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This paper offers a possible solution to the present and potential future difficulties with the International Temperature Scale of 1990, ITS-90, regarding the triple point of mercury, TP Hg. This is discrepant within the ITS-90 and also may become unavailable for regulatory reasons on account of its toxicity. The suggestion is that for long-stem Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (L-SPRTs) requiring calibration below the triple point of water, TPW, the ITS-90 subranges above the TPW (ITS-90 Section 3.3.2) could simply be extended down to the triple point of argon, TP Ar, with no replacement for the TP Hg, but with an extra term in the interpolation equations. Such interpolations based on the TP Ar, the TPW, and the freezing points of Sn, Zn and Al, as far as is required, are found to be well-behaved and consistent with each other and with the ITS-90 above TPW, within about 0.5 mK. Below TPW the agreement with the ITS-90 is less good (∼1 mK at TP Hg), mainly due to the problem with the mercury point. These new interpolations have been tested for internal consistency and for consistency with calibration data for L-SPRTs, and we suggest that they should be considered for inclusion in any amendment or revision of the ITS-90. The paper discusses some complications arising from this suggestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin Mössbauer spectrometry was employed to examine metallic glasses, specifically Fe81B12Sn7 and Fe83B12Sn5 fabricated using the planar-flow casting technique into an amorphous substance. The investigation encompassed the asquenched state and also samples in which 25 % of iron was replaced by cobalt. This study explores the impact of slight variations in tin and iron content on the resultant microstructure. Tin Mössbauer spectrometry is a method that is not used that often, especially on alloys already containing iron., However, it can tell us more about the commonality of tin magnetization and about the extension of the magnetization of boron in this alloy. The findings reveal an interesting interaction between Co and Sn that causes a much larger increase in hyperfine magnetic field at 119Sn resonant nuclei. Increasing the proportion of tin in comparison to iron in the alloy causes a reduction of the hyperfine magnetic fields at both Fe and Sn probe atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the importance of the aluminum-tin alloy in the manufacture of wear-resistant parts, the alloy was manufactured after adding magnesium in weight percentage of 1.2% by powder technology, with the adoption of mechanical alloying instead of the traditional mixing. The ratio of steel balls to powder weight in the mechanical alloying process is 1:20 and a mixing time of 12 hours. SEM examination confirmed the occurrences of particle refining. The mixture was compressed at a pressure 660MPa and sintering at a temperature of 600°C. X-ray diffraction examination revealed the interaction between aluminum and magnesium, as well as between magnesium and tin, and the appearance of three intermetallic compounds (Al12Mg17, Al2Mg, and Mg2Sn) without indicating any interaction between tin and aluminum. The mechanical alloying samples after pressing and sintering recorded a comparison strength of 91MPa, while the results after extrusion at 20% and 28% as a reduction in diameter of the samples register an increase of 63% and 150% respectively. Direct extrusion at room temperature helped to increase the mechanical properties and assisted to avoid the use of long durations for the mechanical alloying process and contributed to reducing the alloy production time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasicrystals are aperiodic structures with long-range ordering, and their electronic stabilization is due to the existence of pseudogap at the Fermi level. In the present work, combined results of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S) measurements establish the presence of a deeper pseudogap in the Sn white flower (SnWF) motifs compared to i-Al-Pd-Mn at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to compare the performance of coated and uncoated inserts while minimising surface roughness when turning the innovative AA5052+3%MoS2+9%Si3N4 hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite (HAMMC). The workpiece material taken into consideration for this investigation was unique HAMMC, which used AA5052 as the base alloy with 3 weight percent solid lubricant molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and 9 weight percent silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic as reinforcement. Two cutting inserts—an uncoated insert (control group) and a TiN coated insert—are used throughout the turning process on the cast HAMMC (experimental group). Cutting parameters including feed rate, depth of cut, and cutting speed are held constant. Based on an 80% G-power calculator, 20 samples for each group were taken into consideration. As a result, the uncoated insert's mean value of surface roughness is 2.364 m while the TiN-coated insert's is 1.588 m. The results of an independent sample t-test with a significance value of 0.005 (p0.05) indicate that there is a substantial variance among the groups taken into consideration. Due to less shearing force and friction, it is concluded that turning the HAMMC with a coated insert results in lower surface roughness than machining with an uncoated insert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, the synthesis and investigation of structural, optical, photocatalytic, and antibacterial properties of ZnO and Cu-Sn ZnO nanomaterials have been successfully obtained using the precipitation method. ZnO was chosen in this experiment because of its large band gap, good UV absorption ability, and large free-exciton binding energy. The amount of Sn and Cu addition was varied to enhance photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of ZnO nanomaterials where the atomic percentage (%At) variations of Cu and Sn are 6.16%-3%, 2.5%-1.5%, and 1.3%-0.75%. The XRD characterization confirms that the crystal structure of ZnO nanoparticles in all samples are hexagonal wurtzite structures. SEM images reveal that pure and Cu-Sn ZnO nanoparticles have almost spherical shapes in their morphologies, and the existence of elements has been analyzed by EDX characterization. Rhodamine 6G dye was degraded under sunlight with 186 Wh/m2 of radiance energy, where the ZnO with 1,3%Cu-0.75%Sn indicates the highest photocatalytic properties compared to the other samples. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity has been observed under sunlight for 20 hours using E. Coli and S. Aureus bacteria. All the samples show antibacterial activity and degrade the bacteria completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining of natural resources could spark conflict between fishermen and tin miners in the Bangka Belitung Islands, an archipelagic area that is rich in tin resources. Conflict also arises in Rebo Beach, Bangka Regency, in which the fishermen's fishing area is threatened by tin offshore mining. This article describes the life of fishermen in Rebo Beach, Bangka District. Also, analyze the conflict between fishermen and miners in Rebo Beach related to the development of SEZ Sungailiat. The method employed was qualitative research, with data collected from both Bangka Belitung provincial and district government offices, as well as direct observation of offshore mining at Rebo Beach and the adjacent beaches in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of Sungailiat. Rebo local fishermen have been protesting the operation of dredging ships in their waters area which creates environmental damages, while the miners also have strong economic purposes. The central government urges the provincial government to erect SEZs, in which the provincial government choose Sungailiat as one of its planned SEZs. The conflict should be solved for the sake of the development of the Sungailiat Special Economic Zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the rare earth element plays a very strategic role in the world, because almost all modern industrial products such as electronics, health, batteries, automotive, space vehicles and weapon equipment use rare earth elements to improve performance, quality and accuracy of products. Most of the rare earth elements (REEs) in Indonesia are in the form of monazite which is a radioactive mineral. Regulation to process REEs will of course also refer to nuclear regulation. Indonesia has the potential to develop an industry based on rare earth elements. Indonesia has natural resources as the form of monazite mineral which is a by-product of tin mining. Indonesia also has potential resources as a primary source in various regions, but it still requires intensive exploration to obtain measurable resources. Various researches have been conducted in order to master the extraction technology of rare earth elements, starting from the separation of monazite which is a radioactive mineral, separation of several elements in the form of oxides, application of rare earth elements. Research has been carried out on laboratory and pilot plant scale. The production of rare earth in the world is controlled by China, so that many developed countries are hunting for obtaining rare earth resources including from Indonesia to reduce dependence on China. Indonesia realized that monazite is a strategic material, so Indonesia has taken a policy of not exporting in the form of raw material, but must process first, at least to rare earth oxides for export, for medium term goals. The objective of the research is to provide a recommendation on existing regulation and policies, so that the radioactive mineral processing industry can run well as soon as possible. The most crucial problems are that there is no guaranteed stock of raw materials. Raw materials are controlled by various parties so that they have not reached critical mass for industry. Currently there is no clear governance as a guide for industry players, and local technology that has not been proven. Recommendations for regulations and policies that need to be proposed immediately are the preparation of Draft Government Regulations related to the management of radioactive minerals, and encouraging cooperation between research institutes and industry for the provision of proven technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation activity of di and tri-organotin complexes derived from the condensation reaction of organotin salts of chloride with para-methoxy cinnamic acid was successfully synthesized, identified, and analyzed. The synthesized complexes (1-4) were shown to be more effective than the ligand from which they were made. In addition, when compared to the other complexes, complex 2 (diphenyl tin carboxylate) is the most effective at oxidation. Several techniques were used to diagnose the produced compounds, including FTIR, 1H-NMR, and Sn119-NMR, while two approaches, DPPH and CUBRAC, were used to investigate the oxidation activity. The reactions of para-methoxy cinnamic acid and several of substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding tin complexes with good yields. The antioxidant activity of the prepared complexes was found to be higher than that of the ligand derived from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substrate type plays an important role in the growth of semiconductor films using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method, which is a simple and cost-effective technique. The effect of the nature of the substrate on the structural, optical, morphological, and electrical properties of tin monosulfide (SnS) films on both substrates (glass and flexible) was studied for 4 h at a constant temperature of 80 °C, with a strong peak at 31.75, which corresponds to the (111) level of the prepared SnS films. The scanning electron microscope revealed that the surface of the film on the glass substrate is covered with irregular spherical granules, some of which are nanoflakes, while the surface of the film on the flexible substrate is observed to contain flower-like spherical granules that are well distributed, more compact, and of a homogeneous structure. The grain size of SnS films was found to be 2.7 µm and 3.6 µm on glass and flexible substrates, respectively. The energy bandgap varied between 2.06 eV on the glass substrate and 1.52 eV on the flexible substrate. Hall Effect measurements show the films created have p-type conductivity for both substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the material removal rate obtained during dry turning of AISI H13 tool steel using novel TiN coated and uncoated carbide tools. Materials and Methods:The work material chosen for the study is AISI H13 tool steel of dimension 25 mm diameter and 50 mm length. The type of cutting tool selected for the turning operation is novel TiN coated and uncoated carbide tool. The designation of the cutting tool used is CNMG120408 (Make:SAAJ STEEL CORPORATION). Three input parameters are considered, cutting speed (m/min), feed rate (mm/rev), depth of cut (mmm) and each varied at three different levels for conducting L9 experimental study. Two groups of experimental study are selected (novel TiN coated and uncoated) with 27 samples per group and surface roughness is measured at three different locations taken from one experimental run and the average is utilized for roughness calculation. On the whole 54 samples are collected and measured for 2 groups. The material removal rate obtained during the study is measured and analysed. All the results obtained were analysed for its significance by SPSS software and the graphs were plotted and the level of significance was found to be 0.048 (p<0.05). Results:All the results obtained, its significance and graphs have been analyzed in SPSS software. Material removal rate obtained on the novel TiN coated carbide tool is maximized when compared with uncoated carbide tool by 3.2% during machining of AISI H13 tool steel. The samples machined with novel TiN coated carbide tool gives good result compared with uncoated carbide tool in maximizing material removal rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is about the comparison of novel TiN coated and uncoated carbide tools in CNC wet turning of EN31 to maximize material removal rate. Materials and methods: Work material used was EN31 tool steel and cutting tools used was novel TiN coated and uncoated carbide tools with the tool designation of CNMG120408 (Make: Widia). The three input parameters selected for present experimental study are cutting speed (m/min), feed (mm/rev) and depth of cut (mm), each parameter varied at 3 different levels and L9 experimental runs are conducted. Two groups of experimental study are selected (novel TiN coated and uncoated) with 27 samples per group. On the whole 54 samples were collected and measured for 2 groups. Result: Material removal rate obtained on the novel TiN coated carbide tool is maximized when compared with the uncoated carbide tool by 3.8% during machining of EN31 tool steel. The obtained mean value for coated carbide tool was 83.75789, and for uncoated carbide tool was 943.68333, The results are statistically analysed with the use of a SPSS software and graphs were plotted and its level of significance was found to be 0.041 (p<0.05). Conclusion: By the limitations of the study we can conclude that for the machining process of the selected hard material like EN31 steel tool, by using a novel TiN coated carbide tool, material removal removal rate has been maximized when compared to the uncoated tool during CNC turning operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li4Ti5O12 was successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The high hydrothermal temperature can reduce the particle size and prevent the formation of impurities, such as rutile TiO2. Can be proven by the absence of the rutile TiO2 phase in LTO with variations in hydrothermal temperature of 220 °C and 240 °C. The mixing process with Sn was also used to observe the performance obtained from the addition. The working voltage of all samples is in the range of 1.56-1.61 V which corresponded to the Li4Ti5O12 theoretical working voltage of 1.55 V. The largest specific capacity is obtained from LTO with 220 °C hydrothermal temperature and 7.5% Sn addition which was 142.06 mAh/g according to the smallest particle size and the largest porosity so that the electrode worked with the best performance. At the same current rate, all samples had a stable performance after undergone a charge discharge process for 28 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, SCAPS-1D software was used to analyze photovoltaic solar cells with Tin Sulphide (SnS) absorbers. The photovoltaic cell is made up of a SnS absorber layer, a CdS buffer layer, and a ZnO optical window in the order p-SnS/CdS/ZnO. After adjusting various parameters such as absorbent film thickness and its concentration of shallow acceptors, a maximum efficiency of 23.47% was achieved, with a Voc of 0.82 Volts, Jsc of 34.75mA/cm2, and Fill Factor of 83.57%. A remarkable optimization of the analyzed device's rear face by employing BSF resulted in a substantial increase with an efficiency of up to 28%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the spectra for plasma glow produced by pulse laser Nd: YAG (λ=1064 nm) on tin (Sn) and Cadmium (Cd) targets in air were analyzed by studying the atomic lines compared with Sn and Cd strong standard lines. The effect of laser energies of the range 100 - 500 mJ on spectral lines, Optical spectroscopy was used to evaluate the effects of laser ablation. The temperature of electrons grew from 2.196 to 4.961 eV, and the density of electrons increased from 2.00×1018 to 2.092×1018 cm−3 with increasing laser energy from 100 to 500 mJ for Sn target. Also for Cd target, the electron temperature was found to be increased from 0.741 to 0.856 eV, while the electron density increased from 26.059×1017 to 34.873×1017 cm−3 with increasing laser energy from 100 to 500 mJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental set up to characterize the microspall phenomenon is proposed. It involves velocity measurements and a multi-time transversal radiographic observation. Five experiments show that a quantitative characterization is achieved, leading to a better understanding of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the nature of phase transitions of tin under high pressure requires atomic scale modeling, where the simulation accuracy is largely determined by the interatomic potential (IAP) used. We have compared the current state of classical IAPs for tin and have found that only low pressure phases are well represented. However, machine learned interatomic potentials (ML-IAPs) have shown improved accuracy compared to traditional potentials. We report the development of two different training sets, domain expertise (DE) and active learning (AL), for fitting a tin ML-IAP. Each methodology has particular benefits, with DE better reproducing material properties like cold curves and AL more efficiently spanning descriptor space more efficiently. In future work, we plan to further compare the effect of both the training set and type of ML-IAP used on the accuracy of the ML-IAP on tin property calculations and extrapolative modeling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First principle calculations are performed to investigate the pressure dependent structural and electronic properties of Ba0.5Sn0.5TiO3. Our result shows that under compressive or tensile pressures the Ba0.5Sn0.5TiO3 does not under go any phase transition unlike that of well known BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 perovskites. Moreover, the calculated bandgap of Ba0.5Sn0.5TiO3 at zero pressure (1.46 eV) falls under ideal range of bandgaps (1.4 to 1.5 eV) for the photovoltaic solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First principle calculations are performed to investigate the pressure dependent structural and electronic properties of Ba0.5Sn0.5TiO3. Our result shows that under compressive or tensile pressures the Ba0.5Sn0.5TiO3 does not under go any phase transition unlike that of well known BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 perovskites. Moreover, the calculated bandgap of Ba0.5Sn0.5TiO3 at zero pressure (1.46 eV) falls under ideal range of bandgaps (1.4 to 1.5 eV) for the photovoltaic solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of a Si atom with the (111) surface of AlN, TiN, and TaN compounds has been studied using ab initio calculations. The most energetically favorable adsorption positions of Si atoms were found to be FCC and HCP holes. It was shown that silicon atoms have the highest binding energies on the AlN(111) and TiN(111) surfaces terminated by nitrogen atoms and on the TaN(111) surface terminated by tantalum. The valence electron density distribution has been studied to identify the type of Si atom bond with the (111) surface of AlN, TiN, and TaN compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn1-xSnxS (x= 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) nanoparticles have been synthesized by Co-precipitation method with different Sn doping concentrations at normal room temperature. The Sn doping effect on ZnS: Sn2+ NPs structural and optical properties was studied. XRD patterns showed a cubic crystal structure and the highest intensity peak was observed in the (111) plane direction with Sn2+ doping of 3 at.%. The doping of Sn2+ ion can shift and enhance the transmittance efficiency (T∼ 255 to 45%) of the ZnS NPs. By increasing the Sn2+ concentration (X=0.01), a slight increase in the Eg value was observed, Moreover, the noticed Eg values of the prepared Zn1-xSnxS NPs (X=0, 0.01, 0.03 & 0.05) gradually narrowed from about 3.98 eV to 4.06 eV. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed enhanced luminescence intensity at 3% Sn2+ ions. Further, increasing the Sn2+ doping (x=0.05) PL starts the quenching process due to the non-radiative route. In FTIR spectra, the transmittance percentage increases at higher Sn2+ dopant (Sn=5%). The transmittance percentage of peak at 1561-1622 cm-1 is increased (T= 65 to 80%) as function Sn2+ concentration. A large shift transmittance and tuning band gap of these NPs play a vital role in novel devices like labelling and optical sensor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to produce SnNPs (tin/Sn nanoparticles) with the PLA (pulse laser ablation) method. SnNPs were successfully synthesized using a low power (1064 nm, 7ns, 10 Hz) neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser. In this study, a pulse laser beam was focused on a high-purity (99.95%) tin plate surface, which is placed into pure liquid distilled water to produce colloidal SnNPs. Colloidal SnNPs were successfully produced with a brownish color. The spherical nanoparticles were shown in the SEM morphology. The mean diameter of SnNPs size is 62.83 nm, and the maximum absorbance is centered on the maximum wavelength at 200 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin electroplating was widely used as coating in the electronics industry due to their good properties and low cost, so it might be a new way to save costs in production and boost product performance. There were commonly used methods of applying Tin coating, one of them is electroplating. Tin electroplating is the process of depositing Tin to the surface of a material via an electrical current in an electrolyte solution. This is widely used method as coating in the electronics industry due to their good properties and low cost, so it might be new ways to save costs in production and boost product performance. Since the coating material have different deposition mechanisms, it is needs to be investigated for the revelation of relevant application. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tin electroplating current density on the layers thickness formed on the specific area of steel surface in zinc chloride solution. The tin layer was plated on the steel using a fixed current voltage of 6000 mV and varied for current density 500, 1000 and 1500 mA.mm-2 and plating times 240, 360 and 480 sec. The result showed the electroplating current density influential electro deposition tin on steel plate substrate. It is related to the change of layer thickness formed on the surface of the substrate, where the larger the current density will increase the thickness of the layer formed. However, the longer plating time and increased volume of solutions is not directly proportional to the growth of the layer formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copper-tin alloy in the Heat Exchanger system plays an important role in maintaining physical properties due to direct contact with the working fluid. In addition to having a melting point of up to 10830C and a boiling point of up to 23100C, Tin alloy copper is also a group IB transition metal having properties that are resistant to corrosive. The heat exchanger here is a heat exchanger in an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plant where fluid use ammonia and seawater as the working medium. As a result of the long-term effect of a working fluid, ammonia and seawater can cause erosion of the copper-tin alloy (Cu-Sn) material. The focus of this research discussion is on the shell and tube model of heat exchanger material. The heat exchanger material used is a copper-tin alloy. To determine the mechanical characteristics of the heat exchanger material, the material was tested using a furnace test, microstructure test and hardness test. Heating room temperature in the furnace machine on 4 test samples set at 500°C, 600°C, 700°C and the ambient temperature is 25°C. The test samples were surface polished on a polisher machine using sandpaper 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500 and 2000. Furthermore, microstructural metallographic testing was carried out on 4 test samples with 200x, 500x and 800x magnifications with the test samples previously immersed in chemical Nitric Acid 69.0%-70.0% and alcohol. The Brinell hardness test with a load of 500 kg and a steel ball diameter of 5 mm was carried out on 4 test samples, A, B, C and D. In test sample A the ambient temperature were 25°C by pressing the steel ball 5 mm at three pressure points with a distance of 15 mm each, against a force load of 500 kg over a period of 15 seconds resulted in an average hardness value of 50.05 BHN. The B test sample with a temperature of 500°C produced an average hardness value of 56.37 BHN. The C test sample with a temperature of 600°C produced an average hardness value of 50.25 BHN. The results of the hardness test on the D test sample produced an average hardness value of 50.05 BHN. The higher the heat treatment is given to the object, the lower the hardness of the material. However, the alloying factor of the addition of tin can increase the hardness value in small amounts. At an ideal temperature of 500°C the hardness value can increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the tin found in nature is secondary or alluvial tin deposits, namely the mineral cassiterite (SnO2). In Indonesia itself, it is known as the Indonesian Tin Belt. Several parts of Indonesia include Bangka Belitung Province, namely Bangka and Belitung Islands, and Riau Islands Province, Singkep Island, and Bintan Island is the largest producer of tin deposits. Several impurity minerals are usually found in tin ores such as Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, CaO, Al2O3, etc. The closeness of the standard free energy values between iron and tin will cause the reduction of iron and tin to coincide. So that iron is the main impurity in the tin extraction process. The amount of iron accumulated in the smelting circuit causes a decrease in the purity level of Sn. For this reason, an analysis of the composition of the feed was carried out by adjusting the slag content of <15 wt Sn and the basicity as a fixed variable at 0.75. From the study results, the setting of <15 wt Sn had the Fe/Sn value of 4.0 with a tendency for the weight of iron in slag II to increase. These results are also supported by the results of plotting onto a ternary diagram which shows that the slag II formation process entirely occurs in the pseudowollastonite region at a temperature of 1300-1400°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mössbauer spectrometry was used to investigate several Fe-Sn-B-type metallic glasses. Fe78B15Sn7, Fe81B12Sn7 and Fe83B12Sn5 were prepared through the method of planar-flow casting. They were studied in the as-quenched state and also after annealing at 400 °C. The latter procedure has led to formation of nanocrystalline grains. The effect of slight alteration of boron and tin content on the resulting microstructure was investigated. In addition, 25 at. % of iron was replaced by cobalt thus producing another type of metallic glass. The results show advantageous soft-magnetic properties which have wide practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical response of Sn doped BST ceramics having composition Ba0.5Sr0.5Ti1-xSnxO3(x = 0.07) synthesized by solid state reaction route are studied in this piece of work. The structural part analysis is done using XRD technique and scanning electron microscopy and is confirmed to be of cubic structure. Electrical characterization through impedance, modulus spectroscopy is made over a frequency range of 1kHz to 1 MHz at various temperatures (RT – 400 °C). Temperature dependent broadened loss peaks observed beyond 250°C indicated thermally activated conductivity relaxation process in the material. The activation energy is estimated by fitting temperature dependent relaxation time with Arrhenius equation and the type of charge carriers involved in the relaxation process are suggested. Frequency dependent ac conductivity plots at various temperatures obey Johnscher's law. Variation of exponent in Johnsher's power law with temperature well agrees with correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model for ac conduction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REE) is one of the materials that can be applied in advance technology including battery, but the price that rose sharply in 2011 puts the risk of supplying it in the supply chain of this material, so currently, other materials based on Li and Ni elements are the main choice. New materials using LTJ provide significant technological developments in materials science. The development of this material is widely applied in industry to improve product quality. Unconventional mineral resources are one of the resources obtained from the co or by-product mineral processing such as in tin mining, which is the residue from the processing produces tin-bearing minerals (MIT), one co- product is monazite and by-product is tin slag (slag). Both contain quite high rare earth elements depending on the level of beneficiation and processing. Bangka's monazite and tin slag concentrate contain a total of about 60% and 7% of rare- earth elements (TREO), respectively about 1,000 ppm and 500 ppm uranium and 6% and 5,000 ppm thorium. The availability of rare earth resources in Indonesia has not been widely publicized due to their availability as co-product commodity in tin mining. The research purpose is to estimate early resources to support the processing and utilization of rare earth elements-based industries. The research method is carried out through inventory, sampling, and testing of tin slag samples from 25 smelters. The samples were analysed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method to measure REE and their concentration. The monazite production as co-product of tin mining from 2012 to present is 16,448 tons while slag 1 and slag 2 as by products are 456,464 tons and 186,906 tons. Based on the XRF analysis on the samples, total REE in monazite, slag 1, and slag 2 are 56.79%, 11.8%, and 8.68% respectively. The REE resources from monazite and tin slags are 9,341 tons and 70,314 tons respectively. Total resources are 79,655 tons REE as unconventional resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicene has been studied extensively in recent years due to its compatibility with silicon semiconductors. Silicene nanoribbons are one-dimensional structures made of silicene with edges modified by chemical elements, in this study the edges are modified by hydrogen. There are two configurations studied here, the top configuration and the valley configuration, the element doped here is tin. The system is placed in an external electric field of magnitude 0.4V/Angstrom, the presence of an electric field also changes the structural properties of the system. The densities of states and energy band structures of the configurations will be plotted, discussed, and studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of dezincification is responsible for brass's low corrosion resistance in certain situations. A trace amount addition of arsenic to α--brasses prevent dezincification, whereas heat treatment to convert more susceptible (α +ß) brasses to single-phase α -brasses is occasionally used to solve the problem. The disadvantages of these procedures include the fact that arsenic is only effective on α -phase brasses and the ineffective cost of the heat treatment. Tin and Germanium were tested as corrosion inhibitors for less expensive hot-stampable (α +ß) brasses in this study. The goal of the research was to figure out what the ideal amounts of these elements are, as well as to figure out how the inhibition works. While tin alone was shown to be an effective corrosion inhibitor, it was discovered that when germanium was added, the inhibition was even better. This is due to an increase in toughness and ductility, as well as improved adhesion and oxide plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin–zinc oxide nanocomposites (SZO) with different Sn ratios (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) were deposited on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique from chlorides aqueous solution. The phases existence for the prepared thin films were examined at deposition temperature of 500 °C. The fabricated nano composites showed polycrystalline structure of mixed phases. The phase existence depends according to the molar ratio of the started solution. The sample prepared at low Sn ratio appeared as hexagonal structure of ZnO phase indicate on that Sn atoms soluble within the ZnO lattice. Increase the Sn atoms content to a moderate ratio cause to appearance of additional ternary phase of Zn2SnO4. Increasing Sn to high ratio leads to appear of the SnO2 phase. So, the appearance of any definite phase of the Zn-Sn-O ternary composite depend on the atomic ratio of Zn: Sn. The FESEM images for the SZO samples show high porosity structure compose from spherical shape nanoparticles uniform size of one modal. Increasing the Sn molar ratio cause to execute to appearance of particles of two modals indicate the mixed phases. The current results suggest that our synthesized SZO Nano composite an effective layer of homogeneous distribution and high porosity, of phases depend on the started ratio which can used in different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this note we extend the operator plus circle compo from S3 to Sn and we would like to introduce S-groups from symmetric groups and (Sn, o, + o)-rings (S-rings) using S-groups and we define S*-ideals. Also we study Some properties of S*-ideals and S-groups, (Sn,o, + o)-rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this note we extend the operator plus circle compo from S3 to Sn and we would like to introduce S-groups from symmetric groups and (Sn, o, + o)-rings (S-rings) using S-groups and we define S*-ideals. Also we study Some properties of S*-ideals and S-groups, (Sn,o, + o)-rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of sodium silicate with 3-(chloropropyl)triethoxysilane (CPTES) and tin chloride (SnCl2) was carried out at room temperature and pressure. The template (CPTES) was removed by calcinations at 500 οC and give solid tin onto silica (labeled as RHASn). The tetragonal structure of SnO2 confirms by XRD patterns onto the silica surface. A reduced carbon percentage with the presence of Sn onto silica after calcinations was deducted by elemental analysis. FT-IR recorded a vibration of Si-O-Sn; while UV-VIS-DR spectrum reflects that the Sn species in tetrahedral environments or hexacoordinated polymeric Sn-O-Sn type species could be formed. RHASn had 87.34 m2 gm−1 as a specific surface area and the pore size ranged between 2-5 nm falls in the microporous range. The RHASn prepared was applied as an adsorbent to remove the brilliant blue (BB) and methylene blue (MB) dyes from aqueous solutions. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used for investigating the significant variables that have a direct relationship with the BB and MB dyes removal i.e. RHASn dose, initial pH, temperature, and time. The obtained results showed a high removal percentage for BB and MB dyes, reached up 97.2 % and 98.1 %, respectively. This work indicates that the ability of RHASn to be an effective adsorbent in treating wastewater containing organic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of calcination parameters for zirconia production from tin mining tailings. Research on optimization of calcination parameters for the manufacture of zirconia from tin mining tailings has been carried out. The research begins with the manufacture of bait, namely beneficiation, leaching and deposition using ammonia. Parameters observed in this study included feed powder size of 40, 90, 160, 220, and 240 µm, temperature range from 200 to 1000 °C by increments of every 100 °C, and calcination time range from 10 to 100 min by increments of every 10 min. The experimental results showed that in general the smaller particle size results in a product with a higher Zr content, where the particle size of 40 µm generated 93% Zr content in ZrO2. The temperature increasing from 200 to 800 °C led to a significant Zr content rising from 40% up to 89%. The Zr content still increase by the rising of temperature until 1000 °C, but the increasing was not significant, that was up to 91.30%. The calcination time showed that the Zr content increased by the increasing of time extensively from 60% in 10 min to 93% in 60 min. By rising of temperature up to 100 °C, the Zr content was still increasing but was not too pointed, reached 93.60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and scalable green synthesis method is used to prepare zinc sulfide and tin doped zinc sulfide nanostructures using Moringa oleifera leaf extract a reducing and capping agent. The crystal structure, surface morphology, phase purity, optical and electrical properties, and corrosion properties of prepared nanostructures were analyzed by using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV–Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Nanostructured coatings provide prominent prospects for miscellaneous applications because of their supercilious characteristics that are not typically perceived in conventional coatings. This research work focused on emerging properties such as stability improved coating that employs ZnS and ZnS: Sn because the proxy to achieve corrosion-resistant properties. These studies discuss its corrosion exploits of ZnS in 1M HCl media. In the ZnS and ZnS: Sn coating, mild carbon steel was used as the substrate. The acquired results showed that the ZnS and ZnS: Sn nanostructures fabricated via the usage of Moringa oleifera extract acts as a great anticorrosive proxy for the corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a simple and green synthesis employed solid state reaction method was used to prepare the Perovskite-type pure and tin doped barium strontium titanate (BaSrSnTiO3) nanoparticles with Moringa oleifera leaf extract as capping agent. BST and BSST nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM with EDAX, FTIR, UV, PSA and EIS techniques. The structural, morphological, optical and electrical behaviours of BST and BSST nanoparticles are elaborately discussed. The development of a single-phasic cubic perovskite structure with no impurity phases BST and BSST nanoparticles is revealed by XRD study. The formation of perovskite structure was demonstrated by an observable band in lower frequency ranges in an FTIR analysis. The crystallite size was determined using Debye Scherrer analysis. The findings show that the green synthesis of BST has strong crystalline, optical, and electrical properties, and that these properties can be tailored using tin doping with BST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to determine the chemical composition, microstructure, and hardness of a new alloy of zircalloy (Zr-Nb-Mo-Y-Sn) for the cladding of nuclear fuel elements. To find out the effect of element Sn on the alloy, the various concentration of Sn was used (Zr-1% Nb -0.7% Mo-2% Y-X% Sn.). The alloy was made by using a single electric arc furnace with a high purity argon gas atmosphere. The melted metal alloys were characterized by optical microscopy, XRD, and Hardness. Optical microscopes were used to examine the microstructure that occurs in the Zr-Nb-Mo-Y-Sn alloy. Based on optical microscope characterization, it was seen that the alloys contained basket weave microstructure. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the main phase of the alloy is α. Based on the microhardness test, it shows that the higher the Sn concentration will increase the hardness value of the alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industry of natural resources processing will produce radioactive tailings. The mobilized and accumulated tailings at the end of the industrial process are called TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material). The research objective was to observe the radioactivity of TENORM in the tin mining area of Bangka Island and the impact of radioactivity on the health of the surrounding community. Specific activity of U-238, U-235, Th-232, Ra-226 and K-40 in tailings and mineral samples taken at 20 sampling points on the island of Bangka using gamma spectrometry. Quantitative analysis was obtained from the activity in the tailings and identified minerals for U-238 ranged from 5.408 to 5411.269 Bq/kg, Th-238 ranged from 2.911 to 7543.455 Bq/kg, Ra-266 ranged from 2.473 to 4231.059 Bq/kg, U-235 ranged from 0.024 to 44.705 Bq/kg and K-40 radionuclides ranged from 2.788 to 217.430 Bq/kg. The ratio of the activity concentration between U-235 to U-238 has a value of 0.00423 to 0.00927 with a mean ranged from 0.00754. The isotope composition of U-235/U-238 indicates the Uranium content of the mineral can be used to evaluate the presence of Uranium sources. According to ELCR and AGDE values for long-term evaluation, it is known that workers who live or work in mining areas have a higher chance of getting cancer than local residents in other locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binuclear tin(IV) complex with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic ligand has been synthesized using reflux method. The colorless crystals with cubic shape were obtained. Elemental analysis of Tin(IV) Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylate Complexes clearly indicates that the contents of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in the complex were 31,74%, 3.08%, 4.23% by weight. The measurement of tin levels in the complexes by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) shows the results of 34.80% by weight. The IR spectrum showed absorption peaks of Sn-N and Sn=O at 432.05 and 732.95 cm−1 respectively, confirming the formation of complex. Toxicity of the complex was determined by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, and the LC50 value of the complex was 23.81 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of photovoltaics and optoelectronics, perovskites have drawn significant interest due to their high-power conversion efficiency of 22%. This drives the researchers to search for new lead-free stable materials that can show good performance to use in optoelectronic devices specially in the photovoltaic field. In the present work, we focused to find out the electronic and optical properties of two tin based vacancy ordered double perovskites, K2SnBr6 and Rb2SnBr6. The primary purpose of this work is to provide fundamental understanding on the physical properties of the considered two compounds by calculating its electronic structure and optical characteristics accurately. The calculations are performed by using the Vienna ab-initio simulation package (VASP) based on the density functional theory. We used hybrid functional (Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof) method to account for exchange and correlation effects which provides accurate band gap values. From the electronic property calculation, it can be seen that the compounds have direct band gap nature with optimal band gap energy suitable for photovoltaic applications. For understanding the electronic states and nature of chemical bonding, we calculated the total and partial density of states. In order to obtain a better insight on these material for photovoltaic applications, we simulated excited state spectra and plotted the optical functions such as the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, conductivity and reflectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co2Ti1-xSn1+x (x = 0.25, 0.5) Heusler alloys have been prepared by arc melting technique and studied their magnetic, magnetocaloric and electrical resistivity properties. Magnetic studies show that x= 0.25,0.5 alloys order ferromagnetically around transition temperature Tc = 373.4 K, 375.8 K, respectively. Isothermal magnetization studies reveal the soft ferromagnetic nature and existence of ferromagnetic correlations above the transition temperatures of both alloys. Investigation of magnetocaloric properties results in the isothermal entropy change of 2.23 J/kg K and 1.58 J/kg K in an applied magnetic flux density change of ΔB = 5 T for x = 0.25, 0.5 alloys, respectively. Second order nature of the magnetic transition and easy tunability of magnetic properties with stoichiometry of Ti – Sn are favorable for magnetocaloric applications. Electrical resistivity studies reveal the metallic nature of both alloys and show negative magnetoresistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the preparation and characterization of amorphous tin oxide thin films by sol-gel spin coating technique. The structural properties were analyzed by using XRD, FESEM and EDAX measurements. XRD analysis reveals that the as prepared tin oxide thin films were amorphous in nature. No crystalline peaks corresponding to the tetragonal rutile structure of tin oxide were present in it. FESEM analysis reveals that the particles were uniformly distributed in the tin oxide thin films. EDAX analysis shows that the as prepared tin oxide thin films contain tin and oxygen. Optical study was done by using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Photoluminescence spectroscopy. Transmittance spectra show that as prepared tin oxide thin film has highly transparent up to 85%. The optical band gap was calculated using Tauc plot and the value of optical band gap was obtained as 3.64eV. PL study shows an intense and broad blue asymmetric emission band centered at 389nm. Electrical study was done by using Keithley's four probe techniques. The resistivity was obtained as 1.21 × 10−3Ωm. The Figure of Merit value was calculated using Haacke formula and the obtained value was 2.2139x105Ω-1. Thus good quality amorphous tin oxide thin films were successfully prepared by sol-gel spin coating technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of photovoltaics and optoelectronics, perovskites have drawn significant interest due to their high-power conversion efficiency of 22%. This drives the researchers to search for new lead-free stable materials that can show good performance to use in optoelectronic devices specially in the photovoltaic field. In the present work, we focused to find out the electronic and optical properties of two tin based vacancy ordered double perovskites, K2SnBr6 and Rb2SnBr6. The primary purpose of this work is to provide fundamental understanding on the physical properties of the considered two compounds by calculating its electronic structure and optical characteristics accurately. The calculations are performed by using the Vienna ab-initio simulation package (VASP) based on the density functional theory. We used hybrid functional (Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof) method to account for exchange and correlation effects which provides accurate band gap values. From the electronic property calculation, it can be seen that the compounds have direct band gap nature with optimal band gap energy suitable for photovoltaic applications. For understanding the electronic states and nature of chemical bonding, we calculated the total and partial density of states. In order to obtain a better insight on these material for photovoltaic applications, we simulated excited state spectra and plotted the optical functions such as the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, conductivity and reflectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature detection has been demonstrated using concentric fiber bundles and tin metal as a sensor probe. The detection mechanism utilizes the expansion of tin metal due to temperature changes to shift the reflector. The reflected light from the reflector entering the probe bundle changes its intensity when the reflector shifts. Thus the change in temperature is observed from the change in the intensity of the light entering the fiber bundle which is read from the optical detector output voltage. The sensor is able to detect temperatures ranging from 90°C-120°C with a resolution of 0.012°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of magnesium nitrate used as chemical modifier on the temperature of pyrolysis for Al, Ag, Cr, Cu, Sn determination was estimated by theoretical calculations and experiments. Theoretical results were confirmed by the experimental data. The mechanism of the modifier action was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using first-principles total-energy calculations, lattice relaxation have been determined for Al (001), Sn (001) and Sn (010) surfaces, as well as of the adsorbed system Sn/Al (001). Results for clean surfaces as well as for Al (001) surface covered by submonolayer of Sn will be presented and compared with available experimental information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a facile design of the fabrication, Metal-Insulator-Metal nanocapacitor have been achieved over large scale of Anodic Aluminum Oxide template (AAO). Nonetheless, it is still a great challenge to realize a device using ordered nanostructure arrays over a large scale area (>cm2) by a technique that contains high throughput, low instrument costs and large pattern area. Unique strategy and cost effective technique to achieve an electronic nanodevice has attract much intention through past decade, AAO templates have the opportunity to play a magnificent role in this manner. The key-point in this manner was the barrier layer thickness of AAO template. With optimizes conditions, high-performance metal–insulator–metal nanocapacitors using atomic layer-deposited TiN/Al2O3 core-shell nanostructure are fabricated and characterized for mixed-signal applications, in which the core is Al2O3 and the shell is TiN nanotube (TiN@Al2O3). Nanocapacitor can reach to a high capacitance density, small linear voltage coefficient, and low leakage current of capacitance. Moreover, dependences of leakage current on constant voltage is extensively investigated, in addition, effects of frequency and thickness on capacitance (C) are also revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full multiphase description of the behavior of tin is proposed. It is based on a multiphase equation of state that feeds multiphase strength and damage modellings. A good agreement with a series of plate impact experiments is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effect of hot isostatic pressure post-treatment on tin powder particle under elevated temperature in order to obtain the spherical particle shape. The tin powder particle obtained from the gas atomization as used as a precursor. The powder was placed in the liquid olive oil within the Teflon-lined autoclave, which was then subjected to the hot isostatic pressure post-treatment at five type temperature for specified time. The as-treated powder was rinsed, dried, and observed morphologically using high resolution digital microscope. It is found that the ratio of spherical particle shape is increased by 2.4 - 3 times, relative to the untreated powder particle, which can be achieved after 210 minutes post-treatment at temperature of 90% of its melting point. The density of the post-treated powder is increased by 1.05 - 1.15 times, and the porosity is increased by 5.7 – 8.0 times. These results offer another possible method to obtain spherical and enhance density metal powder particle for specific purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]