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The human serotonin transporter (SERT) terminates neurotransmission by removing serotonin from the synaptic cleft, which is an essential process that plays an important role in depression. In addition to natural substrate serotonin, SERT is also the target of the abused drug cocaine and, clinically used antidepressants, escitalopram, and paroxetine. To date, few studies have attempted to investigate the unbinding mechanism underlying the orthosteric and allosteric modulation of SERT. In this article, the conserved property of the orthosteric and allosteric sites (S1 and S2) of SERT was revealed by combining the high resolutions of x-ray crystal structures and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The residues Tyr95 and Ser438 located within the S1 site, and Arg104 located within the S2 site in SERT illustrate conserved interactions (hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions), as responses to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Van der Waals interactions were keys to designing effective drugs inhibiting SERT and further, electrostatic interactions highlighted escitalopram as a potent antidepressant. We found that cocaine, escitalopram, and paroxetine, whether the S1 site or the S2 site, were more competitive. According to this potential of mean force (PMF) simulations, the new insights reveal the principles of competitive inhibitors that lengths of trails from central SERT to an opening were ∼18 Å for serotonin and ∼22 Å for the above-mentioned three drugs. Furthermore, the distance between the natural substrate serotonin and cocaine (or escitalopram) at the allosteric site was ∼3 Å. Thus, it can be inferred that the potent antidepressants tended to bind at deeper positions of the S1 or the S2 site of SERT in comparison to the substrate. Continuing exploring the processes of unbinding four ligands against the two target pockets of SERT, this study observed a broad pathway in which serotonin, cocaine, escitalopram (at the S1 site), and paroxetine all were pulled out to an opening between MT1b and MT6a, which may be helpful to understand the dissociation mechanism of antidepressants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parity-time (PT) symmetry/anti-parity-time (APT) symmetry in non-Hermitian systems reveal profound physics and spawn intriguing effects. Recently, it has been introduced into diffusive systems together with the concept of exceptional points (EPs) from quantum mechanics and the wave systems. With the aid of convection, we can generate complex thermal conductivity and imitate various wavelike dynamics in heat transfer, where heat flow can be "stopped" or moving against the background motion. Non-Hermitian diffusive systems offer us a new platform to investigate the heat wave manipulation. In this review, we first introduce the construction of APT symmetry in a simple double-channel toy model. Then we show the phase transition around the EP. Finally, we extend the double-channel model to the four-channel one for showing the high-order EP and the associated phase transition. In a general conclusion, the phase difference of adjacent channels is always static in the APT symmetric phase, while it dynamically evolves or oscillates when the APT symmetry is broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging quality is a critical component of compressive imaging in real applications. In this study, we propose a compressive imaging method based on multi-scale modulation and reconstruction in the spatial frequency domain. Theoretical analysis and simulation show the relation between the measurement matrix resolution and compressive sensing (CS) imaging quality. The matrix design is improved to provide multi-scale modulations, followed by individual reconstruction of images of different spatial frequencies. Compared with traditional single-scale CS imaging, the multi-scale method provides high quality imaging in both high and low frequencies, and effectively decreases the overall reconstruction error. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of this technique, especially at low sampling rate. The method may thus be helpful in promoting the implementation of compressive imaging in real applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retention and release of deuterium in W–2%Y2O3 composite materials and commercially pure tungsten after they have been implanted by deuterium plasma (flux ∼ 3.71 × 1021 D/m2⋅s, energy ∼ 25 eV, and fluence up to 1.3 × 1026 D/m2) are studied. The results show that the total amount of deuterium released from W–2%Y2O3 is 5.23 × 1020 D/m2(2.5 K/min), about 2.5 times higher than that from the pure tungsten. Thermal desorption spectra (TDS) at different heating rates (2.5 K/min–20 K/min) reveal that both W and W–2%Y2O3 have two main deuterium trapped sites. For the low temperature trap, the deuterium desorption activation energy is 0.85 eV (grain boundary) in W, while for high temperature trap, the desorption activation energy is 1.57 eV (vacancy) in W and 1.73 eV (vacancy) in W–2%Y2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical properties of an AlInN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on a sapphire substrate are investigated in a cryogenic temperature range from 295 K down to 50 K. It is shown that drain saturation current and conductance increase as transistor operation temperature decreases. A self-heating effect is observed over the entire range of temperature under high power consumption. The dependence of channel electron mobility on electron density is investigated in detail. It is found that aside from Coulomb scattering, electrons that have been pushed away from the AlInN/GaN interface into the bulk GaN substrate at a large reverse gate voltage are also responsible for the electron mobility drop with the decrease of electron density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain boundaries (GBs), as extremely anisotropic pinning defects, have a strong impact on vortex motion in type-II superconductors, and further on the macro level dominates the superconductivity for example the critical current density. Many previous studies indicated that mostly GB plays the role of a strong barrier for vortex motion, while an easy-flow channel just under some certain conditions. In order to thoroughly make clear of the questions of what is exactly the role of GB on vortex motion and how it works, in this article we developed a large scale molecular dynamic model and revealed the action of GB on vortex motion in type-II superconductors. The most significant finding is that the role of GB on vortex motion can be changeable from a barrier to an easy-flow channel, and which is intrinsically determined by the competition effect correlated with its action on vortex between in the GB and no-GB regions. Such the competition effect essentially depends on the attributes of both the GB (described by the GB strength and angle θ) and no-GB pining regions (by the relative disorder strength αp/αv). Specifically, for a YBa2Cu3O7 – x (YBCO) sample, to obtain a clear knowledge of vortex motion in GB region, we visualized the three typical trajectories of vortices during the three vortex movement stages. Further, in order to understand how GB results in the macro current-carrying property, corresponding to the current–voltage relation of the YBCO conductor, we obtained the average velocity vy of vortices varying with their driving force, which is nearly identical with the previous observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (PZT) gate insulator with the thickness of 30 nm is grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high electron mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs). The ferroelectric effect of PZT AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMT is demonstrated. The polarization charge in PZT varies with different gate voltages. The equivalent polarization charge model (EPCM) is proposed for calculating the polarization charge and the concentration of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The threshold voltage (Vth) and output current density (IDS) can also be obtained by the EPCM. The theoretical values are in good agreement with the experimental results and the model can provide a guide for the design of the PZT MIS-HEMT. The polarization charges of PZT can be modulated by different gate-voltage stresses and the Vth has a regulation range of 4.0 V. The polarization charge changes after the stress of gate voltage for several seconds. When the gate voltage is stable or changes at high frequency, the output characteristics and the current collapse of the device remain stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of important members of refractory materials, tungsten phosphide (WP) holds great potential for fundamental study and industrial applications in many fields of science and technology, due to its excellent properties such as superconductivity and as-predicted topological band structure. However, synthesis of high-quality WP crystals is still a challenge by using tradition synthetic methods, because the synthesis temperature for growing its large crystals is very stringently required to be as high as 3000 °C, which is far beyond the temperature capability of most laboratory-based devices for crystal growth. In addition, high temperature often induces the decomposition of metal phosphides, leading to off-stoichiometric samples based on which the materials' intrinsic properties cannot be explored. In this work, we report a high-pressure synthesis of single-crystal WP through a direct crystallization from cooling the congruent W–P melts at 5 GPa and ∼ 3200 °C. In combination of x-ray diffraction, electron microscope, and thermal analysis, the crystal structure, morphology, and stability of recovered sample are well investigated. The final product is phase-pure and nearly stoichiometric WP in a single-crystal form with a large grain size, in excess of one millimeter, thus making it feasible to implement most experimental measurements, especially, for the case where a large crystal is required. Success in synthesis of high-quality WP crystals at high pressure can offer great opportunities for determining their intrinsic properties and also making more efforts to study the family of transition-metal phosphides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) with different gate insulators are fabricated on Si substrates. The HfO2 gate insulator and the Al2O3 gate insulator each with a thickness of 30 nm are grown by the plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD). The energy band diagrams of two types of dielectric MIS-HEMTs are compared. The breakdown voltage (VBR) of HfO2 dielectric layer and Al2O3 dielectric layer are 9.4 V and 15.9 V, respectively. With the same barrier thickness, the transconductance of MIS-HEMT with HfO2 is larger. The threshold voltage (Vth) of the HfO2 and Al2O3 MIS-HEMT are 2.0 V and 2.4 V, respectively, when the barrier layer thickness is 0 nm. The C–V characteristics are in good agreement with the Vth's transfer characteristics. As the barrier layer becomes thinner, the drain current density decreases sharply. Due to the dielectric/AlGaN interface is very close to the channel, the scattering of interface states will lead the electron mobility to decrease. The current collapse and the Ron of Al2O3 MIS-HEMT are smaller at the maximum gate voltage. As Al2O3 has excellent thermal stability and chemical stability, the interface state density of Al2O3/AlGaN is less than that of HfO2/AlGaN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of important members of refractory materials, tungsten phosphide (WP) holds great potential for fundamental study and industrial applications in many fields of science and technology, due to its excellent properties such as superconductivity and as-predicted topological band structure. However, synthesis of high-quality WP crystals is still a challenge by using tradition synthetic methods, because the synthesis temperature for growing its large crystals is very stringently required to be as high as 3000 °C, which is far beyond the temperature capability of most laboratory-based devices for crystal growth. In addition, high temperature often induces the decomposition of metal phosphides, leading to off-stoichiometric samples based on which the materials' intrinsic properties cannot be explored. In this work, we report a high-pressure synthesis of single-crystal WP through a direct crystallization from cooling the congruent W–P melts at 5 GPa and ∼ 3200 °C. In combination of x-ray diffraction, electron microscope, and thermal analysis, the crystal structure, morphology, and stability of recovered sample are well investigated. The final product is phase-pure and nearly stoichiometric WP in a single-crystal form with a large grain size, in excess of one millimeter, thus making it feasible to implement most experimental measurements, especially, for the case where a large crystal is required. Success in synthesis of high-quality WP crystals at high pressure can offer great opportunities for determining their intrinsic properties and also making more efforts to study the family of transition-metal phosphides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) with different gate insulators are fabricated on Si substrates. The HfO2 gate insulator and the Al2O3 gate insulator each with a thickness of 30 nm are grown by the plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD). The energy band diagrams of two types of dielectric MIS-HEMTs are compared. The breakdown voltage (VBR) of HfO2 dielectric layer and Al2O3 dielectric layer are 9.4 V and 15.9 V, respectively. With the same barrier thickness, the transconductance of MIS-HEMT with HfO2 is larger. The threshold voltage (Vth) of the HfO2 and Al2O3 MIS-HEMT are 2.0 V and 2.4 V, respectively, when the barrier layer thickness is 0 nm. The C–V characteristics are in good agreement with the Vth's transfer characteristics. As the barrier layer becomes thinner, the drain current density decreases sharply. Due to the dielectric/AlGaN interface is very close to the channel, the scattering of interface states will lead the electron mobility to decrease. The current collapse and the Ron of Al2O3 MIS-HEMT are smaller at the maximum gate voltage. As Al2O3 has excellent thermal stability and chemical stability, the interface state density of Al2O3/AlGaN is less than that of HfO2/AlGaN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene-based resistive random access memory (GRRAM) has grasped researchers’ attention due to its merits compared with ordinary RRAM. In this paper, we briefly review different types of GRRAMs. These GRRAMs can be divided into two categories: graphene RRAM and graphene oxide (GO)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) RRAM. Using graphene as the electrode, GRRAM can own many good characteristics, such as low power consumption, higher density, transparency, SET voltage modulation, high uniformity, and so on. Graphene flakes sandwiched between two dielectric layers can lower the SET voltage and achieve multilevel switching. Moreover, the GRRAM with rGO and GO as the dielectric or electrode can be simply fabricated. Flexible and high performance RRAM and GO film can be modified by adding other materials layer or making a composite with polymer, nanoparticle, and 2D materials to further improve the performance. Above all, GRRAM shows huge potential to become the next generation memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-line-of-sight imaging detection is to detect hidden objects by indirect light and intermediary surface (diffuser). It has very important significance in indirect access to an object or dangerous object detection, such as medical treatment and rescue. An approach to locating the positions of hidden objects is proposed based on time delay estimation. The time delays between the received signals and the source signal can be obtained by correlation analysis, and then the positions of hidden objects will be located. Compared with earlier systems and methods, the proposed approach has some modifications and provides significant improvements, such as quick data acquisition, simple system structure and low cost, and can locate the positions of hidden objects as well: this technology lays a good foundation for developing a practical system that can be used in real applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the principle of discharge-based pulsed I–V technique is introduced. By using it, the energy and spatial distributions of electron traps within the 4-nm HfO2 layer have been extracted. Two peaks are observed, which are located at ΔE ∼ −1.0 eV and −1.43 eV, respectively. It is found that the former one is close to the SiO2/HfO2 interface and the latter one is close to the gate electrode. It is also observed that the maximum discharge time has little effect on the energy distribution. Finally, the impact of electrical stress on the HfO2 layer is also studied. During stress, no new electron traps and interface states are generated. Meanwhile, the electrical stress also has no impact on the energy and spatial distribution of as-grown traps. The results provide valuable information for theoretical modeling establishment, material assessment, and reliability improvement for advanced semiconductor devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource-saving (PrNdCe)2Fe14B sintered magnets with nominal composition (PrNd)15−xCexFe77B8 (x = 0−10) were prepared using a dual alloy method by mixing (PrNd)5Ce10Fe77B8 with (PrNd)15Fe77B8 powders. For Ce atomic percent of 1% and 2%, coercivity decreases dramatically. With further increase of Ce atomic percent, the coercivity increases, peaks at 6.38 kOe in (PrNd)11Ce4Fe77B8, and then declines gradually. The abnormal dependence of coercivity is likely related to the inhomogeneity of rare earth chemical composition in the intergranular phase, where PrNd concentration is strongly dependent on the additive amount of (PrNd)5Ce10Fe77B8 powders. In addition, for Ce atomic percent of 8%, 7%, and 6% the coercivity is higher than that of magnets prepared by the conventional method, which shows the advantage of the dual alloy method in preparing high abundant rare earth magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effect of interaction, temperature, and anisotropic parameter on the quantum phase transitions in an anisotropic square-octagon lattice with fermions under the framework of the single band Hubbard model through using the combination of cellular dynamical mean field theory and a continuous time Monte Carlo algorithm. The competition between interaction and temperature shows that with the increase of the anisotropic parameter, the critical on-site repulsive interaction for the metal–insulator transition increases for fixed temperature. The interaction–anisotropic parameter phase diagram reveals that with the decrease of temperature, the critical anisotropic parameter for the Mott transition will increase for fixed interaction cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation mechanism of enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) fabricated by fluorine plasma ion implantation technology is one major concern of HEMT’s reliability. It is observed that the threshold voltage shows a significant negative shift during the typical long-term on-state gate overdrive stress. The degradation does not originate from the presence of as-grown traps in the AlGaN barrier layer or the generated traps during fluorine ion implantation process. By comparing the relationships between the shift of threshold voltage and the cumulative injected electrons under different stress conditions, a good agreement is observed. It provides direct experimental evidence to support the impact ionization physical model, in which the degradation of E-mode HEMTs under gate overdrive stress can be explained by the ionization of fluorine ions in the AlGaN barrier layer by electrons injected from 2DEG channel. Furthermore, our results show that there are few new traps generated in the AlGaN barrier layer during the gate overdrive stress, and the ionized fluorine ions cannot recapture the electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pattern imprinting in deep sub-micron static random access memories (SRAMs) during total dose irradiation is investigated in detail. As the dose accumulates, the data pattern of memory cells loading during irradiation is gradually imprinted on their background data pattern. We build a relationship between the memory cell's static noise margin (SNM) and the background data, and study the influence of irradiation on the probability density function of ΔSNM, which is the difference between two data sides' SNMs, to discuss the reason for pattern imprinting. Finally, we demonstrate that, for micron and deep sub-micron devices, the mechanism of pattern imprinting is the bias-dependent threshold shift of the transistor, but for a deep sub-micron device the shift results from charge trapping in the shallow trench isolation (STI) oxide rather than from the gate oxide of the micron-device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the hot electron effect in a semiconductor, an overmoded resistive sensor for 0.3–0.4 THz band is investigated. The distribution of electromagnetic field components, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and the average electric field in the silicon block are obtained by using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. By adjusting several factors (such as the length, width, height and specific resistance of the silicon block) a novel sensor with optimal structural parameters that can be used as a power measurement device for high power terahertz pulse directly is proposed. The results show that the sensor has a relative sensitivity of about 0.24 kW−1, with a fluctuation of relative sensitivity of no more than ±22%, and the maximum of VSWR is 2.74 for 0.3–0.4 THz band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation mechanism of GaN-based near-ultraviolet (NUV, 320â€"400 nm) light emitting diodes (LEDs) with low-indium content under electrical stress is studied from the aspect of defects. A decrease in the optical power and an increase in the leakage current are observed after electrical stress. The defect behaviors are characterized using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurement under different filling pulse widths. After stress, the concentration of defects with the energy level of 0.47â€"0.56 eV increases, accompanied by decrease in the concentration of 0.72â€"0.84 eV defects. Combing the defect energy level with the increased yellow luminescence in photoluminescence spectra, the device degradation can be attributed to the activation of the gallium vacancy and oxygen related complex defect along dislocation, which was previously passivated with hydrogen. This study reveals the evolution process of defects under electrical stress and their spatial location, laying a foundation for manufacture of GaN-based NUV LEDs with high reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A horizontally slotted photonic crystal nanobeam cavity with an embedded active nanopillar structure is proposed for ultrafast direct modulation. By designing the thicknesses of both the nanobeam and the horizontal slot layer, the quality factor (Q factor) and the mode volume (Vn) of the proposed cavity can be engineered independently. As a result, the spontaneous emission (SpE) rate is enhanced with a small Vn of 2.4 while the SpE rate and the cavity photon lifetime have an optimal Q factor of ∼ 1000. In our simulation, the modulation bandwidth could be enhanced up to 170 GHz with different emission linewidths of the active nanopillar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with Al-doped ZnO (AZO) transparent gate electrodes are fabricated, and Ni/Au/Ni-gated HEMTs are produced in comparison. The AZO-gated HEMTs show good DC characteristics and Schottky rectifying characteristics, and the gate electrodes achieve excellent transparencies. Compared with Ni/Au/Ni-gated HEMTs, AZO-gated HEMTs show a low saturation current, high threshold voltage, high Schottky barrier height, and low gate reverse leakage current. Due to the higher gate resistivity, AZO-gated HEMTs exhibit a current--gain cutoff frequency (fT) of 10 GHz and a power gain cutoff frequency (fmax) of 5 GHz, and lower maximum oscillation frequency than Ni/Au/Ni-gated HEMTs. Moreover, the C-V characteristics are measured and the gate interface characteristics of the AZO-gated devices are investigated by a C-V dual sweep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetism and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of rare-earth-based tungstate compounds R3BWO9 (R = Gd, Dy, Ho) have been studied by magnetic susceptibility, isothermal magnetization, and specific heat measurements. No obvious long-range magnetic ordering can be found down to 2 K. The Curie–Weiss fitting and magnetic susceptibilities under different applied fields reveal the existence of weak short-range antiferromagnetic couplings at low temperature in these systems. The calculations of isothermal magnetization exhibit a giant MCE with the maximum changes of magnetic entropy being 54.80 J/kg⋅K at 2 K for Gd3BWO9, 28.5 J/kg⋅K at 6 K for Dy3BWO9, and 29.76 J/kg⋅K at 4 K for Ho3BWO9, respectively, under a field change of 0–7 T. Especially for Gd3BWO9, the maximum value of magnetic entropy change () and adiabatic temperature change () are 36.75 J/kg⋅K and 5.56 K for a low field change of 0–3 T, indicating a promising application for low temperature magnetic refrigeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance degradation of gate-recessed metal–oxide–semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOS-HEMT) is compared with that of conventional high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) under direct current (DC) stress, and the degradation mechanism is studied. Under the channel hot electron injection stress, the degradation of gate-recessed MOS-HEMT is more serious than that of conventional HEMT devices due to the combined effect of traps in the barrier layer, and that under the gate dielectric of the device. The threshold voltage of conventional HEMT shows a reduction under the gate electron injection stress, which is caused by the barrier layer traps trapping the injected electrons and releasing them into the channel. However, because of defects under gate dielectrics which can trap the electrons injected from gate and deplete part of the channel, the threshold voltage of gate-recessed MOS-HEMT first increases and then decreases as the conventional HEMT. The saturation phenomenon of threshold voltage degradation under high field stress verifies the existence of threshold voltage reduction effect caused by gate electron injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel vertical InN/InGaN heterojunction tunnel FET with hetero T-shaped gate as well as polarization-doped source and drain region (InN-Hetero-TG-TFET) is proposed and investigated by Silvaco-Atlas simulations for the first time. Compared with the conventional physical doping TFET devices, the proposed device can realize the P-type source and N-type drain region by means of the polarization effect near the top InN/InGaN and bottom InGaN/InN heterojunctions respectively, which could provide an effective solution of random dopant fluctuation (RDF) and the related problems about the high thermal budget and expensive annealing techniques due to ion-implantation physical doping. Besides, due to the hetero T-shaped gate, the improvement of the on-state performance can be achieved in the proposed device. The simulations of the device proposed here in this work show ION of 4.45 × 10−5 A/μm, ION/IOFF ratio of 1013, and SSavg of 7.5 mV/dec in InN-Hetero-TG-TFET, which are better than the counterparts of the device with a homo T-shaped gate (InN-Homo-TG-TFET) and our reported lateral polarization-induced InN-based TFET (PI-InN-TFET). These results can provide useful reference for further developing the TFETs without physical doping process in low power electronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel CMOS image sensor (CIS) pinned photodiode (PPD) pixel, named as O-T pixel, is proposed and investigated by TCAD simulations. Compared with the conventional PPD pixel, the proposed pixel features the overlapping gate (OG) and the temporary storage diffusing (TSD) region, based on which the several-nanosecond-level charge transfer could be achieved and the complete charge transfer from the PPD to the floating node (FD) could be realized. And systematic analyses of the influence of the doping conditions of the proposed processes, the OG length, and the photodiode length on the transfer performances of the proposed pixel are conducted. Optimized simulation results show that the total charge transfer time could reach about 5.862 ns from the photodiode to the sensed node and the corresponding charge transfer efficiency could reach as high as 99.995% in the proposed pixel with 10 μm long photodiode and 2.22 μm long OG. These results demonstrate a great potential of the proposed pixel in high-speed applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the temperature measurement of a multifnger AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor by using the micro-Raman technique. It presents information on the investigation of temperature profiles in multifinger AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, across the fingersand inside the gate-drain gap of an individual finger by using micro-Raman spectroscopy. It also focuses on the power dependence of the channel temperature of the device.

In this work, AlGaN/GaN FinFETs with different fin widths have been successfully fabricated, and the recessed-gate FinFETs are fabricated for comparison. The recessed-gate FinFETs exhibit higher transconductance value and positive shift of threshold voltage. Moreover, with the fin width of the recessed-gate FinFETs increasing, the variations of both threshold voltage and the transconductance increase. Next, transfer characteristics of the recessed-gate FinFETs with different fin widths and recessed-gate depths are simulated by Silvaco software. The relationship between the threshold voltage and the AlGaN layer thickness has been investigated. The simulation results indicate that the slope of threshold voltage variation reduces with the fin width decreasing. Finally, a simplified threshold voltage model for recessed-gate FinFET is established, which agrees with both the experimental results and simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) coupled-mode model using the direct-global-matrix technique as well as Fourier synthesis. This model is a full wave, two-way three-dimensional model, and is therefore capable of providing accurate acoustic field solutions. Because the problem of sound propagation excited by a point source in an ideal wedge with perfectly reflecting boundaries is one of a few three-dimensional problems with analytical solutions, the ideal wedge problem is chosen in this work to validate the presented three-dimensional model. Numerical results show that the field results by analytical solutions and those by the presented model are in excellent agreement, indicating that the presented model can serve as a benchmark model for three-dimensional sound propagation problems involving a planar two-dimensional geometry as well as a point source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exact solution based on the wavenumber integration method is proposed and implemented in a numerical model for the acoustic field in a Pekeris waveguide excited by either a point source in cylindrical geometry or a line source in plane geometry. Besides, an unconditionally stable numerical solution is also presented, which entirely resolves the stability problem in previous methods. Generally the branch line integral contributes to the total field only at short ranges, and hence is usually ignored in traditional normal mode models. However, for the special case where a mode lies near the branch cut, the branch line integral can contribute to the total field significantly at all ranges. The wavenumber integration method is well-suited for such problems. Numerical results are also provided, which show that the present model can serve as a benchmark for sound propagation in a Pekeris waveguide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High energy ball milling (HEBM) is employed to produce nano-sized grains and particles. In this paper, the structure and magnetic properties are investigated in PrCo5 alloy for HEBM in an ethanol milling medium. With the increase of milling time, the grain size reduces and the coercivity increases. For a milling time of less than 30 min, the hysteresis loop of the aligned sample is very different from that of the un-aligned sample and it does not show a large decrease in magnetization slope, indicating a relatively good alignment of easy axes in particles due to the fact that the texture is nearly well preserved. However, when the milling time is further prolonged, the textured structure deteriorates in the powders. Even though exchange coupling exists between grains within the particle, the magnetic properties are exchange-decoupled between particles and the dipolar interaction results in a negative value of δm in the whole range of the magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correspondence imaging is a new modality of ghost imaging, which can retrieve a positive/negative image by simple conditional averaging of the reference frames that correspond to relatively large/small values of the total intensity measured at the bucket detector. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a more rigorous and general approach in which a ghost image is retrieved by calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient between the bucket detector intensity and the brightness at a given pixel of the reference frames, and at the next pixel, and so on. Furthermore, we theoretically provide a statistical interpretation of these two imaging phenomena, and explain how the error depends on the sample size and what kind of distribution the error obeys. According to our analysis, the image signal-to-noise ratio can be greatly improved and the sampling number reduced by means of our new method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate sub-Rayleigh limit imaging of an object via intensity correlation measurements. The image completely unaffected by the disturbance of diffraction-limit is achieved under the condition that the imaging system has an appropriate field of view. The resolution of this sub-Rayleigh limit imaging system is only tied to the lateral resolution of the illumination light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel source-connected field plate structure, featuring the same photolithography mask as the gate electrode, is proposed as an improvement over the conventional field plate (FP) techniques to enhance the frequency performance in GaN-based HEMTs. The influences of the field plate on frequency and breakdown performance are investigated simultaneously by using a two-dimensional physics-based simulation. Compared with the conventional T-gate structures with a field plate length of 1.2 μm, this field plate structure can induce the small signal power gain at 10 GHz to increase by 5-9.5 dB, which depends on the distance between source FP and dramatically shortened gate FP. This technique minimizes the parasitic capacitances, especially the gate-to-drain capacitance, showing a substantial potential for millimeter-wave, high power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot carrier effect (HCE) of an ultra-deep sub-micron p-channel metal--oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (pMOSFET) is investigated in this paper. Experiments indicate that the generation of positively charged interface states is the predominant mechanism in the case of the ultra-deep sub-micron pMOSFET. The relation of the pMOSFET hot carrier degradation to stress time (t), channel width (W), channel length (L), and stress voltage (Vd) is then discussed. Based on the relation, a lifetime prediction model is proposed, which can predict the lifetime of the ultra-deep sub-micron pMOSFET accurately and reflect the influence of the factors on hot carrier degradation directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using graphene-covered-microfiber (GCM) as a saturable absorber, the generation and evolution of multiple operation states are proposed and demonstrated in passively mode-locked thulium-doped fiber laser. The microfiber was fabricated using the flame brushing method to an interaction length of ∼ 1.2 cm with a waist diameter of ∼ 10 μm. Graphene layers were grown on copper foils by chemical vapor deposition and transferred onto the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to form a PDMS/graphene film, which allowed light-graphene interaction via evanescent field. With the increase of the pump power from 1.25 W to 2.15 W, five different lasing regimes, including continuous-wave, conventional soliton mode-locking, multi-soliton mode-locking, a period of transition, and noise-like mode-locking, were achieved in a fiber ring cavity. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report of the generation and evolution of multiple operation states by covering graphene on the microfiber in the 2-μm region. The results demonstrate that GCM can be a promising method for fabricating all fiber SA, and the switchable operation states can provide more portability in complex application domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel GaN-based vertical heterostructure field effect transistor (HFET) with nonuniform doping superjunctions (non-SJ HFET) is proposed and studied by Silvaco-ATLAS, for minimizing the specific on-resistance (RonA) at no expense of breakdown voltage (BV). The feature of non-SJ HFET lies in the nonuniform doping concentration from top to bottom in the n- and p-pillars, which is different from that of the conventional GaN-based vertical HFET with uniform doping superjunctions (un-SJ HFET). A physically intrinsic mechanism for the nonuniform doping superjunction (non-SJ) to further reduce RonA at no expense of BV is investigated and revealed in detail. The design, related to the structure parameters of non-SJ, is optimized to minimize the RonA on the basis of the same BV as that of un-SJ HFET. Optimized simulation results show that the reduction in RonA depends on the doping concentrations and thickness values of the light and heavy doping parts in non-SJ. The maximum reduction of more than 51% in RonA could be achieved with a BV of 1890 V. These results could demonstrate the superiority of non-SJ HFET in minimizing RonA and provide a useful reference for further developing the GaN-based vertical HFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrated a 2- passively mode-locked nanosecond fiber laser based on a MoS2 saturable absorber (SA). Owing to the effect of nonlinear absorption in the MoS2 SA, the pulse width decreased from 64.7 to 13.8 ns with increasing pump power from 1.10 to 1.45 W. The use of a narrow-bandwidth fiber Bragg grating resulted in a central wavelength and 3-dB spectral bandwidth of 2010.16 and 0.15 nm, respectively. Experimental results show that MoS2 is a promising material for a 2- mode-locked fiber laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the reverse blocking capability with low specific on-resistance, a novel vertical metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with a Schottky–drian (SD) and SD-connected semisuperjunctions (SD-D-semi-SJ), named as SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET is proposed and demonstrated by two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations. The SD contacted with the n-pillar exhibits the Schottky-contact property, and that with the p-pillar the Ohmic-contact property. Based on these features, the SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET could obviously overcome the great obstacle of the ineffectivity of the conventional superjunctions (SJ) or semisuperjunctions (semi-SJ) for the reverse applications and achieve a satisfactory trade-off between the reverse breakdown voltage (BV) and the specific on-resistance (). For a given pillar width and n-drift thickness, there exists a proper range of n-drift concentration (N), in which the SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET could exhibit a better trade-off of –BV compared to the predication of SJ MOSFET in the forward applications. And what is much valuable, in this proper range of N, the desired BV and good trade-off could be achieved only by determining the pillar thickness, with the top assist layer thickness unchanged. Detailed analyses have been carried out to get physical insights into the intrinsic mechanism of –BV improvement in SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET. These results demonstrate a great potential of SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET in reverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate that, by undersampling scanning object with a reconstruction algorithm related to compressed sensing, an image with the resolution exceeding the finest resolution defined by the numerical aperture of the system can be obtained. Experimental results show that the measurements needed to achieve sub-Rayleigh resolution enhancement can be less than 10% of the pixels of the object. This method offers a general approach applicable to point-by-point illumination super-resolution techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) with a source-connected T-shaped field-plate (ST-FP HEMT) is proposed for the first time in this paper. The source-connected T-shaped field-plate (ST-FP) is composed of a source-connected field-plate (S-FP) and a trench metal. The physical intrinsic mechanisms of the ST-FP to improve the breakdown voltage and the FP efficiency and to modulate the distributions of channel electric field and potential are studied in detail by means of two-dimensional numerical simulations with Silvaco-ATLAS. A comparison to the HEMT and the HEMT with an S-FP (S-FP HEMT) shows that the ST-FP HEMT could achieve a broader and more uniform channel electric field distribution with the help of a trench metal, which could increase the breakdown voltage and the FP efficiency remarkably. In addition, the relationship between the structure of the ST-FP, the channel electric field, the breakdown voltage as well as the FP efficiency in ST-FP HEMT is analyzed. These results could open up a new effective method to fabricate high voltage power devices for the power electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMT combined with the low damage recessed-gate etching and the optimized oxygen plasma treatment was fabricated. Scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) method and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method were used to confirm the formation of oxides. Based on the experimental results, the obtained enhancement-mode HEMT exhibited a threshold voltage of 0.5 V, a high peak transconductance of 210 mS/mm, and a maximum drain current of 610 mA/mm at the gate bias of 4 V. Meanwhile, the on/off current ratio of enhancement-mode HEMT was as high as 108, drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) was as low as 5 mV/V, and subthreshold swing (SS) of 80 mV/decade was obtained. Compared with the conventional HEMT, the Schottky reverse current of enhancement-mode HEMT was three orders of magnitude lower, and the off-state breakdown voltage of which was higher. In addition, a power gain cutoff frequency (fmax) of the enhancement-mode HEMT was larger than that of the conventional one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AZO-gated and Ni/Au-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are fabricated successfully, and an excellent transparency of AZO-gated electrode is achieved. After a negative gate bias stress acts on two kinds of the devices, their photoresponse characteristics are investigated by using laser sources with different wavelengths. The effect of photoresponse on AZO-gated electrode device is more obvious than on Ni/Au-gated electrodes device. The electrons are trapped in the AlGaN barrier of AZO-gated HEMT after it has experienced negative gate bias stress, and then the electrons can be excited effectively after it has been illuminated by the light with certain wavelengths. Furthermore, the trap state density DT and the time constant τT of the AZO-gated Schottky contact are extracted by fitting the measured parallel conductance in a frequency range from 10 kHz to 10 MHz. The constants of the trap range from about 0.35 μs to 20.35 μs, and the trap state density increased from 1.93 × 1013 eV−1·cm−2 at an energy of 0.33 eV to 3.07 × 1011 eV−1·cm−2 at an energy of 0.40 eV. Moreover, the capacitance and conductance measurements are used to characterize the trapping effects under different illumination conditions in AZO-gated HEMTs. Reduced deep trap states' density is confirmed under the illumination of short wavelength light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel AlGaN/GaN HEMT with a Schottky drain and a compound field plate (SD-CFP HEMT) is presented for the purpose of better reverse blocking capability. The compound field plate (CFP) consists of a drain field plate (DFP) and several floating field plates (FFPs). The physical mechanisms of the CFP to improve the reverse breakdown voltage and to modulate the distributions of channel electric field and potential are investigated by two-dimensional numerical simulations with Silvaco-ATLAS. Compared with the HEMT with a Schottky drain (SD HEMT) and the HEMT with a Schottky drain and a DFP (SD-FP HEMT), the superiorities of SD-CFP HEMT lie in the continuous improvement of the reverse breakdown voltage by increasing the number of FFPs and in the same fabrication procedure as the SD-FP HEMT. Two useful optimization laws for the SD-CFP HEMTs are found and extracted from simulation results. The relationship between the number of the FFPs and the reverse breakdown voltage as well as the FP efficiency in SD-CFP HEMTs are discussed. The results in this paper demonstrate a great potential of CFP for enhancing the reverse blocking ability in AlGaN/GaN HEMT and may be of great value and significance in the design and actual manufacture of SD-CFP HEMTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase transitions, dielectric properties, and polarization versus electric field (P–E) hysteresis loops of Pb0.97La0.02(Zr0.42Sn0.58−xTix)O3 (0.13≤ x ≤0.18) (PLZST) bulk ceramics were systematically investigated. This study exhibited a sequence of phase transitions by analyzing the change of the P–E hysteresis loops with increasing temperature. The antiferroelectric (AFE) to ferroelectric (FE) phase boundary of PLZST with the Zr content of 0.42 was found to locate at the Ti content between 0.14 and 0.15. This work is aimed to improve the ternary phase diagram of lanthanum-doped PZST with the Zr content of 0.42 and will be a good reference for seeking high energy storage density in the PLZST system with low-Zr content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional failure mode of commercial deep sub-micron static random access memory (SRAM) induced by total dose irradiation is experimentally analyzed and verified by circuit simulation. We extensively characterize the functional failure mode of the device by testing its electrical parameters and function with test patterns covering different functional failure modes. Experimental results reveal that the functional failure mode of the device is a temporary function interruption caused by peripheral circuits being sensitive to the standby current rising. By including radiation-induced threshold shift and off-state leakage current in memory cell transistors, we simulate the influence of radiation on the functionality of the memory cell. Simulation results reveal that the memory cell is tolerant to irradiation due to its high stability, which agrees with our experimental result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) has become a serious reliability issue, and the interface traps and oxide charges play an important role in the degradation process. In this paper, we study the recovery of NBTI systemically under different conditions in the P-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor (PMOSFET), explain the various recovery phenomena, and find the possible processes of the recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By investigating the interaction of an n-type silicon sample with the TM01 mode millimeter wave in a circular waveguide, a viable high-power TM01 millimeter wave sensor is proposed. Based on the hot electron effect, the silicon sample serving as a sensing element (SE) and appropriately mounted on the inner wall of the circular waveguide is devoted to the on-line measurement of a high-power millimeter wave pulse. A three-dimensional parallel finite-difference time-domain method is applied to simulate the wave propagation within the measuring structure. The transverse electric field distribution, the dependences of the frequency response of the voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) in the circular waveguide, and the average electric field amplitude within the SE on the electrophysical parameters of the SE are calculated and analyzed in the frequency range of 300–400 GHz. As a result, the optimal dimensions and specific resistance of the SE are obtained, which provide a VSWR of no more than 2.0, a relative sensitivity around 0.0046 kW−1 fluctuating within ± 17.3%, and a maximum enduring power of about 4.3 MW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) device with both field plate (FP) and low-density drain (LDD). The LDD is realized by the injection of negatively charged fluorine (F–) ions under low power in the space between the gate and the drain electrodes. With a small-size FP and a LDD length equal to only 31% of the gate-drain spacing, the device effectively modifies the electric field distribution and achieves a breakdown voltage enhancement up to two times when compared with a device with only FP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport mechanism of reverse surface leakage current in the AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) becomes one of the most important reliability issues with the downscaling of feature size. In this paper, the research results show that the reverse surface leakage current in AlGaN/GaN HEMT with SiN passivation increases with the enhancement of temperature in the range from 298 K to 423 K. Three possible transport mechanisms are proposed and examined to explain the generation of reverse surface leakage current. By comparing the experimental data with the numerical transport models, it is found that neither Fowler–Nordheim tunneling nor Frenkel–Poole emission can describe the transport of reverse surface leakage current. However, good agreement is found between the experimental data and the two-dimensional variable range hopping (2D-VRH) model. Therefore, it is concluded that the reverse surface leakage current is dominated by the electron hopping through the surface states at the barrier layer. Moreover, the activation energy of surface leakage current is extracted, which is around 0.083 eV. Finally, the SiN passivated HEMT with a high Al composition and a thin AlGaN barrier layer is also studied. It is observed that 2D-VRH still dominates the reverse surface leakage current and the activation energy is around 0.10 eV, which demonstrates that the alteration of the AlGaN barrier layer does not affect the transport mechanism of reverse surface leakage current in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]