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The performance of vehicle direction stability both on straight roads and turning roads is one of the important aspects to be considered in designing automotive products as a whole. In straight road conditions, an antilock brake system has been developed or better known as the Antilock Breaking System (ABS), but in turning conditions, the standard ABS performance is less than optimal to overcome oversteer or understeer vehicle conditions. The less optimal performance of vehicle direction stability is due to the magnitude of the braking force of each wheel is still the same while in turning conditions the braking force requirements of each wheel are not the same. One strategy to overcome these weaknesses is to control the proportion of braking force on each wheel. The research was conducted by formulating the physical model of the system into a mathematical model, then simulating it with a Simulink matlab. The braking force proportion control system model, and the vehicle model are made completely, then integrated into the vehicle direction stability performance plant/system. The simulation results show that at a fairly high speed of 80 km/hour the braking system with control of the proportion of braking force is still quite good, while the standard ABS at speeds above 60 km/hour tends to oversteer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discussed the problems related to a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) synthesis for the control implementation in a semi-active car suspension. The control is a combination between the state's feedback and compensation by the excitation. For this purpose, the state and the input disturbance are reconstructed using the observed variables. The physical nonlinearities of the controllable magneto-rheological semi-active damper are considered. The regulator structure also includes a model of the inverse magneto-rheological damper, based on neural networks. A "Quarter car model" is used for the vehicle suspension modelling as enough adequate and appropriate for real-time control. The main contribution of the research is the approach for determining the weight matrices of the regulators, based on a formulated multicriteria problem, and solved based on the Game Theory. Numerical simulations are given, allowing for comparison of the results, and confirming the effectiveness of the presented approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper use model vehicle sharing system. Formulate modified model passive regulation lower Bound. This research focused on One-Way Vehicle Sharing System. It is the system that user can rent and return vehicle at any station. The modified model passive regulation lower bound aims to minimize total of excess time for all user so there is vehicle in initial station and there is parking space in destination station. So the user did not need to wait to long until vehicle available in initial station or parking space available in destination station. In real life often there is no vehicle to rent and there is no parking space to park vehicle that had been rented. So in this paper will analyze total excess time for all users. Model formulated as Mix Integer Linear Programming. To formulate and solve model used Lingo. 17. The result show minimum total excess time for all users is 10,25 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are widely contributing to the development of intelligent transport systems (ITS). VANETs are seeking to connect vehicles together to build services that are mainly appropriate for a vehicular environment. They try to do so with/without relying on Roadside Units (RSU) to assist the process of network topology management. To test or suggest a developed real application, a suitable vehicle mobility model must be proposed to be implemented in the tested simulation experiments. General Motor (GM) mobility model provided a realistic description of vehicular mobility at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. In this paper, in this paper, the GM car following model is modified based on one real traffic dataset (highD). The used dataset considers real vehicle traffic data. It is used in estimating the GM model parameter values. A developed prediction GM model is utilized in predicting driver behavior and its effect on the traffic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mathematical model of an articulated bus with a system of turning a hook-and-loop section for a dynamic way of turning is developed. For the developed model, indicators of maneuverability and stability of the bus were appointed. The model is based on a model of a vehicle with a trailer. The input of the design parameters of the bus and the trailer, the transfer ratio of the control drive and the magnitude of the moment to the indicators of the maneuverability of the bus are analyzed. On the basis of the results, in the analysis of the rational values of the gear ratios, which ensure the proximity of the trajectories of the characteristic points of the bus and the trailer, the value of the gear ratio of 0.85 was selected, which ensures the minimum value of the steering wheels' moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ride quality is one of the important properties of an off-road vehicle limiting the speed-made-good on rough terrain. Anti-roll bars are used to limit the sprung mass roll angle and generate under-steer characteristics, improving the stability of a vehicle. However, anti-roll bars may have a negative influence on ride quality, particularly on natural terrain with random roughness. In this study, a multi-body dynamics model of an off-road vehicle having an independent suspension is used to investigate the effects of front anti-roll bar stiffness on ride quality using synthetically generated roughness profiles. The simulated results revealed that while the anti-roll bar does not influence the ride quality on symmetric roughness profiles, significantly higher seat base accelerations are observed with stiffer anti-roll bars on asymmetric profiles, particularly in the lateral axis. Based on these results an active anti-roll bar control algorithm, operating in a co-simulation environment, is proposed to reduce the seat base accelerations while maintaining the desired handling characteristics. Handling characteristics of the vehicle are investigated using various transient tests such as double-lane-change and J-turn. It is found that the ride quality of an off-road vehicle traversing over a natural terrain can be significantly improved using active anti-roll control without compromising the cornering characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new kinetic-continuum technique of the direct Monte Carlo simulation coupled with solution of the electron energy equation was applied to modeling of the high-enthalpyionized rare fied flow about are entry capsule. The new technique predict selectron temperature distributions completely different from those obtained with widely used approximation Te=Tv (N2). The technique was validated against the results of the RAM-CII flight experiment. More accurate prediction of electron temperature can improve validity of the studies of communucation black out phenomena and aerothermodynamics of super orbital entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the automotive industry has been under strong pressure to reduce its environmental impacts. Regulators have sought to steer the industry toward "cleaner" solutions and more sustainable products. Without preparation, this situation could have a major impact to the Malaysian automotive manufacturers since the tailpipe mitigation strategy is not enough to sort out the environmental impact. From the automotive Crash Management System (CMS) perspective, the inclusion of new sustainable materials requires a complete car crash analysis. This is too expensive specifically when any newly extrusion based components are involve. Therefore, this research was conducted to explore the optimisation of a newly sustainable recycled aluminium alloys based bumper beam system for application in automotive CMS using the finite element method. The work was divided into two main phases; subsystem iteration and full vehicle model integration. The results were compared to the current steel bumper beam system. In the subsystem iteration, several designs were analysed in terms of maximum force and displacement. The chosen model was then integrated with a full vehicle model and tested at 15km/h and 56km/h load cases. The results showed that the proposed bumper beam system could meet the criteria set in automotive CMS. Further works are required specifically in terms of materials characterisation to optimise a better bumper beam design, and to fit wider applications, which can finally contribute to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the design of a wing-mounted with a morphing winglet, along with its aerodynamic and structural analysis. The concept of span-wise morphing of winglets is proposed as it is an effective technology for enhancing aerodynamic efficiency and has the potential to replace conventional control surfaces. Further, the main advantages of variable span morphing winglets are the drag reduction that leads to an increase in range and endurance of the flight. The design includes a honeycomb core placed in between the skin of the winglet where span-wise morphing occurs to increase the structural integrity. Two actuators are used which are fixed at the rib of the winglet to carry out the span-wise morphing of the winglet. For aerodynamic analysis, ANSYS Fluent solver is used to investigate a flow field in a three-dimensional wing structure and to obtain lift/drag variations. It was observed that a 25% extension in span leads to a 4% increase in overall L/D. This shows that morphing in winglets can be a profound way to increase the aerodynamic efficiency of aerial vehicles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular exhaust emission is the most prominent cause of air pollution in India. Air pollution reduction to its minimum level is possible by switching from gasoline to electric vehicles. Since battery power consumption is a crucial aspect of a battery-electric car, lowering the aerodynamic drag force can decrease its consumption. In this study, a generic vehicle model named Ahmed body with a 35° rear slant angle was taken as a baseline model. FLUENT, a fluid flow component system of ANSYS, was used to simulate this baseline model at zero yawing angles via the k-epsilon turbulence model at velocities 20, 30, and 40 m/s. The result of the baseline model was validated from literature with a minimum difference of 0.35%. Drag reduction analysis was carried out to find the optimized model by placing an array of cylindrical vortex generators on top of the validated baseline model with diameters that varied in the range of 6mm to 12mm each at corresponding heights of 6mm to 18mm. The velocity contours and streamlines were studied to examine the wake region, and a maximum of 6.51% of drag reduction was found under investigation. Drag coefficient results of baseline and optimized model were applied to the real car under two road conditions. Flat road and 5% uphill were considered for calculating the percentage battery consumption reduction, and the best results were found as 3.97% and 2.25%, respectively. This drag reduction study in automobile engineering, especially for battery electric vehicles, can help reduce fossil fuel dependency. Thus, minimizing air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we are trying to make Autonomous Vehicle Model for Traffic Observation and Lane Detection. Our model will focus on object on lane and react according to situation with the help of feed which we are getting from image and the feed is then processed with the help of image processing and AI technology using our proposed algorithm. This can be very useful to recognize object in the real time and tackle the traffic even without the main driver present physically inside the vehicle model. We will be designed a model that is a portable single computer board to do all the work in hand. The system will send all the information to Arduino Uno R3 which according to the condition sends signal to the DC motor driver. Motor Driver then controls all the four wheelsof vehicle model according to the signal received which helps in rotation of the wheels of vehicle model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the analysis of the current condition of the issue of independent wheel suspension of passenger cars and describes the foremost characteristics of wheel geometry. The current practice of manufacturing companies is proposed in such a way that in order to speed up the development on the one hand and to prepare a reliable product on the other hand, R&D departments try to comprise predictive simulations at the early stage of development. By dint of these simulations, they are able to numerically predict the dynamic behavior of vehicles in an extremely short stretch of time ahead of the real prototype production. Therefore, the presented paper likewise provides a description of an advanced simulation tool for MBD simulations, namely the Altair Motionview software. Furthermore, the authors present a selected reference vehicle, the Alfa Romeo 156. On the basis of the measurements performed, the important geometrical parameters of the reference vehicle were compiled, which are indispensable for the creation of the numerical model in the Motionview graphical environment. The made up model is functional, ready for producing analyses of sensitivity of the change in wheel camber depending on the vertical change in axle position. It will be possible to examine the behavior of structurally different front axle models, which will be created in the software and compared with simulations of the Alfa Romeo 156 model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is characterized by a set of asynchronously changing movement parameters, the state of the external environment, and the operator (driver). We are talking about of tens to hundreds parameters. Common algorithmic constructions lack the most important property of parallel computing – the design support of control processes that are necessary for processing arrays of asynchronously occurring data supplemented with coordinate-linked information. The main idea is a simple formalize the rules how avoid a dynamic dangerous situation (DDS). Using hierarchy of DDS's states for "Vehicle + external environment + operator (driver)" we design control of vehicle movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerous types of optimization strategies that can be utilized for modelling and simulation of fuel cell electric cars are discussed in this research. Optimization is important in producing results that are near to real-world needs since it analyzes all of the parameters that must be considered while designing a fuel cell vehicle and making modifications or alterations. Considering the several parameters taken into account during the modelling of the fuel cell vehicle model, each approach has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The majority of current optimization algorithms are utilized to identify the variable parameters of a fuel cell and optimize to outcomes that are near to real-world results. Fuel economy, efficiency, parameter values, and errors, such as the sum of squared error (SSE), can all be listed as priorities. Finally the paper compares the different types based on results of each technique for its relevance in fuel cell technology. Out of the twelve optimization techniques mentioned in the paper, it is found that Grey Wolf and Whale optimizations were found to be advantageous considering its use in fuel cell technology and optimization based on the different research papers studied in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to study a flow field to improve efficiency or performance is one of the leading areas of research for many scientists and engineers in fluid mechanics. Through CFD simulations around a 2D sport utility vehicle model, this research highlights the impact of the airflow around the side contour of the vehicle. Attention is given only to the external design of the car, while the interior is not modeled. The goal is to simulate the air flow around the vehicle and obtain an accurate value of its drag and lift coefficient. The next step would be to make modifications to the vehicle geometry which could improve its lift and drag characteristics making the vehicle handle better at cruise speeds and also improve its fuel efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle –bridge interaction is an interesting problem solved by engineers all over the world. Computing models of vehicles are usually created as systems composed by discrete members as mass points, spring and damper members. Computing models of bridges can be created as systems with continuously distributed mass or as systems with lumped masses. Some possible problems with application of such computing models are explained in the paper. Similar problem must be solved in the case of finite element bridge computing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banda Aceh City is one of the cities that continue to experience economic growth, development, population growth and growth in the number of vehicles, but on the other hand it also contributes to exhaust emissions caused by very high transportation activities. Transportation is one of the negative impacts is producing motor vehicle exhaust emissions, both gasoline and diesel. This study aims to predict the relationship model between vehicle exhaust emissions and determine the factors that influence vehicle emissions. The relationship model obtained from the multiple linear regression equation using the Stats program for passenger cars with diesel fuel is Y=-19.401+0.684 X1+11.497 X2+0.031 X3 and for passenger cars using gasoline is Y=20.060+0.143 X1+0.421 X2+0.028 X3 while for motorbikes is Y=9.049 + 0.082 X1+0.921 X2+0.051 X3. Where the value of exhaust emissions (Y) is the dependent variable, vehicle age (X1), vehicle maintenance (X2) and engine capacity (X3) are independent variables. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that vehicle exhaust emissions strongly influenced by vehicle age, vehicle maintenance, and engine capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present a combination of neural network and terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) strategy to model and control an autonomous vehicle with an uncertain dynamic. The first step is for modelling the vehicle using bicycle model. Then, the second step is for adding a new term to the control law to reduce the external disturbances and the error modelling parameters. The final step, we propose a neural network to model the unknown dynamics of the model. The control law and the stability of this autonomous automobile system is resulting from the study of Lyapunov function. There is a simulation to prove the performance of our proposed strategy taking into account the stability of the system by using the Lyapunov function to achieve the specified follow-up performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cloud computing environment most noteworthy problem is task scheduling to augment the concert and effectiveness of cloud it is an important move. Informed search algorithms in Artificial intelligence are applied to execute the arrangement in cloud. The Best First Search (BFS) is used to allocate the job to Practical Machine (PM) and Virtual Vehicle (VV). In the BFS the best one as first priority assortment of job is used which may relegate the concert of cloud for minimization of Operational Completion Time (OCT). The best job selection is enhanced with job assortment, PM selection and VV algorithms. The performance of BFS compared with other task scheduling algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banda Aceh City is one of the cities that continue to experience economic growth, development, population growth and growth in the number of vehicles, but on the other hand it also contributes to exhaust emissions caused by very high transportation activities. Transportation is one of the negative impacts is producing motor vehicle exhaust emissions, both gasoline and diesel. This study aims to predict the relationship model between vehicle exhaust emissions and determine the factors that influence vehicle emissions. The relationship model obtained from the multiple linear regression equation using the Stats program for passenger cars with diesel fuel is Y=-19.401+0.684 X1+11.497 X2+0.031 X3 and for passenger cars using gasoline is Y=20.060+0.143 X1+0.421 X2+0.028 X3 while for motorbikes is Y=9.049 + 0.082 X1+0.921 X2+0.051 X3. Where the value of exhaust emissions (Y) is the dependent variable, vehicle age (X1), vehicle maintenance (X2) and engine capacity (X3) are independent variables. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that vehicle exhaust emissions strongly influenced by vehicle age, vehicle maintenance, and engine capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerodynamic drag is influenced by the geometry of the front, windshield, roof, and rear of the vehicle. Most of the drag on the vehicle is due to the low pressure and flow separation at the rear of the vehicle. Therefore, one of the efforts that can be made to reduce aerodynamic drag is changing the shape of the vehicle model, especially at the rear window tilt angle. This study aims to analyze the effect of changing the shape of the rear window on the aerodynamic drag of the sedan vehicle model. The object of this research is a sedan vehicle model with a front window tilt of 25°. The research was carried out using two approaches, namely a computational approach using a computational fluid dynamics program and an experimental approach using a subsonic wind tunnel. The rear window tilt angle of the sedan model is set at an angle of 20°, 23°, 25°, 27°, and 30°, and the upstream speed was set at 19.4 m/s. The results showed that the change in the shape of the rear window has an effect on the flow separation and turbulence developed at the rear of the sedan vehicle model. It also affects the pressure coefficient and aerodynamic drag. The smallest aerodynamic drag coefficient is obtained at the rear-window tilt angle of 20°, gaining 0.691 for the computational approach, and 0.665 for the experimental approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerodynamic aspect of a vehicle is related to the emergence of drag on the vehicle. Aerodynamic drag arises due to the low pressure and flow separation that occurs at the rear of the car. This affects the amount of fuel consumption used by vehicles. The earlier the emergence of the flow separation, the larger the wake area will be and cause a decrease in pressure at the rear of vehicles. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce the aerodynamic drag on the vehicle so that it can delay the flow separation and increase the pressure at the rear of the vehicle by implementing flow control. This study aims to analyze the effect of passive control in the form of fin and active control in the form of suction on the flow characteristics, pressure field, and aerodynamic drag of the vehicle model. The test model used is Ahmed's body modified in flow direction with a slant front geometry of 25°. The research was carried out with two approaches: a computational approach by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program ANSYS Fluent 6.3.26, and an experimental approach by using a subsonic wind tunnel. The upstream flow speed is 22.2 m/s and the suction speed is 0.5 m/s, 1.0 m/s, and 1.5 m/s. The results show that the addition of passive fin control and active suction control could delay flow separation, reduce turbulence, and increase pressure at the rear of the test model. The largest increase in the minimum pressure coefficient value is 56.66% and the largest aerodynamic drag coefficient reduction is 16.902% for the computational approach and 17.757% for the experimental approach which occurs at a suction speed of 0.5 m/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Car-following model is a significant and essential part of developing any traffic micro-simulation model. This study has focused on the main types of the car-following model up to date with the main features or characteristics of this model: vehicle length, reaction time, buffer spaces, and different types of acceleration. This study attempts to figure out the optimum model and optimum values for the main characteristics of car-following models based on the previous studies. The results indicate that a safety model is the best model to represent the car-following behavior than other types. In this paper, other micro-characteristics have been summarized, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerodynamic benefits of a group of vehicles running in a platoon formation have increasingly gained researcher's attention. The objectives of the study are to investigate the aerodynamic response of four vehicles traveling in misaligned platoons at a selected lateral offset and longitudinal distance. A modified reference vehicle model was utilized in the Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation. The assessment of the aerodynamic force coefficient, including drag coefficient, lift force coefficient, side force coefficient of the vehicles, and pressure coefficients around the vehicle together with air streamlines, was performed in the study. Seven vehicle configurations were selected to investigate the aerodynamic behavior of platoon formation. The results indicate that the leading vehicle generates the least drag coefficient compared to the following ones. The action of a vehicle leaving platooning formation causes a larger value of the side force coefficient of the vehicle in the vicinity. Moreover, the vehicle leaving platooning configuration distracts the aerodynamic benefit of platoon formation—the larger distance of the misaligned vehicle, the higher the airflow distraction imposed on the following misaligned vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of simulation of real load conditions (including the nonlinear movement of the vehicle) with the chassis dynamometer is presented. A mathematical model of the dynamics of a vehicle with 8×8 axle arrangement on the dynamometer and on the road has been developed. The efficiency of the proposed approach providing the use of the dynamometer has been proved with the results of the simulation mathematical modelling on the example of the dynamics of a vehicle with 8×8 axle arrangement and individual engine drive. The directions of further scientific research on the basis of the presented technology have been justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged waiting times in weighbridge services are deemed essential and negatively influence the quality of weighbridge services. This problem is feasibly overcome by improving weighbridge services using discrete event modeling and simulation of system processes. This research is based on the weighbridge of a company in Gresik. To date, the weighbridge has been hectic serving the weighing of trucks both from within and neighboring companies. In this article, the simulation model represents the weighbridge service process implementing Rockwell Arena software. Process barriers are identified, and resource allocation adjustments are made without disrupting the existing system. An assignment arrangement for each weighbridge is proposed to reduce the average waiting time for all weighbridges through the three proposed improvement models. It was navigated that the weighbridge assignment arrangement could maintain the utility of all weighbridges in a relatively small difference to reduce the average waiting time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ride comfort and Road holding execution of the vehicle are the most critical factors in the suspension system performance study. Most of the time researchers assume the numerical model of vehicle suspension is a linear and detailed comparative study with the non-linear model that has not been done in previous researches. Hence, the numerical model for both linear and non-linear quarter vehicle suspension is developed in this research work to study the importance of nonlinearity suspension segments. The dynamic outcomes such as sprung and unsprung mass displacement, velocity, acceleration are calculated by conducting the simulation for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles under sinusoidal and unit step road input based on developed numerical models and program codes. The outcome from this research paper shows that an extensive distinction has been seen in the ride comfort and street holding execution of the linear and non-linear car suspension framework. Simulation results show that there is an increase in ride comfort execution and road holding execution of the vehicle in the event of non-linear suspension than the typical linear suspension. In this way, it tends to get close for a sinusoidal road excitation the non-linear suspension consistently acquires preferred execution over the linear suspension. Considering the nonlinearity suspension segments is more important during modeling and designing of the vehicle suspension system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article discusses use of mathematical modeling of vehicle transmission in Simulink environment. Proposed approach makes it possible to reasonably select acceptable design variants at low cost. Studies of individual transmission factors influence on functional parameters of KamAZ-4308 vehicle have been carried out. Blocks have been developed for determining moment of resistance on wheels when a vehicle is moving on a supporting surface, simulating clutch operation, calculating engine torque from its speed, gear shifting and dynamic transmission model that allows determining angular speeds of crankshaft rotation of engine and car wheels. Block simulating clutch operation ensures torque transmission from engine to gearbox, allows breaking power flow at the moment of shifting and smooth increase in torque when friction discs are closed. Gearshift unit provides gear changes depending on vehicle speed. Various speed values are used when changing from increased gear to low gear and, conversely, from low gear to high gear to avoid process of self-oscillations during switching, which is caused by introducing "dead zone". Differential equations describing transmission operation are solved in a matrix way, allowing studying vehicle dynamics, taking into account inertia of engine, transmission and individual wheels of vehicle. Use of simulation modeling in Simulink environment allowed studying influence of individual transmission and engine parameters on vehicle speed. Influence research of gear ratios of gearbox on vehicle speed when driving on asphalt highway have been carried out. Results of change in external characteristics of engine on dynamic and speed indicators of vehicle are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For important design and management decisions in high-performance vehicle models, accurate EV powertrain modeling, evaluation, and testing are essential. A technique for the design and growth of an electric vehicle powertrain is described in this study, which includes modeling, computation, and testing on an actual vehicle process as well as extensive evaluation of the findings. Although EV powertrain modeling in simulation software settings is vital for EV development and design, verifying these simulations on real-world vehicle elements is critical for improving total vehicle efficiency, reliability, and speed. This modeling methodology combines the use of Simulink software or MATLAB for simulation and modeling of an EV powertrain with the validation of the simulation result on an actual car that is evaluated on a structural dynamometer The integration of these simulation models with real-world testing reveals an approach for rapidly creating and testing high-performance EV powertrains at a low cost, covering shortcomings in the literature on how these forecasting strategies might be used in a research context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of vehicles is increasing day by day in developing countries, so the necessity to identify the vehicle becomes crucial. Many computers based vehicle license plate recognition systems are being developed recently to satisfy this need. This model for vehicle plate character recognition combines the use of neural networks along with image processing techniques. The image which consists of the car which in turn contains the license plate to be recognized and character to be detected is saved into the storage and is used in the process of extraction. The license plate is located from the input image using Mask RCNN which is used to detect the object, in this instance the object is car. The car is masked by finding the ROI and that portion contains the license plate is localized. The located region with the license plate image is then preprocessed by converting the same into grayscale and the noise present in it is reduced using various threshold values on the image to obtain resultant image with connected pixels. Finally the preprocessed image is passed to the Tesseract OCR to detect the character by utilizing the datasets of the license plate models from the image and displays it to the user also saving it in a CSV file which appends the detected data as we process other images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simulation of the aerodynamic features of the vehicle has been carried out. The analysis was carried out to determine the impact of various design features on the drag force and lift force acting on the vehicle. A scaled prototype of a hatchback car (Skoda FABIA) was used as a base model. The geometric model of the hatchback car was created in Onshape, an online product development platform using a surface modeling technique. The selected design features of the car were modified to improve the drag and increase downforcewhich acts on the vehicle. Asimulation for vehicle aerodynamics was performed in AnsysFluentsoftware to compare the drag,liftcoefficientinthe case of the base model and the modified model. The simulation results indicate that adding roof contours to the model and changing some turbulence reducing shapes such as dimensions alongwiththewindshield, front, and rear bumper heightnotablyreduced the amount of drag acting on the vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of moving load effect on the two-span highway bridge with various bridge spans ratio. The multi-body plane computing model of vehicle is adopted. The bridge computing model represents the bridge as the lumped mass model with 2 degrees of freedom. The mid-span bridge dynamic deflections are calculated. Equations of motion are solved numerically in the environment of the program system MATLAB. The results are mutually compared and quantitatively evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a complex method of the process of preparing 3D model of a special-purpose tracked vehicle for subsequent printing on a 3D printer using fused deposition modelling technology. It is based on the separation of the model elements into groups of importance according to the proposed classification. The required level of detail depends on the scale of the intended product layout. The analysis of the process of preparing models for 3D printing was carried out. The algorithm of measures for preparing models in CAD programs for printing and classification of elements by the degree of importance in the appearance of the product were suggested. The possibility of using various technologies and techniques for manufacturing and strengthening parts is considered. The developed clear sequence of stages of model preparation allows to minimize the number of errors during printing, to ease the work of a specialist, to accelerate the process of preparing and printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerodynamic characteristics play an important in design and manufacture of vehicles, especially for cars. In order to produce high-performance, fuel-efficient, and environmentally-friendly models, it is necessary to optimize the design the vehicle body to ensure both aesthetics and desired aerodynamic characteristics. In this study, we use software tools to design and calculate aerodynamic characteristics for few simple car models. On that basis, the body design for a prototype vehicle model are optimized to participate in the fuel-saving car contest. The calculation results of the sample tests achieved good as expected. The study also carefully considered the influence of wheel rotation and road surface movement on the vehicle body on the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterjet propulsion on the unmanned surface vehicle ships is a propulsion system with a working principle that uses a water spray system as a propelled. The thrust generated depends on the available water. The spray of water in the nozzle are generated from the inlet at the bottom of the ship which is assisted by a pump on the waterjet. In this part of the inlet will affect the distribution of the flow that will pass the pump and finally exit through the nozzle. The purpose of this study is to analyze the inlet-passage on the waterjet which is varied with the inlet velocity ratio to get the maximum efficiency value from the waterjet propulsion system. This study works using the computational fluid dynamics (CFO) method and analytical calculations. Inlet velocity ratio (IVR) is varied from 0.54, 0.59, 0.67, 0.78, 0.94, 1.18, 1.64, and 2.38 which will be compared to the results. From the results of the analysis we will get the volume coming out of the waterjet and the results will get the thrust value. The highest thrust value obtained is based on variations in the IVR value of 2.38, and the maximum efficiency value of 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the investigation of the flow over flying wing surface. The main idea behind this work was to study the flow over full-sized unmanned aerial vehicle model for in-flight Reynolds numbers. Three-dimensional roughness element was placed on the leading edge as the generator of stationary disturbance. Using hot-wire anemometry the inner structure of this disturbance was shown. It consist of two counter-rotating disturbances different in size. This difference results from presence of cross-flow over the surface of the wing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the experimental verification of the design methods of tourist-class suborbital spacecraft, missiles taken out of service may be useful. These missiles can serve as scaled-down flying models, but in some cases, they need to be accelerated in speed to achieve the level of thermal loads corresponding to suborbital flights. Forcing in speed will require upgrade of the rocket design - increasing engine thrust and fuel on board. In turn, after modernization, the model will be suitable for flight testing of critical elements of an expensive reusable space structure and thereby save significant money. In the work we study the temperature state of a hypothetical flying model, forced by the flight speed. The simulation was carried out in ANSYS Fluent in a non-stationary formulation with simultaneous solution of the problems of supersonic flow around the body and heat transfer processes in the internal volume of the front compartment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shared charging pile has the advantages of wide coverage, fast charging, negotiated electricity price, energy saving and environmental protection, and is an important part of the electric vehicle charging service network. With the popularity of electric vehicles and the large increase in the number of private rechargeable makeup accesses, the network security requirements for shared charging makeup systems are also increasing. A network security situational awareness model for shared charging makeup system is proposed. This model introduces network security detection, threat early warning analysis, risk decision response and security trend assessment for shared charging makeup system by introducing machine learning and data mining technology. The location addresses the security risks posed by cyber attacks and security breaches to ensure smooth operation of the shared charging makeup system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous improvement to get optimum quality from data communication system between vehicle and ground control system (GCS) were tested systematically on laboratory test and real flight test. Unlike complex Mavlink protocol used on several model vehicle, our own developed new protocol system is specifically designed for vehicle developed by LAPAN, such as rocket and high-speed UAV, which is appropriate for desired needs. This new protocol was built based on HEX, rather than the previous one which was based on ASCII, could reach up to 54 Hz on data transmission speed with 15-ms delay on each packet. This implied that there is a 270% improvement compared to the precious developed protocol for the same data needed. This new protocol was also equipped with telecommand function that could be executed through GSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph Theory Application is a course in the Mathematic Department which concerned with daily application. One of its application is a distribution problem, that is defining the minimum length route of one (or more) vehicle to distribute goods from one (or more) depot to some customers. In this distribution system, choosing the route is the most important in determining total length, travel time, and cost. The distribution problem is modeled into the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). Among variants of VRP, one of them is Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window (CVRPTW) with its main objective is to minimize total length of route and number of vehicles concerning vehicle capacity and time limit given. The Problem of CVRPTW can be solved with Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, and the subsequent, namely Improved ABC (IABC) and Modified ABC (MABC) algorithm. IABC is a refinement of the standard ABC algorithm by adding Partial-Mapped Crossover (PMX) parameter in the refinement stage. Meanwhile, MABC is a modification of ABC by adding a parameter in the stage of initialization, refinement of the solution by using neighborhood structures, and optimization by keeping unused solution in tabu list. In performance analysis, MABC produced a better final solution than IABC dan ABC, with regard to total route length and its service time. In practice, the application can be used by students doing field survey in Graph Theory Application course and field practice (KPL) to optimize distribution problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with trajectory tracking control of a quadcopter in a horizontal plane. A full rigid body model of the flying vehicle that doesn’t assume smallness of the Euler angles is considered. For synthesis of the tracking control the nonlinear dynamics inversion approach is used. Three different control strategies with restrictions on the orientation of the quadrotor are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road unevenness is the main source of the vehicle kinematic excitation. It directly influences the vehicle oscillation and the dynamic components of tire forces. The article pays attention to the numerical simulation of vehicle movement along random road profile. It describes the vehicle computing model, method of assessment of random road profile and methodology of numerical calculation. It shows on specific examples how the road surface quality affects the vehicle oscillation and loading of the road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presented in this paper deals with the development of a numerical-empirical-based model for the estimation of the indentation stiffness of automotive body panels, implemented in a self-developed simulation program for the quick and precise evaluation of the denting performances of newly developed parts during the design stage. The stiffness of the panels is estimated by calculating the major and minor curvatures, and their relevant variations, and can be applied also in the early stages of the design process, with no need for numerical simulations of the forming process required for the manufacturing of the panels. The model has been developed on the basis of a large number of indentation experiments carried out on existing automotive body panels (fender, front door, rear door, roof and hood) belonging to four different vehicle models. From the experiments, the load-stroke curve has been compared with the reference one (provided by the panels manufacturer) and the ratio between the integral area of the relevant experiment, and that of the reference curve has been defined as the stiffness index (SI). For all the tested specimens, between 18 and 24 points have been tested by means of indentation test whereas additional 20 points have been tested by means of numerical simulations, implemented in ABAQUS/Standard, in order to add additional data for the definition of the empirical model. The implemented numerical model has been initially validated by comparison its results with those of the laboratory experiments, showing a maximum error equal to 10.8%. Moreover, in order to account for the oil canning phenomenon (local softening), a penalization factor has been introduced in the model and has the effect of reducing the local SI values for the considered point of the panel. The regression model for the SI function has been calculated by utilizing the commercial software MINITAB with a correlation factor (R²) higher than 92%. Finally, the developed model has been implemented in a self-developed simulation program which allows imputing the CAD file of the panel and, within few minutes, to estimate the SI distribution on the part on the basis of the local curvatures (major and minor) and on the curvature variation calculated on the whole model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of maximization of the horizontal coordinate of the intermediate vehicle model is considered. It is assumed, that vehicle is moving in the vertical plane driven by gravity, viscous drag, and thrust. Goal function is a horizontal coordinate of the vehicle. The slope angle and the thrust are considered as a control variables. Principle maximum procedure allows to reduce the optimal control problem to the boundary value problems for a system of two nonlinear differential equations. The extremal thrust is designed in feedback form depending on the slope angle and state variables. The qualitative analysis of the extremal trajectories is performed, and the characteristic features of the optimal solutions are determined. It is established that for the case of linear viscous drag the optimal thrust program does not contain any singular arcs. Besides, it is shown that optimal thrust program consists of either two arcs, maximum thrust at the beginning and zero thrust at the end, or three arcs: zero thrust at the beginning, then maximum thrust and again zero thrust at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]