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Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) serves as a tool to assess the inflammatory impact of an individual's diet. This study aimed to investigate the association between DII and some cardio-metabolic risk indices among patients with T2DM. Methods: Data from the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study, encompassing 2045 adults with T2DM, were analyzed. DII scores were calculated based on food frequency questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were performed to assess cardio-metabolic risk factors. Results: Higher DII scores were positively associated with elevated triglyceride levels, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, lipid accumulation product (LAP), anthropometric indices including a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), hip, waist circumferences (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (all Ptrend < 0.05). Notably, no significant association was observed between DII and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (Ptrend > 0.05). Additionally, dietary intake analysis revealed a negative correlation between DII scores and intake of fiber, fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, seafood, dairy products, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conversely, higher DII scores were associated with increased consumption of red meat, processed meat, refined cereals, potatoes, and soft drinks (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conclusion: This study underscores the critical link between dietary inflammation, assessed by the DII score, and a multitude of cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM. Notably, while the study did not find a significant association between DII and fasting blood sugar levels, it identified robust associations with novel anthropometric and biochemical indices indicative of cardio-metabolic risk. These findings highlight the potential of dietary interventions as a cornerstone strategy for managing T2DM and mitigating its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Achievement of lipid targets is crucial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data on lipid-control status among patients with T2DM in Bangladesh are scarce. This study was conducted to determine the lipid-control status among patients with T2DM who were on lipid-lowering drugs in the country. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the diabetes outpatient departments of several tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh from January 2022 to December 2022. Adults of both sexes diagnosed with T2DM for at least one year and were on the lipid-lowering drug(s) for a minimum of 3 months were included in the study by consecutive sampling. Patients' data were collected by face-to-face interviews, and blood samples were collected for fasting lipid profile. The lipid target was set at < 200 mg/dL for total cholesterol (TC), < 150 mg/dL for triglyceride (TG), < 100 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), > 40 mg/dL for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and < 160 mg/dL for non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Result: Three thousand sixty patients (age 44.7 ± 13.3 years, female 57%) with T2DM were evaluated. Overall, almost 81% of the study subjects achieved the LDL-C target. Besides, TC, TG, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C targets were achieved by 40.8, 21.6, 66.3, and 44.1% of patients, respectively. However, all the lipid parameters were under control in only 8.8% of patients. Almost 77.6% of the patients with ischemic heart disease, 81.5% of patients with stroke, and 65% of patients with CKD had LDL levels < 70 mg/dL. Only 10.03% achieved the HbA1c target of < 7%. 7.4% of patients achieved both HbA1c < 7% and LDL < 100 mg/dL and 5% achieved both HbA1c < 7% and LDL < 70 mg/dL. Advanced age (aOR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96, 0.98, p < 0.001), longstanding T2DM (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39, 0.72, p < 0.001), and non-statin therapy (aOR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16, 0.37, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with lipid control (LDL < 100 mg/dL) while using oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin (aOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.45, 2.77, p < 0.001) and having cardiovascular comorbidity (aOR 3.92, 95% CI 3.00, 5.12, p < 0.001) were positively associated with lipid control. Conclusion: Though most patients with T2DM achieved their target LDL level, the prevalence of both glycemic and overall lipid control was low in our study despite lipid-lowering therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between red blood cell distribution and islet β-cell function indexes in patients with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Methods: A total of 487 LADA patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles. Clinical and laboratory measurements of age, height, weight, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, RDW, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-peptide and blood lipids were performed. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) were assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting C-peptide index (FCP). Correlations and multiple linear regressions were implemented to determine the association of RDW and islet function indexes. Results: As the increase of serum RDW level, the presence of β-cell secretion increased(P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant correlations between RDW and male sex, age, duration, TG, Cr, FCP, and HOMA-β in all subjects. Multiple linear regressions indicated that RDW was significantly correlated with HOMA-β in the total population in both unadjusted and adjusted analysis. This finding could be reproduced in the subgroup of low GAD titers for HOMA-β. RDW were significantly associated with HbA1c in LADA patients with high GAD titers, but the correlation was not found in subgroup with low GAD titers in either unadjusted analyses or adjusted analysis. Conclusions: RDW is associated with β-cell function assessed by HOMA-β after adjusting for covariates in LADA patients with low GAD titers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is conflicting evidence on the relationship between dietary choline and betaine with metabolic markers and anthropometric characteristics. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the interaction effects of dietary choline and betaine and physical activity (PA) on circulating creatine kinase (CK), metabolic and glycemic markers, and anthropometric characteristics in active youth. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 120 to 18 to 35-year-old people. The food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary data; United States Department of Agriculture website was used to calculate choline and betaine in foods. CK, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid profile markers were measured with ELISA kits. Low-density lipoprotein, and insulin sensitivity markers were calculated. Sociodemographic status, physical activity, and anthropometric characteristics were assessed based on a valid and reliable method. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) tests adjusted for sex, PA, age, energy, and body mass index were used. Results: Increasing dietary betaine and total choline and betaine was positively related to weight, waist-to-hip ratio, fat-free mass and bone mass (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary betaine lowered total cholesterol (P = 0.032) and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) (P = 0.049). The interaction effect of dietary choline and physical activity improved insulin resistance (P < 0.05). As well as dietary betaine interacted with physical activity increased HDL (P = 0.049). In addition, dietary total choline and betaine interacted with physical activity decreased FBS (P = 0.047). Conclusions: In general, increasing dietary choline and betaine along with moderate and high physical activity improved insulin resistance, increased HDL, and lowered FBS in the higher tertiles of dietary choline and betaine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with a variety of non-communicable diseases, including MetS, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Antioxidants can protect cells against free radical damage, so it seems important to determine the relationship between the quality of dietary antioxidants intake and chronic diseases. The Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQS) is obtained by adding the daily intake of known dietary vitamins and minerals, including selenium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, compared to the recommended daily intake (RDI). Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between DAQS, serum lipids, markers of glucose homeostasis, blood pressure and anthropometric features among obese adults. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 338 individuals who were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) aged 20-50 years were recruited from Tabriz and Tehran, Iran. A validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) with 168 food items was used to quantify dietary consumption; accordingly, DAQS was computed. Blood biomarkers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A standard mercury sphygmomanometer was used to assess blood pressure, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed to determine body composition. The association between the DAQS tertiles and biochemical variables was investigated using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Participants in the highest tertile of DAQS have a lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values in all of the adjusted models [odds ratio (OR) = 0.920; confidence interval (CI)= 0.852-0.993, P-value = 0.03] in the analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) model. Similarly, subjects at the second tertile of DAQS had lower DBP compared with the first tertile in age and sex-adjusted model [OR= 0.937; CI= 0.882-0.997]. There was no statistically significant difference for other metabolic parameters in different DAQS tertiles. Conclusion: According to our findings, higher DAQS was associated with lower DBP among obese adults with obesity in two major cities of Iran (Tehran and Tabriz). Other studies with interventional design are needed to better elucidate these associations and underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Purpose: This study intended to investigate the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Gorgan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 415 (109 men) patients with T2DM referred to the referral diabetes clinic of Sayad Shirazi Hospital in Gorgan in 2021. Demographic information, anthropometric indices, past medical history, and some laboratory data on cell counts, serum blood glucose, HbA1c, creatinine, lipid/iron profiles, and urinary albumin were collected. The univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for potential associated factors, using SPSS version 21. The multivariable Model was adjusted for obesity, Hb A1c, T2DM duration, using glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs), chronic kidney disease (CKD), albuminuria, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 21.5% [95%CI: 17.6-25.7] among our total participants. The corresponding values for men and women were 20.2 (13.1-29.0) and 21.9 (17.4-27.0), respectively.The adjusted model revealed that obesity (OR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.17–3.23]), T2DM duration for more than five years (OR, 3.12 [1.78–5.47]), albuminuria (OR, 6.37 [3.13–10.91]), chronic kidney disease (OR, 4.30 [ 2.83–7.29]) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 1.72 [ 1.21–2.77]) were significantly associated with prevalent anemia among patients with T2DM. Moreover, using insulin separately or in combination with oral GLDs associated positively with the prevalence of anemia with ORs of 2.60 [1.42-6.42] and 1.87 [1.30-4.37] , respectively. Conclusion: Anemia had a high prevalence among patients with T2DM in the north of Iran (about 22%), which is associated with obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, duration of T2DM, and diabetic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary indices and scores are valuable predictive markers against chronic diseases. Several previous studies have revealed the beneficial effects of diabetes risk reduction score (DRRS) against diabetes and cancer incidence. However, its association with metabolic abnormalities among obese individuals have not been revealed before. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association between DRRS and metabolic risk factors among obese individuals. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 342 obese individuals [Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2] aged 20–50 years were included. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of 168 food items and DRRS was calculated. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined based on the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III). Enzymatic methods were used to assess serum lipids, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Blood pressure was measured by a sphygmomanometer and body composition with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results: Those with a higher adherence to DRRS had a significantly higher intake of energy, fiber, and lower protein compared with those in the lower quartiles. Moreover, lower intakes of trans fats, meat, sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), and glycemic index (GI) with higher intakes of fruits, cereal fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids/ saturated fatty acids (PUFA/ SFA) ratio, coffee, and nuts were observed in the highest versus lowest DRRS categories. Lower systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride and, higher high-density lipoprotein values were observed in higher DRRS categories. Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension was significantly associated with adherence to DRRS among obese individuals, the odds ratio (OR) was 0.686 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26–0.84) after adjustment for potential confounders. But the risk of other components of MetS was not significantly associated with higher quartiles of adherence to DRRS. Also, a non-significantly lower prevalence of MetS was observed in the higher quartile of DRRS. Conclusions: According to the results of the current study, higher DRRS was associated with lower blood pressure, modified serum lipids, and lower Mets prevalence. Further studies in different populations are warranted for better generalization of the obtained findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several previous studies revealed the role of dietary energy density (DED) in developing obesity and related disorders. However, the possible role of DED in triggering cardiometabolic risk factors of individuals with obesity has not been studied yet. This study aimed to evaluate the association between DED and anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (such as glycemic markers, lipid profile, and blood pressure) among individuals with obesity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included 335 adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) aged 20–50 years in Tabriz and Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), including 168 food items; then, DED was calculated. MetS was defined based on the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III). Enzymatic methods were used to assess serum lipids, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results: Participants in the higher tertiles of DED had more intake of carbohydrate, dietary fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and meat, fish, poultry (MFP). Increasing the DED in both methods had no association with systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, triglyceride (TG), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) even after adjustment for confounders. However, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased in second tertile of DED I (β = 0.921, P = 0.004). The quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in second tertile of both DED methods had significant positive association with DED. In the second tertile of DED II, while total cholesterol (TC) significantly decreased (P crude = 0.036, P adjusted = 0.024), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (β = 1.096, p = 0.03). There was no significant changes in biochemical parameters in third tertile of DED I and II even after adjustment for covariates. Also, higher tertiles of DED was associated with reduced prevalence of MetS. Conclusion: High DED was associated with lower levels of blood pressure and TC but elevated levels of HDL and QUICKI independent of such confounders as age, BMI, sex, and physical activity. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to better elucidate casual associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identifying the risk factors leading to hypertension can help explain why some populations are at a greater risk for developing hypertension than others. The present study seeks to identify the association between the risk factors of hypertension in 35- to 65-year-old participants in western Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 9705 adults from baseline data of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study, in the west region of Iran. Each of the latent variables were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), we assessed the direct and indirect effects of factors associated with blood pressure. Results: Socioeconomic status (SES), physical activity, mean of serum lipids, obesity, diabetes and family history of hypertension had a diverse impact on the blood pressure, directly and (or) indirectly. The standardized total effect of SES, physical activity, mean of serum lipids, and obesity were -0.09 vs. -0.14, -0.04 vs. -0.04, 0.13 vs. 0.13 and 0.24 vs. 0.15 in men and women, respectively. Diabetes had a direct relationship with the blood pressure in women (0.03). Conclusion: With regard to control of high blood pressure, public health interventions must target obesity, lifestyle and other risk related to nutritional status such as hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in Iranian population and among those with higher SES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Regarding the increased prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents, and the impact of obesity on insulin resistance (IR) and other metabolic disorders, this study was performed to determine the association of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) with IR in overweight and obese children. Method: In this cross-sectional study 150 overweight and obese children (BMI ≥ 85th and BMI ≥ 95th age-sex specific percentile) and adolescents were selected via convenient sampling method from Endocrinology clinic in Karaj; Iran in 2020. Anthropometric indices, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were evaluated. IR was defined as HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6. Multivariable linear and logistic regression model was used to assess the association of CMRFs with insulin level and IR respectively. Results: The mean age of children was 10.37 (± 2.6) years. Fifty-four percent of the participants were girls. IR was increased through increasing age (P < 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression model, by increasing each unit increment in waist circumference (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.06), wrist circumference (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.06–2.02) total cholesterol (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.003–1.03) and FBG (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05–1.18) the odds of IR increased significantly. Moreover, in the adjusted linear regression model, HOMA-IR was associated significantly with waist to height ratio (β: 2.45), and FBG (β: 0.02). Conclusion: There was a significant association between some CMRFS with IR in overweight and obese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipid and glucose metabolism abnormalities are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index is a recently developed indicator that can identify individuals at risk for NAFLD. However, the applicability of the TyG index for identifying NAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of the TyG index to identify individuals at risk for NAFLD in the T2DM population. Methods: A total of 2280 participants with T2DM were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The TyG index was calculated, and NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of the TyG index, glycemic parameters and lipid parameters with NAFLD. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that the TyG index was significantly associated with NAFLD in subjects with T2DM, the odds ratio (OR) were 3.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03–5.27; P < 0.001) for NAFLD in the highest TyG quartile after adjustment for known confounders. In stratified analysis, an elevated TyG index were more remarkably associated with NAFLD in younger patients (< 65 years; OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.83–3.02; P < 0.001), females (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.67–4.32; P < 0.001), patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 2.01–3.91; P < 0.0001), and with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (< 1 mmol/L; OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.98–3.83; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The TyG index is significantly associated with NAFLD and shows superior ability for identify NAFLD risk compared with other lipid and glycemic parameters in T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Decreased baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) has been shown to be a marker of cardiovascular (CV) risk. In the present study, the difference in CV risk biomarkers in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients receiving oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) with and without hypertension has been assessed. Materials and methods: Ninety-two T2D patients on OAD without hypertension (control group) and eighty-eight diabetic patients with hypertension on OAD and antihypertensive drugs (test group) matched for age, gender, body mass index, serum glucose, glycated haemoglobin, and duration of the disease were recruited for the study. Their blood pressure (BP) variability including BRS, heart rate variability (HRV), insulin, lipid profile, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were estimated. The association of various factors with BRS was assessed by Spearman correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results: BRS was decreased (13.90 ± 5.27 vs 6.76 ± 4.58), HRV sympathetic indices [LFnu, LF-HF ratio (1.30 ± 0.49 vs 1.93 ± 0.62)], HOMA-IR, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), OPG (223.08 ± 103.86 vs 287.60 ± 121.36) and TNF-α were increased, and parasympathetic indices [TP (1012.90 ± 316.18 vs 625.88 ± 229.84), RMSSD, SDNN, NN50, pNN50] were decreased in the test group compared to control group. In control group, parasympathetic indices, AIP, OPG, and TNF-α had a significant correlation and OPG had an independent association (β − 0.344; p 0.004) with BRS. In test group, BP, LF-HF ratio, parasympathetic indices, AIP, OPG, and TNF-α had significant correlation, and TNF-α alone (β − 0.297; p 0.022) had an independent contribution to decreased BRS. Conclusion: Despite antidiabetic and antihypertensive treatments, T2D patients with hypertension had more cardiometabolic risks in comparison to normotensive T2D patients. Inflammation could be the inciting factor for rise in BP and decrease in BRS (CV risk) in hypertensive T2D patients. Hypertension in diabetes could attenuate the link of OPG to the reduction in BRS. Reduction in BRS could be a physiological marker of CV risk in T2D patients treated with OAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The data on lipid profile differences between primary aldosteronism (PA) and essential hypertension (EH) patients are inconsistent and inconclusive. Most studies reported lower levels of lipid profiles in PA than in EH. This meta-analysis aimed to explore differences in serum lipid profiles including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL and HDL levels in PA patients and EH patients. Methods: A search of published studies was performed using PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases from their inception through August 2022. Thirty studies involving 11,175 patients were identified. Inclusion criteria included 1) observational studies which contained data on any of the lipid profiles of interest (TG, TC, LDL and HDL) which could be acquired from baseline data or the outcomes, 2) data which should be compared between adult PA and EH patients and 3) the use of appropriate methods to diagnose PA. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to assess effect size by using STATA program version 15.0. Risk of bias was assessed by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools for cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies. Results: Levels of the lipid parameters TG (SMD − 0.16 mmol/L; 95%CI (− 0.25, − 0.07)), TC (SMD − 0.30 mmol/L; 95%CI (− 0.41, − 0.19)) and LDL (SMD − 0.17 mmol/L; 95%CI (− 0.27, − 0.08)) were significantly lower in PA than in EH patients. There was no statistically significant difference in HDL between PA and EH patients (SMD − 0.08 mmol/L; 96%CI (− 0.23,0.07)). High levels of heterogeneity for TG, TC, HDL and LDL were observed in all studies. Risk of bias among the studies was low to moderate. Conclusion: Lower levels of TG, TC and LDL were observed in PA than in EH patients. Further study should be conducted to address the underlying mechanisms of lipid alteration in PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation with aimed the effect of APOA2–265 T > C polymorphism and dietary acid load (DAL) as either potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) intake interaction on metabolic markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In present cross-sectional study, 737 patients with T2DM (290 men and 447 women) were enlisted from diabetes centers in Tehran. The dietary intakes of all participants during the last year was acquired by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency (FFQ) questionnaire. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for genotyping the APOA2–265 T > C. Biochemical indises containing leptin, ghrelin, total cholesterol (Bailey et al., J Clin Invest 97:1147–1453, 1996), low-density lipoprotein cholestrol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholestrol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), high sensitivy C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and interleukin 18 (IL18) were measured by standard method. Atherogenic indices (AIP, AC, CR-I, CR-II) were calculated. The gene-diet interactions were evaluated using an GLM. The frequency overall prevalence of rs5082 genotypes was 63.82 and 36.17% for T-allele and C-allele respectively. TG, Ghrelin, and hs-CRP concentrations were significantly higher among carriers with C allele than TT homozygotes. However, TC/CC genotypes have lower PTX3 than TT homozygotes (P < 0.05). C-allele carriers had highest mean of BMI (PNEAP=0.04, PPRAL = 0.006), WC (PNEAP=0.04, PPRAL = 0.04), TC (PNEAP=0.03, PPRAL = 0.01), ghrelin (PNEAP=0.01, PPRAL = 0.04), and leptin (PNEAP=0.04, PPRAL = 0.03) when placed in top tertiles of NEAP and PRAL.BMI, WC, TC, ghrelin, and leptin levels may be modified in C carriers by decreasing DAL, though, further investigations are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidaemia is a risk factor for abnormal blood glucose. However, studies on the predictive values of lipid markers in prediabetes and diabetes simultaneously are limited. This study aimed to assess the associations and predictive abilities of lipid indices and abnormal blood glucose. Methods: A sample of 7667 participants without diabetes were enrolled in this cross-sectional study conducted in 2016, and all of them were classified as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT), prediabetes or diabetes. Blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid parameters (triglycerides, TG; total cholesterol, TC; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C; non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-HDL-C; and triglyceride glucose index, TyG) were evaluated or calculated. Logistic regression models were used to analyse the association between lipids and abnormal blood glucose. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the discriminatory power of lipid parameters for detecting prediabetes or diabetes. Results: After adjustment for potential confounding factors, the TyG was the strongest marker related to abnormal blood glucose compared to other lipid indices, with odds ratios of 2.111 for prediabetes and 5.423 for diabetes. For prediabetes, the AUCs of the TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, non-HDL-C and TyG indices were 0.605, 0.617, 0.481, 0.615, 0.603, 0.590, 0.626 and 0.660, respectively, and the cut-off points were 1.34, 4.59, 1.42, 2.69, 3.39, 1.00, 3.19 and 8.52, respectively. For diabetes, the AUCs of the TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, non-HDL-C and TyG indices were 0.712, 0.679, 0.440, 0.652, 0.686, 0.692, 0.705, and 0.827, respectively, and the cut-off points were 1.35, 4.68, 1.42, 2.61, 3.44, 0.98, 3.13 and 8.80, respectively. Conclusions: The TyG, TG and non-HDL-C, especially TyG, are accessible biomarkers for screening individuals with undiagnosed diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We decided to compare some inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers, as well as lipid profiles between the obese and non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes considering ApoB gene polymorphism. Methods: one-hundred sixty two patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study. ApoB genotyping was conducted by the polymerase chain reaction. Serum interleukin-(IL-18), pentraxin-3 (PTX-3), and high sensitive- C reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured as the inflammatory markers. Moreover, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and 8-isoprostane F2α were analyzed for oxidative stress assessment. Anthropometric indices and lipid profiles were measured. Results: Adjusted for confounders, serum hs-CRP (p = 0.04), LDL-C (p = 0.01), LDL-C/HDL-C (p = 0.04), and TG (p = 0.02) were significantly lower at the Homozygous Insertion (Ins)/Ins vs. deletion (Del) allele carriers in the obese patients. Serum TAC was significantly lower at the obese Del allele carriers than Ins/Ins Homozygous (p = 0.03). Serum hs-CRP (p = 0.006), and 8-IsoprostanF2α (P = 0.04) were significantly higher in the obese Del allele carriers than non-obese. Serum Cu/Zn-SOD was significantly higher in the non-obese Del allele carriers than obese (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Inflammation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress are higher in the Obese Del allele carriers with type 2 diabetes which prone them to other chronic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between the Mediterranean diet (MED) or dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is well-documented. Nevertheless, a consistent relationship with the Middle East population has yet to be known. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between DASH/MED and blood lipids in Iranian adults. Methods: Four thousand seven hundred forty participants, aged 35–70 years (mean: 50.0) participated in the Shahedieh cohort study in Yazd, Iran, were followed from 2016 until now. Participants provided dietary and blood lipid data through a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and blood samples were taken after a fasted state. We used binary logistic regression to examine the association between DASH/MED scores and blood lipids. Results: In the participants who ingested a DASH-like diet the third vs. the first tertile of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and LDL/HDL (high-density lipoprotein) ratio reduced significantly (P < 0.01). While in the participants who ingested the MED-like diet the HDL level increased significantly(52.8 ± 12. 3 vs. 51.6 ± 11.6, P < 0.01). In Binary logistic regression, higher adherence to the DASH diet showed 19 % lower odds of high TC level (OR: 0.81; 95 %CI: 0.69–0.95) and 18 % lower odds of high LDL/HDL ratio (OR: 0.82; 95 %CI: 0.70–0.96). Besides, high adherence to the MED diet was associated with lower odds of LDL/HDL ratio (OR: 0.85; 95 %CI: 0.72–0.99). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL ratio, and HDL improved in participants who ingested a DASH-like diet and the LDL/HDL ratio improved in participants who ingested MED-like diet and, subsequently they might have a protective effect on CVDs risk. Further epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is a cholesterol-dependent essential component located in caveolae. Several studies have been CAV-1 related to cardio-metabolic parameters in animal models, however, there are few studies in humans. Importantly, there is no study has investigated the interaction between CAV-1 rs3807992 gene and dietary patterns (DPs) on cardio-metabolic risk factors. Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 404 overweight and obese women. Dietary intake was obtained from FFQ with 147 items. The CAV-1 genotype was measured by the PCR-RFLP method. The anthropometric measurements, serum lipid profile, and inflammatory markers were measured by standard protocols. Results: There was a significant interaction between CAV-1 rs3807992 and healthy DP on high-density cholesterol (HDL) (P-interaction = 0.03), TC/HDL (P-interaction = 0.03) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P-interaction = 0.04); in A-allele carriers, higher following a healthy DP was related to a higher level of HDL and lower TC/HDL and hs-CRP. As well as, the significant interactions were observed between CAV-1 rs3807992 and unhealthy DP in relation to triglyceride (TG) (P-interaction = 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P-interaction = 0.01) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) (P-interaction = 0.01); A-allele carriers were more following the unhealthy DP had lower levels of TG, AST and MCP-1. Conclusions: Our study revealed a significant gene-diet interaction between rs3807992 SNPs and DPs in relation to cardio-metabolic risk factors; A-allele carriers might be more sensitive to dietary composition compared to GG homozygotes. Following a healthy DP in A-allele-carriers may be improved their genetic association with cardio-metabolic risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer and the incidence of PTC has continued to increase over the past decades. Many studies have shown that obesity is an independent risk factor for PTC and obese PTC patients tend to have a relative larger tumor size and higher grade of tumor stage. Obesity is associated with disordered lipid metabolism and the relationship between serum lipids and PTC remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between serum lipid level and PTC. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1018 PTC patients diagnosed and treated in our hospital, all these cases were first diagnosed with PTC and had complete clinical information including ultrasound reports before surgery, serum lipid (CHOL, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, Apo-A1, Apo-B, Apo-E) results, surgical records and pathological reports. Results: None of these lipid markers were associated with tumor size in the whole cohort and in the female group. In the male group, on crude analysis, Apo-A1 showed a marginally association with tumor size, [OR = 0.158 (0.021–1.777)], p = 0.072. After adjusting for age and multifocality, Apo-A1 showed a significant association with tumor size [OR = 0.126 (0.016–0.974)], p = 0.047. This association become more apparent in a young male subgroup, [OR = 0.051 (0.005–0.497)], p = 0.009. CHOL, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, Apo-B, Apo-E did not show significant association with tumor size. As for LNM, neither in the male group nor in the female group were found to be associated with any serum lipid biomarkers. Conclusion: As PTC incidences continues to increase, our findings demonstrated a negatively association between PTC and apoA-1 in male PTC patients, which may contribute to further investigation concerning diagnosing and preventing this most common type of thyroid cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a predicter of infections, cancer and diabetes. However, the relationship between RDW and β-cell function and insulin resistance remains unclear in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between RDW and β-cell function in patients with T2DM. Methods: A total of 559 T2DM patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles. Clinical and biochemical characteristics such as age, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, RDW, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-peptide and lipid profiles were collected. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA2%B) were assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting C-peptide index (FCPI). Correlations and multiple linear regressions were performed to explore the association between RDW and islet function indexes in total population and in different gender subgroups. Results: The HOMA2%B gradually increased according to RDW tertiles (lowest, second, highest RDW tertiles; 47.1(32.9–75.4), 54.05(34.1–81), and 57.9(38.65–95.4), respectively; P = 0.036). Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant correlations between RDW and age, diabetes duration, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG), aspartate transaminase (AST), FBG, HbA1c and HOMA2%B in all subjects. In male subjects, RDW correlated positively with age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and AST, and it correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI), DBP and TG. In female subjects, RDW correlated positively with age, duration, serum creatinine (Cr), FCPI and HOMA2%B, and it correlated negatively with alanine transaminase (ALT), FBG and HbA1c. Multiple linear regressions indicated that RDW was significantly correlated with HOMA2%B and HbA1c in the total population in both unadjusted and adjusted analysis. This finding could be reproduced in the subgroup of men for HOMA2%B only and in women for HbA1c only. Conclusions: RDW is associated with β-cell function assessed by HOMA2%B after adjusting for covariates in male T2DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is a new index based on a combination of waist circumference (WC) and serum triglycerides (TG) reflecting lipid accumulation. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to explore whether LAP was independently associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 317 T2DM patients who underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) tests was conducted. The clinical data between non-OSA group and OSA group were compared. Multivariable linear regression and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine associations of LAP, with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and OSA. Results: Among 317 patients, 219 (69.1%) were men, and the mean ages (±SD) were 51.4 (±13.5) years for men and 54.6 (±15.1) years for women (p = 0.067). The prevalence rates of OSA were 63.0% for men and 68.4% for women (p = 0.357). LAP (log-transformed) was significantly correlated with AHI (log-transformed), with the Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.170 (p = 0.002). With adjustment for potential confounding factors, multivariate linear regression analyses showed the association of LAP with AHI was not statistically significant, with the adjusted linear regression coefficients (95% CI) of per SD increase of LAP for AHI (log-transformed) was 0.092 (− 0.011–0.194, p = 0.080). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed LAP was significantly associated with increased risk of OSA, with the adjusted OR (95%CI) of per SD increase of LAP of 1.639 (1.032–2.604, p = 0.036). However, as constituents of LAP, neither TG nor WC was significantly associated with AHI and OSA. Conclusion: LAP was independently associated with OSA and might be used as a potential OSA risk marker in T2DM patients, beyond the general index of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The escalating prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma (AI) has been associated with the improvement of radiologic techniques and widespread imaging in aging population. It is currently unclear whether patients with obesity more likely develop AI and the current rise in the prevalence of AI could be at least partly associated with the respective rise in obesity. We compared the prevalence and characteristics of non-functional (NF) and autonomous cortisol secreting (ACS) adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) after the study population was stratified by different body mass indexes (BMI) and age groups. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study comprising of 432 patients (40.6% male, 59.4% female) with NFAI (N = 290) and ACS (N = 142), of median age 63.4 (54.0–71.6) years and median BMI 28.6 (25.5–31.7) kg/m2. The data collection contained 11.132 points including demographic, anthropometric, radiologic, hormonal and metabolic parameters. Results: We observed 68–87% higher prevalence of AI across different age groups in NFAI and ACS in obese/overweight compared to normal weight subjects. Patients with ACS were older (P = 0.008), with higher basal cortisol (P < 0.001), lower basal DHEAS (P = 0.001), lower suppression DHEAS (P = 0.027) and higher aldosterone (P = 0.039). AIs with ACS were larger than NFAI (P < 0.001). Interestingly, ACS group had lower body mass (P = 0.023) and did not differ in BMI, blood pressure, heart rate, lipid profile, fasting glucose and presence of diabetes mellitus type 2 when compared to NFAI., By contrast to the similarity of metabolic profiles in ACS and NFAI, some components of adverse metabolic traits were rather associated with higher BMI and older age, in particular in NFAI. Conclusion: The prevalence of NFAI and ACS were significantly higher in overweight/obese subgroup across the age distribution. Stratification by age and BMI displayed significant differences in some metabolic traits, in particular in NFAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1210 patients with T2DM, among whom 265 had DKD. The severity of DKD was assessed by estimated-glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR). The relationship between ESR, hsCRP and DKD was analyzed by multivariate logistic analysis. The relationship between ESR and eGFR, ESR or ACR was analyzed by multivariate linear regression. Results: ESR (23.0 [12.0 ~ 41.5] mm/h versus 12.0 [7.0 ~ 22.0] mm/h, P < 0.001) and hsCRP (3.60 [2.20 ~ 7.65] versus 2.90 [1.80 ~ 5.60] mg/L mg/L, P < 0.01) values were significantly higher in patients with DKD than those without. Patients with higher ESR or hsCRP had lower eGFR and higher ACR. After adjusted for gender, age, hemoglobin, plasma proteins, HbA1c, lipid profiles, and the usage of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, ESR but not hsCRP was independently associated with the rate and severity of DKD in patients with T2DM. Conclusion: ESR was independently associated with the rate and severity of DKD in patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the main public health problems worldwide. Although some relations between dietary intakes and MetS have been found, few studies have focused on association between dietary nutrients interactions and the risk of the MetS and its components. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between nutrient patterns and MetS and its components among Iranian adult population. Methods: A total of 588 subjects (aged 18–64 years, 271 males and 317 females) enrolled in the cross sectional study. Dietary consumption was evaluated using an 80-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Biochemical assessments including fasting blood sugar (FBS), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and serum lipids were performed by enzymatic methods. Nutrient patterns were obtained by factor analysis procedure using principal component method. Multinational logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between nutrient patterns and MetS and its components. Results: Three nutrient patterns explaining 53.66% of the variance in dietary nutrients intake, were recognized in the current study. Animal-sourced nutrient pattern was significantly associated with the higher odds of MetS and high triglyceride (TG) levels. Plant-sourced nutrient pattern (high intake of fiber, carbohydrate, vitamins B6, B3, C, B1, E, D, magnesium, potassium, and linoleic acid) was significantly associated with lower risk of MetS and lower blood pressure (p < 0.05). Third nutrient pattern (mixed-source) was significantly related to higher risk of MetS, high waist circumference (WC) and high systolic blood pressure (SBP). Conclusion: This present study confirms the important effect of nutrients and their patterns on MetS risk. Our results suggest that adherence to the nutrient pattern rich in fiber, carbohydrate, vitamins D, B6, B3, C, B1, E, magnesium, potassium, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with a lower risk of MetS, while animal- and mixed-sourced nutrient patterns are positively associated with greater odds of MetS; However, further longitudinal and interventional studies are required to make a clear conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for fracture due to the decrease in bone strength and quality. Serum procollagen type I intact N-terminal (P1NP) and serum C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) as markers of bone formation and resorption, respectively, have been reported to be decreased in T2DM. It remains unclear whether diabetes-associated alterations in the bone turnover of T2DM individuals are related to the longer duration of the disease or may occur earlier. Furthermore, previous studies on BTMs in T2DM individuals have mostly been done in postmenopausal women with T2DM, which might have masked the DM-induced alterations of bone turnover with concurrent estrogen deficiency. This study aims to assess the levels of serum P1NP and CTX as markers of bone turnover in premenopausal women with and without T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study involves 41 premenopausal women with T2DM, and 40 premenopausal women without DM. Sampling was done consecutively. P1NP and CTX measurement was done using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) method. Other data collected include levels of HbA1C, ALT, creatinine, eGFR and lipid profile. Results: Median (interquartile range) P1NP in T2DM is 29.9 ng/ml (24.7-41.8 ng/ml), while in non-DM is 37.3 ng/ml, (30.8-47.3 ng/ml; p = 0.007). Median (interquartile range) CTX in T2DM is 0.161 ng/ml (0.106-0.227 ng/ml), while in non-DM is 0.202 ng/ml (0.166-0.271 ng/ml; p = 0.0035). Levels of P1NP and CTX in the T2DM group did not correlate with the duration of disease, age, BMI or the levels of HbA1C. Conclusions: Premenopausal women with T2DM indeed have lower bone turnover when compared with non-DM controls. This significantly lower bone turnover process starts relatively early in the premenopausal age, independent of the duration of DM. Gaining understanding of the early pathophysiology of altered bone turnover may be key in developing preventive strategies for diabetoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concept is now emerging that higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and lower thyroid hormone levels within the euthyroid range may adversely affect atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between thyroid parameters and lipids profile in a cohort of euthyroid diabetic subjects. Methods: Four hundred and sixty-two euthyroid type 2 diabetes subjects (302 males and 160 females) were consecutively recruited. Clinical and anthropometric data was collected from all participants. Whole blood samples were drawn in the morning after an overnight fasting for the measurement of serum TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), free triiothyronine (FT3), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) levels, as well as lipid concentrations and glucose. Results: TSH was higher in females than males. Stratified by TSH, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level increased in subjects with TSH ≥2.5uIU/mL (P = 0.004). And TSH was associated with HDL-c in a Pearson correlation test, however, the association failed to attain significance in partial correlation analyses, adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, fasting glucose and BMI. In females, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) level was significant lower in subjects with TSH <2.5uIU/mL. TSH was significantly associated with TC and LDL-c, even in a partial correlation analysis (P = 0.006 and 0.011, respectively). In a multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise), TSH was positive associated with TC (β = 0.202, P = 0.005) and LDL-c (β = 0.144, P = 0.010). In one hundred and six patients having TPO antibody assays, 6 (5.66%) were positive. The blood pressure and lipid levels were lower in TPO-Ab positive patients, however, the differences were not significantly. Conclusions: In conclusion, we identified TSH was positively associated with serum TC and LDL-c in euthyroid diabetic women. Our analysis in the subgroup having TPO antibody assays demonstrating non-significantly lower TC levels among seropositive subjects was consistent with the above stated consideration for women as a whole. Further investigations are needed to understand the intimate mechanisms of lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes with respect to thyroid function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glucagon stimulation test (GST) is often employed to assess the insulin reserve of the pancreatic beta cells in diabetic subjects. The clinical significance of the increment of plasma glucose (Δglucose) by exogenous glucagon during GST has not been elucidated. We investigated the relationship between Δglucose and clinical parameters including the liver and renal function in type 2 diabetic subjects, since we hypothesized that Δglucose is associated with the liver and renal function reflecting the capacity for gluconeogenesis in the organs. Methods: A total of 209 subjects with type 2 diabetes who underwent GST during admission were included in this cross-sectional study. We defined the difference between plasma glucose at fasting and 6 min after intravenous injection of 1 mg glucagon as Δglucose. We assessed correlations between Δglucose and clinical parameters such as diabetic duration, BMI, HbA1c, beta cell function, serum free fatty acids (FFA) which is known to stimulate gluconeogenesis, liver function, the indices of liver function, renal function, and urinary albumin excretion (UAE). Results: In correlation analysis, Δglucose positively correlated to FFA and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), but inversely to serum creatinine and cystatin C, although Δglucose showed no correlation with both liver function and the indices of residual liver function. Multiple regression analysis revealed that Δglucose was an independent determinant for the eGFR after 1 year, equally BMI, HbA1c, serum lipids, and UAE, which are known as the predictors for the development of chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Δglucose during GST might be related to gluconeogenesis in the kidney and could be the determinant of future renal function in type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and assess the 10-year risk of CVD in non-menopausal and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 569 patients with T2DM at a Chinese tertiary hospital were investigated using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). We evaluated the 10-year risk of CVD, clinical and menopause characteristics in all subjects. Results: Among the 569 diabetic patients, the incidence of smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, overweight or obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was 0.7, 36.2, 38.1 56.6 and 58.2%, respectively. The usage rate of hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensive agents, lipid modulators and antithrombotic drugs was 88.6, 78.3, 50.0 and 27.1%, respectively. However, only 1.2% of inpatients achieved the three target goals for the control of blood glucose (HbA1c < 7%), blood pressure (systolic blood pressure < 130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure < 80 mmHg), and blood lipids (total cholesterol < 174 mg/dL). The 10-year risk of CVD was (1.6 ± 1.5%) and tended to increase along with age (F = 27.726, P < 0.001). For all subjects (n = 569), multiple linear regression analysis showed that menopause (β = 0.275, P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (β = 0.212, P < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (β = 0.093, P = 0.018) and waist-to-hip-ratio (β = − 0.078, P = 0.047) were risk factors of 10-year risk of CVD, which may explain the variance of 14.3%. In the postmenopausal group (n = 397), LDL-C (β = 0.227, P < 0.001), FPG (β = 0.139, P = 0.003) and time since menopause (β = 0.230, P < 0.001) were found to be associated with CVD, which may explain the variance of 14.6%. Conclusion: The incidence of dyslipidmia, hypertension, overweight or obesity and NAFLD is high. The level of control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids was found to be extremely low and the treatment status was not ideal. Besides menopause, LDL-C, FPG and time since menopause were found to be independent risk factors for the 10-year risk of CVD. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on comprehensive control of multiple risk factors, such as plasma glucose, blood pressure and serum lipid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The shapes of the plasma glucose concentration curve during the oral glucose tolerance test are related to different metabolic risk profiles and future risk of type 2 DM. We sought to further analyze the relationship between the specific shapes and hyperglycemic states, the metabolic syndrome and hormones involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and to isolate the effect of the shape by adjusting for the area under the glucose curve. Methods: One hundred twenty one adult participants underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test and were assigned to either the monophasic (n = 97) or the biphasic (n = 24) group based upon the rise and fall of their plasma glucose concentration. We evaluated anthropometric measures, blood pressure, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, glycated hemoglobin, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, C-peptide, glucagon, adiponectin and pancreatic polypeptide. Results: Subjects with monophasic curves had higher fasting and 2-h plasma glucose levels, while presenting lower insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, HDL cholesterol, adiponectin and pancreatic polypeptide levels. Prediabetes and metabolic syndrome had a higher prevalence in this group. Glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and glucagon were not significantly different between groups. After adjusting for the area under the glucose curve, only the differences in the 1-h and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations and HDL cholesterol levels between the monophasic and biphasic groups remained statistically significant. Conclusions: Rates and intensity of metabolic dysfunction are higher in subjects with monophasic curves, who have lower insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function and a higher prevalence of prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. These differences, however, seem to be dependent on the area under the glucose curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a cross sectional study which examines the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among the adult population in Saudi Arabia. The study used anthropometric measurements, statistics and laboratory data to evaluate subjects with metabolic syndrome. Results show that Saudi adult population has obtained a high prevalence of metabolic problem and needs an urgent execution of health care strategies to control borth mortality and morbidity.