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Embedded electromagnetic gauging for gas gun-driven shock experiments requires that the impactor material be both non-magnetic and non-conducting to not interfere with the externally applied magnetic field. This requirement limits the pressure range of these experiments, since most high impedance standards are metals. Single crystal c-axis sapphire is traditionally implemented as an impactor for high pressure embedded electromagnetic gauge experiments. However, the high sound speed of sapphire shortens the duration of a well-defined shock state, due to the rapid arrival of edge effects and release waves. To circumvent the inherent properties of sapphire, zirconium nitride was studied as a new high impedance material for use as an impactor. This material has a higher density, lower sound speed, and, therefore, similar impedance compared to single crystal sapphire. The equation of state for zirconium nitride was studied by gas gun-driven transmission experiments, which explored projectile velocities from 1.8-3.5 km/s, accessing pressures up to 96 GPa. Diagnostics for these experiments included Photonic Doppler Velocimetry along with Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is dedicated to the study of magnetoelastic issues in complex anisotropic plates and the analysis of the obtained results. During this research, presents the outcomes of solving the magnetoelastic problem encountered in thin anisotropic plates, computational experiments were conducted using a developed calculation algorithm, which was adapted for various elasticity conditions in the case of complex anisotropic plates. Magnetoelastic materials, known for their unique response to magnetic fields, exhibit shape alterations under such influences. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between complex forms, material properties, and magnetic fields, offering potential advancements in various fields reliant on magnetoelastic principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated by employing pure and (CoFe2O4) doped zinc oxide as a photoanodes. An external magnetic field of (7) mT were applied to all set of the systems to investigate its effect on the photocurrent and the efficiency of the solar cell. The study was carried out in four stages: without applying a magnetic field, applying an external magnetic field, applying local or internal magnetic field due the presence of (CoFe2O4) dopant, and combined internal and external fields. I have been discovered that the cell subjected to both an external and internal magnetic field is more efficient and more photocurrent than the cell not subjected to an external or internal magnetic field, and that the last two are more efficient than the cell not influenced by the magnetic field. The best results were obtained when the external magnetic field and the internal magnetic field were applied to a doped material with a ratio of (97%ZnO+3%CoFe2O4) as the efficiency (3.39%), current density (7mA/cm2), and voltage achieved (723.4mv). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the utilization of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), an algorithm within the domain of machine learning, to establish a forecasting framework for the damping efficacy of Magnetorheological Fluid (MRF) foam dampers. MRF foam stands as an intelligent material that allows for the modulation of its rheological characteristics through the influence of an external magnetic field. Predicting the damping performance is crucial for the development of effective MRF foam dampers for real-time applications. The proposed ANN-based model considers the damping force as the response of interest, which is influenced by the damper parameters such as foam density, viscosity of oil, and size of iron particles. Anticipated as a dependable instrument, the MATLAB simulation is poised to serve as a trustworthy resource for forecasting and approximating the damping force exerted by MRF foam dampers across a spectrum of pragmatic damper parameter configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the redefinition of the kelvin in 2019 and the new mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin (MeP-K) [1], the realization of the kelvin is no longer exclusively confined to the International Temperature Scales (ITS-90, PLTS-2000). Primary thermometry has become possible as an alternative method for the realization of the kelvin. For that purpose, different primary thermometers, specifically the primary magnetic field fluctuation thermometer (pMFFT), the Coulomb blockade thermometer (CBT) and the acoustic gas thermometer (AGT) have been optimized in the EMPIR project Real-K [2] for an extended operation range to cover, at least partly, the temperature range from 1 K to 25 K. The performance of the thermometers was checked by comparison with the ITS-90 at various arbitrary temperatures. Two reference points served as highly stable and well characterized references, the superfluid lambda transition in 4He (λ-point) at 2.1768 K and the Ne triple point at 24.5561 K. With pMFFT and CBT we also demonstrated a smooth overlap between the PLTS-2000 range below 1 K and the ITS-90 range above 1 K. All the investigated primary thermometers proved to be very practical alternatives to the established thermometric methods of the ITS-90 in the range below 25 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin Mössbauer spectrometry was employed to examine metallic glasses, specifically Fe81B12Sn7 and Fe83B12Sn5 fabricated using the planar-flow casting technique into an amorphous substance. The investigation encompassed the asquenched state and also samples in which 25 % of iron was replaced by cobalt. This study explores the impact of slight variations in tin and iron content on the resultant microstructure. Tin Mössbauer spectrometry is a method that is not used that often, especially on alloys already containing iron., However, it can tell us more about the commonality of tin magnetization and about the extension of the magnetization of boron in this alloy. The findings reveal an interesting interaction between Co and Sn that causes a much larger increase in hyperfine magnetic field at 119Sn resonant nuclei. Increasing the proportion of tin in comparison to iron in the alloy causes a reduction of the hyperfine magnetic fields at both Fe and Sn probe atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new experimental set-up is presented for studying single domain wall propagation in cylindrical amorphous Co72.5Si12.5B15 wire with helical anisotropy created by simultaneous application of tensile and torsion stresses. It is shown that conditions may be created for propagation of a single domain wall driven by electric current (circular magnetic field) in this type of sample. Even with constant electric current the wall velocity is not constant along the wire, probably due to the presence of inhomogeneities. The average wall velocity determined from the experiment is a linear function of the driving electric current, from which the domain wall mobility can be determined. Its magnitude is much higher than the mobility calculated for the model of a planar domain wall between circular domains. The axial component of magnetization is not equal to zero in wire with helical anisotropy. The balance between magnetostatic energy and domain wall energy can cause the domain wall to have non-zero axial length, and this may result in the increase in the domain wall mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental investigation of magneto-optical resonances on the potassium D2 line with λ=766.7 nm from the point of view of magnetometry applications is reported. The resonances are registered in a modified Hanle effect configuration based on counterpropagating pump and probe laser beams with orthogonal linear polarizations in a buffer gas cell with dimensions (diameter and length) of 8 mm. The amplitude, width, and contrast of the resonances registered in fluorescence and transmission are measured. The transformation of the bright magneto-optical resonances detected in fluorescence to dark ones by controlling the optical thickness of potassium vapor is analyzed. The influence of the laser intensity, buffer gas, and transverse magnetic field are considered. The experimental results show the system's potential for magnetic field sensing and self-calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used magnetorheological (MR) foam which consist of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) that were incorporated into a polyurethane foam. The polyurethane was fabricated using two different compositions of CIPs which were 35 and 55 wt.% to investigate the magnetostriction effect with different concentrations of magnetic particles. The magnetostriction of MR foams with influence of temperatures were investigated by using shear oscillatory rheometer that equipped with the temperature's controller applied at a specific temperature, with magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 0.7T. Based on previous research, MR foam has been found to expand in the presence and strength of magnetic fields. However, the magnetostriction of MR foams under different operating temperatures are not yet discovered since it causes changes in its behavior and performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the magnetostriction of MR foams at different operating temperatures between 25 to 50°C, with 5°C increment. The finding revealed that the mag-netostriction has slightly decreased at temperatures between 25 to 40°C. Nevertheless, at temperature between 40 to 50°C, the magnetostriction some-how increased for both MR foam samples. In fact, the magnetostriction for MR foam with 55 wt.% concentration of CIPs achieved higher compared to MR foam with 35 wt.% concentration of CIPs, by about 26.56% particularly at 25°C. Prior to the application of MR foam in sensors and actuators that would experience induced of heat during the operating system, it is crucial to understand the behaviors of MR foam as well as the magnetostriction under different operating temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silicon carbide (SiC) is introduced as a reinforcing additive of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) to be added in silicone rubber matrix and carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) as their filler. The CIPs were set at 70% by weight, and two types of MRE samples were produced based on with/out plasticized matrix. The hardness of the MRE samples was determined using a Durometer Shore A. The rheological test of MRE samples in terms of storage modulus was investigated using a rheometer during a magnetic field sweep. The results showed that the hardness of the MRE with SiC was reduced by 13% in plasticized MRE. Interestingly, plasticized MRE with SiC produced a 284% MR effect compared to a 69% MR effect in a non-plasticized matrix. As a result, the incorporation of SiC in plasticized MRE has been shown to resolve the aligning issues in anisotropic MRE that degrade the performance of MRE application devices and systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MR foam is a magnetically permeable solid material that composed of micron-sized magnetic particles known as carbonyl iron (CIPs) that are embedded in a porous absorbent matrix of foam. There are two types of methods to fabricate MR foams known as ex situ and in situ methods. In particular, the methods related to the location of CIPs in the structure of MR foams such that in situ MR foam contained of CIPs in the struts of foam. Meanwhile, ex situ MR foam contained of CIPs in the pores of foam rather than in the struts structure. Correspondingly, resultant magnetostriction of each type of MR foam would be different as magnetic responsiveness of MR foams towards the applied magnetic fields would be differ as well. Therefore, three MR foams were fabricated via three methods particularly, ex situ, in situ, and hybrid as a combination of ex situ and in situ methods. Then, the samples underwent the magnetostriction test at various magnetic fields from 0 to 0.8 T using a rheometer that equipped with electromagnetic device. The results show that the hybrid MR foam exhibited the highest magnetostriction, about 36.74%, followed by ex situ- and in situ MR foams. It is attributed to the CIPs that were located in the struts and pores of MR foam which result in a stronger magnetic force between the particles, and towards the applied magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strong electromagnetic field polarizes the vacuum and in the presence of an electric field creates pairs of a charged particle and its anti-particle. Magnetars, highly magnetized neutron stars with magnetic field comparable to or greater than the Schwinger field, give a significant amount of the vacuum polarization and vacuum birefringence and the induced electric field can create the electron-positron pairs, which are strong field quantum electrodynamics (QED) processes. In this paper, we use a closed formula for the one-loop effective action in the presence of a supercritical magnetic field and a subcritical electric field, find the vacuum birefringence analytically and numerically, and then discuss possible measurements in magnetars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the propagation of light in the generalized Born-Infeld-type nonlinear electrodynamics. The speed of light in a uniform electric or magnetic field is not constant and can be described by the effective index of refraction. When the background field is non-uniform, the path of light is bent by the gradient in the index of refraction. We compute the bending angles of light passing the electric field by a Coulomb charge and the magnetic field by a magnetic dipole using the trajectory equation based on Snell's law. In the limit where the classical Born-Infeld parameter is infinite the bending angles reduce to the bending angles from the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of Fe3O4 were synthesized employing a wet chemical procedure, succeeded by compacting into pellets. Diverse particle dimensions were achieved via vacuum sintering of pellets at 800°C, with durations of 4 hours and 24 hours respectively. The exploration encompassed a thorough analysis of the magnetic attributes through temperature, field, and time-dependent magnetization measurements. Measurements were executed within the magnetic fields up to 7.5 kOe. Structural aspects of polyhedral Fe3O4 particles were scrutinized via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns, with determination of crystallite size and. Furthermore, in-situ chemical analysis was facilitated through an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Magnetization assessments were undertaken, exploring the magnetic effect of the samples concerning temperature and field variables. Notably, both samples exhibited a ferrimagnetic state at 300K, evident from their M–H curves. This comprehensive study illuminates the magnetic attributes of nano-sized Fe3O4 particles, providing valuable insights into their versatile behavior across varying conditions and augmenting the comprehension of their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-form magnetic abrasive finishing (FFMAF) is an emerging finishing process that utilizes magnetic fields as cutting force and abrasive particles as a tool on free-form surfaces, resulting in efficient and precise finishing. This paper presents the development of the FFMAF setup and an experimental investigation of the effect of process parameters on the surface roughness in the FFMAF process for finishing bearing races. The process parameters that were varied during the experiments were the working gap, rotational speed, feed rate, % weight of abrasives, and MAP sizes of the workpiece. The results of the experiments showed that the surface roughness decreased with an increase in the magnetic field strength (i.e. decrease in the working gap), rotational speed, and percentage weight of abrasives, while it increased with an increase in the feed rate MAP size. The findings of the study can be used to optimize the FFMAF process parameters for finishing bearing races in various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel MIM waveguide structure, which is compact and comprises a Double Split Square Ring Resonator (DSSRR), was suggested and numerically analyzed by using the two-dimensional finite element method (FEM). Four sharp Lorentzian resonances can be produced by the structure, by examining transmission characteristics and magnetic field distributions, and it was found that the resonance wavelength and transmittance can be obtained by adjusting the split width. After optimizing the geometrical parameters, it is also shown that the proposed structure exhibits a slow light effect where the optical delay achieved is 0.112ps and the maximum value of the group index can reach a value close to 35. The design of SPPs light-guide devices, slow light devices, and optical communication areas may benefit from the proposed structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issues of improving the energy efficiency of mainline locomotives with asynchronous traction motors by determining the characteristics of the traction drive using a device for measuring the magnetic field of the resulting magnetic field of the stator winding. It is known that the resulting magnetic field of the machine is formed by the joint action of the stator winding and the rotor winding. In this case, the rotor winding, according to the law of electromagnetic induction, acts with its magnetic flux on the primary magnetic flux of the stator, which is a reaction of a short-circuited rotor. The study of the magnetic field of asynchronous traction motors makes it possible, based on the data obtained, to improve the energy efficiency of electric rolling stock with asynchronous motors during their design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of an experimenta measuring device resulting magnetic field of the stator winding of an asynchronous motor for general industrial use. The utility model relates to the field of electrical engineering and can be used in asynchronous motors for general industrial use. In the proposed device, a rectangular measuring frame with a diametrical pitch, with a length equal to one pole division of the machine, is located on the stator bore of an asynchronous motor for general industrial use. For oscilloscope resulting magnetic field of the stator winding, the output ends of the rectangular measuring frame are connected to the vibrator of the oscilloscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results a device for measuring the phase angle between the resulting electromotive force and the electromotive force of the main harmonic magnetic field in the air gap of an asynchronous motor for general industrial use. Expanding the scope of the rotor position sensor in the form of a rectangular frame and the sensor of the main harmonic component of the field in the form of a sinusoidal frame, i.e. to measure the phase shift angle between the resulting electromotive force and the electromotive force of the main harmonic magnetic field in the air gap of an asynchronous motor for general industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alongside the magnetic flux of the working air gap, denoted as Φδ, there exist magnetic fields that couple with only one winding of the EMD (Electromagnetic Drive); these are referred to as stray fields. It is worth noting that in general, the separation of stray fields from the magnetic field coupled with the EMD winding is to some extent conditional because the configuration of the field, strictly speaking, changes depending on the relationship between currents in the windings, the dimensions of the working and "parasitic" air gaps, and the geometric dimensions of the electromagnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses ways to increase the sensitivity of electromagnetic direct current (DC) converters. The devices and the principle of operation of the converter using two magnetic fields are shown: a constant measured field and an auxiliary modulation field created by an alternating current flowing through the modulation winding. The analysis of approximation formulas in the form of incomplete odd power polynomials of magnetic materials of open-core current converters depending on the type of modulation is carried out. To calculate the EMF at the output of the converter, expressions are obtained that take into account the magnetic tensions caused by the modulation current. Expressions for the comparative analysis of sensitivity, when modulated by a signal of sinusoidal, rectangular and triangular shapes, are given. The use of a rectangular modulation sbape allows you to increase sensitivity in relation to other types of modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the common model-based reconstruction schemes in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) use idealized assumptions, e.g., of an ideal field-free-line (FFL) topology. However, the magnetic fields that are generated in real MPI scanners have distortions and, therefore, model-based approaches often lead to inaccurate reconstructions and may contain artifacts. In order to improve the reconstruction quality in MPI, more realistic MPI models need to be derived. In the present work, we address this problem and present a hybrid model for MPI that allows us to incorporates real measurements of the applied magnetic fields. We will explain that the measurements, that are needed to setup a model for the magnetic fields, can be obtained in a novel calibration procedure that is independent of the resolution and which is much less time-consuming than the one employed in measurement-based MPI reconstructions. We will also present a discretization strategy for this model, that can be used in context of algebraic reconstructions. The presented approach was validated on simulated data in [1], however, its evaluation on real data is a topic for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic Particle Imaging is a scanning modality that exploits the response of superparamagnetic nanoparticles to a dynamic magnetic field. In the multivariate case measurement-based reconstruction approaches are common and involve a system-matrix whose acquisition is time consuming and needs to be repeated whenever the scanning setup changes. Our approach uses a mathematical model, based on the MPI encoding of the signal, that is in particular independent of the scanning trajectories. We present basic ways of leveraging this independence property to enhance the quality of the reconstruction by using data from different scans. We demonstrate the potential of our approach with examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper investigate structure of the solution for the influence of an angled magnetic field on fluid flow over a semi-infinite porous material with mass transpiration, by taking into account the navier's slip or second order slip. Casson fluid model consider to be non-Newtonian for present problem. A number of boundary conditions employed in the research are taken into account besides this supposition, which is a generalization of them. In order to transform the governing system of equations to associated highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations, a pertinent set of similarity transformations are being used. The analytical technique is employed to solve the reduced transformation. almighty, despite the non-linearity of the equation, we were successful in determining the momentum's precise analytical solution. Graphs are used to display the velocity profiles that are affected by different thermophysical parameters. The findings are offered based on these graphs, and also the reliability of the obtained results is checked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles have excellent applications in electronics and computer technologies related to their electronic and magnetic performances. This paper explores various synthesis routes of Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles using sol-gel, self combustion, and ball milling methods and followed by different treatment sintering at 700, 800, 900 °C. The functional groups of the Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles was conducted by means of Raman spectroscopy. The raman shift peak positions shown that the sample produced by ball milling process and sintered at 700 oC presented the highest intensity. The 700BM samples consists of three oxides samples which are zinc oxide, iron oxide, and manganese oxide synthesized by self combustion method. It make the concentration of molecules has better properties compared to the other method with the same temperature sintering. The VSM analysis with maximum magnetic field of 20,000 kOe on sol-gel method with different annealing temperature reported the magnetic saturation ranging from 1.3 to 5.9 emu/g. The hysteresis loop magnetic analyses of Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 by different synthesis method with maximum magnetic field of 15,000 kOe. Sample with ball milling has the highest value of magnetic saturation and coersivity that is 5.909 emu/g, 71.682 emu/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all media (in strained state and at rest) depending on their electromagnetic properties, more or less strong influences of electromagnetic field on the motion and macroscopic state of the media and the reverse influence of the motion of the media on electromagnetic fields are observed. In modern technology, shells are used as rational structures and structural elements. In the vast majority of cases, they are naturally or structurally anisotropic. Most anisotropic shells are also layered. In this article, using the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis and electromagnetic hypotheses adequate to it, an approximate system of coupled nonlinear equations of magnetoelasticity of a current-carrying anisotropic layered shell composed of an odd number of layers, symmetrically located relative to the middle surface, is obtained using the principle of virtual displacements. The connexity of the system is realized through the ponderomotive force and the corresponding strain rates of the shell. A technique was developed for the numerical solution of nonlinear coupled problems of magnetoelasticity of flexible current-carrying anisotropic layered shells under unsteady action of mechanical and electromagnetic forces. Assuming that the distribution of the magnetic field on the surface of the shell is known, the solution is sought only in the internal domain. Using the example of a three-layer conical shell in an axisymmetric formulation located in magnetic field, the influence of nonlinearity in determining the stress-strain state of current-carrying layered shells in a geometrically nonlinear formulation is studied in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the effect of rotation on the onset of convection in magnetic nanofluids (MNF) with magnetic field dependent (MFD) viscosity using linear stability theory. As suggested by J. Buongiorno [1], Brownian motion and thermophoresis are important slip mechanisms in nanofluid. Since this work is based on MNF therefore, magnetophoresis is included as the third slip mechanism in addition to those mentioned above. Numerical method is employed along with MATLAB's EIG function to solve the resulting eigen value problem. Analysis is done graphically for ester-based MNF (EMNF) and water-based MNF (WMNF) through neutral stability curves (NSCs) and Critical stability curves (CSCs) for rigid-free boundary condition (Bcs) in gravity environment. The most significant parameter here is Taylor number (TA) which investigates the effect of rotation and the analysis shows that system gets stabilized with increase in the value of TA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vortex is a viable contender for nonvolatile magnetic random access memory systems owing to its unique binary state and great thermal stability. Controlling vortex polarity and chirality is crucial for vortex devices. This paper investigates the switching of the magnetic vortex core in square Permalloy thin films via micromagnetic simulations using in-plane alternating magnetic fields. The creation of an antivortex and the annihilation of the original vortex cause the magnetic vortex core to switch. The amplitude and frequency of the alternating magnetic field influence the switching of vortex core polarity. The switching may be completed in less than 8 ns with an intermediate magnetic field intensity at the gyrotropic frequency, demonstrating that the applied field can cause the vortex state to switch efficiently. This study gives a practical approach to the rapid switching of the magnetic vortex core, which might be useful for storage applications in vortex-based spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the I-V characteristics of a NiFe2O4 nanoparticle plate in our experiment at room temperature in both the presence and absence of a magnetic field. We also measured the impedance spectroscopy using an impedance analyzer. According to the results of our experiment, our sample has positive magnetoresistance and magnetic field-dependent electrical irreversibility or hysteresis. Electrical memory effect in the sample can be seen by the "hysteretic" quality of the I-V curve. With a rise in magnetic field, it is discovered that the memory window of our sample shrinks. Significantly, it has been discovered that the magnetic field can regulate this type of hysteresis. We put up a phenomenological explanation based on the presence of induced polarisation in the sample to account for the observed electrical irreversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magneto-rheological braking devices function due to the ability of a magnetorheological fluid to orderly align domain structures under the action of an external magnetic field. As a braking element in such systems, the disk shape made of ferromagnetic material is most widely used due to the simplicity of the design and the largest usable area during rotation of the elements. The moment of deceleration is significantly affected by the magnitude of the external magnetic field, as well as its distribution over the disk and structural elements. In this study, a method is proposed for choosing materials when designing brake chambers for magneto-rheological disc brake devices, which makes it possible to increase the braking torque. Previously, a simulation was carried out showing the distribution of the magnetic field over the disk depending on the type of material used. For the experimental substantiation of the proposed method, a sample of the braking chamber with a simplified design is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the possibility of applying artificial intelligence in broad scientific research in the field of magnetic abrasive finishing. Artificial intelligence makes it possible to accelerate research work at certain stages, which reduces costs. A prerequisite for its use is the formulation of appropriate queries and limiting the range of responses. These limitations are mainly due to the lack of access to scientific databases. The paper uses OpenAI software called Chat GPT and describes the specifics of the work. The paper examines the various aspects of creating a scientific study starting with selecting a topic, reviewing the literature, developing a research methodology, developing and analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions. The topic of intellectual property and the originality of the results and conclusions obtained was also touched upon. On this basis, a comparison was prepared showing the areas of scientific activity where the use of artificial intelligence is most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of electric flux density has an important influence on the measurement of motor performance. The air gap is one of the main factors in measuring the distribution of electric flux density. The distance between the stator slots and the saliency rotor or air gap has a large impact on the effect of vibration, noise and speed fluctuations of the motor. In addition, the air gap has an important role in the motor temperature level. The magnetic field flux created in the air-gap area is often dissipated into heat energy which causes inefficiency in engine performance. In this research, a synchronous motor is designed to overcome these shortcomings. This research focuses on efforts to strengthen a fundamental understanding of the design analysis of the air gap flux density synchronous motor based on a computational approach. This research was conducted through a simulation using Ansys Electronic 2018 software. In this simulation, the performance of the motor produces a current of 1.5kA in each phase with a magnetic flux field generated in each phase of 0.02 Wb, which can maintain a constant synchronous motor speed at a speed of 13300 rpm, with the highest flux distribution is 600T when the slot degree is 28° to 152° and has the smallest flux distribution is -600T when the slot degree is 208° to 332°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to formulate an analytical solution to a one-dimensional planar blast wave proliferation problem in a non-ideal gas filled with small solid dusty particles under the action of the magnetic field. For this, a relation has been established between thermodynamic flow quantities subject to Rankine–Hugoniot jump boundary conditions. By considering the simple analytical technique proposed by Murata, a closed-form explicit solution has been obtained for the physical flow parameters and the radius of the shock front; which expounds the dependence on time-space. Simultaneously, an analytical investigation of the total energy (released during the propagation of the strong discontinuity from the center of the explosion) has also been carried out in the medium of non-ideal gas filled with dusty particles. Furthermore, the impacts of the dust particles and non-ideal parameters in the presence of a magnetic field (modeled in the form of Shock-Cowling number) on the behavior of physical flow profiles and total energy have been examined, and the results are depicted graphically. From the outcomes, it is worthwhile noting that the closed form (precise) solutions obtained for the flow-field variables: density, pressure, and magnetic pressure, are spaciously affected by the magnetic field; however, shock front radius and velocity profile remains unaltered under the impact of the magnetic field, whereas the effect of non-ideal and dust-loading parameters significantly appear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of sine, square and triangular wave-forms of g-Jitter (gravity-modulation) in Walter-B nanoliquid (electrically-conducting) filled in Hele-Shaw cell with magnetic-field effect is considered in this article. The applied gravity field contains constant and time-dependent periodic parts, which change sinusoidally over time. A local nonlinear idea has been utilized to study heat/mass transportation in the liquid layer. The method for determining the heat/mass transportation factor in-volves developing a set of independent simultaneous ODEs for the convective magnitude. The Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg approach is used to confirm the findings of this convective magnitude calculation, which was done with the use of Mathematica's built-in tool NDSolve. The Nusselt-number is found in terms of numerous system parameters, and every parameter's consequence on heat/mass transportation is described in detail. The influence of elastic parameter, nanoliquid Prandtl-number, and amplitude of g-Jitter is to increase heat/mass transportation while the Hele-Shaw number, nanoliquid magnetic number, and frequency of g-Jitter have stabilizing influence on the system. Moreover, it is found that g-Jitter can be utilised effectively to increase or decrease heat/mass transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable suspensions of magnetizable particles and liquids are special types of nano-fluids, which are known as ferrofluids. The change in their thermo-physical properties in the presence of a magnetic field is their most advantageous property, which makes ferrofluids the focus of much research. The improvement in the thermal properties of the base fluid is clearly due to the nanoparticles. The effect of the presence of a non-uniform magnetic field on the dynamic behavior of ferrofluids is investigated. A viscous and incompressible laminar two-dimensional flow of an electrically non-conducting nanofluid over a horizontally positioned linearly extending plane plate is considered, where the wall temperature is a decreasing function of the distance from the leading edge. Nanoparticles with magnetizability, e.g., magnetite (Fe3O4) or cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) are incorporated with water as the base liquid. The similarity transformation is applied in standard boundary layer theory to reduce the complexity of the original partial differential equations system to obtain an ordinary differential equations system. Approximate numerical solutions of the boundary value problem of the ordinary differential equations system are developed, these solutions represent the changes in velocity, temperature, and concentration, which are observed in the boundary layer due to the fluid flow. The effects of parameters are shown in the figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, the magnetic system of a DC generator is synthesized and investigated. By measurement, the active resistance and inductance of the armature and field windings were found. A model of a DC generator in Matlab/Simulink was used, and the dependence of the saturation of the magnetic system of the generator on the action of the magnetic field of the field coil was created. The Open Circuit Characteristic of the DC generator was created and the deviation from the actual values was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolation of torsional vibrations in shafts is one of the most important aspects of a sound design system. Though existing systems such as the centrifugal pendulum absorber and the flywheels reduce the effects to a certain extent, the system fails to comply when the natural frequency of the torsional system changes. To counteract such instances, smart materials are used to tune their parameters based on the variations in the system variables. Magnetorheological Elastomers offer a viable solution to the dynamic vibrations as they can adhere to variations in system properties. To properly implement the MRE, it is mandatory to characterize the mechanical properties under dynamic loading conditions under varying magnetic fields. The present paper focuses on characterizing the torsional stiffness of the MRE under varying magnetic fields. The characterization methodology is discussed with the building of the measurement system, followed by the results and discussions of varying hysteresis loops for different magnetic fields. Variations in the properties are discussed, highlighting the role of the dipole mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cyclotron is a particle accelerator that consists of a magnet system, RF cavity and power, ion source, extraction system, vacuum chamber, and also other utilities. PRTA BRIN develops a 13 MeV DECY Cyclotron that eventually will be used for research in radioisotope and education. DECY-13's magnet system is used to guide the beam particle from the ion source (PIG internal type) to a beam stripper with acceleration from a radio-frequency (RF) system. The cyclotron magnet design is an iterative process starting from a very simple model, but taking into account the vision of the complete cyclotron. As a part of magnet design and testing, we construct a mapping system to measure the magnetic field in the magnet sector. One of the main parts of the mapping system is an actuator, this part is used to place a tesla meter sensor and also as a driving arm for measuring the magnetic field. In this research, we designed an actuator using Autodesk Inventor with an analysis of von mises and also the displacement. Design and analysis produced von mises voltage values in three consecutive tests, 41.83 MPa, 42.14 MPa, and 41.6 MPa with the displacement values are 0.5 mm, 0.49 mm, and 0.49 mm, respectively. These results indicate that our design fulfilled the requirement and can be used as the main part of the magnet mapping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of a 9.6 kW RF generator as a power supply of the DECY-13 cyclotron acceleration system has been analyzed. The DECY-13 cyclotron was designed to accelerate H− particles using 40 kV RF acceleration voltage. However, the existing RF generator can only supply up to 9.6 kW. The analysis was performed by calculating the RF power requirement for supplying 40 kV acceleration voltage. An investigation is then carried out to see whether the existing RF generator can accelerate H− particles to several MeV by varying the cyclotron parameters using a SNOP particle tracking code. The simulation result shows that by changing the gap between the ion source and the puller, varying the magnetic field corresponding to the RF frequency, and the use of 9.6 kW RF power is still not able to accelerate the particles. Meanwhile, when the central region and the position of the ion source are modified by shifting their position radially towards the center, the particles are possible to be accelerated up to 5 MeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, two types of spinel ferrite were prepared they are calcium ferrite with the chemical formula (CaFe2O4) and zinc ferrite with the chemical formula (ZnFe2O4), and ferrite samples were prepared by the traditional ceramic techniqueusing oxides of materials: CaO, ZnO and Fe2O3. The samples were sintered at two sintering temperatures (T=1250, 1300)oC, and the optical properties of the two types of ferrite for microwaves within the X-band and the frequency range (8-12) GHz were studied. The reflection, absorption, and attenuation coefficients were studied as a function of frequency using the scattering coefficients S11, S21. In all shapes, the best resonance peaks were obtained for this coefficients of the two types of ferrite and both sintering temperatures. The results we obtained in the case of sintering temperature,(T=1300) oC are better than sintering temperature, (T=1250) oC, and this is evidence of the effect of sintering temperature on the purity of ferrate material from impurities and secondary phases. We also note that the results of zinc ferrite are better than calcium ferrite because of the good optical properties of zinc ferrite. The cause for the absorption of ferrite materials is the rotation of the magnetic field for ferrite. Still, the absorbance of ferrite materials varies and depends on the type of ferrite and the materials that make up the ferrite compound. The structural properties showed that the density of the samples depends on the sintering temperature, as the density increases with the increase in the sintering temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an unprecedented step, this modeling study is carried out without heat sink using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2a (COMSOL) software. This technique relies on two sources of heat in a parallel way separated by a distance. The operation of the generator depends on the continuous change of two permanent magnet forces (FPM) and two spring forces (FSP). The forces effect the two disks of ferromagnetic materials that are placed together with a third nonmagnetic disk between them. The two permanent magnets are fixed to each side of the heat sources while the two springs connect the heat sources with the disks. Gadolinium (Gd) was chosen in this system as a ferromagnetic metal for its unique thermal properties where its Curie temperature is close to the room temperature. When one of the two Gd disks stuck to the heat source due to the FPM, an opposite force is already raised to force it in the opposite direction, so it does not require to be paramagnetic metal. Temperature around the Gd disks is assumed to cool it off to rearise the FPM again. Two copper coils are turned around the two Gd disks to exploit the magnetic field to generate electricity. The system can dissipate about 12.7kW/m2 of unwanted heat and generate electricity with voltage ranging of (-0.15-0.3) volts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to study and analyze the effect of the magneto-hydrodynamic peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid on its temperature and concentration through a flexible porous channel with an endoscope in the center of the channel. Where a magnetic field is created by the electrical conduction of the Jeffrey fluid flow channel. Using cylindrical coordinates and assuming a very short wavelength "relative to channel width to length" and using the dimensionless equations that govern the main equations of Jeffrey's fluid in the Navier-Stokes equations, the results of the problem were obtained and through the "Mathematics 12" program these results were analyzed. It is observed that the effect of bending stiffness and longitudinal tension of the wall, as well as permeability, capacitance ratio, and Jeffrey's modulus all increase the velocity of the fluid and thus its temperature while the concentration of the fluid decreases, and this is evident in the middle of the flow channel when the velocity and temperature curve is at the highest value while the concentration is at its lowest level. It is concluded from this research that the magnetic field has a major role in decreasing the fluid velocity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular magnetization reversal in cylindrical amorphous wire Co72.5Si12.5B15 with negative magnetostriction constant under applied tensile stress was investigated. Hysteresis loops of axial magnetization and circular magnetic flux showed presence of helical anisotropy with slight deviation from the circular direction. Circular magnetization reversal was studied using rectangular electric current pulses. Critical electric current (circular magnetic field) under which circular magnetization did not change with application of long current pulses was experimentally determined. If a single boundary (domain wall) between circular domains was created, then linear time dependence of circular magnetization changes versus length of current pulse of constant magnitude was observed. It is probable that the circular magnetization reversal was due to propagation of a single domain wall. Based on this assumption, domain wall velocity was determined. Linear dependence of domain wall velocity versus current magnitude was observed. The slope of this dependence is in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on eddy-current damping. In conclusion, it appears that experiments with a single domain wall are possible in wires with a high value of negative magnetostriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In presented article the soft ferromagnetic microwire Co77Si15B8 with a glass cover of a diameter of 90 mm prepared by rapid quenching and drawing method has been studied. The investigated as-cast CoSiB microwire with negative magnetostriction exhibits both single-peak and double-peak behaviours of giant magneto-impedance (GMI) ratio dependences on the external magnetic field strength H. The obtained results are theoretically interpreted taking into account the cylindrical core-shell ferromagnetic domain structure, where the central area (core) of the microwire is longitudinally magnetized and the shell of the microwire exhibits circumferential anisotropy induced during the wire preparation. Single-peak behaviour of GMI ratio dependences revealed the irreversible domain wall movement in longitudinally magnetized core occurring at low magnetic field. Recorded double-peak behaviour of GMI ratio measurements corresponding to the rotation of magnetization in the shell of the microwire exhibit the maximum value (ΔZ/Z)max=185%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we report the spin resonance and giant magnetoimpedance(GMI) effect in cold pressed Fe3O4 measured with a copper stripcoil at high frequency and low magnetic fields. The AC magnetoresistance of bulk Fe3O4 was measured at room temperature using an impedance analyzer by applying frequencies of the order of 100 Hz to 5.5 MHz. The high frequency AC magnetoresistance and magnetic field derivative of the electromagnetic power absorbed (dP/dH) were measured indirectly via the stripcoil for frequencies from 10 kHz to 18 GHz, as the DC magnetic field was swept from 0 to 500 G. A giant low-field AC positive magnetoresistance (~44%) was found in a magnetic field of 105 G at 1.5 GHz. The investigation inferred that magnetic field dependence of the electrical resistance in cold pressed Fe3O4 is due to spin current driven effects. An abrupt increase in the value of MR was observed at a particular applied DC magnetic field and a shift in position of the resonance field of the stripcoil indicated the generation of spin current, established by Kittle's theory of spin wave propagation. These observations provide a basis to develop a low field high frequency spinwave devices using the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a primary investigation of structural and magnetic properties of equiatomic Heusler alloy CrNiMnAl. Room temperature x-ray diffraction pattern confirms the cubic structure (F 4 ¯ 3 m space group) with lattice constant of a=5.80 Å. The temperature dependent magnetization hints complex magnetic nature of CrNiMnAl with a low temperature transition around 40 K along with bifurcation of zero-field cooled and field-cooled warming curves. Magnetization versus magnetic field isotherm at 3 K resembles the ferrimagnetic-like behavior. It does not saturate in an applied field of 50 kOe and exhibits hysteresis with a retentive magnetization of about 1.9x10−2μB/f.u. and coercive magnetic field of about 2.88 kOe. The isotherms at 30 K and 300 K also do not saturate in 50 kOe while exhibiting finite coercive magnetic fields of about 0.18 kOe. Overall, non-zero coercive magnetic field, non-saturating behavior, low magnetic moment probably favor the compensated ferrimagnetic nature of CrNiMnAl with high transition temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong coupling of the spin and lattice subsystem exactly across the room-temperature region is observed in (MnNiSi)0.66(Fe2Ge)0.34 alloy which leads to a substantial change in magnetocaloric parameters. Substitution of Fe2Ge (Ni2In-type hexagonal symmetry) compound helps to distort the low temperature ferromagnetic phase and stabilize the high temperature paramagnetic phase near the room-temperature region. A large value of isothermal magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) of -13.67 J/kg-K at 300 K and relative cooling power (RCP) of 169.5 J/kg is observed for the (MnNiSi)0.66(Fe2Ge)0.34 alloy for a low magnetic field change of 30 kOe. Near room-temperature MST temperature and obtained large value of isothermal magnetic entropy change with large relative cooling power make the investigated (MnNiSi)0.66(Fe2Ge)0.34 alloy suitable for room-temperature solid state cooling applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline sample of EuCu2As2 has been studied by magnetization and Raman scattering measurements. The magnetization result shows that the ground state is antiferromagnetic in the absence of external magnetic field while there is a delicate balance between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions in a narrow temperature range below 15K in the presence of field. Raman scattering experiments on the corresponding high temperature phase reveals distinct peaks with the most intense one at 235 cm−1. The temperature variation of the peak shape and position has been studied and is ascribed to anharmonic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of initial magnetic measurements on the rare-earth (R) ternary compounds, R2RhSi3 (R= Ho and Er), crystallizing in a AlB2−derived hexagonal structure, hitherto not paid much attention in the past literature. While the results establish the existence of a magnetic transition around 5 K for both the compounds, dc magnetization (M) and heat-capacity behavior as a function of temperature and magnetic field based on these studies are already quite revealing. In the case of the Er compound, interestingly enough, the magnetic transition appears to be first-order-like and there is a 1/3 plateau in the isothermal magnetization curves in the magnetically ordered state, expected for 'partially disordered antiferromagnetism (PDA)' sometimes known for geometrically frustrated triangular magnetic insulators; there is also a bifurcation of zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) low-field dc magnetic susceptibility (χ) curves in the magnetically ordered state – a characteristic feature of spin-glasses. The results overall reveal that there is a subtle competition between antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism in this compound. In the case of the Ho compound, there is no indication for spin-glass anomalies and the isothermal M data reveal the existence of magnetization jumps, which are hysteretic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our work, we have done the fabrication of Si(P-type)/NiFe2O4/ZnO-rGO heterostructure device. Photo response has been measured by I-V characteristics in absence and presence of red light with variable intensities. Furthermore, we have also done the I-V measurement under various magnetic field with different illumination conditions. Hence magnetic field dependent photocurrent variation has been recorded. Therefore, our device can act as a magnetically tunable photodetector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]