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The purpose of this paper is to analyse, on the basis of information gathered from 3,048 questionnaires, the factors which determine the daily expenditure in the destination of tourists in 14 emerging urban-cultural destinations in Andalusia (Spain), using an OLS regression model. The results confirm that tourist expenditure is explained by a set of factors related to the socio-economic profile of the tourist, the characteristics of the trip, the activities of the tourist in the destination and the degree of satisfaction with the destination. Knowledge of these aspects allows tourism policy to be oriented towards maximizing the revenue generated by the tourist in the urban-cultural destinations analysed, which are in the first stages of their life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourism industry is fragile as it is prone to numerous risks such as the outbreak of deadly viruses, and natural and human-made disasters. These risks have a significant impact on tourists' decisions when choosing a destination and while in a destination. This paper investigates the risks perceived by Australian tourists and how these risks affect their intention to revisit the Pacific Island Country of Fiji. Through a quantitative survey with 301 tourists, augmented by qualitative interviews conducted among management of hotels, as well as the DMO, the results show that tourists continue to perceive Fiji as a relatively safe destination however there are increased in the perceptions of risk concerning disease risk and financial risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds on Shift-Share analysis and aims to provide a methodological framework for studying the inequalities of Greek regions in the tourism industry. The method applied to yearly data of overnight stays, both for foreigners, and domestic visitors, for the periods 2003–2008, 2008–2013, 2013–2018, and results showing that disparities among Greek regions are generally very large for the tourism industry. The overall analysis is a useful tool for tourism management and regional policy. The paper advances Shift-Share analysis to be used as a tool of region classification, and it incorporates one-way ANOVA to examine the relationship between the inequalities concerns the policies from the last development law and tourism specialization in Greek regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to research the main travel-related concerns that senior tourists face when planning a leisure trip. The study comprises 470 tourists, aged 55 or over, who visited the Azores and aims to determine the importance attributed to travel-related concerns and to investigate whether there is an association between socio-demographic characteristics, physical limitations, perceived economic performance, and social status and these concerns. It also intends to identify distinct market segments according to these variables. A quantitative approach allows concluding that senior tourists attach higher importance to the food supply, comfortable accommodation, and climate. Senior tourists are not a uniform market: three clusters were found, which have implications in product planning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to develop a theoretical perspective to better understand senior tourist behaviour. The perspective is guided by concepts from research on senior tourism, goal theory of leisure travel satisfaction, and socio-emotional selectivity theory. It examines four central principles: (1) selecting leisure travel goals that have high levels of positive valence, (2) selecting leisure travel goals that are very likely to be attained, (3) engaging in actions that would implement leisure travel goals, and (4) engaging in actions that would allow tourists to experience goal attainment. We describe these theoretical principles and sub-principles in relation to senior tourists to build a research agenda to encourage future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the spending literature in the field of hospitality and tourism management to achieve a better understanding of the evolution of this stream. The paper uses a bibliometric approach and is based on 124 papers published in seven leading hospitality and tourism journals from 1990 to 2011. The findings have revealed that the weight of spending literature appeared less than expected. The amount of spending research was primarily published in tourism journals, and in particular in the Journal of Tourism Research, followed by Annals of Tourism Research. In contrast, hospitality journals contributed marginally to the debate. Two fields of analysis emerge as primary research areas: determinants of tourist expenditures and measurement of economic impacts. The former stream contains a large number of research studies. The sample is primarily composed of empirical papers, while theoretical work remains at a consistently low level. Empirical evidences are primarily related to North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is abundant scientific literature on tourist expenditure and the factors which determine spending. The purpose of this paper is to systematize, present and analyze the results obtained from a comprehensive review of scientific literature on the variables that affect tourist expenditure for different tourism typologies. It has been possible to discover which factors influence expenditure in the different types of destination, which is of enormous interest for two reasons. Firstly, research opportunities have been identified with respect to the variables and types which have not been closely studied. Secondly, this research will facilitate decisions by policymakers and destination managers, providing information about the factors which generate greater spending and which are those that they should act to strengthen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage tourism has been growing over the last few years, especially in cities that have been declared World Heritage Sites. This paper presents research that investigates the motivations for tourists to visit Cuenca. Fieldwork was used to create a predictive model to determine visitor satisfaction considering the motivations and the attributes of the city. Furthermore, the paper analyses the attributes a heritage site should have if it is to create a sustainable tourist destination which combines culture and economic growth. The results show that although overall satisfaction with visits to the city is high, tourists enjoy other interesting aspects that should be taken into consideration in order to improve the city’s image as a cultural destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced TCM and discussed post-COVID-19 domestic tourism market recovery through this frame to understand Chinese tourists' behaviour during COVID-19. In other words, although TCM practitioners will acknowledge patients' symptoms and empathize with their discomfort, practitioners also believe that disease is a friend - a reminder to reconsider one's lifestyle or way of thinking. According to the World Health Organization ([13]), the COVID-19 outbreak has led to more than 3.5 million cases worldwide and claimed 243,540 lives. A TCM practitioner's perspective: disease is a friend TCM practitioners believe that when a person is sick, their pain is real; however, illness is not an enemy. [Extracted from the article]

The article reports on the organization of the 25th annual ENTER eTourism conference by the International Federation for Information Technologies and Travel and Tourism (IFITT) in Jonkoping, Sweden in January 2018. Topics discussed during the conference include research on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in tourism and travel, and important issues relevant to tourism-related industry and the responsibility for society and sustainability.

This paper highlights the relationships between tourism, migration, and peace in the context of the present refugee crisis. It focuses on the case of Lampedusa, an island that is not only an important tourist destination but also a major gateway for migrants trying to reach Europe. In 2016, it hosted the first exhibition of the “Museum of Trust and Dialogue for the Mediterranean.” Lampedusa is the only local community that was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 2017, its mayor received the UNESCO Peace Prize. The research shows how the island is still in search of a balance between local identity and global processes, and discusses its possible role as a social laboratory for peace and mutual understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of socio-demographic characteristics of domestic leisure travellers on evaluation of service experience equity in three hotels offering hedonic service in Kaduna city, Nigeria. Data for this research were obtained using 284 questionnaires, and the results of this research indicate a non-existence of an association between educational status and the dimensions of service experience equity while gender, age, marital status, type of occupation, and income level significantly affect at least one dimension in varying proportion. On the overall, income level of leisure travellers has the highest significant main effect on evaluation of service experience equity in the hotels. Moreover, higher income earners tend to show high expectation, and preference for quality, alluring hedonic service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tour guides are recognized key players in the tourism industry. However, existing research on the tour guiding is unevenly distributed and Africa is notably underrepresented. This paper examines issues related to the labour conditions experienced by tour guides, particularly safari guides in Arusha, Tanzania. Thematic analysis was utilized to evaluate the content of the semi-structured interviews conducted with safari guides and a wide range of other tourism stakeholders located in Arusha, Tanzania. The findings indicate inadequate working conditions endured by safari guides. The tourism industry in Tanzania needs to incorporate labour rights standards within its core business practices in order to positively contribute to human capacity building, guest/provider relationships, and future sectorial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents case study findings of exploratory research on the growth of Event Tourism in Dubai, UAE. Dubai targeted tourism as a growth industry in the 1990s and is now emerging as a world-class event destination. The research takes an epistemological approach in exploring theoretical knowledge of tourism events along with practical knowledge of their development and delivery. Utilizing a typology of Dubai events and a narrative of their growth, a conceptual framework is developed to guide related research into the behaviour of event tourists. Findings show Dubai has applied a diverse strategic approach in developing a strong brand image and events have significantly contributed to this as a brand extension, a key brand element, and as a co-branding partner. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a fact-finding descriptive study on the role of shopping festivals in branding of tourism destinations, highlighting the case of the Dubai Shopping Festival in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Sharjah Spring Promotion in Sharjah, UAE. It discusses how the study was conducted which involved data published in promotional brochures and newspapers. The results reportedly revealed that shopping festivals has increased the number of tourists in both regions.

In developing countries, community-based tourism has been put forward as an alternative to traditional mass tourism. This paper presents the results of fieldwork carried out on the island of São Vicente (Cape Verde). The fieldwork involved surveying both tourists who visit the area, in order to evaluate their opinion and perception of the area, and managers of small- and medium-sized tourism enterprises, in order to analyse the quality of the services offered by tourism enterprises managed by the local community and to study the potential of the tourism resources in the area. The main results of the research endorse the high quality of tourism services offered by local businesses and highlight the community's hospitality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

International inbound tourists consume electricity of a destination either directly or indirectly. Despite the recognition of potential effect of international tourism on electricity consumption, not many papers have investigated the existence of such relationship empirically. This research note intends to fill the existing literature gap by determining such relationship with time-varying volatility models using the data of Singapore. A GARCH-M(1,1) model is selected. This model indicates that industrial production and total international inbound tourists have positive effects on electricity consumption. The model also suggests that the variability of electricity consumption has a positive effect on electricity consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the introduction of the Open Door and Reform Policy in the late 1970s and the ensuing period of social upheaval and re-structuring during the 1980s, the China outbound travel phenomenon exhibited some distinctive characteristics which are not readily explainable using the established tourism theories. The literature has generally characterized international leisure travel as discretionary consumption prompted by motivators (e.g. reasons for travel), and facilitators (e.g. discretionary income and available leisure time). Drawing upon an examination of Guangdong residents and their attitudes to the travel phenomenon during the 1980s, this exploratory paper proposes a model of outbound tourism behaviour which explores the interrelationship between migration and tourism and incorporates the concept of socio-political change occurring in the source market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the relationships between tourism, migration, and peace in the context of the present refugee crisis. It focuses on the case of Lampedusa, an island that is not only an important tourist destination but also a major gateway for migrants trying to reach Europe. In 2016, it hosted the first exhibition of the “Museum of Trust and Dialogue for the Mediterranean.” Lampedusa is the only local community that was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 2017, its mayor received the UNESCO Peace Prize. The research shows how the island is still in search of a balance between local identity and global processes, and discusses its possible role as a social laboratory for peace and mutual understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the biography of the first tourism professor in Brazil, Mario Carlos Beni. It mentions about his contributions towards enhancing the people's knowledge about tourism. It also mentions the books and other works he has published on tourism. It states that he has won several awards of honor through out his career.

The study of the Malaysia's tourism arrivals: An ARDL approach: Malaysia's tourism arrivals. In 2019, the tourism industry earned US$21.1 billion from international tourism receipts, which accounted for 6.8% of Malaysia's GDP and 9.3% of its foreign exchange earnings (World Bank, [5]). Number in parentheses indicates frequency in the Fourier approximation function; numbers in brackets indicate time-series breakpoint. [Extracted from the article]

As India and Indonesia are becoming two sources for international travellers from emerging markets, understanding their eco-friendly behaviour is crucial to developing sustainable tourism. This study investigates the determining roles of nature relatedness, happiness, and willingness to sacrifice for the environment on eco-friendly tourist behaviour. Four hundred and four respondents from India and Indonesia took part in the survey. The results of the study of both Indian and Indonesian respondents consistently indicate how nature relatedness influences eco-friendly tourist behaviour directly and indirectly through their willingness to sacrifice for the environment. However, this study did not find that happiness mediates the influence of nature relatedness on eco-friendly tourist behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the exercise goal pursuits of tourists participating in physical fitness programmes at exercise-oriented tourism resorts (EOTRs). This study draws on goal content theory (GCT), which examines the goals that individuals engage in and how such engagements, whether extrinsic or intrinsic, varyingly relate to the notion of well-being. The questionnaire on goal contents related to exercise was administered at three EOTRs, located in the southwestern United States. The findings indicate that participants attached higher importance to intrinsic goals such as health management and skill development. The valuing of intrinsic exercise-related goals is positively related elevated levels of well-being and autonomous motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has focused on identifying the behavioural intentions of the cruise passengers in the ports of call. Nevertheless, there is no prior experience in the senior passenger segment. The present study tries to verify hypotheses about the effects of the cruise passenger's age regarding the intention to revisit and the intention of recommending the port of call. This study used a sample of 451 tourists who visited Malaga (Spain) on cruise stops during 2018–2019. The investigation applied both PLS-SEM algorithm and regression techniques. The results show that the senior segment has singular intentions to revisit and recommend the port of call and that these intentions have different antecedents compared to other segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to contribute to the existing knowledge of consumer psychology regarding senior tourism in cultural destinations by improving the existing understanding of seniors' motivations and related psychological processes. The research objectives were to outline a model of senior tourists' push and pull motivations, which includes their emotions and satisfaction in cultural destinations; to understand the selection process of tourist attractions and activities in these destinations; and to identify clusters of seniors based on their emotions and level of satisfaction during visits. A theoretical model was created to analyse motivations and travel factors. The data collected facilitated the identification of four senior tourist clusters based on sociodemographic and psychographic differences. Various theoretical and managerial implications are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retirees have been growing in importance as a consumer segment targeted by the tourism industry, namely because they can minimize the typical seasonality of tourism and increase its sustainability. This study aims to contribute to a more in-depth knowledge of retirees' behaviour and has two objectives: (i) describe tourist behaviour of seniors prior to and after retirement; (ii) identify and analyse retired consumers' current motivations and constraints towards tourism. Qualitative research was conducted comprising interviews with 40 Portuguese retirees. The results indicate a diversity of experiences regarding tourism activities both before and after retirement, evidencing that past experience stands out as a determinant of retirees' tourism behaviour. Moreover, three distinct segments of tourists emerge: the experts, the new tourists, and the non-tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the research that investigates the validity of cultural intelligence in tourism in South Korea. The topics discussed include four concepts of cultural intelligence and the need for the tourism industry to have close interaction and input from individuals of diverse cultural backgrounds.

In recent years, tourism literature has been incorporating tourist satisfaction as a determinant of competitiveness and expenditure in destinations. It was expected a direct relationship between the variables: the better the experience, the greater the expenditure. However, previous literature has not found a strong relationship between them. This study attempts to address this gap by analysing a data survey from Calp, a consolidated destination on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline, using a static comparative exercise between different tourism seasons. As a novel theoretical contribution, seasonality and the different items of expenditure are included in the analysis. In accordance with the previous literature, the result obtained does not confirm a close relationship between satisfaction and expenditure. Some managerial implications are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to determine whether the tourist's social distance perceptions towards the local people are reducing thanks to tourism and the causes of tourist's social distance perceptions. The Social Distance Scale of Bogardus was employed to prepare the questionnaires that were used in the study. Domestic tourists (n = 400) visiting the Southeastern Anatolia Region (before and after their visit) and people who had not visited the region (n = 263) before were asked to complete the questionnaire. The tourists' social distance towards the local people has changed positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates factors in tourism supply chain management (TSCM) which can influence tourist satisfaction in Isfahan, the leading tourist destination in Iran. Applying a neural network based on intelligent algorithm, the results indicate that factors such as recreation and entertainment, transportation system, tourism attractions, catering services, shopping and accommodation services failed to satisfy international tourists while tourist infrastructure and tourist information factors were quite satisfactory. It seems that TSCM in Isfahan failed to create an integration across heterogeneous sectors. This study contributes to our understanding of how TSCM is working in a mature destination in a developing country, with particular reference to Isfahan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the image of Thailand as a backpacking destination. Topics discussed include understanding image perceptions of both visitors and non-visitors, assessment of destination image perceptions, and analysis of existing perceptions literature concerning backpackers. Also presented is a table comparing non-visitors perceptions of Thailand as a backpacking destination.

A biography of Dennison Nash, American anthropologist and sociologist, is presented, which focuses on his education, career and accomplishments in tourism. Nash was born in East Orange, New Jersey in 1924. Nash's publication topics include anthropologists as ethnographers and importance of their own interpretations. Nash explored a tourist's connection between leisure and work and examined the differences between migrants including immigrants and refugees.

Increasing research has been devoted to investigating victimization of tourists at destinations with some research being committed to why and where harassments are perpetrated against tourists. This study brings up an important empirical aspect of tourists’ safety and security concerns that is still overlooked and provides an important piece to the puzzle in understanding tourists’ adaptation of coping or protective responses to harassment. An exit survey for 518 tourists departing Ghana was conducted in this regard. The study suggests that tourists’ responses are mixed ranging from a continuum of acceptance to resistance. These responses were significantly influenced by tourists’ marital status, age, travel party, awareness, and security. Greater resistance to harassment was also observed for tourists who reported such harassments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the importance of a research study which will investigate the development of geological tourism or geotourism and geotourists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Several advantages of geotourism in the UAE are outlined including its economic benefits for the local tourism industry, improvement of the well-being of local communities, and the protection of geoheritage. An overview of geotourism in the Middle East is offered.

The article reports on the importance of stock market wealth and international tourist arrivals on retail sales. Topics discussed include the relationship between retail sales and inbound tourists, development of international tourism, and tourism marketing and development strategies of tourism boards.

Popular summer holidaymaking in the mainstream and much-visited destination of Mallorca is segmented and versatile in terms of tourist motivations. This study demonstrates unanimous touristic interest in pleasant weather conditions and a majority emphasis on sociability, relaxation, and beach life, along with cultural sightseeing and landscape experience motivations. Moreover, the findings indicate quite stable motivations in this holidaymaking context. There are very few motivational differences between Mallorca visitors using package tours or charter flights and their fellow tourists going by scheduled flights. The questionnaire-based survey results thus challenge conventional wisdom about Mediterranean seaside package tours as undifferentiated “sun and sand mass tourism” for “ordinary people” lacking individuality. Although air travel and package tours may still be standardized, the tourists themselves do not become homogenous simply by the mere utilization of such products. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Consumer service satisfaction measurement is important for successful management of tourism industry. Unfortunately, very few researches have been conducted in Bangladesh in this regard. To fill up the gap, this research has been conducted to estimate the service satisfaction of young tourists of Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh. Despite these young tourists comprise a large portion of the tourists in the park; no research has been conducted yet to estimate the satisfaction of this group. Hence we have conducted the research using a survey instrument to estimate service satisfaction of this young tourist group. The collected data were then analysed by factor analysis to extract the basic influences that regulate service satisfaction and after that we developed a regression model using ordinary least square method to establish a relationship between the service satisfaction and the basic influences that regulate the service satisfaction. We observed that the young tourists' service satisfaction is largely dependent upon the easier visit into the park. Procedural complexity of managerial authority hinders tourists' service satisfaction. Less expenses, warm, and friendly reception can increase the service satisfaction. Thus success in tourism sector of the park in future will mostly depend on the quality of the services that highly value the identified managerial aspects of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss aspects of tourists' satisfaction on the facilities and services in the tourism and hospitality industry in Jordan. They mention complex perceptions on components of a tourist destination that contribute to a satisfying stay including hospitable customer services, recreational facilities, and cultural tours. The authors reveal that tourists that have varied motivations and satisfaction levels may impact Jordan's delivery of tourism provisions and services.

The present study is a late response to the call of Jafari and Aaser (1988) to duplicate their study of North American doctoral dissertations on tourism. Compared to other areas of tourism research, little work has been done in researching tourism education in Egypt. This exploratory, descriptive research reviews doctoral theses in tourism accepted by Egyptian tourism colleges during the period 1975-2008. This study aims to draw a chronological map of the awarded theses as well as identify the trends and gaps in Egyptian tourism research, which will then help to recognize both the most attractive and the relatively neglected areas of tourism research. On the other hand, this research highlights some related questions which are unanswered until now, and which can be utilized as a guide for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]