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This paper analyzes the physicochemical processes of sulfur removal in the sintering of iron ore mineral raw materials, to build a technologically efficient model of processing. Thermodynamic aspects of sulfate formation are considered, considering the peculiarities of desulfurization of pelletized ore materials in the presence of alkaline-earth metal compounds in the sinter charge, when sulfur dioxide is partially captured by them. The study investigated the factors that contribute to decarbonization and lead to the more complete removal of sulfide sulfur from capped iron ore materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to improve production planning by utilizing forecasting techniques to estimate future demand for a company's products, specifically shrimp crackers. The company often experiences excess or shortage of raw material stock, which can cause disruptions to transportation and product damage if not managed properly. To address this issue, an artificial neural network method was used to forecast sales for 12 consecutive periods from January to December based on sales data from January 2018 to December 2021. The results showed a root mean square error of 0.120, indicating accurate sales predictions. The implication of this study is that accurate sales forecasting can help companies optimize raw material usage and improve production efficiency, ultimately reducing waste and costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of the raw material shape considering shredded film (which often occurs in recycling), cylindrical and spheroidal shaped polypropylene pellets on the extrusion process is investigated. It is shown that the mass flow rate and the pressure buildup behavior of a lab-scale single screw extruder with a diameter of 20 mm is strongly influenced by the shape of the raw material. Detailed analysis revealed that the differences are mainly affected by the solids conveying zone. The behavior in this zone is altered by the external coefficient of friction and by the bulk density in the screw channel. A previously developed tribometer is used to study the external coefficient of friction at pressures temperatures and velocities which are comparable to the extrusion process. The model experiments show clear differences in the frictional behavior of the different raw material geometries. The extrusion experiments reveal that, compared to rather spheroidal virgin material, a specific cylindrical geometry can lead to clearly increased throughput and pressure buildup, while shredded film leads to comparatively low throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PT. Mulia Glass is a company that produces glass sheets. The raw materials procurement process which is conducted by previous purchasing division is only emphasized price and other subjective criteria. This research aims to design a Decision Support system (DSS) selection of raw material suppliers using the Fuzzy-AHP and TOPSIS methods. The design of a decision support system begins with the initiation and analysis system. System databases consist of the user database, suppliers, raw materials, criteria, comparison of criteria, master TFN, criteria weights and alternative values. Model Base consists of a Fuzzy-AHP model to determine the value of the criterion weights and TOPSIS model is used for supplier alternative alignment. The DSS implementation is designed using the PHP and MySQL programming languages. Criteria for the selection of raw material suppliers such as price, quality, time of payment, customer care, and service. Result of Fuzzy-AHP TOPSIS consists of rank with the first place is PT.C with evaluation value 0.578, second and place PT.A with a value of 0.414. The validation result of a manual calculation and DSS shows the same result, it is concluded that the raw material supplier selection DSS is valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, biofuels have become a popular way to use renewable biomass energy due to its benefits against environmental pollution as they act as biodegradable, non-toxic and carbon neutral fuel. The biodiesel is produced from triglycerides in the presence of alcohol with catalyst through transesterification reaction. The biodiesel acts as promising alternative for fossil fuel especially when nonedible feedstocks are exploited in the production process. The waste cooking oil (WCO) is considered as cost-effective biodiesel feedstock comparing to pure vegetable oil. In the present work, biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide done at college campus thereby solving the problem of waste oil disposal. The detailed spectral and quality analysis of the synthesized component has been extensively studied by UV, FT-IR and GC-MS characterization techniques to explore its biodiesel potential and purity. The objective of this study was to reduce the raw material cost and achieve a green synthesis in real sense. It paves the way for further investigation and improvement on this diesel production and commercial enhancement in the future. Our current findings focus primarily on mass fuel production process by using waste cooking oil from various sources, thereby making it a competitive alternative to commercial biodiesel production and ensure sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chains in today's global era generally have complex entities consisting of multi-echelon, dynamic, long chains, and geographically separated entities. Globalization in SC become increasingly complex when dealing with diverse regulatory policies because SC entities are located in different countries, accompanied by varying cultural behavior and human consumption. Complexity in SC networks often results in inefficient transactions leading to increased risk and distrust. These conditions lead to a need to share information that is more transparent, traceable, and verified. The use of blockchain technology as a tangible form of digital technology advancement can be utilized to effectively store traces of information and simplify the entire process of business transactions. This technology appropriate for processing wood distributor companies that have many suppliers and customers, both retailers and individuals who often demand clarity on the origin of woods being sold. Blockchain technology has public access system, can be applied to transparently track the information of wood in realtime between the parties concerned. With blockchain technology, companies can carry out transactions with shorter processing times and access information in a faster time because they're integrated with each other. This paper aims to propose a conceptual framework that defines the capabilities of blockchain technology that allows collaboration between various parties concerned such as aligning all consumer demand with supply of goods from suppliers in real-time in order to improve supply chain management performance of companies engaged in the commercial wood raw material industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this model, we develop an optimal raw material replenishment policy in each production level is considered. And also analysis the raw material is transferred to supply chain continuous release pattern is considered. Our objective is to find the optimal raw material level in each replenishment system and minimizing the total expected cost. The sensitivity of optimal supply chain policies with respect to the optimum price break-up is demonstrated through numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roasting time and temperature affect the peroxide value of cocoa butter and the color and organoleptic properties of the cocoa powder. Cocoa beans roasted using puffing gun technology provide better nutrition and functional properties than conventional roasting methods. Although the yield of fat produced does not significantly differ from traditional roasting, the physicochemical characteristics of cocoa bean fat roasted using a puffing gun are not yet known. This study aimed to obtain the physicochemical characteristics of cocoa butter by analyzing the effect of pretreatment of raw materials (spontaneous fermentation, non-fermentation, and yeast-based fermentation of cocoa bean) and variations in puffing gun pressure (3, 4, and 5 kgf/cm2) to obtain an optimal cocoa bean processing in producing good quality of cocoa butter. The results showed that puffing pressure had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on water content, fat content, and saponification number. The higher the puffing pressure, the fat content, and the saponification rate will increase, while the water content will decrease. The type of raw material had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the refractive index, fat content, and rancidity. The highest refractive index value was found in non-fermented cocoa butter, while the lowest was in spontaneously fermented cocoa butter. The highest fat content was found in spontaneously fermented fat, and the lowest value was in yeast-fermented fat. The longest storage time was found in yeast-fermented fat, while the fastest was in non-fermented fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), the raw material for biodiesel mixture, is an essential commodity to meet energy demand in Indonesia. However, transportation cost plays a role in calculating the FAME subsidy, so the problem of FAME distribution must be addressed immediately. This research presents how transportation cost and CO2 emission at sea can be reduced through well-planned sea transportation. This is done by optimizing the transportation cost and using the proper fleet size. The North West Corner (NWC), Least Cost Method (LCM), and Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) are used to find the optimal distribution routes and allocations with minimum transportation cost. The results show that the VAM method was the most efficient of all methods, indicated by the FAME transportation cost savings of IDR 1,102 Trillion or 31,1% per year. The new transportation model not only saves transportation costs but is also proven to reduce trip frequency and shorten shipping distances by Simulations 1, 2, and 3. This research takes three simulations by ship size, so the ship usage becomes more targeted, avoids empty load runs, saves fuel consumption, and, in the end, can minimize CO2 emissions at sea. The simulations of FAME transportation use shipload capacities of 5.000, 7.500, 10.000, 12.500, and 15.000 kiloliters. Finally, the new sea transportation model with Simulation 3 gives the best results where CO2 emissions reduction by 6,66×106 tonnes or 32,3% per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inaccuracies in choosing suppliers can interfere with company operations, therefore in supplier selection it has been known as a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem so that this study uses a method to solve MCDM problems, namely Step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA), and Combined Compromise Solution (COCOSO). The purpose of this research is to get the right raw material supplier based on the results that dominate the MCDM method. The criteria in the selection of suppliers used in this study there are 7 main criteria with 18 sub-criteria, where the highest weight is found in the quality of non-brittle wood with a value of 0.320 and the lowest weight is found at the time of payment with a weight value of 0.00033 based on an assessment using the SWARA method. There are 5 alternative suppliers assessed using the COCOSO method which resulted in Praptiono Novera being ranked first with a ki value of 27,269. Followed by Aris Prianto in second place with a value of 26,349, in third place there is Afif Saifudin with a ki value of 21.89, in fourth place there is Lina Kristiana with a ki value of 10.168, in fifth place is Ari Purnawan with a ki value of 2.281. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research considers an ideal raw material inventory model with demand that is stock dependant. In general, retailers buy more items when raw materials are in season or when manufacturers provide bulk-order discounts. The demand rate is stock dependent, thus the price break up developed model is taken into account. Our goal is to achieve the best raw material order level, replenishment cycle time, and overall inventory cost. The model illustrates the outcomes with a numerical example for the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Java has mining materials from volcanic activities including andesite and basalt. This mining materialis used conventionally as a building (construction) material which is still in the form of 'raw materials' or 'semi-finished' so that its use is only carried out simply and the selling value is low. To increase its selling value, basalt rock can be used as a composite construction material in the form of fibers, including composites with the strengthening of basalt fibers (Fiber Basalt Reinforced Composite). This study aims to see the characteristics of basalt rocks that can be made fibers in 3 locations in the Bandung area (Gunung Bohong, Cipatik and Batu Templek) including the characteristics of chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties and mineral composition. The research methodology was carried out by a comparative method by looking at the characteristics of other basalt rocks that can already be used as basalt fibers, namely chemical composition (Al2O3 and SiO2) with the XRF method, testing physical (density) and mechanical properties (tensile strength and Elastic Modulus) and mineral composition with petrography analysis methods by looking at the plagioclase mineral. Based on chemical analysis, of the three samples studied, they were included in the criteria for basalt rocks that can be used for the manufacture of basalt fibers, but in these samples there were chemical compounds that were not included in the criteria, namely the Fe2O3 + FeO and MgO compounds. Then the characteristics of physical properties that are included in the criteria for making basalt fibers are in the Cipatik and Batu Templek samples. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties that are included in the criteria are in the Gunung Bohong and Cipatik samples. Furthermore, for petrography testing, it was concluded that the mineral composition in the three samples studied contained plagioclase minerals by 100%. Thus it can be indicated that the type of rock is basalt rock – andesite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, using the capabilities of circular two-needle jacquard knitting machines, the production technology of patterned knitted fabric from local raw material, i.e., spun cotton thread, was developed and its physical and mechanical parameters were studied. 5 samples of patterned knitted fabric were taken, their technological parameters and physical-mechanical properties were studied experimentally, presented in a table and analyzed. MAYER & Cie. OVJA 1.6 ER type (Germany) two-round needle jacquard knitting production machine, experimental samples of knitted fabrics were developed and graphic recording was given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PT Tridi Oasis Group is a local recycling company in Indonesia. The main product of Tridi Oasis is plastic flakes that are chopped from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle waste. Plastic sources as raw materials were received from suppliers in public disposal sites or collector stalls. However, not all suppliers have a good performance, which disrupts the production process and their reverse supply chain. Thus, supplier performance will be measured using the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) framework model through a series of questionnaires. The results were then processed and calculated using the Expert Choice software with the Analytical Hierarchy Problem (AHP) method. After the performance appraisal indicators or KPIs were validated, efficient value calculations were conducted using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. From the experiments, it was found that the ranks 1, 2, 3, and 4 were obtained by Supplier A, Supplier C, Supplier E, and Supplier B respectively with efficiency values of 1.00, 0.83, 0.57, and 0.38. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Badau Belitung kaolin was used as a raw material for the synthesis of zeolites for petroleum treating catalysts support to modify the structure of heavy hydrocarbon compounds into middle distillates. In the work, kaolin was converted into metakaolin before being synthesized to zeolite in order to increase its reactivity. Kaolin from Badau Belitung was firstly activated using NH4NO3 2 M solution, agitated for 24 hours with 700 rpm at temperature of 55 °C, neutralized and dried at temperature of 110 °C, sieved at 100 mesh. The samples were heated at three different temperatures of 300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C for two different calcination time of 3 and 5 hours. Further, the physical properties were studied. The samples were characterized using Braun Emmet Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD). The results showed an increase in pore diameter as the temperature and duration of calcination increase. The optimum pore diameter of 3.41 nm was obtained at calcination temperatures of 700 °C, as also supported by the results of FTIR and XRD that showed kaolin dehydroxylation, phase and structural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of raw materials for gelatin from the skin and bones will impact the quality of the gelatin produced. Skin and bones from abattoirs should be cleaned immediately of hair, meat residue, and fat. Skin and bone cleaning can be done manually but requires more time, effort, and cost. This can be done by acid or alkaline treatment while controlling the temperature between 4-5 ⁰C. This initial treatment can also break the fibrous protein bonds and peptide bonds in the skin before the thermal process carries out the hydrolysis process. Temperature control during pretreatment with low temperatures aims to reduce biological processes that can still occur, such as spoilage by microorganisms and ensure the quality of the protein that will be released during hydrolysis is not broken down into quaternary protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulose in plant residues from land and aquatic environments is a very abundant source of organic matter especially from the agricultural sector for bioethanol raw materials. Cellulose fraction in fibers is very important to know and now there is no rapid analysis approach to estimating the amount of glucose for feasibility of bioethanol raw materials (BRM) from environmental resources. How to obtain cellulose content valuation that is easily applied and fast to all type of plants. The aim of research is to compile a fast way of cellulose analysis from resources of all environmental sectors. Research uses descriptive to analysis method implementation and the experimental method with design of one shot-study by measuring the quantity of glucose. The independent variables were hydrolyzed agent; hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid, Varies concentration of sulphuric acid; 0.5 M and 72%, a long time of soaking; 1, 2, 3, 4 hours in sulphuric acid 72%, initial hydrolysis by concentration of sulphuric acid; 0.5 M and 72%. The glucose yield was determined by physical method. The modification Weende-Chesson method without carrying out the ash fraction and was continued with the Datta method. Dry material containing minerals is hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid 0.5M at 100°C in reflux, then two hours soaking stage of sulfuric acid 72%, and dilution to 0.5M concentration. Technical modification provided glucose (246.889 ± 4.345) mole/Kg from residual content in Ananas cosmosus var. Gandusari leaf and is higher than var. Cayene. Proposing method of cellulose valuation from plants is technical modification of the method for opening lignin and hydrolyzing hemicellulose and cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world market for natural cosmetic products reached $34.5 million in 2018 and $54.5 million in 2027. Due to increasing consumer awareness of natural cosmetic products, this research makes soap formulations made from Illipe oil with ingredients of organic ginger extract. With the addition of ginger extract, it can be an antibacterial alternative to solid soap. This study aims to determine the optimal composition of Illipe oil and active herbal ingredients and have the appropriate specifications to make formulations made from Illipe oil with quality, moisture effect, and skin health with better antibacterial activity. The observed characteristics were pH, foam antibacterial, moisture, hardness, and the test against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results of the transparency test showed that the soap with formula 2 had optimal conditions, i.e., a pH of 9.75, a foam inhibitor of 86%, hardness of 9.5 mm, and humidity of 76.9 AU. The ability to test bacteria against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is 15 mm and 12 mm with a soap sample concentration of 500 mg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt is one of the materials suitable for use in thermal energy storage applications, so it is necessary to calculate the value of the thermal conductivity of the material. So far, the calculations that have been carried out are considered inefficient when using measuring instruments that already exist in the laboratory, for a more practical need, a portable Arduino-based thermal conductivity device was designed with temperature monitoring using a type k thermocouple sensor. This study aims to determine the ability of the designed tool in measuring the thermal conductivity of a material along with temperature monitoring using Arduino, and then getting the thermal conductivity value of the salt sample. This test equipment was equipped with DC-DC step down and multiturn potentiometer to adjust the power on the heater. An Arduino Uno microcontroller was used to read input from the sensors, process and then generate measurement values that were displayed on the computer using PLX-DAQ software. Calibration of the temperature measuring device was carried out by comparing the temperature measurement results of the k-type thermocouple sensor with the MASTECH MS6514 thermometer using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) method and the results of the first k-type thermocouple sensor value RMSE 1.23, the second sensor 1.56, the third sensor 1.68, and the fourth sensor. 2.2. Furthermore, in testing the thermal conductivity of local Aceh salt, the results obtained were close to the reference value, where the reference value of salt was 5 W/m°C and the measurement results using the designed tool are 6.98 W/m°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the simulation data that has been tested in this experiment, it can be concluded that the data: Machine output data using conventional systems produces a mixing machine operating as much as 35% due to making new raw materials from the waiting process of the blow molding system, blow molding operates as much as 42.5% and experiences waiting process, and 15% racks which store raw materials that are not used in the process. While the integrated system produces a mixing machine operating output of 5% because there is no need to make a lot of new raw materials, and 47.5% blow molding works more maximum and produces results with low defects and 0% shelves because there are no unused raw materials, with an efficient ratio of 47.25% it can be concluded that using an integrated system can increase efficiency in a production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy sources is increasingly used in the current era. Rice husks are waste from rice milling that utilization can be optimally utilized as a raw material of energy sources in the form of briquettes made from raw rice husks. Efforts to use renewable energy resources are one of the efforts in supporting the energy mix program in 2025. The purpose of this research is the assessment of predictions of determining the amount of rice husk supplies for the process of making Briquettes. The method used is the adaptive approach Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System with Takagi-Sugeno Inference system and the membership function of three indicators processed with Mathlab software. The number of data indicators is 120 data with training data as much as 300 data. GUI is built based on input indicators so that the determination of the amount of rice husk inventory is more accurate. The approach with the adaptive ANFIS method is applied to the assessment of inventory determination of the amount of other bioenergy raw materials that are uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straw is one of the abundant lignocellulosic agricultural by-product in Indonesia. Rice straw has several characteristics that make it a potential raw material for bioenergy production such as ethanol. It contain high cellulose and hemicelluloses that can be hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars. This study aimed to hydrolyze rice straw cellulose and hemicellulose using xylanase, cellulose, and xylose isomerase enzymes. 2% H2SO4 was used in pretreatment before the rice straw hydrolyzed with consortium enzymes. Concentrations of rice straw substrate was made to 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/v) and also made 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 volume ratio between substrate and enzymes. The results showed that the highest rate of bioethanol obtained from 10% (w/v) rice straw substrate and enzyme activity in consortium was 0.279 U/mL (xylanase), 0.329 U/mL (cellulase), and 0.024 U/mL (xylose isomerase). The hydrolyzate was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae BJ1824 and produce 8.81x10−2 %(v/v) ethanol measured by Gas Chromatography (GC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophobic material intended for a biomedical application was treated from hydrophilic bacterial cellulose. The bacterial cellulose was dried by a hydraulic hot-pressed machine to prevent penetration of the respiratory droplet, then coated with hydrophobic materials to prevent droplet attachments. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and SiO2 nano colloid were used as a hydrophobic agent for the bacterial cellulose with water contact angles of 109,6° ± 3,3 and 115,2° ± 3,27 respectively. The water absorption time has been tested, bacterial cellulose with PDMS showed more than 60 minutes to hold droplet on its surface compared to bacterial cellulose with SiO2 nano colloid which only lasted up to 45 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]