strike, private citizens are the "first responders," since they are usually in closer proximity than professional response personnel. In addition, private citizens have traditionally been shown to stay at a scene and assist professionals long after the initial response. The authors analyze the effects of the Internet on this phenomenon and how it can be used to help in future disasters.

This article proposes a list of 50 functional requirements that represent facets of customer service in a business-to-commerce (B2C) web site and investigate whether and how two award-winning sites fulfill them. The rewards of B2C e-commerce are realized partially through well-designed Web sites, since they act as the primary contact with customers. Surfing the Web reveals sites that have varying degrees of customer service represented through their functionality. E-commerce solutions, like any software product, are acquired in one of two ways: by purchasing a package or by developing a custom system. Both types of systems are developed using the software development life cycle or variations thereof, and rely on the Analysis phase to develop functional requirements to meet users' needs. While many factors determine the success or failure of an e-commerce Web site, the level of customer service provided may serve as an indication of user satisfaction with the transaction-orientation of a site.

The article reports that the network, computer engineering and computer science research has long been dependent on a core Internet infrastructure, including the ARPANET and National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), providing concurrent support for application, computational, and network research. Since the mid-1990s, however, as a result of research networks evolving into production systems, there has been a notable lack of any new such infrastructure to support this goal. Many current government programs, including the National Science Foundation's testbed and experimental programs, advocate and support the three-tiered model of production, experimental and research network infrastructures. The ARPANET began with a few sites focusing on basic network protocol research, coupled with a smattering of applications including the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and email. As the ARPANET grew and evolved into the NSFNET during the late 1980s, the nature of the research also evolved toward higher-layer network challenges including next-generation routing devices, as well as scaling, peering, and network monitoring driven by applications requiring collaboration and interconnectivity among research communities.

The article analyzes business implications of the Mobile Internet. Mobile Internet has been defined as wireless access to the digitized contents of the Internet via mobile devices. Mobile Internet devices are considered as more personal by users than stationary Internet devices. Mobile Internet systems enables users to access Internet anywhere and anytime. Electronic business (e-business) can be classified into three main domains namely commerce, communication and content. Three consecutive online surveys conducted in South Korea during 2000-2001 showed that e-mail was the preferred communication service on the stationary Internet, whereas SMS was more preferred service on the mobile Internet in the Communication Domain.

The Internet has revolutionized computers and communications world like nothing before. The telegraph, telephone, radio and computer have all set the stage for the Internet's unprecedented integration of capability. The Internet is at once a worldwide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet also represents one of the most successful examples of sustained investment and commitment to research and development in the information infrastructure. Beginning with early research in packet switching, the government, industry, and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying the Internet, the exciting new technology. The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of what is often called the National Information Infrastructure. Its history is complex and involves many aspects like, technological, organizational and community.

The article analyzes the role of Internet in politics. The web, and other Internet resources are tools that may be used to better connect the voter, the politician, and the other issues. In any event, the Internet revolution has the ability to change the nature of political communication from internal, organizational, and private as it is now, to external, constituent-based and public. Oneway political pronouncements might evolve into two-way political dialogs. Democracy may never be the same again. The increased political connectivity will necessarily be in the public interest. Politicians and political organizations have yet to take advantage of the interactive and participatory capabilities of the Web. Most political sites are passive repositories of staid media with an occasional interactive form. Digital politics may also contribute to the balkanization of the electorate. The ease by means of which electronic communities may form would actually tend to encourage this since geographical constraints are absent in cyberspace. As these "digital enclaves" spawn, new strategies will have to be developed to nurture consensus.

This article discusses the role of the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) in the Internet. In this arrangement, CERT draws on and uses a number of Internet services and protocols to accomplish its mission, and provides services to the Internet community as well. As the Internet community is the constituency or CERT, it would he difficult to imagine providing CERT products and services without the use of Internet services and protocols. One way to understand how valuable Internet resources are to CERT is to look at how those resources are used in support of one of the primary activities of CERT--response to computer security incidents. CERT was contacted by kathy.org to report that an intruder has compromised an account with an easily guessable password on the host rock. kathy.org. After an initial determination of ownership was made, CERT then tried to verify that the passed file does belong to the particular host by telnetting to the SMTP port and using the vrfy command. The vrfy command verifies that an account name is a valid account on a particular host. INSET: Endnotes..

The article presents information on a project that is studying aspects related to computer support of collaborative problem solving in face-to-face meetings. As part of the project an experimental meeting room known as the Colab has been set up at the company Xerox PARC with the objective to build computer tools to make meetings more effective. The project is designed for small working groups using personal computers connected over a local-area network. The Colab project is trying to understand why collaborative problem solving is organized as it is, the relationship of that organization to existing technology, and the trade-offs involved in displacing old practices with new technology.

The article focuses on the strategic computing initiative of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the U.S. DARPA was founded to promote research in areas relevant to military problems and to make advanced technology accessible to the military community. Throughout DARPA's history, most of its budget has been allocated to ordnance and aerospace technology. However, it has always recognized that information processing is vital for the military and historically has allocated about 10 percent of its budget to computer science. Although relatively modest by DARPA standards, this funding has been critical for the computer science community and the major source of funding for research. Over the years, DARPA has supported many influential projects in computer science at major U.S. universities and research laboratories and is now the largest single source of funding for computer science in the U.S. In the fall of 1983, DARPA announced a 10-year plan for its Strategic Computing initiative, a plan to develop machine-intelligence technology. INSET: STRATEGIC COMPUTING.

Examines the effects of queueing delays and user's related costs on management and controlling of computing resources. Importance of queueing effects on the studying the performance of computer systems; Examinations on the implications of alternative control structures; Advantages of queueing delays on users.

Evaluates the effectiveness of a full-text document retrieval system on computers. Importance of organization of documents on the database on information retrieval; Procedures of document retrieval on the net; Evaluation on the efficacy of full-text search retrieval.

Presents the results of a nationwide survey of computer networks in higher education conducted during 1971-1973 in the United States. Identification of major and minor networks; Factors for consideration in developing networks.

The article focuses on computer-assisted mathematics research and the development of Homotopy Type Theory (HoTT). It comments on mathematician Vladimir Voevodsky's work in developing computer-assisted proofs of theorems and mentions that mathematicians and computer scientists inspired by him have corroboratively developed HoTT. It mentions that HoTT is based on the type theory mathematical framework and represents a connection between homotopy theory and type theory. It talks about the use of the proof assistant Coq and its feature decidability of equality which uses an algorithm to determine if any two objects are equal and its applications.

Reports on developments concerning the legal protection of computer programming. Patentability of algorithms; Summary of the vacillation in court and administrative rulings in computer programming; Proposals made for the legislation in the said area.

Focuses on computer capabilities in computing activities in Western European universities. Variation of computer capabilities; Plans of universities to acquire time-shared systems; Implications of technology on the academic procedure of schools.

The author discusses the use of Big Data in history research, and mentions the relationship between historians and computer scientists in terms of digital historical archives, digital publishing, and online research resources. Computational history research conducted by Adam Jatowt from the University of Kyoto is discussed, as well as collective memory, data mining, and probability distributions. A study on fame conducted by Internet company Google is mentioned, as well as journalism trends research, the British Old Bailey Online law archive, and historian William Turkel.

The article discusses the increasing prevalence of online, free higher education options in response to rising costs of U.S. higher education. It comments on the inception of massive open online courses (MOOCs) and their relationship with traditional educational methods, as well as comments on technological advances in education that enable globally accessible online classes. It notes the benefits provided by MOOCs to the developing world, the effort to eliminate barriers to access to high-quality education, and issues of authentication.

The article focuses on computational discovery in scientific research. It states that computer scientists are teaching computers how to run experiments and utilize inferences from the data to conduct additional experiments. It mentions the use of data mining in determining unknown relationships, such as the correlation between incidence of heart attacks and the use of a painkiller. It comments on the use of computer programs to determine the metabolic process of glycolysis and mentions the program changed and recombined equations to produce answers that fit the data. It talks about the use of robots in scientific research and talks about methods of automating the entire scientific process to generate data, form hypotheses, and design experiments to test the hypotheses.

The article discusses the compatibility of computer science and biology and how to make the best use of computers in an educational setting to advance learning in the field of computational biology. Nir Peterman, a computer scientist at Imperial College, remarks that biologists need to learn the foundational basics of computing to enhance algorithmic thinking in biology and improve communication between the different fields of biology. A revised Advanced Placement biology curriculum for high school seniors drafted by the College Board in 2009 that calls for applying mathematics to various sectors of biology is examined. The lack of underlying mathematical theory and formalized body of expression in biology is said to make software development in the field difficult.