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The landscape is the materialization of a moment in society and is formed by volumes, colors, movements, odors, sounds, etc., In other words, it encompasses everything perceptible through the human senses. Economic, social, and political factors, among others, influenced changes in the landscape. Mineral exploration is one example of this type of factor. Since mining companies can bring about noticeable changes in municipalities, it is necessary to observe, analyze, and document any alterations that occur from the beginning of the installation processes. In 2007, the Serrote da Laje Project was started, located in the municipalities of Craíbas-AL and Arapiraca-AL, and developed by Mineração Vale Verde (MVV) to extract copper ore. This paper aims to show changes in the landscape of Craíbas by using historical satellite images (using the Google Earth Pro tool) and statistical analysis of the flow of vehicles. The paper aims to understand the relationship between these changes with the installation of the Serrote da Laje Project. The results show a significant visual alteration in the landscape, comparing the satellite images of two distinct epochs. The analysis of the vehicle flow showed a significant alteration, revealing considerable contributions of the referred enterprise in the alteration of the municipality landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Once upon a time there was a small town, quiet and safe in which the doors and windows were left open" represents a simple sentence, but it summarizes this paper. The freedom-security dialectic, in essence, is understood as the conditions that separate freedom from security when they should unite them to occur concurrently. So, in the name of security, windows and doors are closing in small towns! More than that, people are also closing in on sociability and space and public life. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the explanations for the increase in violence and objective insecurity in small towns. The methodological procedures were bibliographic survey about violence and objective insecurity; complementary surveys to understand the explanatory factors; fieldwork, systematization of information and collected data; and preparation of the final essay. The results revealed alarming and recurrent situations of violence in small towns, in addition to the generation of objective insecurity. The main explanatory factors for this phenomenon are the spread of illicit trafficking, especially drugs; the diffusion of the metropolitan way of life through the media; and the absence or insufficiency of public security services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal markets emerged with the purpose of reorganizing the commerce of food products, significantly marking important changes in the space of the city and in the life of the population. In this sense, this paper aimed to discuss the changes that have taken place in the city of Taubaté, located in the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba and Litoral Norte (RMVPL), SP, and its relationship with the local municipal market, as well as to reflect on the importance of this place in the process of construction of the city, through the analysis of the historical context of the growth of the city. For the development of this research, a time frame was adopted, between the years 1800 to 1950, in a geohistorical perspective. in order to reflect on the relationship of this place with this growth. Therefore, a qualitative approach and exploratory research was carried out, analyzing the implantation, permanence, and architectural transformations, as well as the spatial organization that permeate the market in the different phases of the development of the municipality. Municipal Markets have always presented themselves as a connection between the countryside and the city, and between cities, as they are characterized as trade centers resulting from the intersection of trade routes and helped in the cohesive construction of the cities' cultural identity. The Taubaté market followed the city's growth process, at times connected to the process, at others, distancing itself from the dynamics of the city. However, it was a regional reference, which contributed to the growth of the city, not only because the commerce that took place there, boosted its expansion, but also because it was an access route to the Vale do Paraíba region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation is a problem arising from natural causes and human actions despoiling under the Earth's surface. Between the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid climatic zones of planet Earth, a type of environmental degradation in an advanced stage can occur: desertification. In Brazil, this can occur in the semi-arid territory, given the seriousness of the problem and the socio-environmental configuration of this space, and studies that reveal its state of degradation are important. In this sense, this paper aims to identify the treatment given to desertification in approaches to environmental degradation in the Brazilian semi-arid region. To this end, an integrative systematic review of the literature was carried out, based on a search protocol supported by the specialized literature on scientific methodology, criteria for analyzing theses, dissertations and scientific articles present in the Portal de Periódico Capes and Base Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertations. Thus, the data resulting from the systematic review demonstrated that, although there is a diversity of approaches, a significant part of the studies on the degradation of the brazilian semi-arid region establish a direct and indirect relationship with desertification, as only a minority focuses on the study of desertification in its objectives, which demonstrates the need to study desertification in the Brazilian semi-arid region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the region called Matopiba in the regional planning and development extent, and socio-spatial transformations, highlighting the new dynamics in the urban economy from Bom Jesus and Uruçuí, two cities of Piauí agribusiness, new urban and population processes by the expansion and consolidation of technified agriculture. The methodology for the elaboration of this paper was based on the record's reading of works and production of data sheets, as well as the search for data and information in public institutions, such as the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia Estatística (IBGE), through the 2000 and 2010 Demographic Censuses, in addition IBGE Cidades website, and also research activities in the field and discussion in a research group. In this background, Matopiba was considered as a result of other regions, where the State'sacts it has a fundamental role in the construction of this region, privileging large hegemonic agents, such as wide transnational and national companies linked to agribusiness. The cerrados piauienses, which have been occupied most intensively since the first decade of the 21st century, are one of the examples in which we can bring to discussion is the socio-spatial changes taking place in Matopiba, with changes and socio-spatial transformations, as well as changes in local and regional scale at economic relations of the spatial area presented and in your urban characteristics, especially Bom Jesus and Uruçuí cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the physical characteristics of river basins is a fundamental process for the planning of the use and occupation of lands. The present paper had as an objective to delimit and characterize the sub-basins responsible for PCH Mosquitão. To develop this paper, pedological, geological, lithological, geomorphological, hypsometric, slope, drainage and land use and occupation data were used. The used methodology was through the Geographic Information System (GIS), with ArcGis 10.1 as a support tool, being the cartographic basis acquired by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Geoinformation State System (SIEG), Research Company of Mineral Resources (CPRM) and by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - EMBRAPA. As a result, as predominant classes there were pedology - argisols and latosols; Geology - orthognaiss of the West of Goiás state and Ponta Grossa formation; lithology - sandy and granite rocks; geomorphology - regional planing surface; hypsometry - from 500 to 700m; slope - from 0 to 20%; drainage - 6th order; concerning the land use and occupation there was a considerate increase of agriculture and a decrease in pastures in the studied basin. The analyzed classes are heterogenous, which must be observed carefully, due to the intensification of anthropic actions over the basin which may offer some kind of environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the formation process of the production of information geared to media activity. The expansion and consolidation of the agents of production of media information in the Triangulo Mineiro, especially in Uberlândia, are linked to the convergent process of investment of the state and private companies, which attracted capital to sustain socioeconomic development. In this sense, we will briefly discuss the possible periodization of the media in the city of Uberlândia paths, identifying the political and economic strategies of companies as well as their connection with the government. From state policies, the displacement and the integration of the territory (through communication) emerges a complex with contributions of art, science and information. The survey was developed by consulting the newspapers and magazines of the second half of the twentieth century, as well as academic papers prepared at the Institute of History, Federal University of Uberlândia. I hope to offer a contribution to identify how media information was consolidated in the city. In turn, the article reveals that given the political strategies of the time, some economic agents had the goal to transform the city should welcome vectors of modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss and analyze the experiences in remote pedagogical practice in times of Covid-19 pandemic. The guidelines recommended in the regulations of educational bodies are taken as starting points, as well as the empirical observations of these practices in the school environment. Regarding the analysis methodology, a qualitative approach was used, referring us to narratives, experiences and the analysis of official documents as a procedure for understanding the phenomenon that is still in progress. In view of the restrictions imposed by the pandemic and the urgent demand for the need not to stop teaching, the competent bodies started to produce guidance documents for the public and private education systems, aiming at the continuity of classes. In this way, the community began to incorporate digital platforms and resources that had not been used in face-to-face teaching in its routine, to allow autonomy in content management and the incorporation of didactics linked to the virtualization of learning. Thus, the flexibility of measures related to the extension of the academic year, the incorporation into a continuum, associated with an interaction of digital platforms were elements that provided a new moment in Brazilian pedagogical practice. In synchrony with all of this, a set of actions advocated in national and international documents for access to the virtual environment materialized as a possibility of dialoguing with the competences and skills of education in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents reflections on the process of tourism's territorialization in rural areas of Francisco Beltrão County, located in Paraná state, Brazil. The paper highlights the establishments that receives visitants and the creation of a tourist route called "Caminhos do Marrecas". Starting from a theorical approach about tourism territorialization´s process and of a rescue to the opening establishments´ trajectory and the conformation of rural tourism in Francisco Beltrão setting from the late 1990s, the text presents a current overview of the organization of this activity, which has been growing in the county and in Brazil. The territorialization of rural tourism in Francisco Beltrão starts with individual and isolated actions by the owners of establishments, followed by the performance of a technique of Paraná´s Institute of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (EMATER) who began to organize meetings with these owners until the institution of a Rural Tourism Route called "Caminhos do Marrecas". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes to show a study on the territorial dynamics caused by the arrival of a traveling business marketplace, in the district of Aprazível, in Sobral (CE). Such activity triggered a reorganization process of its territory, both physical with the construction of buildings, houses, roads, sewage systems, etc., and in the way of life of the local population. However, the changes occurred over decades, since the first marketplace, according to reports from the oldest residents of the district, date from the mid-1960s as will be described in the context below, although the most significant changes have occurred with the present-day clothing marketplace. For the development of this work, it is necessary to use procedures to support the data collection, such as conducting a bibliographic and documentary survey, observing through field activities, applying questionnaires, and conducting informal interviews. The flows generated by the marketplace in the district, over the past sixty years, show the dynamics existing among the various actors involved, for example, marketers, buyers, the Association and the residents of the district, given the recurrent transformations of the spatial relations favored in the face of such activity. Thus, the marketplace establishes several changes, which, it seems, will continue over the years, thanks to the contributions it offers for the economic and structural growth of the Aprazível district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the necessary integration between the study of the landscape and the system of urban public open spaces for city planning and management. Its objective is to analyze and characterize the landscape of the neighborhood of Bairro Efapi - Chapecó-SC, showing the constitution of its public free spaces as an articulating element of the city. The methodological approach, carried out through field surveys and mapping by geoprocessing, is structured in the analysis of a macro planning units and their subdivisions into Landscape Units (UP). The results show that the characterization of the six Landscape Units showed that the ecological and cultural problems of land use and occupation are worsening, given the urban expansion of a housing nature, intensified by the implementation of large industrial and institutional structures. The public free spaces identified were the street, the green area and the square, which are insufficient to meet the needs of the local population, as well as constituting a system capable of mediating the impacts of urbanization. The urban requalification strategies are therefore focused on the articulation of public open spaces with ecological sensitive protection areas, such as APPs, Green Areas and private vegetated areas, through the landscape requalification of the road system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the publication of the Portuguese translation of O Homem e a Terra: natureza da realidade geográfica, by French geographer Éric Dardel, in 2011, the book has had a rapid diffusion among the geographical community. The multiple philosophical influences that make up Dardelian geography is one of the most exciting issues opened for investigation. Although his work is recognized as of Heideggerian inspiration, we argue that his phenomenological-existential geography also suffered strong influences of Bachelard's phenomenology of imagination. Furthermore, weal so defend that the principle of "fighting forces", which characterizes the dynamism of Dardel's geographic reality, stems from fundamental notions of Friedrich W. Nietzsche's philosophy, via Bachelard. In the interpretative effort expressed in this work, the encounter between Dardel and Nietzsche has been established, indirectly, through the senses of earth and the will to power. The purpose of this paper is to pursue these clues and links, seeking to enrich the contemporary readings and openings offered by Dardelian geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Faria Neves Square located on the Dois Irmãos neighborhood at Recife city, is a historic garden, protected by the National Institute of the Artistic and Historic Patrimony in 2015, with five others designed by the landscape designer Roberto Burle Marx. It was created providing for leisure, such as contemplation and children's recreation, as a hall to Dois Irmãos State Park, an extensive green area where the zoo is located. However, because of the urban changes on the public spaces, new possibilities and demands have emerged as a challenge for public managers, mainly because they are historic heritage. Based on the concept of public space and on the principles of integrated conservation, this paper aims to identify the main recreation and leisure activities developed in that square, as well as to point out, in a preliminary way, some guidelines for a shared management of this urban historic garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship between the countryside and the city, based on a study carried out at the popular Açaí Rampa Fair, Santa Inês Quarter, in Macapá-AP. The place of study is a space that interconnects two distinct and intrinsic realities. The surveys were carried out through qualitative interviews, photographic records, theoretical discussions that supported the analysis of the problem, there is a daily communication and exchange relationship between the areas near the city, especially the Pará Islands, which in turn, streamlines the commercialization of products and merchandise, thus indicating its importance in the local supply flows. The results of the research show an intense incorporation of habits and customs, assimilated both by the extractivist/riverine peasants who market their merchandise at the fair of the port/edge embedded by urban modernity and by the population of the city, which, through the fair, reproduces the relationship traditional and direct contact with the field from the acquisition of in natura products, such as fish, açai and other products, thus preserving common commercial practices in past times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the socio-territorial conflicts between peasants and large producers connected to agribusiness in the municipality of Balsas - Maranhão, aiming at explicating the dynamics and the impacts of these conflicts in the rural settlements of São José and Gado Bravinho. Thus, we seek to unveil the intricate mosaic of conflicts in which these social actors are involved, with nefarious consequences for the peasants and the environment. These conflicts, however, most of the times, remain hidden by the ideological "smokescreen" of the economical/social pseudo - development promoted by agribusiness, all under the skewed look of public agents who should impartially arbitrate them. Such conflicts in the south of Maranhão, with its epicenter in the municipality of Balsas, has its origins related to the settlement policies and agricultural incentives carried out by the military government in the 1970s, when t he region received a great number of immigrants coming from the south of the country. These immigrants brought with them the territoriality of agribusiness, which is very different, however, from that which characterizes the peasants, producers who have historically inhabited the savanna in the south of Maranhão and have, through resistance, fought for the maintenance of their way of life and their territory. The activities performed by the new social actors have not always been executed under the best criteria in terms of nature preservation and appreciation of pre-existent territories, which have, since its beginning, promoted the installation of new socio-territorial conflicts that reconfigure themselves and become constantly more complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guaíba Lake is located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, where there is a complexity of atmospheric systems sets. The aim consists in to analyze the abnormalities in the Guaíba's water temperature through temporal scale founded in thermal images of Landsat 5 and 8 sensors, and compared to meteorological data. To make this paper profiles were delineated over the images where were extracted the temperature average which were related to the meteorological data. When comparing periods of climatic normality with climatic abnormality, it is observed that there is a heating of the waters in periods of El Niño and during La Niña there is an even greater heating. The profiles with temperature elevation or maintenance tendencies are related to the dry bulb, air humidity and with minor correlation with the atmospheric pressure and nebulosity, with no direct connection with the El Niño and La Niña phenomena. The connection is strictly joined to cold fronts and precipitations in the site and regions of the watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a region depends on the water availability in proper amount and quality to attend its demand. However, the river basins have been passing through transformations in their landscape due to anthropic actions. Rio Verde (GO) is the main municipality in the microregion of the South-west of Goiás state, with emphasis on the production of soy, corn, poultry and swine, besides presenting several companies installed. This economic development, without a proper environmental planning, has been causing damages to water sources. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyze physicochemical aspects of the water in Abóboras stream, the main water supplying source for the urban population of Rio Verde and for other uses in the municipality. Analysis were accomplished in variables such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, oxygen biochemical demand, nitrate and total phosphorus. The results of the oxygen biochemical demand and total phosphorus didn't meet the limits established by the CONAMA 357/05 Resolution for fresh water class 2. Levels of electric conductivity infer that the water is impacted. This paper can subsidize the planning and management of river basins in the municipality and other regions, improving the environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Quadrilátero Ferrífero is one of the most remarKable mountainous areas in the Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil. The evolution of the regional relief during the Late Cenozoic reveals a major role of the river work. Aiming to improve the understanding of regional geomorphology, various surveys on river levels and fluvial successions were undertaken in recent decades. However, there is a lack of more regionalized analyzes that contemplate more than one fluvial valley. From new surveys on fluvial depositional levels and successions and from a rereading of data in the literature about the area, this paper discusses the river levels and fluvial successions of the upper Doce river basin. This river catchment contains the drainage of the eastern and southern parts of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. In this way, it is aimed to take a first step to the understanding of the geomorphological events responsible for the formation of the relief in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. The results reveal a dynamic relief, sensitive to tectonic forces and climatic oscillations of the Late Quaternary. The fluvial levels were dated between 2-140 Ka using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and permitted the rereading of previous data. Most of these levels are paired and cut-in-bedrock, revealing the rhythm of fluvial downcutting in response to the regional uplift. The OSL dating allowed the association of some fluvial levels with climatic oscillations. Fluvial successions accumulared under driest/coldest periods were turned into thick duricrusts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some considerations about the intra-urban configuration associated to the socio-demographic, economic and organizational dynamics of small cities located in a border region, studying the cases of Caracol and Bela Vista in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Both border the Paraguay. The city of Caracol is analyzed from the territorial isolation, whose urban nucleus is located far from other cities, characterized by the rural surroundings and the ruralities. Bela Vista has a distinct urban dynamic, marked by the international conurbation with the city of Bella Vista Norte in Paraguay. The fact that it is a twin city brings with it some problems that involve issues of security and illegality, as well as State action to defend national sovereignty. Thus, it is proposed to present a study of small cities in the frontier regional scenario, since the spatial, demographic dynamics and social and economic relations have different interactions that help to understand the urban roles and meanings they assume, as well as the specificities of the dynamics of their spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the contribution of the localities, or communities, to the configuration of the urban network in the Brazilian Amazon. The theoretical framework is based on the extended urbanization concept, comprising spatial units with different territorial occupation typology. It is presented a study of the communities located in the southwestern part of the state of Pará as nodes of an urban network on a local scale. Besides the characterization and hierarchy, it was also verified if the nodes classification varies according to the spatial context: communities inside or outside a conservation unit (UC); or located along rivers (riverside) or roads (roadside). From 2009 to 2015, annual field trips allowed the characterization of 236 communities regarding the population origin and organization, the presence of urban infrastructure and equipment, the access to health and education services, and the land use forms, that were summarized in 28 variables. The multivariate statistical evaluation (Hotelling's T² test) indicated that communities inside an UC presented variables mean values significantly different from those outside. This emphasizes the importance of land use regulation for general community conditions. The fuzzy inference for statistical groupings analysis indicated five clusters, ranked according to the communities' conditions from best (Fuzzy 1) to worse (Fuzzy 5) conditions, identified by the variables. These clusters were described and evaluated considering their temporal evolution, geographical distribution and the variables importance, and were also compared to previous studies. The higher frequency of roadside communities in cluster Fuzzy 1, in opposition to the higher frequency of riverside communities in Fuzzy 5 and Fuzzy 2 (of intermediate conditions) indicated that roadside communities were better structured than riverside ones. These results portray the communities as elements of common and particular aspects, in a hierarchical typology of their attributes, providing useful information for the definition of regional conservation and sustainability policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural expansion in the Brazilian cerrado represents nowadays more than half of the total biome area, where conversion of the natural vegetation to pasturelands is the main dynamics more evident. Such transformations tend to create distinct spatial patterns regarding the biophysical behavior of the main existent vegetation formations, which can be identified and discriminated through a variety of available remote sensing products, and field surveys. This paper, by using the watershed of the Red river as an experimental unit of the Cerrado biome, aimed to make a biophysical analysis of pastures, from field sampling (biomass and spectroscopy) and a broad base of satellite data. From 1985, there was a significant advance of cultivated pastures over the natural pastures and in 2006, the exotic species represented approximately 91.3% of the total pastures present in the study area. The distribution of natural and cultivated pastures seems to be related to local edafoclimatic factors, such as soil (depth/lithic content) and water availability, which explain the occurrence of most grass species. There is a correspondence between pasture natural, and pasture cultivated, green biomass during the dry season, as opposed to the wet season. However, based on the seasonal moderate spatial resolution MODIS images, it is not possible to separate between natural and cultivated pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents itself as one of the products of the "Environmental zoning of the Hydrographic Sub-basins of the Mid Rio Grande Tributaries of Minas Gerais", which comprises the management and planning unit of water resources named CBH-GD7. The objective was to establish a land classification about the potential to the rural production and, doing so, to provide the public governors and the regional community with a useful tool in the agricultural planning and the sustainable development of the hydrographic basin. To achieve what was proposed an analysis of aspects raised in the area was conducted, among them: climate, relief, rock substrate and soil, besides the legal aspects related to the use and occupation of the soil. All the processes were performed in a geographic information system (GIS). The final product was the Potential Map to Rural Production and the classification of 1607 environmental units about their potential to the rural production. Among the units which demand more care regarding the preservation are those located in the North Sector, that comprises the conservation unit denominated Serra da Canastra National Park and its buffer zone. Many areas with great potential to agricultural production are present in the southwest sector, principally those areas where substrate of basic effusive rocks predominates. In this same sector, however, there are areas where erosive processes are concentrated and that demand conservation practices to use the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges faced when including students with Special Education Needs (SEN) in basic education of Geography have been the focus of discussion not only within the educational institutions, but in different segments of the society. The purpose of this paper was to reflect about the process of inclusion of students with Special Education Needs in basic education schools. The aim was to evaluate the contribution of the use of a Conceptual Map as an evaluation instrument for the preparation and initial formation of geography undergraduate students focused on Inclusive Education. Based on the interpretation and analysis of the results, it was observed that when the activities were developed in groups and the professor was part of the process being responsible for a pedagogical mediation in all stages of the development of the analytical instruments, better results were obtained. Finally, the research was concluded observing that it is necessary for the geography undergraduate student to understand the considerable influence of their pedagogical activities in the intellectual and personal development of their students. It is also important to recognize the teacher's preparation as a necessary and important moment which is going to result in an update of theoretical and scientific knowledge, promoting the recognition of the school and its social function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate and analyze the regional analysis indicators of the productive activities in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, from 2000 to 2010. The adopted theoretical framework was the concept of regional economy under a perspective of the location theory of productive sectors. The location of economic activities plays increasingly a decisive influence on regional development. The location models were started by von Thünen in Germany in 1826 by his study on agricultural production. Regional analysis was used to estimate the location quotient, geographic association coefficient, and the employment multiplier. The formal employment data were collected from the Annual List of Social Information from the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Employment. The main results suggest that, in the distributions percentage among the twenty-two analyzed cities, the activity sector that employs more is the government. Palmas, the capital city of Tocantins, has large part of the transformation industries, located on the BR-153 (Brazilian High Way) or close to its access. The main industrial sectors are from livestock, beef, soybean processing, ceramics, dairy, food, and clothing. The employment multiplier for the state of Tocantins increased from 4.76 in 2000 to 5.11 percentage rates in 2010, i.e., the state has increased its capacity to generate employment in the economy primary sector and in the economy non-basic sector, meaning that, when creating a basic job, it is generating local domestic activities five times more than for all municipalities throughout the state. Analyzing the Geographical Association of business segments of Tocantins, the manufacturing sector had dynamic association with the trade, service, and agribusiness. These sectors somehow drain and attract productive activities of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2011, the State of Pará held a plebiscite for the creation of two other states from the division of its territory, named Carajás and Tapajós. The popular participation in decisions of territorial fragmentation is a rare event in Brazil. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the aspects that are necessary for territorial fragmentation and the peculiarities of this process in Pará. For that purpose, it was used bibliographic and secondary data methodology, which included the development of the emancipatory process in light of the theory of Socio-spatial Development. The results revealed that despite the polls deny the Pará's territory fragmentation, the necessary elements for its confirmation are still present, being the refusal explained by the imbalance of the geopolitical location of the population and the way the campaigns for and against emancipation were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study about the temperature and relative humidity difference registered between the urban and the rural area of Tapejara/PR, in order to check the occurrence of heat islands in small cities. The population of the city was around 15.572 inhabitants and is located in the southwest of Paraná. For this essay, we used the proposed method of Urban Climate System, by Monteiro (1976), by means of thermodynamic system, and analyzed the July 2014 meteorological of the Meteorological Station of Cianorte/PR made available by the Simepar Institute. There were installed digital thermohygrometers in six important points of the urban area and one point of the rural area for data gathering of temperature and relative humidity, in order to analyze the thermohigrometrical differences between the seven points in three representative periods of the day for the month of July 2014. The results show important differences in these elements, marking the formation of own microclimates, and the existence of urban heat island in the winter time. The choise of the winter analysis was the fact that this is the season considered more critical by the local population, as well as being the lowest total rainfall period coincides with the practice of burning straw sugar cane, since the municipality has in the sugar and alcohol sector is its main economic activity. In this way we emphasize that the research does not present representation for the annual scale because the study occurred only for the month of July. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the need of geography and history to be together in order to explain the formation of society. Researches, in their majority, do not shed lights on the real importance of the role of space and territory in creating obstacles or making way to the interests of the Portuguese administration as well as the settled people in the course of exploiting, conquering and populating the mines and backlands. Therefore, one of the great challenges of historical and geographical studies lies in the consideration and analysis of spatial processes along with territorial elements which are responsible for influencing the temporalities and the events and also for designing and organizing the space in the past, usually understood as a mere stage of the historical events. The conditions, regarding influences and possibilities, offered by both physical and built environment, play a significant role in the understanding of the settlement and formation of the Portuguese America society. Landmarks and imaginary geographic images were extremely important in the discovery of mines and territory organization implemented by the metropole; and they also made possible the conquering, populating and the first move from the coast to the country of the settlement project, assuring the backlands' transformation into a more appropriate territory. It is the significant role of space, constantly changing due to human actions which aim at organizing it or giving it a new or different meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies using historical weather data, usually, is the problem of having gaps in historical series. Rainfall is a climate variable widely used in several studies related to social and environmental dynamics. Thus, the objective of this paper was to present a study of the use of different methods of gap filling in the data rainfall, for a better use of existing data in the historical series. The methods used were: regional weighting, simple and multiple linear regression and weighting based on linear regression. Therefore, was used data for four rainfall stations located in coastal plain and mountain, and four rainfall stations located in the plateau, both in the region of Joinville (SC). Was performed the gap filling of june 1987 to june 2006 and august 1976 to august 1993. The results showed that the method of multiple linear regression presented the most genuine results, demonstrating be the method more appropriate for the study region; followed by regional weighting method, regional weighting based on linear regression and linear regression. It should be noted the importance of whether to know past dates of regional rainfall distribution and always utilizing more than one method for verification to validate the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is intended to analyze the actions of three programs for family agriculture support in national level: the National Program for Strengthening of Family Agriculture (PRONAF), the Program for Acquisition of Foods (PAA) and the National Program for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas (PRONAT), by means of distinct strategies, namely: granting of subsidized credit, acquisition of farming and livestock production and fomentation of actions to develop the territory. However, their operation presents several issues, which renders it difficult to accomplish their objectives. For this paper, a survey was carried out on data from official sources and documents. Thus, we could observe that, despite the relevance of these three public policies in the fomentation of rural development, family farmers are still facing difficulties to commercialize their production, to access credit and are also affected by lack of technical assistance. Another problem observed was the priority given to modern agriculture, even in actions of support to family agricultures, as occurs with PRONAF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian Amazon, even though internationally known for the exuberance of its natural ecosystem and its traditional communities, has been undergoing intense urbanization process, which is leading to significant population growth of intermediate cities of regional urban network, among other consequences. This study aims to investigate whether this urbanization, like other cities in Brazil, is promoting urban sprawl or not in an important sub-regional center in the Amazon region, Altamira, seeking to identify factors that contribute to the occurrence of the phenomenon. It also aims to determine whether, in this process, there is some significant change in the configuration of intra-urban structure of the city. The review of literature found that the research on urban sprawl is already significant in large cities, but it is still scarce in intermediate cities in the urban network, hence the importance of the contribution of this work to the literature on the subject. The empirical analysis was based upon the construction of a geographic information system (GIS), which integrated spatial information with statistical data from demographic censuses of 2000 and 2010, as well as field research. The paper concludes that there was intense process of urban sprawl in Altamira between 2000 and 2010 without significant changes in the configuration of intra-urban structure, and that the emphasis on horizontal real estate projects aimed at high-income families as the main cause of urban sprawl, needs to be reviewed in the case of intermediate cities. It is also necessary to give importance to other factors such as: the implementation of human settlements in the outskirts for classes of low and medium-low incomes; the new forms of urban mobility that are being used by families residing in these locations; and the effects of reducing the average number of people per household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides the food and raw material production the Brazilian rural area has been set, in the last two decades, by the incorporation of new activities, called non-agricultural activities in the countryside (rural tourism, family agro-industries, agro energy). In western Parana State particularly in the Parana watershed 3 (BP3) the livestock (poutry, swine and cattle) is one of the activities developed by the family farming which creates big quantity of manure (residual biomass). The aim of this paper was to characterize the BP3 territory and highlight its agro energy as an income vocation strategy as well as a job generator. By Itaipu Binational and other partners at BP3, the residual biomass from the livestock has been used by biodigesters for the production of biogas and from the biogas to obtain energy (electrical and thermal), biofertilizer and carbon credits. It is about a new activity which permits to avoid the environmental contamination, to generate family income and to promote sustainable rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas were the first occupied by human beings in the Brazilian territory. However, the concern whit these areas is still very recent in this country. The southern coast of São Paulo is sparsely populated, compared to other parts of São Paulo state coast, and presents one of the most important natural areas of Brazil is in that region: the Lagoonal-Estuarine Complex of Cananéia-Iguape, known as "Lagamar". The Complex has undergone a severe environmental change, which began in the 19th century, caused by the opening of the "Valo Grande" artificial channel, which connects the Ribeira de Iguape river directly to the Mar Pequeno (Small Sea). This paper has the objective of providing a brief history of the opening of Valo Grande, showing the changes caused in the region of Lagamar after the establishment of this channel, and propose alternatives to improve the environmental conditions in the area. For this purpose, we carried out a literature search on the theme and a fieldwork, so as to emphasize the environmental changes occurred in the region. Such changes have also been influenced by the types of water use and land use in the areas upstream of the basin of Ribeira de Iguape river. A possible alternative for a new balance of the estuarine environment is the installation of floodgates in the Valo Grande Dam, although it is not possible to predict how the system will behave under this new dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A contemporary environmental problem is waste electrical and electronic equipment's (REE). These equipment's have increasingly short shelf life, require a large amount of resources to manufacture and the presence of heavy metals and toxic components, which discarded incorrectly imply risks, but on the other hand, in most cases, can be reused. This paper discusses the reverse logistics and the product life cycle concepts covered by the National Solid Waste Policy - Law nº. 12,305 / 2010, that is responsible the manufacturers, importers, distributors and retailers of electronics goods by the reverse process of their products. It is concluded that from these conceptual and legal developments, are increased expectations for the correct implementation of solid waste management, especially the REE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of agribusiness, particularly in Brazil, aiming to enhance the capital through agricultural production to supply the domestic and global markets has increased a technical/scientific modernization that calls into question the continuity of traditionalism of the family farmer. In this sense, this paper reflects the counterpoints of cultural hybridization between family farming and agribusiness, seeing them as processes that seek to convert a heritage of knowledge and techniques to reinsert it into new conditions of production and market. It was considered, for the sake of argument, a bibliographic analysis of the categories, ways of life and cultural hybridization. After the analysis, it was concluded that the changes caused by agribusiness, especially in the landscapes, in the symbolism, in the consumption, in the social relations at work, in the organization of production and sociability, did not eliminate the historical contexts of family farmers in particular peasant traditionalism, as a matter of fact, it coexists with the imperatives of agriculture commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several authors have argued that urban areas correspond to higher forms of human intervention on the earth's surface, with significant loss of environmental quality. Population growth and urbanization are the main factors that have promoted this deterioration even producing changes in the local climate. In this context, this paper aims to identify the thermo-hygrometric variations over the city of Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. For this, it was decided to carry out a mobile transect, where a digital thermo-hygrometer was installed externally on top of the vehicle. The data collection points were defined considering the distance of 200 m, accompanied visually through the car's odometer, in a route of 14 km (South-North-East), totaling 71 measurements. The results showed, at least in principle, the establishment of a specific urban climate in the Chapecó city, whose differentiation is clearly presents from different land use and its association with the topography of the urban site. The weather systems also significantly affected the thermo-hygrometric differences along the transect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aimed to carry out the identification and compartmentalization of the geomorphologic units in the city of Portalegre, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The territory of the municipality covers an area of approximately 110.05 km2, which equals approximately 0.21% of State's territory, and presents in its political-administrative geographic boundaries a few features that differentiates it from the context of the Northeastern semi-arid region. The compartmentalization of geomorphological units was the observation core, as well as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation, remote sensing and theoretical-methodological procedures relating to classification of taxonomic units of relief (ROSS, 1992). The Portalegre plateau has a maximum elevation of 720 meters above sea level, presenting rainfall regime fairly accented with averages of 1,180.63 mm/year. In the study area, it is seen on geomorphologic context morfoescultural the presence of tabular surfaces, areas of sharp tops and systems of strands that shapes the landscape and are located in the midst of Depression Sertaneja. The relief of Portalegre is under influence of lithological condition, pertaining to geologic formation Serra do Martins and the hot and humid tropical climate, inserted in the domain of morphoclimatic the Caatinga. It is imperative highlight the importance of the study of the relief for the policies formulation of environmental and territorial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Maringá city, Paraná State (Brazil), the sustainability is represented as an economic artifice and, therefore, this article has the objective to found and adjust, theoretically and empirically, the proposed of sustainable city from the production of maringaense space. In its history, the planning and management favoured few spaces at the expense of many, a selective expansion of the urban fabric, and, therefore, the "sustainable Maringá" proposal must be the political and democratic legitimacy of the times' plurality and subject to the appropriation of natural resources due to its social rhythms' diversity. Already in practice, the quantitative-qualitative bond must be present at the temporal and spatial assessment of sustainability into account their complex reality. With conversion of scientific data (censuses, academic papers) and popular (public documents, newspapers), the indicators and model have confirmed the typical capitalist pattern of natural resources' production-consumption, well demarcated and differentiated between spaces of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Quaternary period, the Southern Brazil recorded paleoclimatic instability that generated changes over the landscapes. Pedological, sedimentological and paleoenvironmental reconstruction studies have been developed by the Genesis and Evolution of Geomorphic Surfaces and Superficial Formations group (GEFGSF-UNIOESTE-FB) to investigate the hypothesis of the paleoclimatic influence on the landscape of the Southwestern Paraná and Northwestern Santa Catarina. Aiming to contribute with these studies, the contribution of this paper is to investigate possible changes in the community of plants, which composed the paleovegetation of the region. To reach this objective, it has been employed pedologic and isotopic analyses (δ13C of soil organic matter and 14C dating of the humin fraction). The physical and chemical soil analyses allowed to characterize the studied soil as Humic Inceptsoil. The values of δ13C from the soil organic matter varied from -16.23‰ to -23.61‰. Thus, it is possible to infer that this soil recorded a in the Mid-Holocene (6235-6215 calyr BP)a period in which the vegetation was constituted predominantly by C4 plant community (more open vegetation than the current one From the late Holocene (ca.840 calyr BP) a mix of vegetation (herbs and trees), similar to the current one and composed predominantly by C3 plants evolved to the modern Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a thought from the multiple experiences lived and practiced by community individuals with the objective, overcome the classical notion of communities linked to apparent homogeneity of discourses. In spite of the achievements of traditional communities, mainly related to land questions, some studies tend, even indirectly, to design the limiting character of fixity imposed by the state from these policies. This results from the conceptual context of community building at different times from scientific and political discourses. Through the methodological procedure based on semi-structured interviews, we sought to identify this reality in a quilombola rural community of Santa Cruz in Ponta Grossa-PR, which was found as distinct actions and perceptions indicate the spatial multiplicity, mischaracterizing the predominant discourse of homogeneity. It was noticed a mismatch between the applicability of the regularization process and the individual and collective perceptions of residents about specific regulations imposed by this policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to bring forward the cartography research as mediating teaching language in topics related to the object of geography, the geographic space. Coming from the hypothesis of the importance of knowing the space to enhance understanding of geographic concepts. The learning activities using School Cartography will mediate the process. What motivated this proposal was the lack of informative teaching materials for working on specific geographic concepts related to local sphere. The focus here relies on locality, with the required scientific information for student learning process. The outlooks present physic characteristics of the urban area in the municipality of Francisco Beltrao/PR, that the teacher may use for their classes in the basic schooling level 1 and which can be put in place throughout the municipality that they desire to work on, because it is based on the topography map. Against this background data, we discuss the importance and the desirable way to understand the concepts of the students, the readers of the map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil map as synthetic cartographic product can be used as a guiding tool applied to studies about the productive capacity of soils, agricultural land use suitability and territorial planning. In this context, when using particular tools such as pedological photointerpretation and geoprocessing techniques consistent mappings and standard errors are obtained, thus increasing the accuracy of actions regarding the territorial planning.In this context, this paper presents the application of photopedology and geoprocessing techniques in the digital soil mapping development, aiming mapping at spatial variability of soil units as well as verifying the reliability of soil units identified by field validation and obtaining concordance coefficient. In the mapping validation, which was performed by the general data correlation present in photopedological outline with the field data, it was possible to obtain the mapping overall accuracy of 0,72 % and Kappa index of 0,61, the latter rated as a reliable substantial data. Considering these data, the application of the photopedological outline alieed to morphometric aspects and soil x relief relation showed satisfactory results with the field truth correlation, demonstrating a high predictive power predictive of the method. The information obtained from pedological photointerpretation as well geomorfometrics information obtained from cartographic products and geoprocessing techniques, allied to concepts relevant to geomorphological processes occurring in the slope and its impact on landscape and soil formation. Complementary to the photointerpretation, the use of pre -- existant pedological materials and digital terrain elevation model were considered consistent tools, with greater agility in relation to traditional soil surveys and less costly use of human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Expansion Front is treated as the first moment of occupation of space, while the Pioneer Front is the opposite of the environment to the regions old, traditional and population emptied. The Agricultural Frontier can be understood as a potential area for expansion of agricultural occupations, accompanied by successive applications of capital and technology. Thus, the aim of this paper is to discuss the formation of the frontier by unifying Expansion Front, Pioneer Front and Agricultural Frontier as an explanation of the occupation of Western Bahia process. The results showed that the low population density in 1985 revealed a demographic empty existing at the period and that changes in the profile of production, both agricultural crops as livestock activity, are reflections of investments in capital and technology in the field. In addition, there was a lack of uniformity in the degree of modernization among the different microrregions, as well as between the municipalities of each microrregion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at analyzing the Tourism Development Plan of Cavalcante (GO), as a tool for tourism planning and public policy by the municipal government, considering central concepts for understanding the space transformation. The relevance geographic science for the analysis of the plan for tourism development in the municipality of Cavalcante can be understood by the possibilities given by Geography to understand tourism as a social development vector in local level. By analyzing socioeconomic indicators of Cavalcante and comparing them to the Plan, it is concluded that the Plan proposed, for not having taken Cavalcante's socioeconomic context in the diagnosis, missed the opportunity to integrate important public policy fields to maximize not only local touristic activities but also human development increment and better quality of life for the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses gaps concerning the differentiation and classification of urban and rural areas in Parana State, seeking to demonstrate that the degree of urbanization presented by IBGE (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics) (2013) mischaracterizes the economic and geographic setting of this Federal Unit. More specifically, it is intended to discuss the ramifications of the current regulatory definition of urban and rural areas in Brazil and classify urban and rural space of Parana State through a territorial approach. To this end, the proposal assumed is defended by Veiga (2001, 2003) to characterize such areas. The proposal allows the categorization of municipal districts into three distinct classes: the essentially rural, relatively rural, and essentially urban. The results show that in Parana State rural, urban and transition areas are apparently well defined. However, despite the advancement of urbanization in certain areas, most of the spaces in the State consist of rural areas. This perception contrasts the claim that 85.3% of Parana population live in urban areas since, according to the methodological approach adopted, 89% of the municipalities of the state are essentially rural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza is composed of fourteen municipalities grouped into two micro-regions: the micro-region of Fortaleza and Pacajus. The regions are located in the Northeast of Brazil, State of Ceara. Are under the control of semiarid climate and are marked by cyclical occurrence of droughts. The aim of this paper is detect the occurrence of years of meteorological droughts in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, between the years 1974-2012, using the index SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) on the timescale of four months (Feb / May). The episodes of droughts detected by SPI were correlated with the occurrence of large-scale atmospheric events that operate in the Brazilian Northeast, for example: El Niño Tropical Atlantic Dipole and the position of the ZCIT (Intertropical Convergence Zone). Thus, the study found that almost all dry years detected by the index SPI were years of El Niño events, along with the meridional gradient of TSM anomalies, that associated, commands the incursion of the ZCIT over the equator, influencing distribution of rain over the Northeast. The study also found that major droughts in the study area have been moderate and severe category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste present from its origin to its final disposal, very complex social, political and environmental aspects. The Society that produces it, the "garbage pickers", waste managers, politicians, and the environment where they are disposed waste are the driving forces involving municipal solid waste. Solid waste garbage dumps are the final destination, controlled landfills and landfills which are distinguished by technological methods applied in sanitary and waste disposal. Landfills are considered local waste disposal that offer the best technology and infrastructure conditions in line with current environmental requirements. This paper discusses the socio-environmental transformations in landfill of the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, GO, since its creation in 2002 until the year 2012. To execution of the research were performed fieldwork, interviews and research on secondary data sources. The results show the pitfalls and advances in its management, as well as its compatibility with the federal legislation on solid waste. We conclude that although the landfill represents a breakthrough in regard the disposal of solid waste of the city, this still lacks management actions aimed to maximize their useful life and minimize the socio-environmental impacts caused by its existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capitalist urban space is constituted as the locus of its reproduction, guided by various social actors that produce and consume space. The production and can be understood as the embodiment of social relations by applying the paper presents the process of spatial organization as a result of which, according to the job classification of the type that is used on certain physical basis, their valuation tends to increase greatly. Thus, this study aims to develop analysis of the spatial production of the city of Pau dos Ferros - RN, highlighting the actions and strategies of their respected agents. It was named St. Gerard neighborhood as the study area, the fact that this spatial area has been the target of several actions of these agents, a factor that is giving him new feature in intra-urban space, by presenting increasing land values and resulting in the tendency to spreading of the urban sprawl of the city toward that district. In order to highlight this dynamic process interviews were conducted with the various stakeholders working in their spatial organization, as a condition to extract information about the variation in land values. Thus, one could envision that the valuation presents a new logic of use of land by landowners in the neighborhood who, in turn, begin the process of incorporation of rural areas to urban areas, and as a fundamental element in the land allotment process, a common form of production of urban space, guiding the emergence of a new vector of urban expansion of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several remote sensing techniques have been used in studies about the effects of changes in cover and land use in the radiation at the surface. Thus, this paper aims to quantify the Net Radiation (Rn) in a corn field in a Cerrado region using Landsat-5 TM images. The study area is located in Campo Verde - MT. Two images were selected, one in April and another one in August 2011. Maps of the instantaneous and daily Rn by the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) were generated. The instantaneous Rn values over the study area were 418 W.m-2 and 328 W.m-2, respectively for the two maps, while for the daily Rn were 104 W.m-2 and 98 W.m-2, respectively. The difference of the instantaneous and daily Rn between the two dates was due to the different stage of the culture, the first date is the development phase and the second the post-harvest maize. The values of albedo and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were consistent with the values found in maize cultivation in other works, so it was possible to affirm that the value obtained for the day 22/04/2011 is the value of Rn during the development phase of the cultivation of corn on Cerrado conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the spatial distribution of development as reflecting economic growth in the border strip the state of Paraná . Therefore, we used data from the Índice FIRJAN de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM), between the years 2000 and 2010, broken down into categories of Employment and Income, Education and Health. Was used for the statistical Moran and the Index of Local Spatial Association (LISA) and the spatial distribution geoprocessada data in the study area . The results obtained allow us to observe the formation of standardized groupings (clusters) that are formed in response to the incentives of public policies and consequently increases the local and regional development and on the other hand, it is observed that some units have geographical data inconsistent with the neighborhood (outliers), or abnormal observations and different neighborhood. The spatial distribution of the data in the region border strip allowed us to compare the evolution of economic growth by promoting development in the studied period prescribed . For this analysis, we observed the importance of considering the socioeconomic and cultural factors, well as the geographical location, that allow the development of the border region of Paraná. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth, improved income and urban sprawl contribute for decades to increase the production of waste that need to be discarded. A proper waste management constitutes a major challenge to be faced by public agencies. The Selective Collection Program represents an important milestone for the city and its contribution to sustainability. This paper analyzes the implementation and conduct of selective collection program in Ituiutaba / MG by the public, cooperative recycling and other officials concerned. We attempted to verify the procedures, actions and results, identify the difficulties encountered in implementing and conducting the program, and make suggestions for program improvement. We used analysis of Program documents, interviews, observations, photographic records and the perception of the benefits achieved for society. With the Selective Collection Program was a significant improvement in the working conditions of cooperative members and the promotion of social inclusion of these people. The partnerships developed by the Cooperative Recycling Ituiutaba - Copercicla are contributing significantly to its growth and improving its infrastructure and expanding the collection in scope and volume of waste. Disabling the former landfill and construction of landfill brought social and environmental benefits to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]