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The paper considers the issues of increasing energy efficiency on single-track sections of railway transport based on the use of energy storage systems. The features of the operation of electric power storage systems at the posts of partitioning the contact network of single-track sections associated with the choice of the most energy-consuming direction of train passage are determined. The results obtained allow us to plot the load of electric power storage systems, estimate the average degree of charge and depth of discharge, as well as determine the optimal parameters of power and energy intensity of the systems under consideration. The results obtained were compared with the conditions for passing trains for actual conditions that allow determining critical values for the parameters of power storage systems. It is found that the main requirements for electric power storage systems on single-track sections are resource requirements, energy intensity level and discharge depth, which determines the use of high-energy electrochemical storage devices or hybrid storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a study of the effect of preliminary thermal modification and subsequent high-frequency plasma treatment on the strength characteristics of plywood created on the basis of birch veneer. Thermal modification was carried out in a convective blowing chamber through the layer, and subsequent plasma treatment was carried out in a pilot–industrial high-temperature plasma installation for material modification. To identify the optimal processing parameters, the following temperature ranges of 180-240 °C and plasma treatment time of 10 and 20 minutes were selected. The obtained samples were subjected to a study of the tensile strength of the adhesive joint, bending strength, and the wetting edge angle was determined. According to the research results, the most effective processing parameters were established – thermal pretreatment at a temperature of 210 °C followed by plasma treatment for 10 minutes. The time range of plasma treatment was chosen in order to reduce the energy consumption of the enterprise, since Figure 8 shows that the plasma treatment time does not significantly increase the bending strength of the wood composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, piston internal combustion engines remain in demand as energy converters for the development of mankind. The main objective of the study was to establish patterns of change in local speed and local heat transfer coefficient of pulsating air flows in the exhaust pipe of an engine model for different initial conditions. The research was carried out on an experimental bench that simulated the exhaust process in an engine in dynamics. The exhaust pressure (in the cylinder) varied from 0.05 to 0.2 MPa, the crankshaft speed varied from 600 to 3000 min−1. The thermal anemometry method was used to determine the gas-dynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the flow in the exhaust system. The evolution of changes in local speed and instantaneous heat transfer in the exhaust pipe with increasing shaft speed and exhaust pressure is shown. A change in the flow structure at different shaft speeds was revealed, which was confirmed by spectral analysis. It has been established that the air flow through the exhaust pipeline has a maximum at average shaft speed. The scientific significance of the obtained patterns lies in the specification of the physical characteristics of pulsating flows in gas-dynamic systems characteristic of engines. The applied aspect of the research results is to refine engineering methods for calculating the exhaust system and the possibility of verifying mathematical models of gas exchange processes in engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Installing a hydrogen energy complex at nuclear power plants is a well-known approach to solving the problem of providing nuclear power units with a base load under conditions of uneven energy consumption. A method has been proposed to reduce the underburning of hydrogen fuel to almost completely eliminate the entry of unburned hydrogen into the steam power cycle of a nuclear power plant unit. The work has developed a formula and determined the level of reduction in probable damage from explosions and fires at the hydrogen energy complex when implementing measures to reduce underburning. The calculations were carried out using the example of an autonomous hydrogen energy complex previously developed by the authors. The following results were obtained: the reduction in possible damage from explosions and fires is 1.61, 4.03 and 6.46 thousand $ with 20, 50 and 80% damage to the equipment of the hydrogen energy complex, respectively. Taking into account the possible increase in the cost of hydrogen energy complex equipment by 40%, this effect increases to 2.26, 5.65 and 9.04 thousand $, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At this research work, the electrochemical recovery of lithium hydroxide in the production of synthetic fibers and polymers are presented. The information on the electrochemical recovery of LiCl formed during the neutralization of HCl hydrochloric acid, which is used in producing aromatic fibers and polymer materials, and the recycling of the formed LiOH and the formation of LiOH. Current-voltage measurements were carried out in potentiodynamic mode in a standard YASE-2 cell with a magnetic stirrer; the cell was thermostated at 30 °C. A P-5827M potentiostat was used. The potential sweep rate was one mV/s in the cathodic direction from the potential established when the electrode was kept in a solution without a polarizing current for 1 hour. Cathode potentiodynamic curves were recorded for various materials., it can be concluded that membrane electrolysis of an aqueous solution of LiCl must be carried out at a current density of less than one kA/m² in the absence of DMAA, which will make it possible to obtain a catholyte of a given composition with a minimum content of chlorate impurities with minimal energy consumption. A comparison of the results obtained with the diaphragm and membrane methods of LiOH regeneration indicates in favor of the latter: lower energy costs and lower concentration of CTO in the catholyte. Including electrolysis in the lithium regeneration cycle will eliminate the use of commercial LiOH and create a lithium-free technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the residual aging life of the insulation of traction motors of electric rolling stock under operating conditions from current loads with accumulation based on data from on-board measuring systems of an electric locomotive in real time. An analytical dependence of the change in the insulation life of the windings of traction electric motors in terms of thermal wear on the current loads of a freight electric locomotive with accumulation for 15 hours has been obtained. The presented approach allows us to clarify the timing of maintenance and routine repairs of traction electric motors, taking into account the intensity of operational factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article theoretically discusses the forced vibrations of the shell of the feed cylinder of the feed zones of rotor spinning machines. For the most part, vibrations of the feed cylinder shell of the feed zones of rotor spinning machines are considered on the basis of approximate theories. The new design of the feeding cylinder, working with the springs of the table, is given in detail. A conclusion was drawn and a scientific decision was made to improve the operating efficiency of spinning machines, at the same time increasing energy efficiency based on accurate calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's manufacturing landscape, creating a sustainable manufacturing system is paramount for industries. This study meets this demand by evaluating and enhancing the performance of a job shop undergoing reliability-centered periodic preventive maintenance (RCPPM) in an environment characterized by random and constant changes, along with sequence-dependent setup time (SdSt). The shop's performance is gauged through the total energy consumption (TotalEC) metric. Employing a simulation-optimization method, this study offers actionable insights for manufacturing practitioners. The findings suggest that setting the maintenance time at the lowest level, specifically 5% of the process duration, aligns with energy-saving objectives across various reliability levels under the RCPPM approach. Furthermore, the optimization results reveal that for the RCPPM approach, optimal reliability and maintenance time levels are 0.74 and 5% of process duration, respectively, for the TotalEC performance measure, offering a practical framework for system optimization in a sustainable manufacturing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to find efficient renewable energy sources are still being carried out in line with the increasing global energy demand and the crisis in the availability of clean energy sources. Biofuels are known as clean energy sources or alternative fuels derived from lipids, natural materials derived from living plants or animals that undergo physical and chemical processes. Currently, one of the potential sources of biofuel raw materials is microalgae. Microalgae has advantages as a source of alternative raw materials for biofuel production, such as requiring less land for growth, not damaging soil fertility, and not competing with food sources. Several species of microalgae have been widely recognized as potential raw materials for biodiesel production on a commercial scale. However, commercial-scale biodiesel production made from microalgae is currently not the main choice, because the final price obtained is still too high so its techno-economic feasibility is still low. Therefore, the sustainability of biodiesel production made from microalgae can be achievedby finding microalgae strains/seeds that have high and fast lipid productivity so that the capacity meets economic aspects and market needs. Another thing that can support the economics of the biofuel production process from microalgae is if the process has by-products that have high economic value. Currently, one of the microalgae that have potential as raw material for biofuels is Aurantiochytrium species. So far, Aurantiochytrium microalgae are known as oleaginous microalgae (microalgae with high lipid content) because of their ability to produce lipids with high productivity. From the literature obtained, when compared with Spirullina species microalgae with a harvest period of 2 weeks and productivity of 1 gram/liter, the Aurantiochytrium microalgae can produce lipids of up to 200 grams/liter in just 4-5 days of cultivation time. Even though Aurantiochytrium microalgae are found in many mangrove habitats, where Indonesia is the country withthe largest mangrove forest in the world, however there is not any research in international publication using native Aurantiochytrium from Indonesia. Hence, this paper shall contribute in recognising potentials of native Aurantiochytrium microalgae into academic research. In this paper methodology to isolate Aurantiochytrium microalgae by means of direct plating method was carried out. The observed Aurantiochytrium cells are observed their intercellular lipid content using fluorescence microscope. The research findings reveal lipid potentials containing in observed Aurantiochytrium microalgae. Based on literature findings, such lipid component of Aurantiochytrium microalgae is about 75% of the biomass, of which 30-50% contains palmitic acid (C16) which can be used for bioenergy feedstock. In addition to the potential for biomass production, Aurantiochytrium microalgae have been widely studied as a multipurpose product, ranging from animal feed, nutrition, cosmetics, and even COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants. Based on the results of the initial analysis, the lipid obtained from these microalgae are also rich in DHA and EPA with a content of up to 35%, so lipids can not only be used as raw materials for biofuels but also have the potential as health supplements, namely oils rich in Omega-3. Therefore, it is hoped that this review of the potential of Aurantiochytrium microalgae for biofuels can be considered in the future for the economic-scale production of biofuels from microalgae with better techno-economic feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the theoretical and experimental impact of ignition delay for electronically auto mixed diesel enginerunning on a B100 biodiesel blend. Diesel and combination of diesel and Jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) are the test fuels employed in this experiment (B100). In this operation due to help on electronic fuel mixer. To operate a CI engine with typical inoculation timing (SIT) and retarded injection timing, JME and diesel were mixed neat and in various amounts (RIT). When equated to diesel fuel, the ignition delay of biodiesel is longer. The engine's ability to complete combustion is impacted by a prolonged ignition delay. The fuel's cetane number has an inverse relationship with the fuel's ignition delay for CI engines. JME gasoline showed improvements in engine efficiency and emission characteristics. JME has greatly reduced smoke, CO, and HC emissions from diesel fuel, however it has marginally increased NOx emissions when combined with SIT. There is also a decrease in NOx emissions, which was accomplished with RIT with only a minimal impact on fuel consumption rates. We examined thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature after using RIT to minimize the max cylinder gas pressure and ignition delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption rate is rising tremendously, creating a burden on conventional fuel. Hence, an alternative fuel is the need of society. This alternative fuel should be generated from such materials which are of no use to mankind. Biodegradable materials like rotten vegetables, fruits, fruit peels and flowers are of no use to mankind. Also, it produces pungent odor, which is unfavorable to human being. Daily 1-2 kg of Biodegradable wet waste is generated in every family. Deposition of this Biodegradable wet waste is another major problem. Hence, looking into the problem of biodegradable wet waste materials, it is utilized for producing biogas using anaerobic digestion. Biodegradable wet waste materials can be degraded anaerobically to generate renewable energy. In this paper, production of biogas from biodegradable wet waste materials has been elaborated. Materials having more biogas potential were selected. Renewable fuel, Methane gas was generated inside the digestors and tested using a flame test. The degradation rate of the waste was found to be higher at temperature range of 370C to 400C. Thus, anaerobic digestion of Biodegradable wet waste materials produces biogas, a valuable energy resource, subjected to numerous conditions like temperature, substrates used, and inoculum added for acceleration of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy usage for remotely located place is helpful for the villagers to improve their lifestyle and in avoiding the fates during the night hours. Usage of multiple renewable sources help in reduction of overall cost of the project and better availability of the electric power. This paper presents an assessment of renewable energy integration at a small coastal community in Mahalunge village, near Goa. The study focuses on the implementation of solar and wind power systems and evaluates their capability, performance, and cost-effectiveness. Various machine learning methodologies are tried for prediction of renewable energy resource availability. Comparative analysis reveals that for solar radiation prediction the Random Forest algorithm performs the best, while the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm is most accurate for wind speed prediction. Implementation plan is based on factors such as solar radiation prediction, residential load, sizing of solar panels, predicted wind speed data, design considerations and cost effectiveness. The findings provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of renewable energy integration in small coastal communities. Policymakers, energy planners, and community stakeholders can utilize the research outcomes of this paper to take decisions regarding renewable energy projects. The research work presented here contributes to the advancement of renewable energy integration strategies, supporting the transition towards sustainable and resilient energy systems in coastal regions. The comprehensive evaluation presented in this paper paves the way for the efficient integration of renewable energy sources in small coastal communities, fostering a greener and more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a decade, industrial practitioners have deliberately been involved in producing environmentally and cost-effective goods. But to get this into reality, they must take care of the cost of production and the profit margin. To achieve the target, practitioners should look after the energy consumption pattern, and rigorous monitoring is required. As the load fluctuates, it has been advised to use robust controllers to control the process and sensors to sense any issue during operation. After implementation of the controller and sensors will enhance the energy monitoring and conservation opportunity. Hence nowadays, adopting advanced types of power consumption equipment, maintenance engineers give utmost importance to energy monitoring, conservation, and audit. Here, the methodology used is a walk-through energy audit, energy targeting, detailing the energy consumption pattern, and generation of the technical report. Loads such as chillers, compressors, and motors are considered large energy consumers in any industry. These loads consume around 35 - 40% of the total energy consumption. In a chiller plant, the load comprises of water pump, condenser pump, cooling tower fan motor, etc., Air Handling Unit (AHU) consists of three-phase induction motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a detailed examination of the motor design used exclusively for electric bicycles, with a focus on the incorporation of a lithium-ion battery as a critical energy storage component. The lithium-ion battery serves as a reliable power supply for the BLDC motor under typical working circumstances, guaranteeing its efficient operation. Furthermore, during regenerative braking, the battery performs a dual function by successfully storing extra energy and making it available for future usage. The study seeks to give significant insights into the optimal exploitation of lithiumion batteries to boost the overall efficiency and performance of electric bicycles by extensively studying the design subtleties and performance characteristics of this motor-battery combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the active front-end (AFE) 3-ph rectifier has gained significant attention due to effective improved performance in terms of power quality, harmonics mitigation, control flexibility, and energy efficiency. Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are widely used in industrial processes to remove dust particles or particulate matter from flue gases, helping to control environmental pollution. This paper represents the comprehensive study and implementation of voltage-oriented control (VOC) of AFE for ESP applications. Also, the paper outlines the theoretical foundation of the VOC strategy including mathematical modeling and control algorithms. Furthermore, the paper discusses the software implementation of the control algorithm using the STM32 development board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a vital technology with a wide range of applications, from environmental monitoring to industrial automation. These networks consist of numerous small, low-power sensor nodes that collaborate to collect and transmit data to a central base station. WSNs are essential for large-scale and high-density applications, but they often encounter coverage holes due to random node deployment. There are many such reasons of energy wastage in WSN, to address these issues and enhance network performance, we propose energy efficient algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In our approach, particles work collectively to solve the optimization problem, similar to how birds flock. Our algorithm significantly improves coverage rate as cluster heads are not chosen randomly. Various parameters are considered to identify an energy-efficient cluster head. We aim to develop a routing algorithm that dynamically adapts to the changing network conditions and minimizes energy consumption. Each particle in the PSO swarm represents a potential routing path, and the algorithm iteratively updates these paths to find an optimal route that conserves energy while meeting the data transmission requirements. This reduces energy consumption, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the WSN. Thus, PSO can contribute to extending the overall lifetime of the network by conserving energy of sensor nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Year by year, the demand for recycling energy is raising up. As a result, the usage of solar panels have been growing up. In this presentation, we will create model of solar photoelectric module with program MATLAB. We have started to program model of solar panels' main aspects and qualities of photovoltaic effects of progress modeling physics of semiconductor. To this purpose, we will make form of whole module by using photovoltaic effects. First, we saw model by the main formula account measurement of photocurrent. Then, we gathered every model assesses (shunt resistance current, saturation current and reverse saturation current) turn by turn. By adding to this panel 200-Watt- panels, given assessed amount of solar lights and temperature, exchanged electric parameters of photoelectric module. We have found maximal measures of current and voltage because of this special algorithm. As a consequences, affecting variety of solar lightening and temperature, we took characteristics of volt-ampere and volt-power, studied their extensive effects of current and voltage. We can see, the normal condition of temperature for the solar panels recognized as 25°C and solar lightening as 1000 W/m². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the possibilities of the development of educational-methodological, organizational pedagogical, informational-instrumental, software-methodological, software-equipment, and educational- software didactic processes of training specialists of the modern energy industry. Brief information is presented about the factors, methods, and subjects of preparing future specialists for professional activities, and also talks about developing an organizational and structural model in teaching the use of renewable energy sources and conducting scientific research work using digital technology for future energy engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To encourage environmental preservation and achieve environmental, economic, and social sustainability, a global trend has emerged over the past ten years. Due to the detrimental effects that fossil fuels have had on the environment and energy security, investments in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage have increased. In order to meet the Paris Climate Accords and power portable electronics and electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, such as nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion batteries, conventional lead-acid batteries, and nickel-cadmium batteries, are essential. Copper is the most valuable metal found in lithium-ion batteries, which also contain lithium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel. The unsustainable use of these materials, however, is a factor in the pollution and deterioration of the environment. Common techniques for recovering valuable metals from used Li-ion batteries include pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, but these techniques have drawbacks like the production of hazardous gas and energy consumption. Leaching is suggested as a possible substitute, but it's critical to prevent posing fresh environmental risks. Alternatives such as organic acids are ideal. The goal of this review is to present a thorough technological advancement for recycling metals from used Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last few decades world has attempted to convert energy sources from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy, nevertheless, the growth rate of world energy consumption is still higher than the procurement of renewable energy generation facilities. Increasing power plant efficiency is surely will help to reduce the dependency of fossil fuel. An integrated pulp and paper mill – power plant is using co-firing system to generate its power by having 6 different biomass (coal, bark, palm shell, EFB, brown fiber and effluent sludge) which most of them have high moisture content. This work aimed to study the actual current performance of power plant and see improvement that can be obtained by reducing moisture content of effluent sludge with variation 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% and 10%. According to the analysis, it is found that current overall energy and exergy efficiency of power plant is 55.9% and 19.26%. Overall exergy efficiency is increased by 1% by reduce effluent sludge moisture content from 60% to 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the methods adopted in ship operations to conserve energy usage and decrease greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is Slow Steaming. To investigate its impact on decarbonization, a case study was conducted on a Container Ship with a deadweight of approximately 5539 tons. The study involved calculating the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) by estimating ship resistance through an empirical approach to determine the required main engine power. The EEDI was then derived based on the ship's power, capacity, and its speed. The study's results indicate that the implementation of slow steaming can lead to a substantial reduction of GHG from ships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy, being abundant in nature, provides an opportunity to harness power without releasing toxic gases into the environment. Solar energy is a silent and eco-friendly sourcethat holds immense potential for addressing global energy consumption needs. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs), one of the photovoltaic technologies, have drawn interest as a productive and economically feasible choice. DSSCs are a well-known field of study in solar photovoltaics and are a part of the third generation of solar cells. They are particularly appealing due to their simpler fabrication procedures and cost-effectiveness compared to Si-based solar cells. This has contributed to the increasing popularity of DSSCs in commercial solar cell production. In the operation of DSSCs, the selection of the dye plays a crucial role. By promoting the dye molecules' adsorption coefficient and expanding the wavelength of absorption bandwidth, DSSC efficiency can be elevated. These improvements allow for a greater absorption of solar energy across a broader range of wavelengths, leading to higher power conversion efficiency. It is aimed to fabricate Dye Sensitized Solar cell using Screen Printing technique using N719 photosensitizer and CDCA as co-adsorbent. Then, power conversion efficiency (Pce) and short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and degradation before and after a 30-day period are computed. It is analysed for J-V plot and P-V plot using cyclic voltammetry analysis before and afterdegradation. Efforts to improve the efficiency of DSSCs focus on selecting dyes with higher adsorptioncoefficients and broader absorption wavelength ranges, enabling better utilization of solar energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the range and endurance calculations for a cargo aircraft with a maximum payload capacity of 40 tons. The research delves into the critical factors influencing the aircraft's performance, including weight, fuel consumption, and aerodynamics. By employing data, the study aims to provide insights into optimizing the range and endurance of such aircraft, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness in the cargo transportation industry. The efficiency and capability of cargo 40ton aircraft play a pivotal role in global logistics and transport operations and also exploring the engineering challenges and innovative solutions that drive the evolution of these essential aerial workhorses. Both range and endurance of an aircraft depends upon rate of fuel consumption of an engine. Analysing various range configurations and collect data on endurances at different Velocity's and airspeeds. The study aims to provide comprehensive insights into how changes in Range and endurance in various aircrafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal management and scheduling of renewable energy-based Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations has become a critical issue in recent years. Traditional Energy Management (EM)solutions are feasible for renewable energy-based charging stations. However, there are still a number of obstacles that need to be addressed, including lessening power supply disruptions, addressing Power Quality Issues (PQI), and properly allocating charging stations. Hence, this paper proposes EM and scheduling strategies for hybrid photovoltaic and Fuel Cell (FC)-based EV charging stations. By removing the disturbances with a Hamming-based Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer, the PV power generated is connected to the DC bus (H-SMDO). The Inter-valued Intuitionistic Triangular Membership function based Fuzzy Logic (ITM-FL) is designed for the EM to control the power generation with or without the support of an FC based on energy demand. According to the findings, the suggested model outperformed current EM techniques in terms of efficiency by 97.66%, and it is still a viable option for charging stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) have dominated the global transportation industry in recent years due to their reduced greenhouse gas emissions, environmental friendliness, and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. Compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE), EVs are reported to have several advantages, including silent operation and higher energy efficiency. Among the several components of an electric vehicle, the battery pack is considered one of the most critical and pivotal element. To ensure proper working, the temperature of the battery pack needs to be maintained within a specified operating range. The current investigation entails the utilization of SolidWorks software to create a model of a Li-ion battery pack consisting of 4 cells connected in series and 4 cells connected in parallel (4s4p configuration). The subsequent step involves performing thermal analysis on the battery pack using ANSYS software, utilising the Joule heating method. The core objective is to analyze a 4s4p Li-ion battery pack from a thermal perspective. The study will be conducted utilising the Joule heating technique after the completion of the modelling phase using the SolidWorks software. The goal is to measure the heat generation and dissipation that takes place within the battery pack during its operation under a load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of WBANs, or wireless body area networks, is a relatively new development to improve people's health in general. This technology facilitates monitoring patients' conditions both within and outside the confines of healthcare facilities, thereby enhancing their quality of life. One limitation of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is the constraint on battery life, affecting biosensors' energy availability. Additionally, various routing protocols are specifically intended to transmit the collected data to a central station for subsequent analysis, with potential variations depending on the network's design. This work proposed an algorithm that efficiently saves energy. The method is based on an adaptive compressed sensing algorithm. This algorithm utilizes a binary search approach to determine the smallest size for each data window piece, ensuring the reconstructed signal results from the Compressed. The outcomes demonstrate an increase in lifetime, Throughput, residual energy, and end-to-end latency for the WBAN employing the proposed approach. Where the lifetime of the system exhibited longevity beyond the 6400th round compared with the standard schemes observed network lifetime is 6000, this related to reduction of energy consumption from WBAN because of compression that effect on reduction of packet size send. From the results, this study demonstrates the superiority of the proposed methodology that can improve WBAN performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nippy worldwide grasp of renewable energy options has sparked a keen seductiveness with solar energy, as it presents a sustainable and abundant cover for conventional reactionary energies. relating areas with significant solar energy eventuality is vital for optimizing the solar energy systems. In this exploration, fuzzy sense and GIS are employed to assess the felicitousness of land for solar energy application in Erbil City. The exploration establishes an expansive spatial database by integrating colorful Civilians data layers, including geomorphology, solar irradiance, land use, pitch, aspect, and temperature. To address the misgivings essential in the assessment of solar energy, fuzzy sense is employed. This involves the operation of fuzzy class functions, verbal variables, and rules to effectively regard for the vagueness and imprecision in the data, thereby enabling a comprehensive and precise evaluation process. One of the crucial discoveries in this study is the development of a felicity indicator, which categorizes the land into multiple classes, ranging from largely suitable to infelicitous, for solar energy systems. By enhancing understanding of the different factors that impact land felicity, this approach enhances decision-making processes. The exploration findings can be largely salutary for civic itineraries, decision-makers, and investors seeking optimal locales for solar energy structure in Erbil City. also, this conception can be applied to other locales, simplifying the planning process for renewable energy sources and sustainable civic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensors in wireless sensor networks are smaller and more capable of detecting, communicating, and processing. These variables will influence the hundreds or thousands of different types of wireless sensor nodes. Information is distributed in these networks in the same way as it is distributed in ad hoc networks, namely from node to node. Semantics in this work are based on the information histories of sensor nodes as well as the information histories of nodes nearby. This shows that the extracted idea is based on the nearest neighbors in the historical periods; the neighbors were selected using a conceptual weighting based on semantic records, and the effect of their data interpretation was considered while selecting the neighbors. The findings demonstrate that the KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors) algorithm was able to detect the ideas of data exchange in the network with 98.82% accuracy. In this paper, an attempt is made to simulate the network and provide an optimal route for the transmission of packets by employing concepts related to the semantics of wireless sensor networks and the KNN algorithm, as well as the results in terms of energy consumption, lifetime, and network coverage. The simulation was performed on a was coded using MATLAB version 2021a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term of Passive House refers to a performance-based energy standard for high-efficiency buildings to obtain the expected result by reprocessing the heat created by sunrays' energy and managing it more efficiently. The outcome of such engineering is to find more advanced methods that can offer clean indoor and outdoor environments and reduce the use of natural energy resources that produce carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The application of passive house energy can deliver a significant cut in the use of unclean sources of energy and assist in reducing the amount of emission released to the atmosphere from fossil fuel and energy resources such as power stations and other suppliers, which are not renewable. Through simulation, this paper proposed and demonstrated a refrigerated window structure for the realization of energy-efficient passive houses. Simulation results show that the proposed refrigerated window is an effective solution to maintaining comfortable indoor environments while consuming less energy, attaining a temperature difference of 13°C between the outside and inside edges of the window frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To deliver improved digital signal processing (DSP) in the face of increased demand, power-efficient multiplier units must be developed. Even though the greater radix Booth multiplier has fewer processing capabilities, the multiplier unit's generation unit, which creates multiples, presents a substantial design challenge to the multiplier unit's implementation. This paper describes a radix 16 Booth multiplier architecture that uses little energy while processing 128-bit floating point integers (FPs) with both signed and unsigned input. The optimal partial product-producing unit was researched and built to (n-r) (n-1). This minimizes costs and efforts. The established 128-bit pipelined multiplier boosted energy by 36.02 percent, 5.39 percent, and 37.88 percent when 16-bit signed, unsigned, and mixed radix-16 values were used in designs, whereas the proposed 128-bit non-pipelined multiplier increased energy by 45.14 percent, 53.30 percent, and 18.21 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the process of developing an effective cluster-based thermal-aware protocol and optimising the packet loss ratio in smart rehabilitation patient monitoring through the utilisation of wireless body area networks, the ITHMAC (Improved Thermal-aware duty cycle MAC) protocol is being utilised. In addition, this protocol is being evaluated in comparison to the Thermal-aware duty cycle MAC (THMAC) protocol that is currently being utilised. The Constituents and the Methods involved: The construction of a cluster-based routing protocol for rehabilitation is what allows the ITHMAC protocol to achieve the increased packet loss ratio. This protocol has been provided. The selection of the leader node (CH) in an effective manner is the responsibility of this protocol. A number of different features are taken into consideration while making the decision regarding the cluster head to choose. The weights that were retrieved from the node, the distance between the nodes, and the Innovative node TRC are all included in these characteristics. Through the utilisation of clinicalc.com, twenty samples are gathered from two groups, including twenty persons in each of the groups. The pre-check strength of these samples was eighty percent (G-power), and the alpha and beta coefficients were 0.05 and 0.2 respectively. These samples were obtained by a variety of rounds. The findings of the simulation demonstrated that the IThmac protocol provided superior performance in comparison to the Thmac protocol with regard to the proportion of packets that were lost. When compared to the Thmac Protocol, the ITMAC Protocol that was suggested was able to make a number of significant improvements, including a reduction in energy usage of 19 percent and a drop in the packet loss ratio of 2.3 percent. For the values of the packet loss ratio between ITHMAC and THMAC, the results of the Independent sample t-test indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the two settings. At a value of 0.002, the p-value is lower than the predetermined threshold of 0.05. As a result of the comparison between the THMAC protocol and the ITHMAC protocol, it has been shown that the ITHMAC protocol, which was proposed, has demonstrated greater performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this scheme is to develop a cluster-based thermal-aware routing protocol that can improve the packet delivery ratio while simultaneously reducing the amount of energy that is consumed in smart rehabilitation patient monitoring through wireless body area networks. This will be accomplished by comparing the existing Cardiothoracic Ratio protocol with the proposed ICTAR protocol. Methodologies and Instruments for Research: The proposed ICTAR protocol decreases the amount of energy that is consumed while simultaneously increasing the percentage of packets that are delivered. This is accomplished by developing a cluster-based thermal-aware routing protocol that selects the cluster head (CH) in an effective manner. This strategy eliminates the possibility of a single root point failure. For the purpose of selecting the cluster head, a number of parameters are taken into consideration. These factors include the weights of retrieved nodes, the thermal range, the distance between nodes, and the innovative hop count between nodes. The acceleration of the convergence process, which in turn improves thermal control and energy economy, is achieved through the decrease of superfluous acknowledgements and broadcasts that do not occur repeatedly. With a pre-test power of eighty percent (G-power), twenty samples with two groups (n=20), and alpha and beta coefficients of 0.05 and 0.2, respectively, Clinicalc.com was utilised in order to compute the results. As can be observed from the results, the ICTAR protocol performed significantly better than the CTAR protocol in terms of decreased energy consumption by 16.5% and enhanced packet delivery ratio (PDR) (11.2 percent). Based on the findings of the Independent Sample T-test, it can be concluded that the ICTAR procedure has statistical significance (p<0.05), with a p value of 0.001. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the ICTAR protocol demonstrated superior performance compared to the CTAR protocol. Furthermore, the Independent sample T-test demonstrated that the ICTAR protocol was statistically significant (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovering methods that can cut down on energy use is the key objective of this research. The Data Centric Multi-objective QoS-Aware Routing Prot (DMQoS) protocol is compared to the robust and efficient Improved Data Centric Multi-objective QoS-Aware Routing (IDMQoS) protocol. The results of this comparison show that the latter protocol consumes less energy and has fewer delays in remote medical applications for wireless body area networks. Methodologies and Instruments for Research: In this study, a comparison is made between the DMQoS protocol and the Improved Data Centric Multi-objective QoS-Aware Routing (IDMQoS) protocol, which utilises a dynamic clustering technique. The objectives of this comparison are to reduce latency and power consumption. Using a pre-test power of 80 percent (G-power) and alpha and beta coefficients of 0.05 and 0.2, clinicalc.com computed 20 sample sizes (n=20) from two groups using varying numbers of rounds. The sample sizes were derived from the two groups. As a consequence of the simulations, it was discovered that the IDMQoS protocol performed better than the DMQoS protocol in terms of both latency and power consumption. When compared to the existing IDMQoS protocol, the approach that has been presented results in a reduction of energy usage by 8.33 percent and a delay of packets by 6.64 percent. The plan that has been recommended is statistically significant (p<0.05), as demonstrated by the Independent Sample T-test, which shares the same p value of 0.001 as the previous test. The following conclusion is drawn as a result of the findings of the experiments and the Independent Sample T-test, which indicate that the proposed IDMQoS protocol works better than the DLQoS protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this project is to assess the thermal performance of a refrigerator by utilizing Phase Changing Material (PCM) inside the refrigerator compartment. By incorporating a low melting point PCM, such as Polyethylene Glycol 400, the refrigerator's cabin temperature can be regulated effectively. The project aims to compare temperature fluctuations in the refrigerator compartment with and without PCM during power outages and door openings. This comparison will allow for a contrast in energy usage between the two scenarios and provide insights into the effectiveness of PCM in maintaining temperature stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the feasibility of utilising a blend of rice bran oil (RBO) and Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO) as a bio-lubricant. The chemical properties, including acid value, peroxide value, and iodine value, were evaluated for pure RBO, CIO, and their blends at different ratios according to ASTM and IS standards. The results showed that with an increase in the CIO content in the blended sample, the acid and peroxide values also increased. Considering the chemical properties and the fact that RBO is a consumable oil, the 50:50 blend of CIO and RBO (RCIO) was selected for further analysis. The tribological properties, such as coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter, were determined using a four-ball tribo-tester following ASTM D 4172. The results revealed that RCIO exhibited the lowest coefficient of friction (0.0466) among the samples, suggesting superior lubrication performance and friction reduction capabilities. Conversely, RBO had the highest coefficient of friction (0.0582), implying relatively higher friction. Regarding wear scar diameter, RBO showed the largest value (595 micrometres), indicating increased wear and surface damage, likely due to its higher friction. CIO had a moderate wear scar diameter (537 micrometres), while RCIO demonstrated the smallest wear scar diameter (521 micrometres), indicating better wear protection and surface integrity. Additionally, the flash temperature parameter and energy consumption during the tribological tests were calculated to assess the lubricating capabilities. RCIO exhibited the highest flash temperature parameter value of 99.550, surpassing both RBO and CIO, implying superior lubrication performance under extreme conditions. The energy consumption analysis indicated that RCIO generated slightly less thermal energy than RBO but more than CIO. Overall, the study highlights the potential of the RCIO blend as a promising bio-lubricant formulation, offering enhanced tribological properties, improved lubrication performance, and better resistance to extreme operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G (fifth generation) base station deployment while considering cost, signal coverage, the availability of varied demographic areas with varying user density and expected transmission speeds. Increasing traffic needs in varying demographic regions necessitate the installation of various sizes, number, and capacity 5G base stations, which will have an impact on the 5G network's energy usage. A two-stage optimization approach is offered to determine the optimal combination of transport network technologies (optimal/wireless) and processing units needed to deliver 5G services while being cost and energy efficient. The hyper densification of the 5G network increases complexity, planning, and optimization issues, as well as cost and all other qualities that are described. It has become a strategic consensus of the international community for accelerating the deployment of 5G network. This paper presents an approach for the deployment of 5G base stations under the consideration of users experience and cost effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building information modelling is crucial for the proactive management of construction since it has a big influence on the buildings' performance characteristics and reduction of waste. Infrastructure is made to be recycled when it is destroyed, which lessens its impact on the environment and energy usage. Building information modelling, or BIM is crucial for the proactive management of construction since it has a big influence on the buildings' performance characteristics and reduction of waste. Building information modelling (BIM) and its use in the construction sector was the subject of a meta-analysis study that included 2767 papers. Infrastructure is made to be recycled when it is destroyed, which lessens its impact on the environment and energy usage. Building information modelling is crucial for the proactive management of construction since it has a big influence on the buildings' quality of performance and the reduction of waste. Internet of Things (IoT) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) integration in the construction sector from 2011 to 2023. Based on IC, EC, and high-quality assessment requirements, 87 research papers were chosen. The BIM industry has been gradually expanding, especially during the past six years. Of the chosen research, 83.78% were published in journal sources and 25.5% in proceedings. The concentrated on the adoption of BIM, with 50.05% of it focusing on the integration of BIM and IoT devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repurposing used batteries for second-life applications has gained attention as a sustainable practice to reduce electronic waste. However, implementing reverse logistics for batteries faces significant challenges, including complex regulatory landscapes and safety requirements. This study focuses on the transportation of batteries failing safety criteria and highlights the need for specialized logistics firms. A recent breakthrough involving cryogenic freezing for lithium-ion batteries inspired this research, showing minimal impact on electrical performance. After flash cryogenic freezing, we extended this investigation to sodium-ion batteries and conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of both battery types. Our results reveal that cryogenic freezing has no discernible impact on voltage stability, battery capacity, or energy efficiency for either battery chemistry. These findings highlight the resilience of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries to extreme cryogenic conditions and suggest their potential suitability for applications in harsh environments. Further research is needed to assess long-term effects and operational parameters for specific use cases. Nonetheless, our study provides a strong foundation for considering these batteries under cryogenic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal car air conditioning systems have been available for over 80 years. The use of self-cleaning technology to help reduce issues with dirt and frequent air conditioner cleaning has been applied to aid in maintaining the conditioning systems. However, in an automobile, implementation of this technology has not yet been done. Considering the current environmental conditions, with elevated levels of PM2.5 dust and air pollutants, car air conditioning systems need to expel heat to the condenser at the front of the car, which constantly encounters external air while the vehicle is in motion. This leads to the accumulation of dust particles, negatively impacting the efficiency of the cooling system. As a result, the air conditioning systems may take longer to cool or not cool effectively. Cleaning this system manually can be challenging and may cause damage to nearby components. To address this issue, the current research investigated an automatic car air conditioning cleaning system based on refrigeration principles. This cleaning system can extend the air conditioning system's lifespan by keeping it clean. Experiments were conducted by adding equipment to facilitate self-cleaning for both the evaporator and condenser. After installation, the temperatures were measured at various points. Results demonstrated that the evaporator's cooling efficiency improved by 59.08%, resulting in a cooling temperature decrease of 23.1 oC. Moreover, the maximum working temperature of the condenser, where it can expel heat effectively, improved by 16.13%, resulting in a temperature decrease of 10.9 oC. Data analysis from this experiment provided a proper method of maintenance for car cooling systems that produces energy savings and efficiency enhancement. This contributes to longer-lasting and more effective air conditioning systems for cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of energy from waste, known as waste-to-energy (WtE), is a highly recommended option before waste is landfilled. Currently, the term WtE refers to efforts to create renewable energy from waste, both municipal and other organic waste, such as from industrial or agricultural activities. Recovery of energy from garbage or debris can be made in various ways. Generally used is biomass fuel which has low economic value or is a waste after the product is taken. Briquettes with good quality include a smooth texture, not easy to break, rigid, safe for humans and the environment, and good ignition properties, including easy to ignite, long flame time, and not causing soot; the smoke dissipates slightly, and high calorific value. Based on SNI 01-6235-2000, wood charcoal briquettes can be used as a reference for briquettes that use sawdust. The results of this study were to obtain briquettes as an alternative fuel with biomass raw materials in the form of durian fruit peel and sawdust using molasses adhesive, which has good quality. The study's results were to obtain the effect of the sawdust durian peel waste ratio on briquettes' water and ash content. For combustion, the higher the ash content of coal, the lower the calorific value obtained. For the lowest percentage content of a 20 mesh sieve with a durian skin-to-sawdust ratio of 3:1, it has an ash content of 0.78% and a moisture content of 1.87%. Meanwhile, the ash content of a 30 mesh sieve with a durian skin-to-sawdust ratio of 3:2 has an ash content of 0.77% and a moisture content of 1.74%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline-type solar cells have a lower energy efficiency value than the energy efficiency produced by monocrystalline-type solar panels. The energy efficiency value that is not optimal results in the value of energy stored in the battery being not optimal. This study aims to increase the energy efficiency value of the use of polycrystalline solar panels in order to produce better energy than before. The efficiency value of solar panels resulting from the absorption of solar energy in solar panels cannot be optimized for its output value. However, the energy efficiency value of polycrystalline solar panels stored in batteries can be optimized by providing an electrical circuit of energy storage. This study adds a diode circuit to the electronic circuit for the energy storage process in the battery, which aims to drain current from the solar panel directly to the battery. There needs to be a diode in the electrical circuit that regulates the storage of electrical energy produced by solar panels to avoid the flow of current that enters back between other solar panels. The provision of a diode circuit can increase the efficiency value of the energy charge generated by solar panels with an angle of -15° by 20.3%, 0° by 16.2%, and 15° by 20.6%. The total charge value of the polycrystalline solar panel stored in the battery with an angle of -15° is 37.8Ah, at an angle of 0° is 34.7Ah, and at an angle of -15° is 39.7Ah. Thus, in this study, it can be concluded that the energy efficiency value stored in batteries from solar panels can have a significant effect on the provision of electrical energy storage circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermocouples are one of the most commonly used temperature sensors in industry, but over time they suffer from calibration drift due to exposure to a variety of factors such as high temperatures, thermal cycling, chemical attack, and transmutation. As a result, thermocouples can suffer from unknown temperature measurement errors, causing higher energy usage, increased product wastage due to incorrect control temperatures, and possible safety issues [1]. The integrated self-validating thermocouple (INSEVA) device was originally developed as part of the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR) project "Enhancing process efficiency through improved temperature measurement", EMPRESS [2]. The device is a standard alumina sheathed noble metal thermocouple with a miniaturized metal fixed-point cell in close proximity to the measurement junction. When the thermocouple is heated above the melting temperature of the fixed-point ingot, the melting curve is detected and used to validate (and therefore calibrate in situ) the thermocouple's temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationship at the fixed-point temperature, in the same way that full sized metal fixed-point cells are used to calibrate thermocouples in calibration laboratories. The aim of this investigation was to assess the performance of the INSEVA thermocouples in a real industrial heat treatment process, building on previous work [3]. We report on the industrial tests performed using five Type S INSEVA thermocouples in a vacuum furnace, whilst heat treatment processes were being carried out. Of the five INSEVA thermocouple fixed-point cells tested, two contained silver (961.78 °C), and the other three contained gold (1064.18 °C), copper (1084.62 °C), and an iron-carbon eutectic alloy (∼1153 °C) respectively. Regular Type S thermocouples were also used alongside the INSEVA thermocouples. In this paper, we report the results of tests when thermally cycling the thermocouples regularly up to 1000 °C, and occasionally up to 1200 °C. Additionally, the thermocouple robustness was assessed when the furnace was routinely quenched with nitrogen at an ambient pressure of up to 10 bar. We also discuss the mechanism of extracting the melting curve values from the data, and the steps required to fully automate the process of thermocouple self-validation for end users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simplified model of an older HPGe detector. The aim of the work was to put together a model corresponding to the new state of the HPGe detector GC3020. The detector has been used for laboratory gamma spectrometry since 2010. Regrettably, the detector efficiency has decreased due the increase of the dead layer thickness. The model presented in this study is intended to be used in the future as the starting point for modelling the actual state of the detector. The detector was modelled using MCNP5 code. The calculated full energy peak efficiencies were compared with efficiencies obtained from detector characterisation process performed by the manufacturer. The first model was fully based on the manufacturer's datasheet. Unfortunately, some parameters were not available in the datasheet. Therefore, the model had to be subsequently modified to achieve a good agreement between the measured and calculated efficiencies. The maximum relative difference between the measured and calculated efficiency is 6.63 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New optical fifth-generation fixed communication networks with various dimensions and different network parts are expected in the near future. Besides extra high transmission rates and ubiquitous reliable optical connections, their network efficiency will be an important role. In this contribution, an attention is focused on future access next-generation passive optical networks (NG-PON) that present the most dynamic developing part of advanced fixed optical networks. For their development, a transition to the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique is the important factor for effective utilization of available wavelengths not only from a viewpoint of the transmission capacity, but also from the energy efficiency. Except dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms applied in current passive optical networks, research directions for advanced dynamic wavelength allocation algorithms considered for future passive optical networks are introduced in more details. Concurrently, the dense 15-channel wavelength transmission system designated for testing and verification of proposed dynamic wavelength allocation algorithms primarily oriented on the energy efficiency is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric energy demand has increased recently, power networks have become larger and more advanced, hence power systems have become a mature technology, they operate near their limits, these factors increase the probability of power system blackout, the operator in the control center must develop a comprehensive restoration strategy, with a particular focus on minimizing the time required for recovery. This study presents the development of an expert plan that incorporates a novel strategy, serving as a comprehensive framework to facilitate recovery methods using a modified depth-first search (MDFS) technique to find optimum paths. Optimal allocation of distributed generators (DG) can enhance the voltage profile of the system and reduce total power losses. This work introduces a technique for efficiently determining the best positioning and size of distributed generation (DG) units inside a grid through the utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO). The analysis focuses on the impact of DG in reducing loss during restoration, which is found high based on the results. Priority is given to restoring DGs with strong black start capability within the constraints of the network and the DGs themselves. The efficacy of the suggested restoration method is confirmed using the IEEE 39-bus system by MATLAB simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey comprehensively explores the incorporation of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) and Deep Learning (DL) in wireless networks, carefully analyzing their combined ability to enhance network performance and significantly shift efficiency and effectiveness in wireless communication systems. Remote Intelligent Sensing (RIS) can alter the propagation of electromagnetic waves in real-time, resulting in enhanced signal receipt and transmission efficiency. Simultaneously, deep learning (DL) can enhance these modifications by utilizing predictive analytics and intelligent decision-making. The collaboration between RIS (Radio Interface System) and DL (Deep Learning) has significantly improved important metrics such as signal strength, network capacity, and energy efficiency. Although there have been positive results, there are still obstacles to overcome, such as the intricate nature of RIS settings and the requirement for real-time DL models that can adjust. The survey also delineates prospective avenues for research, with a particular emphasis on developing sophisticated algorithms and streamlined hardware designs, as well as assessing security ramifications in networks strengthened by RIS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications for sensor networks are many and have a broad range of possibilities. But for sensor network systems to function well in practical applications, some problems must be solved. Energy saving is a major issue for sensor networks because most sensors lack rechargeable batteries, which have a limited lifespan. Dynamically scheduling sensors' work and sleep cycles is a frequent strategy for extending the lifespan of a sensor network (or duty cycles). Additionally, cluster heads in cluster-based networks may rotate among the sensors to maintain an even distribution of energy use and are often chosen to reduce overall energy usage. In general, these energy-saving topology configuration methods (also called scheduling mechanisms) need to meet certain application needs while saving energy. In this article, we give a summary of energy-efficient scheduling techniques for sensor networks with distinct design specifications from those of conventional wireless networks. We classify these techniques based on their priority traffic sensitivity, clustering, and Time division. In addition to having the same goal of maximizing network longevity, each mechanism may also have unique design goals based on the applications it is intended to serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the volume of thermal energy consumed by humans, every breakthrough in thermal energy management strategies can have a significant social impact. Thermal energy storage (TES) serves an important purpose in thermal energy management. Thermal energy storage is critical for balancing energy demand as well as supply, ensuring system stability, along with maximizing the potential of intermittent renewable energy sources. It may not only maximize the use of renewable energy and reduce the price of electricity at nighttime, but also give flexibility as well as auxiliary services for addressing future power supply/demand concerns. There is still a need for a clear and complete source of knowledge to provide related concepts as well as applications even if there are numerous good review materials in the literature covering diverse heat storage systems independently. Different TES types such as sensible, latent as well as sorption have been briefly detailed in this work in order to study their performance. Among these aspects is the design of the components, the material characteristics of the components, the optimization of the components, as well as the integration of the components in different forms from the component level to the system level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the Development of Diesel Generators Population growth and changing lifestyles have led to energy problems. Fossil fuels cause pollution. Improved fuel efficiency increases engine performance and reduces emissions. Fossil fuels cause pollution. Improved fuel efficiency increases engine performance and reduces emissions. Fossil fuels cause pollution. Improved fuel efficiency increases engine performance and reduces emissions. General research shows that the best fuel ratio is 20MEOM. 20MEOM oil can be blended with 50 ppm copper oxide nanoadditives to achieve a thermal efficiency of 2.19%. Reduces HC, CO and emissions. The rapid growth of the world population and changing lifestyles have led to an increase in the need for electricity, causing further pressure. Fossil fuels, the main energy source, have a positive impact on environmental pollution. To solve these problems, it is necessary to increase energy efficiency while reducing emissions. This article explores advances in diesel generators designed to solve these problems. Increasing fuel efficiency is considered an important factor in improving engine performance and reducing emissions. Extensive research has been conducted on the performance of specialty lubricants, especially 20MEOM, which exhibits excellent performance properties. Additionally, the inclusion of nano-additives such as 50 ppm copper oxide in 20MEOM fuel showed promise in improving thermal efficiency, with an increase of 2.19%. Additionally, this new method is effective in reducing pollutants including hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and other pollutants. By optimizing the fuel composition and adding nanoadditives, diesel generators can reduce their impact on the environment while improving performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India plays a key role in the global arena of climate change due to its fast-growing urban footprint and climate responsive strategies. Such strategies work best if the top-down approach complements the bottom-up one along with indigenous local knowledge (ILK). Smart Cities Mission and Climate-smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF) fall in the first group. Later the bottom-up approach of Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) was launched with Vedic origin and ILK enrichment. It pledges long-term behavioral changes of individuals but requires infrastructure support from the local authorities. Taking the one of the common themes of energy efficiency, this paper explores the commentary role of CSCAF and LiFE with a case study of Rajarhat Newtown to find that the result can go beyond the energy efficiency to quality of life. The elicited knowledge is helpful for the decision makers to focus their efforts further and can also be helpful for other smart cities or planned townships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]