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This study set out to evaluate the state of the drought in the Kancheepuram district by means of the VCI and NDVI indexes. Data samples were obtained from the MODIS NDVI database. Group 1 consisted of twenty samples, while Group 2 also consisted of twenty samples. The computations were carried out assuming a beta of 0.2 and a significance level of 0.05, with a 95% confidence interval and G-power 0.8. The water sample did not pose any health risks to humans. Twenty people evaluate the situation using two drought variables: the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). For instance, the seasonal rainfall index may display an NDVI of 0.40 along with a VCI of 0.70. This study is considered statistically significant since the p-value is less than 0.05 (or p=0.021). When assessing the drought situation in the Kancheepuram district, VCI yields more accurate results in the seasonal variation index than the NDVI index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to maintain good health and avoid illness, people need access to potable water. People often become sick from water-related causes because they drink polluted water. This is why monitoring the water quality is essential. The Novel Tensor model is built using time-, location-, and water-related variables. A support vector regression approach is used to forecast the novel water quality by the suggested system, which takes water samples from the DWS system. This research employed a dataset consisting of about 1993 samples, with 127 samples analyzed statistically using SPSS. The results suggest that this new tensor has the potential to produce the best results with the most accuracy (p=.676). The goal of this research is to improve water quality monitoring by using a novel approach to existing image processing classifiers. When compared to older, less sophisticated algorithms, modern artificial neural network methods perform far better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For innovative categorization of water quality monitoring, supervised machine learning approaches were applied. The aim of this research work is to evaluate the performance of SVM in novel classification of normal water and polluted water by comparing with the k mean. A Dataset of 800 water samples were downloaded from Kaggle website. The water samples are divided into two folders, normal and polluted water each containing 300 samples and a variety of different resolutions. 300 water samples used for SVM (Group 1) and it is compared with k mean (Group 2). The dataset is split into two sections: training (70%) and testing (20%). Accuracy, precision, and sensitivity values are calculated using a confusion matrix to quantify the classification potential of the SVM algorithm. 0.8 is the G power. SVM algorithm has achieved accuracy, precision and sensitivity of 89.60%, 87.53% and 94.62% respectively in comparison to K Means algorithm of 84.26%, 81.38% and 90.17%. SVM has a significantly higher classification performance (p = 0.018) compared with k mean. The Support Vector Machine method outperforms the k mean approach in the categorization of water samples, according to this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubbish is becoming a global environmental issue as the amount of waste generated constantly increases due to the continuous growth in the level of consumption. The previous investigation reported that the existence of waste management facility known as TPST such as Piyungan in Bantul Regency as a facility for managing rubbish can have a positive or negative impact on the environment. This is because the leachate from the waste is suspected to pollute the surrounding irrigation water. Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of leachate on the quality of irrigation water around TPST Piyungan using field surveys and laboratory tests. The water sample was taken in Sitimulyo, one of the villages affected by TPST Piyungan activities, and in Jambidan village as point control. The physical and chemical parameters of the water sample tested include temperature, pH, COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, and Pb. This was followed by the evaluation of the Index Pollution raw quality Class IV, as stated in the Governor Regulation of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Number 20 of 2008 to determine the quality status. The results showed that the status of the water sample is in category IV, which fulfills raw quality (good condition), where point 1 has a value of 0.22 and 0.13 for points 2 and 3. This indicated that the irrigation water quality is not affected by the leachate generated from the TPST Piyungan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus sp. is one of the most abundant bacteria in nature. However, contamination that is caused by several Bacillus strains can lower the quality and safety of some products, which may bring negative impacts on the economy and health. Bacteriophage is a virus that has been used as a natural agent to control bacterial load in various applications. This study aimed to assess the diversity of phages infecting Bacillus sp. from 18 samples of different water sources around Toba Lake, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The abundance of phages was determined by evaluating the quantity and morphology of phages in all water samples. Phages isolation and enumeration were carried out by using the plaque assay method. Observation of plaque morphology showed that most Bacillus sp. phages have clear and turbid plaques. Enumeration of phages was expressed in a plaque-forming unit per ml (PFU/ml). The number of phages in all samples falls between 0,21x107 PFU/ml to 7,01x107 PFU/ml. The knowledge of Bacillus sp. phages diversity can be used for Indonesia bioprospecting mapping and basics data for further investigation related to the characteristics and advantages of Bacillus sp. phages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexploitation of groundwater can cause groundwater levels to decrease. The Puncak Area is located in the Bogor Groundwater Basin in West Jawa Province, Indonesia, with a large groundwater discharge. Most of the clean water needed in The Puncak Area comes from groundwater, especially Upstream of the Ciliwung Sub-watershed. The high development in The Puncak Area has led to an increase in groundwater exploitation. It is feared that overexploitation of groundwater and land-use changes can impact groundwater drawdown in this area. This research aims to estimate groundwater recharge and quality based on physical and chemical parameters. In this study, the measurement of physical and chemical parameters was carried out to determine the suitability of groundwater for domestic use. Physical and chemical parameters, including Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), taste, smell, Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, nitrate, and sulfate, were measured at twenty-five groundwater sources, including springs and dug wells. A simple groundwater balance is presented, which uses annual precipitation, annual evapotranspiration, and annual runoff to predict annual groundwater recharge. The precipitation data were obtained from three stations (Gadog, Cilember, Gunung Mas) for ten years, then analyzed using the Thiessen Polygon method. Temperature data were obtained from one climatological station (Citeko) for ten years. The results showed that precipitation value of 3215.97 mm/yr, an evapotranspiration value of 1238.96 mm/yr, and a runoff value of 760.05 mm/yr. The result of groundwater recharge estimation is positive, with a value of 1216.96 mm/yr. Groundwater quality measurements show that TDS has values in the range of 31 - 220 mg/l, EC values are in the range of 62 - 414 µs/cm, pH values are in the range of 5 - 7.3, nitrate value ranges from 2.11-80.86 mg/l, sulfate value ranges from 1.44-13.56 mg/l, all samples water are tasteless and odorless. Based on WHO standards, groundwater The Upstream of Ciliwung Sub-Watershed meets the standards of taste, smell, TDS, and sulfate. The pH, EC, and nitrate parameters at several sampling locations did not meet the standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every month for a year, water samples were taken from eight sampling sites where the wadi was impacted by anthropogenic causes. The data was divided into two sets: physical (4 variables) and chemical (19 variables), and it was studied from sample obtained from eight sites of wadi hanifa. The most important variables in measuring fluctuation in water quality owing to anthropogenic activities were extracted from the physical and chemical information using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Near order to comprehend a large and intricate data matrix obtained during a surveillance of the Wadi Hanifa in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, this work uses multivariate statistical approaches. Water samples were taken every month from eight sampling sites where the wadi was altered by anthropogenic influences, and the data was separated into two sets: physical (4 variables) and chemical (19 variables). The most important variables in measuring water quality variation owing to anthropogenic activities were extracted from the physical and chemical information using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only 25% of households in Koto Tangah District, Padang, use safe latrines. The rest still use unsafe latrines where the septic tanks do not comply with the Indonesian National Standards, so they have the potential to contaminate well water. This investigation aimed to study the effect of the distance of the septic tank to the well location on total coliform and Escherichia coli in welli water in the Sub-district of Koto Tangah, Padang. Data in this study were collected by observation, interviews, and laboratory tests. Water samples were collected from 20 wells taken from 10 non-coastal wells, and 10 coastal wells, referring to the purposive sampling method. Microbiological analysis showed that well water samples contained total coliform (100%) and Escherichia coli (35%). Correlation analysis showed that the closer the distance from the septic tank to the well (r= -0.694), the higher the total coliform concentration in the well water. However, the same relationship did not occur in Escherichia coli concentration (p>0.05). Regression analysis showed that the septic tank distance affected the total coliform concentration by 51.8% but did not affect the Escherichia coli concentration. The difference in results in the two parameters could be caused by the low percentage of wells contaminated with Escherichia coli at the sampling location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are indispensable water resources for human needs such as domestic consumption, agricultural, and industrial purposes. This study aimed to determine the water quality in the upstream of Sook River, district of Keningau, Sabah, Malaysia. The field study was conducted between October 2018 and March 2019, during the wet season due to the Northeast Monsoon. Five water quality sampling stations in the upstream of Sook River area were chosen. And, six quality parameters, namely DO, BOD, COD, pH, NH3−N, and TSS, were collected to examine the water quality index of the Sook River. The results showed that only the DO parameter was in Class II, indicating that the Sook River was in good condition; COD, pH, and TSS parameters were in Class III (moderately polluted); and BOD and NH3−N parameters were in Class IV (polluted). Based on the Malaysian WQI, the water quality during the study period was 59 (Class III), indicating a polluted condition. The field observations revealed that the primary sources of pollution in the upstream of Sook River were domestic waste discharge from settlement areas, agricultural activity (oil palm and rubber plantations), and logging near the upstream area. In conclusion, the water quality in the upstream of Sook River is classified as polluted (Class III). Thus, the upstream of Sook River's is unsafe for domestic consumption and must be treated further. Authorities must mitigate efforts to conserve the Sook River's water resources that supply raw water to the Lanas Village water treatment plant for domestic consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green building materials have received increasing attention in recent years since they represent promising solutions on the path to achieving carbon neutrality in the civil engineering sector. One of the possibilities to decrease CO2 emissions from cement production is to avoid its use altogether and develop cement-free materials. Gypsum-based composites have the potential to play an important role in the market with building materials in the future. Nevertheless, their main disadvantage remains their low strength and poor water resistance, limiting their wider use. Moreover, water (physically and chemically bound) defines the performance and properties of such materials. Additionally, most of the analytical techniques require dried samples before analysis, which needs to be done, especially in the case of gypsum-based materials gently. This paper evaluates the effects of two different water removal techniques, namely direct drying and immersion in isopropanol, on the composition of gypsum-based materials consisting of gypsum, lime, and ceramic waste, with the help of scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The amount of the released water from the studied samples was quantified, and the efficiency of the methods was compared. It was found that whereas the selected drying method had only negligible impact on the morphology and porosity refinement of the studied gypsum-based composites, a more significant amount of water from the samples was removed using immersion of the samples in isopropanol compared to direct drying at 50 °C, especially in the samples containing the highest amount of pozzolana active ceramic waste and lime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the distribution and assessment of heavy metals (Pb,Cd,Cr,As,and Cn) in Khor Al-Zubair district, Basrah province, southern part of Iraq. Seventeenth sites were selected by the researchers starting from the Ras Barah up to the Zubair town in order to take the samples of both water and sediments. The obtained results of the concentration of heavy metals showed no serious pollution and toxity in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current time, there is a need for an affordable housing which must respect, on the one hand, requirements of overcrowded urban areas and, on the other hand, demands for modern buildings with low energy consumption. The number of old buildings must therefore give way to modern ones. Demolition waste emerging during pulling down of substandard buildings may after further processing constitute a potential source of filling materials which can preserve our resources of virgin aggregates. In the paper, the recycled aggregate obtained as a sub-fraction of processed demolition waste served as the substitution material instead of the natural aggregate for cement-based composites. Natural filler in the fraction 0/2 mm was replaced by the recycled one in the volumetric amount of 0-100 %, and on 28 days water cured samples physical, strength and thermal-transport related properties were assessed. Performed experiments showed a high potential of fine recycled filler which can effectively reduce the weight of produced composites but, on the other hand, partially mitigate their strength properties. Higher rate of open porosity caused by replacing material helped importantly improve thermal performance of hardened composites up to 30 %, versus plain dense mortar. There was made new type of cement-base mortars which for repairing of masonry structures can be intended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anthropogenic radionuclide 137Cs always be a concern because very easy to spread in the air and dissolves in water. The small concentration of 137Cs in aquatic environments motivated us to develop methods for reducing sample volume and increasing detection levels. Impregnated hexacyanoferrate filters are very convenient to be used in various places because they do not require chemical preparation. Based on previous research, the impregnated processes were performed by circulating solution into filter water for a certain time. Since that impregnated filter was not perfectly coated on the surface filter, sampling procedure was conducted using a pair of impregnated filters to determine the collected efficiency. Furthermore, in this paper, an experiment was carried out by modifying the filter using impregnated hexacyanoferrate cotton pad. Visualization using SEM has been carried out, to ensure cotton pad completely impregnated by hexacyanoferrates. Furthermore, absorption performance was carried out using a tracer 137Cs in a low level activity concentration. The result of this experiment indicates impregnation processes on cotton pad perfectly covered surface and penetrated into inner layer although was only effective in water samples with a pH <9. Meanwhile the hexacyanoferrate was not affected by temperature dependence but influence by sampling duration. Additionally, 65% of total activity 137Cs had been adsorbed on the first layer and dropped drastically on second layer until 9 layers. This method can perform on single hexacyanoferrate impregnated cotton pad cartridge filter and had been tested using natural seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, as many as 35,000 microalgae have been identified in the world. One identification of microalgae diversity can be found in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. This study aimed to determine the diversity index at the microalgae class level and the microalgae diversity index at each location in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. This research was also carried out to update information on the diversity of microalgae in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, which will be useful in maintaining and managing ponds in the Bogor Botanical Gardens tourist area. This research was conducted at the Bogor Botanical Gardens, then observations and identification were carried out at the Zoology Laboratory, Universitas Negeri Jakarta. The research sampling method used purposive sampling at 8 locations with 2 replications. Water samples were taken using a 10 liters bucket at the pond's periphery and flowed into the plankton net. The samples were then prepared with the addition of 10% Lugol^s iodine. Abiotic factors such as temperature, pH, and light intensity were also measured as data. Then, the diversity index analysis was carried out using the Shannon-Wiener index equation. The results showed that the diversity of the microalgae class was in the medium category, with the highest diversity index of the microalgae class being in the Bacillariophyceae class (2.17). Meanwhile, the microalgae diversity index number included in the medium category was shown at location 1 (2.5), and the lowest microalgae diversity index number was shown at location 8 (0.97). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is used in abundance for drinking, cooking, bathing, and many of the other daily habits of humans. Therefore, it has become necessary to estimate the danger resulting from radioactive nuclides and their side effects, such as the risk to the reproductive glands and excess lifetime cancer risk. By taking 25 samples of water from different locations for the Euphrates River, we can calculate the NaI using the TI (3*3) detector. The results obtained indicate that the concentration rates varied clearly, and as the average annual gonadal equivalent dose (AGED was 42.811 µSv.y−1, the result is within the permissible limits compared to the recommended by ICRP. Excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was calculated for adults, children, and infants in water samples, and the values were 5.561, 0.715, and 0.231, respectively, by comparison globally, and found within the permissible limits of 2.5 * 10−3 recommended by the WHO except for adults. The reason may be due to the high consumption of water annually (730 L.y−1). We can consider this study the first on the Euphrates River in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uranium and Radon concentration were created in water by the decay of naturally occurring radionuclide (238U,232Th) and their daughter (226Ra). The samples were collected from the different location in Al-Muthanna City south of Iraq. The Uranium and Radon concentration were determined through seal cup/passive method by utilizing the CR39 SSNTD. It was founded the concentration for Uranium and Radon between (0.065691 to 0.337838 µg/L), (0.00516 to 0.026539 Bq/L) respectively. The value of the dissolved radon (Cd) concentration in the collected samples varies from 0.1771 to 0.0344Bq·L-1 with an average of 0.0804 Bq·L-1, The value of the Annual Effective Dose (AED) concentration varies from 0.0969 to 0.0188 µSv·y-1 with an average of 0.04399µSv·y-1. The present results have displayed that the Uranium and radon concentrations in tap water samples are lower than the recommended limit 11.1Bq/L. The consumption of this tap water does not lead to any health risk to the population of Al-Muthanna governorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To The qualities of groundwater are just as crucial to understand as their quantity. For drinking in the outdoors and in rural regions, groundwater is an essential natural resource. The risk of pollution to aquifers around the world has increased as a result of urbanization, industrialization, agricultural activity, mining operations, and other factors. samples were taken in the study area from points dug for monitoring wells for the movement of groundwater in the area. The locations of the drilling points were determined to cover the entire area, and their location was taken into consideration with the rivers adjacent to the study area. Physical and chemical tests were conducted for water samples and samples from surface waters of the Tigris River, Gharf, and Dujaili River in the study area, which included (turbidity, PH, TDS, salinity, EC, chloride content, sulfate content) to give a consider the quality of the regarching boundaries of groundwater in the study area, the results of laboratory tests for water samples showed the lowest value for turbidity in the Dujaili River, 47 NTU, and the highest value was in w1 and equal to 500 NTU. The total dissolved solids in water ranged between (1300-6800) ppm, and the PH values ranged between (8.55_9.55) and the salinity of the water samples ranged between (1210_ 7500) ppm and the electrical conductivity results of the water samples ranged between (1823_15400) (μc/cm). The values of chloride content in the water for the study area ranged between (10.63_85.1) mg/l, while the values of sulfate results in water samples for the study area ranged between (482_707.5) mg/l. After comparing the obtained results with international standards, concludes that the groundwater in the study area is turbid, highly saline, and excessively mineralized. The results of the concentration of chlorides in the water samples for the study area indicate that the water is Not safe for drinking, but safe for other uses when compared to what was determined by the World Health Organization, but the sulfate concentration is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical application of the results of experimental studies of the aquatic environment of the Russian Federation Northern Territories has been considered for the case of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Optimal water purification parameters were justified and chosen using electrocoagulation for the surface source of the Malaya Botuobiya River near the Tas-Yuryakh village. The optimal rate of water clarification and settling after electrochemical treatment is defined. The following dependencies have been obtained: water sample clarification on current density and treatment time; clarification time on power consumption; time dependence of coarse cotton settling kinetics. An accumulative-type unit with steady-state coagulation has been developed and tested for the practical application of experimental results, installed in the Tas-Yuryakh village pumping station. The following dependencies have been obtained in the research: the sludge quality on the electrolyzer current and water flow rate; the cotton settling time and quality on the electrolysis mode. The optimal water purification parameters allowed obtaining drinking quality water complying with the RF sanitary standards and regulations at the pumping station outlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-background, hyper-pure germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectroscopy system was used to measure uranium (238U) and a thorium (232Th) concentrations in Amman's drinking water. Drinking water samples were collected from sixteen different places in Amman, Jordan, using polyethylene bottles. In drinking water, the activity of 226Ra and 228Ra ranged from 0.345 ± 0.066 to 0.668 ± 0.166 BqL−1, with a mean value of 0.517 ± 0.108 BqL−1 and 0.017 ± 0.009 to 0.378 ± 0.046 BqL−1, with a mean value of 0.227 ± 0.035 BqL−1, respectively. In this study, the average total radium (226Ra +228Ra) activity in the drinking water was 0.747 ± 0.203 BqL−1, which is less than the WHO's, 2017 MRL of 1.1 BqL−1. The mean radium ratio (228Ra/226Ra) is 0.469 ± 0.045 BqL−1, which is approximately five times higher than the WHO's 2017 minimum recommended limits (MRLs) of 0.1 BqL−1. In all drinking water samples, uranium (238U ̶ 226Ra) concentrations were found to be higher than thorium (232Th ̶ 228Ra) concentrations. All of the results of this study were compared to the international minimum recommended limits (IMRLs) and previous experimental results from around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First step new reagents prepared. The reagents were diagnosed in the prepared through several known techniques such as NMRR, FT-IR, CHNS and Mass. Also, the study was complexes of the prepared reagent. A set of metals has been used by the studied optimal conditions were studied. In the follow step a cloud end confinement modus operandi was presented for the pre-concentration of down a bear ion in various samples. Investigate complexity by Hexyl carbamodithioate analyte ion are quantitatively extracted in (TritonX-114) following centrifugation. 1.0 mol/ L HCl nitric sharp in CH3OH was additional to the (surfactant-rich) steady old-fashioned previous to its analysis by (FAAS). (Triton X-114) and HCl and centrifuge rate, definite temperature and time were optimized. Recognition court for touch on ion was 0.091 ngmL−1. Limit of quantity (LOQ) (0.305 ng/ml), sensitivity (2×1−4) under optimum experimental conditions. The approach advanced has been successfully carried out to the determination of lead ion trace stages in electric energy plant water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many substances that currently pollute drinking water sources are also various metals and their compounds, some of which are quite harmful, not only to human health. In order to compare the selected sorption materials for removal of selected harmful metals from water, a laboratory experiment was conducted. Filter columns filled with selected sorption materials GEH and Bayoxide E33 were used for experimental comparison. The metal cations of arsenic, nickel and lead that were added to the tap water for the experiment were removed from water by sorption. During sorption, water samples were taken at 1, 2, 4 and 6 minutes after the start of the experiment, in which temperature, pH and turbidity were determined directly in the laboratory, and then they were sent to the laboratory of the Health Institute based in Ostrava for determination of the concentrations of individual metals. From the results of the analyses it could be observed that both materials removed metals below the limit values set by the decree. Both materials achieved high efficiencies close to 90% and Bayoxide E33 was evaluated as the more suitable material based on several criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures are generally associated with different quality of water varying at different places. The water used in mixing and curing is locally available that holds the different quantity of salts. Therefore, there is no remark on the previous studies to allocate the water samples from the various zones and the regions. The water collected have different kinds of salts and total dissolved solid (TDS). Presently, water with discrete TDS range is exercised in this study to show the risk of salts on the cement mortars. Also, the behavior of water on the properties of cement mortars is checked through various methodologies such as setting times, consistency, compressive strength and acidic effect. Five water samples collected from different sources and were analyzed for pH, chloride content, alkalinity, hardness, and total dissolved solids. Additionally, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) was carried out over sample. The results reported that water with high TDS imposes a greater amount of alkalinity, hardness and chloride content. While, TDS effect on strength and other characteristics of cement is significantly visible. The strength of cement mortar with TDS 1500 ppm shows maximum strength and beyond this, the strength is approximately similar. The study reports the behavior of cement mortar under different TDS conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of human activities are having a detrimental effect on the quality of groundwater, particularly shallow groundwater. This problem is becoming more widespread. Monitoring of groundwater has thus become an absolute need in order to maintain the quality of the water within a certain, acceptablerange. In the current research project, the Water Quality Index was used to conduct an assessment ofthe groundwater quality in the Mathura neighborhood around township area. For the purpose of calculating the Water Quality Index (WQI), eight major criteria were selected because of their significant influence on determining the overall quality of drinking water. These eight criteria are pH,total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and nitrate and fluoride. The WQI for each of the 20 samples has been computed and established. According to the findings of the WQI, ninety percent of the water samples were classified as having "Very Bad to Bad"quality, while just ten percent were placed in the "Medium" category. There was not a single sample that was determined to be in the "excellent to good" category, which suggests that the water must firstbe subjected to an appropriate level of treatment before it can be utilized directly. After going through the necessary purification processes, the water is fit for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of straw brick study using normal material, consistently showing low compressive strength, have been used to improve the quality of stroke brick with viscocrete additions. The aim of this study is to examine the mechanical properties of the brick, compressive strength and water absorption strength. This research has carried out experimental research utilizing concrete bricks of a typical height of 21.5 cm, height of 6 cm and a thickness of 10.5 cm, made of rice straws, sand, and water as a test sample. The brick utilized in the research were essentially constructed of sand, water and rice straw and it had 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40% of weight percent in prepared the brick. Bricks were made by molding pattern with using the rice straw and add some water pressing. Five sample of baked and unbaked are prepared for testing. Test results achieved maximum compressive strength and absorption of 3.67 MPa, and 21.7% of concrete bricks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naegleria is a genus that comprises one-celled, heterotrophic protists cosmopolitan in natural environments. N. fowleri is that the most morbific of nonsymbiotic amoebae (FLA). It's called a conducive agent of acute and quickly fatal sickness in healthy humans following exposure to contaminated water, referred to as Primary amebic encephalomeningitis (PAM). This investigation was carried out in the southern Iraqi province of Thi-Qar to identify N. fowleri using morphological and molecular methods in a variety of environmental and clinical samples. This study included 100 and 2 samples obtained from various environmental and clinical sources between the month of Gregorian calendar and September 2020. The samples were civilised on NN-agar medium, and the positive samples underwent PCR. The study found that eight (7.84%) samples of environmental sources (water and soil) were positive for N. fowleri counting on morphological characters, N. fowleri no recorded incidence in any clinical sample. Among the eight environmental isolates of N. fowleri that were positive microscopically, only 2 (1.96%) samples (one from a tank water sample and one from a soil sample) were positive once enzyme chain reaction for N. fowleri victimisation the particular primer. The current study finally takes into account the probable presence of N. fowleri in some samples from environmental sources, which may open a door to any epidemiologic investigations for a much better understanding of N. fowleri's position as a potential threat to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dolomite (Limestone) provides beneficial nutrients to the plant and helps increase the soil's pH value to meet the plant's needs. This study focusses on the formulation of Novel Dolomite A+ Concentrated Solution (NDA), Performance comparison of NDA with inorganic chemical fertilizer and manual control treatment on the Spinacia Oleracea. The NDA was formulated using water, Dolomite base, Oil palm frond, Black Soldier Compost, and Effective Microbe. Then, 6 samples of S.Oleracea was prepared for different treatments. The samples were distributed into groups A, B, and C. These treatments were done once a week for the nutrient consistency supplied to the crop, but dolomite mixture was used to water the sample of group B every day, and the treatment was held for two months. Finally, all samples were analyzed by identifying the leaves numbers, stem thickness, pH soil, and the stem height value. Besides, the identification of Above Ground Biomass AGB (kg. hr-1) and Nitrogen Percentage Concentration (NPC) were made for evaluating these significant parameters. The NPC was analyzed by using the Kjeldahl method. The results showed the S.Oleracea of sample 2 in group B exhibited the highest stem height of 28.4 cm, the stem thickness of 5.8 mm, pH soil value of 7.5, average AGB value of 2.056×10-3 g.hr-1 among all the samples. Sample 1 of S.Oleracea in group C exhibited the highest leaves number with 17 leaves. Both S.Oleracea in group C achieved the lowest height, pH soil, and stem thickness values but achieved the highest NPC values of 0.4 % w/w. In conclusion, NDA impacted S.Oleracea growth since it had met the most stringent criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid phase extraction (SPE) is the most used method for extraction of pharmaceuticals in water samples. However, SPE consists of several steps and is time consuming. Direct injection of water samples into online SPE liquid chromatography (online SPE-LC) has gained attention as this approach reduces sample preparation step and analysis time. By utilizing 2 columns: SPE column and analytical column, extraction, clean-up, concentration, and separation can be achieved using column switching. The linearity of offline and online SPE-LC system was studied using spiked samples in ultrapure water at a concentration between 0.3 to 5 mg L−1 and 0.3 – 10 µg L−1 for offline and online method, respectively gave correlation coefficient values in the range of 0.98 to 0.999. The LODs for offline and online SPE were in the range of 50-100 µg L−1 and 0.1-0.3 µg L−1, respectively. Based on the analytical Eco-Scale, the online SPE-LC represent excellent green analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community living in the Randublatung Basin and its surroundings (Grobogan, Blora, and Bojonegoro Regencies) uses groundwater for daily needs and agriculture activities. Groundwater is extracted from dug wells as existing shallow groundwater resources. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the origin of shallow groundwater in the Randublatung basin and its surroundings to understand its sustainability. This research aims to analyze the origin of shallow groundwater based on stable isotopes (18O and 2H). The method to analyze the stable isotopes (18O and 2H) uses the Liquid-Water Stable Isotope Analyzer LGR (Los Gatos Research) DLT-100. The water samples representing groundwater, surface water, and rainwater are taken from Randublatung Basin and its surroundings. There are five samples from dug wells, six rainfall samples, and two samples of Bengawan Solo River collected in the research area. The result shows that the composition of stable isotopes in shallow groundwater is between-6.92‰ to-3.83‰ of δ18O and δ2H is between-41.30‰ to-24.00‰. Meanwhile, the rainwater isotopes are between-5.89‰ to-5.13‰ of δ18O and-38.00‰ to-30.60‰ of δ2H. While in the Bengawan Solo River, samples are between-6.23‰ to-6.27‰ of δ18O and-43.20‰ to-43.00‰ of δ2H. The equation of Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) is δ2H=7.93δ18O+10.19. Through the LMWL, it indicates that shallow groundwater originates from rainwater but also deeper groundwater systems. Therefore, the shallow groundwater in the Randublatung Basin and its surroundings will remain available during the rainy and dry seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a method for express detection of uranium compounds in water is presented. The method is based on spraying the indicator formulation on uranium compounds into a water sample using an aerosol device. Spraying is carried out by repeatedly pressing on the head of the spray pump. Due to the resulting discharge, a jet of monodisperse aerosol of the indicator formulation is sprayed. In the presence of uranium compounds in the water, almost instantly, the water sample acquires a characteristic red-orange color. At low concentrations of uranium compounds, a yellow-orange color is formed. The time of preservation of the resulting indication effect is at least 30 minutes. The sensitivity of the method of detecting water contamination by uranium compounds using an aerosol device, which is not less than 0.05 masses, has been determined. %. The method makes it possible to detect in water both the highly radioactive isotope uranium-235 and the low-radioactive isotope uranium-238. Both isotopes of uranium have a high chemical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of aquatic plants has a significant influence on the biota living at wellspring. The osmotic pressure is significant research to understand the adaptation of the environment changing to organism physiology. This research aims to know the Osmotic Work Rate by comparing osmolarity water value to aquatic plant plasma. The research method is the descriptive analysis of laboratory test results. The water sample was taken from the seven locations of the wellspring. Osmotic work rate is taken from comparing the plasma osmolarity value of the aquatic plant to water Osmolarity. Osmotic work rate zero means osmoregulation patterns isosmotic. The osmotic work rate greater than zero implies osmoregulation patterns hyperosmotic regulatory and osmoregulation patterns hypo-osmotic regulatory if the Osmotic work rate is less than zero. The patterns are used from the seven locations of good springs are the same, osmoregulation patterns of Hyperosmotic regulatory to the environment because the plasma osmolarity of water plants is more significant than water osmolarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of this study is to show the status of water quality in urban Patna, Bihar. When water is contaminated with physical and chemical contaminants, public health is at high risk, which may have an immediate health effect. For finding the status of water quality total of 36 samples were collected from borewells at 18 locations in Patna. The physicochemical parameters were analysed. For achieving these goals, two tools have been used such as the WQI and Corrosiveness index were calculated. The weighted arithmetic method was used for water quality analysis in which a total of 13 parameters were used for the calculation of WQI. LSI, RSI, AI, PSI, and LS were used for finding water stability. As per WQI, 3 stations are graded as "A", 9 stations as "B", and 6 stations as "C". As per Corrosion indices, LSI stated that 88.89% water samples were found corrosive and 11.11% was scaling. RSI stated all water samples were corrosive. PSI stated that 88.89% of water samples were corrosive and 11.11% were neutral. AI stated that 94.44% of water samples were found corrosive and 5.56% were found scaling and according to LS all water samples were corrosive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of packing materials is an important factor to prolong the shelf life of food products, especially for perishable foods or produces. This research was conducted to determine the effect of packing materials (papers and plastics) on fresh Brazilian spinach leaves quality such as moisture content, water activity and total color difference (ΔΕ). The samples were stored at ambient temperature (25 °C) for 16 days. The moisture content and water activity of the samples were measure by moisture analyzer and water activity meter, respectively. The total color difference (ΔΕ) was calculated based on L*, a* and b* parameters. Generally, based on overall results, the packing materials significantly affected the quality of fresh Brazilian spinach leaves throughout 16 days of storage period. The results asserted that the paper materials are not suitable to use to pack fresh Brazilian spinach leaves for long period. It is also not recommended to use any paper material to pack fresh produce, especially perishable vegetables and fruits, in protecting their quality. The use of HDPE and PP plastics is recommended to prolong the shelf life of the fresh Brazilian spinach leaves. However, it has a limitation in controlling the changes of leaves color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal forms of radiation dosage for humans from spontaneous radiation material are being recognized as radon and its progenitors in the interior environment. Radiation-related health risks are caused by radon in water supply, which can be inhaled or ingested. Materials and Methods: The solid-state CR-39 nuclear trace detectors method was using in this research for measuring accumulation of radioactivity in water supply in different locations of Iraq's southwest corner of Baghdad. In Baghdad district, 42 samples were selected from 14 regions (3 samples out of each region) and put in dosimeters for 50 days. Results: The mean radon concentration was 49.75 Bq/m3, that is lower than the internationally recognized limit of 1100 Bq /m3. The total absorbed dose in micro sieverts each year (mSv/y) and concentration about alpha energy has be estimated. Within the area under study, the linear relation between annual effective dose in (mSv/y) and radon concentration has been established. Conclusion: According on the, findings radon concentrations in drinking water supplies are below than EPA's and WHO's recommended levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of turbidity is a physical oceanographic parameter that reflects the quality of a waters. Turbidity can lead to a decrease in the level of light intensity in the waters, thus affecting the photosynthesis process of phytoplankton and consequently will affect the primary productivity of the waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the turbidity stratification and to interpret the distribution pattern of turbidity in Inner Ambon Bay waters. The study was conducted in June 2021 at 19 data collection stations. Water sampling using CTD by considering the tidal phase. The results showed that the turbidity level in IAB was quite stratified, with the highest levels of turbidity in the bottom layer and the surface layer. The dominant distribution pattern of turbidity is in the waters of Passo, Lateri, Galala, and near the mouth of the Poka-Galala threshold bay, where the distribution follows a tidal pattern. The level of turbidity is higher during the high tide phase compared to the low tide phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change in the chemical properties of water under acoustic loading has been studied. The dynamics of pH and temperature of water samples have been obtained and analyzed. The effect of operating conditions of the acoustic system (AS) on the rate of pH and temperature change has been investigated. A significant enhancement of heat transfer in the presence of a resonant frequency has been found. A short-term increase in pH has been detected after the termination of acoustic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine is one of the important compounds in our daily life because the fields of use of hydrazine in industry are very diverse. It is also used as a fuel for satellite-carrying rockets and the importance of this chemical compound. Two spectroscopic methods have been proposed for the determination of hydrazine. Both methods are based on the principle of oxidation and reduction. Both methods are indirect spectroscopic methods characterized by being Easy, fast, inexpensive and with very good stability, the first method was based on the oxidation reduction reaction using cerium(IV) ions in an acidic medium, then reacting the remaining amount of cerium(IV) ions with bromopyrogalol red reagent to form a red complex measured at 498 nm. This method followed Beer's law in a concentration range of 0.4-36 µg.mL−1, the molar absorbance was 2.31×104 L.mol−1.cm−1, and the sensitivity of Sandall's was 0.0056 µg−2.cm−1. The second method also based on oxidation reduction reaction between hydrazine and chromate ions in acidic medium in the first step, followed by the second step which including the reaction of remaining amount of chromate ions with promethazine to form a reddish-pink complex measured at 515 nm. The second method obeys Beer's law from 0.8-40 µg.mL−1, with the molar absorptivity equaled to 2.31×104 L.mol−1. cm−1, and Sandall's was 0.0048 µg−2.cm−1. These methods have been successfully applied for determination of hydrazine in various water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Schiff base of 2-((2-(biphenyl-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)methylene amino)phenol (BIPMAP) is synthesized and identified. This new synthesized Schiff base is also used as chelated ligand in cerium(IV) spectrophotometric determination at 392nm. Many analyses such as FT-IR, H-NMR, and elemental composition of CHN are dependent on in the identification of new ligand of BIPMAP. The analytical conditions of determination method are also optimized. These analytical conditions are included ligand solvent, medium acidity, surfactant addition, ligand fold, reaction time, reaction temperature, and reagents addition sequence. The linearity range of the proposed method is studied at concentrations range of (1-600)ppm, and the suggested method was performed Ce(IV) determination at analytical conditions of 103ppm BIPMAP in DMF solvent, addition of 0.5ml neutral buffer phosphate (pH=7), room temperature and without surfactant addition. The new method was achieved Ce(IV) determination with LOD of 0.115ppm, molar absorptivity constant of 2.74×103L/mol.cm, Sandell sensitivity of 2.5 µg/cm2, and 96-102% as recovery range % of Ce(IV) in water samples. The complex composition is tested by methods of mole ratio and job and 1:4 of Ce(IV):BIPMAP is the mole ratio of the complex with high stability constant of 1.8×1017 L4/mol4. Depending on 40 Ω−1.cm2.mol−1molar conductivity, 2.124B.M magnetic moment, in addition to electronic transitions, the non-ionic bonding of ligand with Ce(IV) in prepared complex is suggested. Data treatment of XRD analysis suggests orthorhombic and monoclinic structure of BIPMAP and Ce(BIPMAP)4 crystals respectively. Images of crystals surface and surface composition of both of parent ligand and its complex were done by SEM+EDX analyses. Applications of the new prepared complex as corrosion inhibitor with efficiency% of 99% at low concentrations range of 50-1000ppm and antibacterial activator with inhibition diameter of 12±2.1mm and 15±2.4mm against E.coli and Bacillus spp bacteria respectively are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of 90Sr activity in natural waters is an important task in environmental protection. Simple and available methods for 90Sr determination in water samples, which are used at present, do not meet the requirements on time consumption. Separation of pure 90Sr followed by its measurement on a beta radiometer seems to be a possible solution of this problem. In this work, we have performed calculation of speciation of strontium and yttrium in presence of sulfosalicylic acid and determined distribution coefficients under respective conditions; the difference of distribution coefficients was approximately two orders of magnitude. The conditions of 90Sr/90Y selective separation were suggested and tested experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the study of alkaline earth elements sorption by a MnO2-MN202 sorbent with the focus on radium separation from natural water in analytical methods. The sorbent consisted of manganese dioxide layer coated onto the surface of a macroporous organic support. The paper presents the data on the conditions for the synthesis of the sorbent and the results of experiments on the sorption of alkaline earth elements from aqueous solutions. The chemical yield of radium was 87 % after passing 1-L spiked water sample through the column followed by desorption by 1 M HCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to study the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) reinforced unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) composites by utilizing a different percentage of fiber contents and different chemical treatments on fibers. Sugarcane bagasse reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites have been prepared using the compression molding technique. To enhance better adhesion between fiber and matrix, the SCB was chemically treated with alkaline (NaOH) solution and a silane solution for 2 hours. Physical properties such as water absorption and thickness swelling were carried out by soaking samples in water for designated hours and the density of the samples was also calculated. The result shows that, water absorption and thickness swelling increases with the presence of SCB. In addition, both alkaline and alkaline-silane chemical treatments successfully improved its water absorption properties as a result of the improvement of the fibre-matrix adhesion between the SCB and UPR matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assay of the water samples is the preferred way to know the natural radioactivity levels that are very important for the protection of the environment and human health. Research aims to determine the radon gas levels and its radiological hazard risk in tap water from different locations in nature (agricultural, industrial and residential) of Al-Muthanna governorate, by effective technique of CR-39 alpha detector. The results of the investigation showed that the values of the radon concentrations CRn ranged between 2.16±0.15 Bq/l to 4.32 ± 0.18 Bq/l, with the average value of CRn is 3.22 ± 0.18 Bq/l. The mean values of the radiological hazards such as annual effective dose (AED), radon exhalation rates (RER), and dissolved radon gas content (Cd) were 11.76 µSv/y, 0.0039 Bq/m2.h and 58.4 Bq/l, respectively. It was found that the mean value of the radon gas concentration in all the studied tap water samples were within the acceptable limits according to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to follow the progress of cement hydration by analytical methods, the ongoing hydration reaction needs to be stopped by removing free water from the samples. There are several water removal techniques, affecting in varying degrees the chemical composition of cement-based materials. Oven drying is one of the most widely used drying techniques because of its high effectiveness and easy availability. Nevertheless, elevated temperatures may speed up hydration processes and support carbonation. This paper aims to investigate the impact of oven drying and sample dimensions on the amount of calcite generated in the cement pastes. The cement pastes are prepared with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.4 and are stored in water for 28 days. The hydration stoppage methods applied thereafter include oven drying at 50 °C, 80 °C, and 110 °C. Their impact on the chemical composition and microstructure development, with emphasis on the calcite content in the studied cement pastes, is analyzed by means of thermal analysis (DSC/TG), X-ray diffraction analysis, and these results were complemented by mercury intrusion porosimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage water characterization is of high importance to reduce its harmful effects. Hence this study was carried out to evaluate primary processing of sewage water of Ramadi city using sandy filters. The experiments were conducted in the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar during the spring season of 2019. Three separation funnels of 250 ml volume, with the diameter and length of 4 cm and 20 cm, respectively, were designed. Each funnel had a conical end and was provided with a valve to control the water movement. To perform the experiments, the funnels were filled with different sizes of sand particles, namely fine sand (FS) (with 0.85-1.70 mm diameter), coarse sand (CS) (with 2.36-3.36 mm diameter), and sand mixture (SM) (50:50 ratio). Then the sewage water was passed through the three funnels and all extracted water was collected from each funnel separately. The chemical properties of water samples were also measured both before and after processing to evaluate the efficiency of processing. The chemical analyses consisted of pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, and SO4 as well as heavy and micronutrients (Cu, Cd, and Pb). The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were also measured. The efficiency of processing by sand showed contrasting results, where the FS was more efficient in decreasing Pb and Cd as well as COD and BOD, while there was an increase in Na, Cl, and SO4, in addition to pH and EC. The CS was the most efficient filter in decreasing Mg, Ca, and Cl contents, whereas MS was more efficient in reducing Ca and K concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild mix-culture offers a more economically effective way of producing biofuel by the accessible sources of culture and requiring minimum treatment at the cost of producing less lipid than monoculture feedstock. Different growth condition may change the amount of lipid produced by cultures. This study aimed to find out what kind of microalgae genera that lived in Agathis Small Lake and measure the amount of lipid content obtained from the biomass during dry season of 2019. Observation of water sample under the microscope shown 12 different genera of microalgae in the wild mix-culture, with 7 genera are known for their lipid content. From 21 liters of water sample, 0.0595 gr of biomass was obtained. This biomass contains 23% lipid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot springs that appear on the surface indicate that there is a geothermal system formed under the surface caused by geological activity. Hot water dilutes solids of minerals so that the mineral content is dissolved in hot water very beneficial for bodily health. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical parameters (temperature, pH, color, and odor) and chemical (anions sulfate, chloride, and phosphate) in Tuti Adagae-Alor hot water. Tuti Adagae hot water is right on the river stream so that the hot water sample is taken at three points. The point I (cold water) is the flow of water before the source of hot water bursts, Point II (warm water) is the flow of water after bursting from hot water and point III in hot springs. Sulfate anion measurement (SO4)2- and phosphate (PO4)3- using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and to measure the chloride content in an argentometric manner. The results of physical properties in the Tuti Adagae-Alor hot water shows The pH value is 6 so that the Tuti Adagae hot water is classified as hot water with a neutral pH. Based on temperature, Tuti Adagae hot water is classified as hypothermal until hyperthermal class. Based on chemical parameters, dissolved anion content is the most dominant chloride ion so that the hot water Tuti Adagae included in category of hot water chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brantas River is a freshwater river that flows in the area of Malang. The current quality of the Brantas River has decreased due to microplastic contamination. Microplastic has dynamic properties and high flexibility accumulating in the waters and organisms. The purpose of the study was to determine the type and abundance of microplastic in water and Gambusia affinis fish in the Brantas River Malang area. This study employed a survey method and sampling which was carried out in five different locations based on land used. The identification of microplastics used NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-48 as the standard method. Two-way ANOVA analysis was used to determine the differences in the abundance of microplastics in water and fish at different stations. The average abundance of microplastic in water samples is equal to 5593.33 ± 1137.35 particles/m3 and in gambusia fish samples is 3.09 ± 0.29 particles/individual. Microplastic in the water samples was dominated by fragments type, while fibers type had mainly founded in gambusia fish samples. The result of the abundance of microplastic of water samples and fish samples was different at each station was influenced by their respective land uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CMKC coated nanomagnetics were developed for the application of preconcentration of metal ions in water samples, through an adsorption-desorption mechanism. The preconcentration method is needed in the analysis of metal ion levels in water, if the metal ion concentration in the sample is very low. Water samples from environmental compartments generally consist of more than one contaminant metal ion, and the threshold is very low, therefore a multi-metal ion preconcentration method needs to be developed. The density of competitor metal ions can affect the absorption of metal ions by the surface of the CMKC relieved nanomagnetite which is used as a preconcentration medium. This study aims to synthesize nanomagnetite coated with carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan, and study its use as a preconcentration medium in water samples containing a mixture of lead (Pb (II)) and copper (Cu (II)), or Cobalt (Co (II))) through the adsorption-desorption process. The stages of this research were (1) synthesis of CMKC coated nanomagnetites and characterization of the synthesized results using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and VSM analysis data (2) study of the application of CMKC coated nanomagnetites as preconcentration media of water samples containing Pb (II) (II) and Cu (II) then Pb (II) (II) and Co (II) at the variation of the adsorption pH and the concentration ratio of each metal mixture in the sample. The ability of CMKC-coated nanomagnetite as a preconcentration medium was measured based on the ability of metal adsorption (Aads) and desorption as well as the percentage increase in metal concentration (% pre) in the sample after the preconcentration process. The results showed that the CMKC coated nanomagnetite could be used as a preconcentration medium for metal ions in water samples containing Pb (II) (II) -Cu (II) and Pb (II) (II) -Co (II). The optimal conditions for adsorption for Pb (II) and Cu (II) ions occur at pH 6, the optimal conditions for adsorption of Pb (II) and Co (II) ions occur at pH 6. The greater the concentration ratio of one type of metal in the sample to the ion For other metals, the greater the absorption by the CMKC-coated nanomagnetite, the absorption is indicated by the value of Cads. The percentage increase in concentration (% pre) Pb (II) in each mixture is always lower than% pre Cu (II) and Co (II) at each concentration ratio of the composition of the samples tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantification of leachate to know the potential contamination using the Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) had been developed for the Big Lake caused by the dumping site near to it. The municipal solid waste dumping site situated in Pallavaram municipality lies opposite to the Big Lake separated by road. LPI helps in simplifying the complex leachate pollution data and makes it easier for the general public and the researchers to understand the same. This LPI is made more effective by dividing it into three sub - indices. The aggregation of the sub - indices gives the total LPI of the dumping site. The formulation of the sub – indices and LPI for the dumpsite is discussed in this paper. The leachate samples are collected from 10 different locations in the dumping site and in the lake. The leachate and surface water samples are characterized for BOD , COD , TDS , Chlorides, Zinc , Cadmium, Lead and feacal coliform. The results of leachate pollution index showed LPIorganic, LPIinorganic, LPIheavy metals are 29.044, 19.592 and 5 respectively. The overall LPI is found to be 14.328 which can be reduced by taking immediate steps to safeguard the Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed the exploratory data analysis of water samples data in the settlement area of Pontianak City. Data consisted of 41 water samples collected from several rivers/ditches in Pontianak City. Ten variables were collected from each sample consisted of chemical, physical, and biological characteristics. This created multivariate data. The samples were collected from several spatially scattered locations, which create a spatial data set. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to the data. The result of the research showed that a set of four principal components reveals about 75% of the variation of the data. Whereas the cluster analysis grouped the data into three clusters. The result of cluster analysis showed that the first cluster consisted of sample points that located around the upstream of the Kapuas River, whereas those of the second cluster are sample point located near the confluence of Kapuas River and Landak River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters of coal and water hyacinth blend have been investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis. Those of pure coal and pure water hyacinth were also each studied as a comparison. The coal sample was taken from a Sub-district of Gunung Panjang, Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The as-received sample was ground to be a mesh size of 60. The sample of water hyacinth originated from Dams of Selorejo and Sengguruh, district of Malang, Indonesia. The raw material was cleaned with water and subsequently cut and dried at the temperature of around 85 °C for 6 hours. The dried biomass was then crushed and sieved at a size of 60 mesh as well. The blended fuel was composed of coal and water hyacinth in a mass ratio of 40:60 (wt%). The thermogravimetric experiment was performed for the coal, the water hyacinth, and their blend under the instrumentality of thermal analyzer at a single heating rate of 40 °C/min. The sample was heated up from 27 to 1000 °C with a nitrogen flow rate of 100 ml/min. Thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were obtained. The kinetic evaluation was performed under the fitting method of Coats-Redfern. The results indicated that three stages of decomposition process were encountered during thermal degradation of the individual samples of coal and water hyacinth, as well as their blend. The addition of 60% water hyacinth to the coal provoked the thermal degradation toward the lesser temperature and forced the increase of maximum mass loss rate. The activation energy went to decrease together with the increasing of water hyacinth fraction, i.e., 84.02, 66.72, and 44.45 kJ/mol for respectively the coal, blended fuel, and water hyacinth. These results could be valuable in designing and developing of the reactor of the thermal conversion system on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]