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The article presents a historical background and a critical analysis of the works of Frederick Mott, neuropathologist and founder of Maudsley Laboratories in Great Britain. It explores his contributions to neuropathology and to the pathology of mental disorders. His influence to his successor professor Frederic Lucien Golla is also discussed. According to the author, Mott's publications from 1880 onwards were focused on the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system. He states that these interests of Mott were influenced by his mentor E. A. Schäfer. He accounts that Mott and Schäfer have collaborated on two papers, including one which investigates the extent of the head and the eye area in the frontal cortex of the monkey.

The article discusses the significance of electroplexy as a form of treatment in psychiatry. A rational approach to the care of the oral tissues during electroplexy that was based on a simple working knowledge of oral physiology and pathology is outlined. Indications for and against the use of a gag are explained. Various designs of gag are also described and their disadvantages enumerated. Some of the oral conditions relevance to electroplexy and the aspects of patient's management are included.

The article investigates the arousal levels and therapeutic effects of diazepam-assisted flooding among agoraphobic patients. Four treatment conditions were prepared wherein two contained a tranquilizing drug and the other two comprised of an indistinguishable dummy syrup. These conditions were drug with placebo, drug with no placebo, placebo with no drug and no placebo and drug. Patients were treated with a combination of imaginal flooding and exposure to phobic situations in practice. There was no indication that the therapeutic changes induced were smaller or more transient if the patient attributed them to the drug rather than to the behavioral treatment. Instead, there appeared to be a placebo-like effect as well as the drug effect.

The article presents a study that examines the relative erotic value of male and females for homosexual males and compares patterns of erotic reactions of heterosexual and homosexual males in Toronto, Ontario. The phallometric test of erotic preference was used in the study and sexual reactions in the form of penile volume changes to potentially erotic stimuli were measured during two sessions. Penile volume reactions of homosexual and heterosexual males were compared using slides of nudes of both sexes and slides of bland sexually neutral pictures. Researchers conclude that studies did not support the hypothesis that homosexuality is a neurotic symptom.

The article presents a study which tests the findings of O. C. J. Lippold and J. W. T. Redfearn on the polarization of positive and negative currents using normal human subjects to observe any psychological or physiological change. Some factors that differed from the experiment of Lippold and Redfearn include the utilization of normal non-hospitalized subjects, the application of positive and negative polarization on different days and the use of objective methods in estimating mood and alertness. The findings revealed that the reported effects of polarizing current could not be confirmed as the control and current sessions could not be distinguished at statistically significant levels.

The article presents a study that examines the urinary excretion of I7-hydroxycorticosteroids, I7-oxosteroids and estrogens in psychiatric patients. The researchers examined the urinary excretion of these steroids in two groups of male patients suffering from depression and schizophrenia respectively and compared them with groups of normal men and women. It was concluded that the investigation supplied no evidence of a lack of androgen production or other steroids that could account for the abnormalities in physique, but it was emphasized that caution should be exercised in drawing conclusions on androgen and other steroid production from the examination of the urinary excretion of these steroids.

The article focuses on the second part of the study regarding heterosexual aversion in homosexual males. The first and second parts of the study are presented. Part One of the study aims to show that both androphilic and heterosexual males respond with penile tumescence to isolated parts of the body of their preferred sex. Meanwhile, Part Two shows that homosexual males who had been pre-aroused by pictures of male nudes did not respond to pictures of the vulva, the face or the breasts of the mature female with penile volume changes different from those in response to sexually neutral slides. It is stated that although the result of the study supports the phobic theory, the heterosexual subjects finding full figures of male nudes disgusting is considered to argue against it.

The article discusses the effect of REM-suppressant hypnotics on REM sleep and the visual aspects of dreaming. These hypnotics do not affect the activity of the dreamer or other characters in his dreams. However, the drugs do affect to some extent the quality of sleeping thoughts and dreams. The results indicate that withdrawal of hypnotics makes dreaming vivid, bizarre, and possibly unpleasant and full of anxiety. It also suggests that these hypnotics affect the quality of thought processes in sleep.

The article presents a study which examines the effect of phenothiazines on the circulating levels of prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH). Subjects of the study were sixteen female psychiatric patients that developed inappropriate lactation and amenorrhea while receiving phenothiazines. Data concerning the patient's mental state, presence of extrapyramidal signs, occurrence of menstruation and severity of inappropriate lactation were recorded. The results showed that plasma prolactin was elevated in majority of the patients during phenothiazines treatment. In patients with amenorrhea, basal LH levels were variable, while estrogen and progesterone followed the normal pattern of menstrual cycle.

The article cites a study that investigates the autonomic responses of transsexual males, homosexual men, and heterosexual students to erotic film sequences. The study evaluated penile volume changes and galvanic skin responses of the subjects to erotic stimuli. The methods used in the study and the modalities used, such as gas pressure transducer for measuring penile volume and the 5PI preamplifier for the galvanic skin responses, are also discussed. The study found that the transsexual patients differed substantially from homosexual patients because they are inclined to show more positive penile volume responses to males than to females. It also indicated that students and homosexuals showed greater galvanic skin reactions to the preferred than to the non-preferred sex.

The article examines the three phobia treatments-flooding, desensitization and non-specific control treatment. All three treatments, in 36 phobic patients, were of equal duration and included both imaginal and practice procedures. Patients were assigned to a therapy at random within a factorial design and half the subjects in each group were exposed to a pre-treatment interview designed to maximize their expectations. Differences among the treatments were confined to only some of the outcome measures wherein flooding and desensitization produced more change than non-specific control.

The article examines the effects of iprindole and imipramine in non-psychotic depressed out-patient. Recent studies showed that prindole is a relatively new tricyclic derivative that has been an effective drug for use in depressed neurotic out-patients. The population of this study included 100 depressed, non-psychotic out-patients from two treatment settings. Iprindole was shown to produce fewer side effects, particularly of an autonomic nervous system and sedative nature than imipramine. Furthermore, there was a higher attrition rate on iprindole than on imipramine.

The article presents a longitudinal assessment of diurnal variations in depression. It has been explained that diurnal variations in symptom intensity have long been recognized as a characteristic feature of depression. Furthermore, it also has always had a prominent place in clinical descriptions of the illness. The authors concluded that the research strategy adopted in the present investigation has revealed certain aspects of diurnal variations in depression that were not heretofore known. This investigation, particularly relating diurnal patterns in depression to subtypes of the illness such as the bipolar-unipolar classification seem warranted.

The article examines the level of experience at which emotional states are differentiate involving patients in the U.S. With this, the possible development of the vocabulary of emotion is traced. It is hypothesized that developed countries show a greater differentiation of emotional states than developing countries. Furthermore, this hypothesis was confirmed using data from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, which includes five developed and four developing countries. Data from another transcultural study indicated that a group of African-American patients showed significantly less emotional differentiation than a matched group of white American patients.

The article presents a study conducted on 24 depressed patients to investigate the therapeutic effects of polarization of the brain on depressive illness. The study used the polarization technique to show the passage of a direct current through human brain. It described a double-blind clinical trial of the therapeutic effects of passing small currents through the brain. The results revealed that the treatment variance was significant statistically. There was no means of identifying whether the current was flowing or not. Several independent consultant psychiatrists helped assess the patients who were randomly divided into two groups.

The article cites a study that aims to measure the salivary and blood pressure responses of a group of depressive patients towards an application of a standard dose of methacholine, and to compare the results with those obtained from a normal group. The study involves 22 consecutive female admissions with a primary depressive illness to the Bethlem Royal Hospital in London, England. For the normal subjects, they were composed of the members of the female nursing staff, match for age and weight with the patients. Salivary flow and systolic blood pressure were measured before and after an injection of methacholine, in both groups. The responses of salivary flow and blood pressure to methacholine and the implications were also detailed in a table form.

The article cites a study that examines the urinary excretion of the non-dietary purines in pairs of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic subjects. The patients' involved in this process had all received treatment with phenothiazine derivatives, in an aim to determine whether chlorpromazine influences the excretion pattern of these purines. All the subjects diet were closely observed and special attention being paid to caffeine-containing foodstuffs, abnormalities in this and the patients' general behavior were also being noted. It was found out that ingestion of phenothiazine drugs did not detectable disturb the urinary excretion of purine bases by normal subjects. However, drug treatment had not obscured differences between normal and schizophrenic populations.

The article cites a study that aims to describe and discuss the changes in urinary calcium excretion in the relatively large series of patients under the depressive state from the Payne Whitney Clinic in New York City. In the series of 57 patients involved in this process, the administration of electric convulsive therapy or imipramine therapy for the treatment of depression has been associated with significant decreases in the urinary excretion of calcium. Those patients diagnosed as Affective Disorders, including Endogenous Depressions, Depressions of Middle Life and the Early Aging Period and Manic-Depressive Reactions, manifest this metabolic change, in contrast to Psychoneurotic Reactions who do not.

The article presents a study that was designed to investigate the relationship between visual perception deficit and chronicity in schizophrenic patients. The tests used in the study included the Street Visual Gestalt Test, Jones Probability Grid Plates, depth perception, and critical fusion frequency. It involved 120 schizophrenics who were then assigned to six groups differing in duration of illness. Various results were indicated according to each study being administered. The Street Test, showed a pattern of steadily decreasing performance with increasing chronicity, where non-paranoid schizophrenics declined more rapidly than paranoid schizophrenics.

The article discusses the study concerning the quantitative method of studying delusional intensity in Great Britain. The comparatively little experimental work has been undertaken despite the important place occupied by delusional thinking in psychiatric theory. The sample of 200 psychiatric in-patients was classified according to the type of delusion held and the patient's emotional involvement with it. The level of activity was also significantly differentiated according to the patient's emotional involvement with his delusions.

The article discusses the study concerning the neurology of psychotic speech in Great Britain. Speech has been called a soci-economic device for saving effort in the attainment of objectives. The complicated field of language-disorder in psychotic patients has formed an intriguing topic for aphasiological study, especially when linguistic techniques of research were employed. Demented patients are likely to show the progressive poverty of speech, which may be overlaid by true dysphasic manifestations when the brain-atrophy happens also to involve the mid-third of the dominant hemisphere to a significant degree.

The article discusses the study which is aimed to determine the effects of cerebral lesions on intellectual function in Great Britain. The literature of the effects of psychological effects of brain injury is extensive and disconnected. The early reports of an association between loss of speech and the left hemisphere lesion has almost immediately suggested the possible link between language laterality and handedness. Lesions restricted to the left hemisphere have frequently results in psychological deficit which differs in some respect from that produced by a corresponding lesion in the right hemisphere.

The article examines the relationship between premenstrual syndrome and personality changes of women in England. Two-stage sampling methods was used in choosing about five hundred women of menstrual age to participate in study. Questionnaires were distributed to the subjects wherein they were asked to rate on a four-point scale about several elements such as pain, irritability, depression, and nervousness. The study has found that the neuroticism scores were higher on women with irregular periods. Other methods and results of the study were also discussed.

The article presents a study on the psychological and physiological effects of intravenous diazepam. A control group experiment to the fifteen anxious psychiatric in-patients at the Atkinson Morley's Hospital in London, England was performed. To evaluate the effects of the drug, 10 mg. of intravenous diazepam was slowly infused to the fifteen subjects over ten minutes. The procedure had been preceded by a placebo procedure in which the solution had been injected. At the end of the procedure, the patients rated themselves by the use of Clyde Mood Scale as less unhappy and less dizzy. This effect was accompanied by a significant decrease in physiological arousal. It is believed that the changes were probably due to diazepam.

The article focuses on the nature of the disease called Schizophrenias and how it is being classified as nervous types. Although intensive studies have been conducted on the behavior of the schizophrenic, yet, there is still not a specific science that explains such disordered behavior. Explanations can either be based in the biochemistry of the organism, in the interpersonal relationships or psychophysiology or neurophysiology. However, psychophysiology stresses on the data collected at the interface between the brain and behavior of which such techniques include the study of autonomic response and electroencephalograph. In addition, it is concluded that there is little support for the traditional view of the schizophrenias as distinct diseases.

The article examines continuum model as a resolution of paradoxes in manic-depressive psychosis. Comparison of the continuum model with the triangular model is discussed. Evidence which contributes to an understanding of manic-depressive psychosis has been presented. A substantial number of studies which provide additional support for the continuum model rather than the conventional bipolar model are discussed. Implications of the continuum model for therapy and research are described. Positive points which support the continuum model, yet are in conflict with the bipolar model are provided.

The article presents a study that determines if mental events exist. In this study, the central expository device to be used is theoretical consideration of a man who has had a microelectrode inserted in each cell of his central nervous system, each of these being connected to one of a vast array of oscilloscopes situated in front of him in a manner such that he can see at all times a representation of the electrical events going on in his brain. A physiological study was conducted in the brain function and results indicated that mental events do not exist.

The article presents a study on the language of schizophrenia. Accordingly, psychopathologists have tended to regard the phenomena of schizophrenic language as reflections of a more basin disturbance of thought. This study has reviewed the present state of knowledge about language disturbances in schizophrenia and will suggest a theoretical formulation that may serve to encompass many reported empirical findings. The measures derived from the study of informational or statistical regularities in normal language provide a somewhat limited basis for the study of psychotic utterances.