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The Fourier Transform Raman and infrared spectra of cheque paper document have been recorded and analyzed. The wavenumbers corresponding to normal modes of vibration of cellulose were calculated at HF/6-31G(d) level for comparison with the cheque paper sample. The appearance of a carbonyl stretching band at 1654 cm-1 clearly shows that the cheque paper is subjected to ageing. The broadening of O[Single_Bond]H stretching wavenumber confirms the presence of inter and intra molecular O[Single_Bond]H...O Hydrogen bonds. Also the presence of Kaolin and Rosin are unambiguously identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical strain gauge has been used widely in many applications, such as experimental strength of materials and structural health monitoring because of their low cost and durability in making measurements. Recently, a few new sensors have been developed using the constantan alloy to enhance the sensor's response and sensitivity. However, researchers have noticed that electrical conductive paints alternate their electrical resistance when subjected tomechanical strain. This conductivity is given by the conductive network created by the conductive particles in the paint mixture. The conductive network is then altered as a result of the mechanical deformation, changing the material's electrical properties. This research aims to study the effect of the paper-based strain sensor when the carbon electrical conductive paint is used as a sensor coil in the sensor. We studied the changes in the electrical resistance R as the length of the sensor changed according to the applied strain. The conductive paint was applied on 80gsm A4 printing paper. There are three sensor designs that have been studied. For the first method, the gauge factor for design one is 0.67, the second design gives 0.33 for the gauge factor, and the gauge factor for the third design is 0.50. The design that is suitable for the fabrication of the paper-based strain sensor is design 1 because it has the highest sensitivity compared to other designs. However, the sensor's sensitivity must be enhanced by doing more research to produce a better sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper soap is currently in great demand by the public because it is easy to carry everywhere. In the process, solid soap is printed as thin as paper. This paper soap will dissolve and produce foam when exposed to water. This study aims to synthesize the paper soap product against the effect of variations in the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA serves as an adhesive and forms a thin layer (film). The raw material for making soap is virgin coconut oil and NaOH as a basic soap. Basic soap is mixed with glycerin, ethylene glycol, silicone oil, olive oil, aloe vera, and perfume. After that, the mixture was added with polyvinyl alcohol with various concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent solution. The processed soap material is then poured into a flat mold with a thickness of 0.5 mm and 1 mm. The paper soap produced was tested for water content, free fatty acids, pH and antibacterial activity test. The test results showed that the best paper soap was obtained when using a 5 percent PVA solution. The results are in accordance with the requirements of SNI 3532:2016 solid soap with a moisture content of 12%, free fatty acids 1.5%, pH 9.6 and the value of inhibition diameter on the antibacterial activity test 18.7 mm, the value stability of foam of 94% with a thickness of 0.5 mm soap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drape is a fabric's ability to deform when suspended under its weight in specified conditions of known size using a Drape Meter. The Drape Coefficient % (DC%) is calculated by taking the weight of paper cut out based on the shadow of the fabric. A fabric property is very important in relating to the behavior of drapes and these factors were determined by earlier researchers in developing a tool to measure drape. The Cusiks's Drape Meter was the first equipment that used the principle of shadow in reflecting the drape behavior and later on calculating the DC%. The principle introduced by Cusick has been used by a lot of researchers to determine DC% more accurately using computer captured images. In recent years, a lot of research has moved forward using software to calculate the DC% by incorporating the values of fabric properties to create an image for the drape. A lot of work on comparing the values of DC% using conventional and simulated/virtual methods was published. The usage of particular software can predict the DC% before the actual production of fabrics. Prediction can be made based on physical properties needed on particular fabrics to be produced and thus saving a lot of time and giving more choices in fabrics selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational thinking is a way of thinking for problem solving and is one of the basic skills of the 21st century that is very important to be applied in science learning as an effort to prepare for disruption in the industrial era 4.0 and society 5.0. This study aims to find a new method that has proven its effectiveness to apply problem solving skills. The Research and Development (R and D) method with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implementation and Evaluation) was carried out to develop a Problem Project Based Learning (PPjBL) model with a Computational Thinking (CT) approach based on CoSpaces-Edu Paper Cube Augmented Reality. This research has produced a product in the form of a Problem Project Based Learning (PPjBL) model with a Computational Thinking (CT) approach based on CoSpaces-Edu Paper Cube Augmented Reality which has been validated by experts on very feasible and effective criteria to be applied as a science learning design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moodle-based Learning Management Systems have been widely used in learning during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially in Indonesia. In this regard, this study aims to identify and describe the implementation of the Whole Language Approach in improving the ability to write simple scientific papers for students at PGRI Yogyakarta University through the Moodle-based Learning Management System. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative with data in the form of descriptions of the results of research implementation supported by observations, interviews, theoretical studies, and relevant research. The results of this study indicate an increase in the ability to write student scientific papers in the experimental class after using the Whole Language Approach through Moodle-based LMS in learning to write. Several aspects that were assessed were structure, systematics, language use, content coherence, and references used. This increase is indicated by the test numbers before and after the use of the Whole Language Approach through the Moodle-based LMS with mean values of 6.5 to 8.8 in the experimental class, and 6.7 to 7.1 in.the control class. This shows that the use of the Whole Language Approach through Moodle-based LMS is proven to improve students' ability to write simple scientific papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the possibility of removing residual optical brighteners in paper, caused by the migration of OBAs from commercially available papers through water during an instance of water damage. From the standpoint of conservation treatment, this OBA removal experiment was conducted in the hope of providing a treatment method for the removal of OBAs as a reference point for the conservation community. This study presents an example case of removing offset OBAs, and the results of the removal experiment are discussed in order to explore the feasibility of the proposed treatment method. The results demonstrated that the removal of offset OBAs using a compatible conservation treatment is feasible. A combination of daylight bleaching with alkaline water and aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is recommended, and the time of exposure to sunlight should be shortened as much as possible if performed on a bright, sunny day. However, performing such treatment on the actual cultural artefact will require careful assessment with regards to necessity and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and economical method has been used to grow macroscopically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper for device application. Synthesized paper has been characterized by different experimental techniques namely SEM, TEM, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy respectively. Besides these, temperature dependent electrical studies of rGO paper have also been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial waste is a by-product of industrial processes from waste material or building material. The study was conducted to analyze the used of solid waste pulp dreg and grits through chemical characterization to make bricks. In brick formation, the CaO content is very important because it functions as an adhesive and from its characterization shows the CaO content is 58.10% in dregs and 59.76% in grits. From the research method carried out by mixing dreg and slaker grit waste with other materials, the best results were obtained at the maximum value of the compressive strength of quality I brick is 7 Mpa (SNI; 3.5 Mpa). Characterization of material used Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and IR Prestige-21 instruments to analyze the chemical content of the waste. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used for compressive strength analysis using material strength when given a load with certain pressure. The result showed that the best which for bricks that lower water absorption and bricks that have large compressive strength value 7 Mpa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is facing serious challenges in dealing enormous quantities of waste paper sludge produced in the country every year. This enormous quantity causing major economic problems and environmental problems over the paper and board industry. In order to confront with the economic problems associated with waste disposal costs, which make up almost half of the cost of wastewater treatment, there is a need to provide a viable solution to the reuse of waste and by reducing the use of natural resources. Hence, a comparative analysis of the experimental results novel properties of fresh and hardened concrete with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) with different substitution of waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) as a partial substitute for cement is presented in the paper. Recycled aggregates is made by crushing the waste concrete cube laboratory tests. Recycled aggregate is made by crushing the concrete waste at laboratory. Utilize of WPSA and RCA is estimated to produce significant gains in strength performance (determine the strength characteristics of concrete structures) and properties of workability and water absorption for each series of mixed. Therefore, the application of those testing method were measured the quality of concrete, so that they can perform satisfactorily as structural element. The findings demonstrated that the WPSA and RCA seems to contribute to the favourable concrete compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the laboratory result on compaction characteristic for soft soil subgrade which was stabilized by using waste paper sludge ash (WPSA). The soft soil sample was collected from Banting Selangor, Malaysia named as Banting soft soil and classified as slightly sandy Clay with intermediate plasticity. Additive of WPSA is a finely waste product produced from the incinerated waste paper. In ASTM C618, this WPSA samples are categorized as Type-C fly ash due to the high free lime (CaO) content (>20%) and possesses some cementitious and pozzolanic, resulting in the self-cementing characteristics. Therefore no entire activators such as lime are required. Objectives of this study are to determine the dry density and moisture content of Banting soft soil stabilized by WPSA through the different energy and method of compaction and to determine the Atterberg limit properties of Banting soft soil stabilized using WPSA. Several percentage of WPSA (4%, 8%, 12% and 16%) was used to stabilize the soft soil. Meanwhile the compactions methods are used in this study are standard proctor test and modified proctor test. The Atterberg limit properties testing involved the liquid limit testing, and plastic limit testing. The result showed the plasticity indexes of soft soil stabilized with series percentage (4%, 8%, 12% and 16%) of WPSA were reduced parallel to the increment of liquid limit and plastic limit result. Meanwhile, the compaction result for stabilized soft soil showed an increment dry density value followed by decrement of moisture content for modified compaction and standard compaction. However, 4% WPSA were giving the best of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density stabilized soft soil from modified compaction. From this experimental study, it shows that WPSA has a significant and effective to improve the geotechnical properties of soft soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, manufacturers are competing to offer a great product to the customers, they not only have to deliver a good product but also have to deliver it within the required time. The purpose of this study was to reduce the production lead time of a product in a make-to-order production system or a discrete manufacturing environment of pulp and paper machinery manufacturing. After conducting a literature survey, it was evident that process flow mapping is a suitable technique to reduce the production lead time in a make-to-order manufacturing environment. The current state process flow map was developed through which the wastes in the system were identified. Various lean and quality tools were used for the analysis of data such as check sheet, standard operating procedures, single minute exchange of dies, ECRS [Eliminate, Combine, Reduce, and Simplify] work analysis sheet. After the analysis of data, a future state process flow map was developed. The research helped the company to reduce the production lead time of the product to 406.16 hours from 431.66 hours that is a reduction of 25.5 hours. So, the experiment has successfully achieved a 5.9 % reduction in production lead time. Furthermore, it shows that in the make-to-order industry, the variability in products creates difficulty in making product-specific changes in the manufacturing setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving Economic growth of developing countries has promptedvarious vehicular movements in the town roads. Traffic management plays a huge part in regularizing vehicle movements and dodging blockings on roads. The pattern of traffic shall not be similar at all instants during the day and furthermore all the days. Huge traffics are constrained by traffic signals that allows and stops the vehicle movement for a pre-programmed time slots. This conventional method adopting the template have downsides. An intelligent electronic traffic controller can handle the traffic with sense consulting with the requirement at any instant of time. The paper briefs a Digital signal processor (controller) based smart traffic control system with the support of image processing techniques. The frameworkcapture the images from various roads meeting at a junction, recognizes the density of vehicles, analyzes between them, provide priorities, decides the dimensions of time slots for stop and permit and manages the traffic insightfully. Anextraordinarily mounted IR gadget on all the roads with the camera givesdata to the controller about vehicles proceeding onwardcrisis (such as ambulance) and deals with the traffic providing priority to such vehicles. The proposed framework was implemented on a proto mother board with TMS320 DSP processor, and the results are as expected, favorable and encouraging for implementing further developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in paper waste from the paper processing sector is becoming the most important issue of disposal by filling large space and polluting the atmosphere, as it rises day to day. To decrease the paper waste as well as environmental emissions, it is recommended to use the paper waste in concrete as Hypo sludge. That contains the properties of cement such as SiO2 & Mg. Cement is the predominant material in concrete. In this research cement is replaced with fly ash as well as hypo sludge. By adding 5percent of fly ash and 0%, 3 %, 6%,9%,12% and 15% of hypo sludge, split tensile strength & compressive strength of concrete as well as Hypo sludge concrete efficiency are being tested. Split tensile strength & compressive strength of hypo sludge concrete are improved by the experiment up to 9% behind this % strength will decrease. In this journal the extension of research work is added that is flexural strength of concrete adding fly ash & hypo sludge in concrete and durability of concrete are studied. Performance of hypo sludge concrete, result and optimum percentage are mentioned in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovation in paper technology that is totally different from the papermaking technology that has been known now, has been found in the 21st century in China. This new discovery paper does not use cellulose fibers as its raw material, and does not use water at all in its production process. Because it is made of inorganic mineral coming from calcite rocks, this paper is called 'rock paper' or stone paper. The process of stone papermaking in principle mixes fine powder of calcite rock with non-toxic resin, one of which is HDPE (high density polyethylene), as well as other additives, then melted at high temperatures and formed into a sheets like paper. The properties of stone paper are very similar and even have advantages compared to conventional paper. This type of paper is claimed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional paper because it does not use plant fibers as raw material, which means there is no trees cut. It can be recycled and produces low greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire-fighting robots are the human-established machines to keep people alive, as the accidents that occur during the procedure of stopping the fires are uncountable. This main function of the robot is to automatically sense fires and shift against the fires to finish it with water by keeping a safe distancing from it. A programmable raspberry pi can completely control the movement and actions of this device. This device must move right, east, front and back in the shape of a car to locate and quench the fires. An infra-red camera and thermal camera is used in this fire-fighter robot. The thermal camera attempts to monitor the flames, temperature and the infra-red camera, offering pictures of the view of the night, which record the whole extinction period directly. This live capture can be seen in a PC file which is also accompanied by a log from the computer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol seems very potential to be an alternative energy substituting the fossil-based energy due to its renewable sources. Any sources containing carbohydrate (poly or mono) may be fermented into ethanol (bioethanol). This study aims to investigate the optimum conditions in the fermentation of used paper HVS hydrolysate to yield ethanol. The used paper HVS hydrolysate, produced from the hydrolysis of used paper HVS, was initially treated with a so-called detoxification stage to remove compounds hindering the fermentation process. The detoxification stage employed adsorptive separation with the aid of carbon (charcoal) activated with KOH and K2CO3 solution. The fermentation varied the types of microbes or yeast (i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oligosporus) and its concentration. Within the ranges of studied parameters, the optimum conditions to yield highest level of ethanol (0.436%) were activated carbon with KOH, yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and concentration of 3 g yeast/70 mL hydrolysate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a smart optimization algorithm for tuning a modified structure of PID controller to regulate the terminal voltage of the automatic voltage regulator (AVR), it consists of four parameters proportional, integral and derivative plus second order derivative, all parameters are tuned using grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm for controlling the terminal voltage of AVR system. The response of the system using this controller is compared with other controllers using different new optimization methods in terms of transient analysis; also to test its performance; robustness analysis is performed on it in two types (model uncertainties and external disturbances). Simulation results reflect an efficient performance of PIDD2 controller also proved it is robust in facing disturbances and returning the system to its desired response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-line measurement of material properties is a goal of many manufactures for production improvement and quality control. In the paper industry, the elastic stiffness of the paper web needs to be accurately measured and controlled online. Currently, contact ultrasonic methods are employed to measure the elastic constants of paper offline. Piezoelectric transducers are placed in contact with the paper surface to generate and detect plate wave modes, known as Lamb wave modes, in the paper in both the machine and cross directions. Laser ultrasonics offers a new approach to making elastic wave measurements that does not require contacting the paper web. A pulsed laser generates ultrasound in the paper by delivering a high intensity short impulse to the paper through thermoelastic expansion. An optical interferometer is used to demodulate the small phase modulation that the elastic wave produces on a continuous probe laser beam. Difficulty in applying this approach to online measurements of rapidly moving paper webs arises from the appearance of large speckle noise due to translation and flutter of the paper surface. This report describes work at the INEEL using a Fabry-Perot interferometer approach to characterize and overcome these problems. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now days, welding technology become high in demand due to industrial and domestic development. There has been constant improvement in the welding technology. The arc welding plays an important role in a process of fusion welding. It was more flexible and routinely has been used for many decades. Recent development is laser welding. It is highly utilized in manufacturing industry because of its special features. Recently, everywhere the automatic welding processes most preferable for achieving the high rate of production. Higher efficiency and low cost strategies is primary requirement in case of joining the metal. In the present study, we aim to compare the arc welding and laser welding. The stress-strain curves of the reference and welded specimen is depicted in the Figure 3. As strain increased up to 1.6-1.9%, the stress also showed an increased trend in the both the welding. The stress gets stabilized further upon increased in the percent strain up to 6. Laser welded specimen showed maximum stress tolerance values than arc welded specimen. Laser welds and arc weld showed a hardness of about 354 HV and 237 HV, respectively. The study can be concluded as the laser welding is superior than manual arc welding. The laser welding showed maximum hardness, stress tolerance and strain sustainability than the arc welding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study outlines the numerous models of automated writing machines that employ diverse technologies, as well as the creative concept of the most recent automatic writing pen. Despite the technologyaccessible, the proportion of compactness and capacity to stand without aid in these machines is almost nil. In contrast to the writing machine, our innovation allows the autonomous writing pen to stand alone without the need for additional support. This pen ensures faultless and exact writing based on the speech recognizing voice sensor or the brain signal detected by a brain sensor. A side from that, the pen has two additional features: it can move the page on its own using a page turner, and it comes preloaded with Pelican for correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are now entering a new era of development, such as the Web of Things (IoT). IOT is a cloud-based "complete overall neural framework" that connects numerous devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection ofcleverly connected devices and structures that include smart machines that interact and communicate with other machines, circumstances, things, and establishments, and advances in radio frequency identification (RFID) and sensor technology will help to address this new problem. People, programming structures, and diverse machines willshare information about the scenario and the surrounding state with IoT-enabled devices. The world will become more intelligent in every way as the Internet of Things advances. However, in the great majority of countries, internet access is only available to people who have access to computers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issues of checking final qualification papers for the amount of borrowed text and ways to control the bypassing of this check. Some variants of widely used methods for verification bypassing in MS Word documents are considered, namely, by creating drawings, labels, graphic figures, SmartArt objects, and tables. Various options for manual and automated control of the presence of these bypassing methods in the checked documents are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the effects of cake thickness and time on the efficiency of brown stock washer of the paper mill are studied by using mathematical model of pulp washing for the species of sodium and lignin ions. The mechanism of the diffusion- dispersion washing of the bed of the pulp fibers is mathematically modeled by the basic material balance and adsorption isotherm is used to describe the equilibrium between the concentration of the solute in the liquor and concentration of the solute on the fibers. To study the parametric effect, numerical solutions of the axial domain of the system governed by partial differential equations (transport and isotherm equations) for different boundary conditions are obtained by the “pdepe” solver in MATLAB source code. The effects of both the parameters are shown by three dimensional graphical representation as well as concentration profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the 2007 Physics Education Research Conference, a workshop on publishing and refereeing was held with a panel of editors from four different publishing venues: the physics education research section of the American Journal of Physics, the Journal of the Learning Sciences, Physical Review Special Topics–Physics Education Research, and the Physics Education Research Conference Proceedings. These editors answered questions from participants regarding publishing in their respective venues, as well as writing referee reports that would be useful to both journal editors and authors. This paper summarizes the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The STEAM interdisciplinary integrated-thematic curriculum with engineering design is the main concept of the 12-year basic education curricula of Technology. This research is based on the engineering design orientation as a teaching strategy, developing project for paper mechanism, and implementing Living Technology courses for gifted high school students in Taiwan to test the teaching effectiveness. In the project, students need to integrate the theory, using engineering design process methods, performing work prediction and evaluation, prototyping experiments and trial work, and finally optimizing the work and improving the design. The results of the present study facilitate us get deeper understanding of the practical implementation and engineering thinking skills of gifted students. Suggestions based on the results were generated to improve the future Living Technology curriculum. The findings in this study serve as a reference for the future design, development, and implementation of STEAM curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of packing materials is an important factor to prolong the shelf life of food products, especially for perishable foods or produces. This research was conducted to determine the effect of packing materials (papers and plastics) on fresh Brazilian spinach leaves quality such as moisture content, water activity and total color difference (ΔΕ). The samples were stored at ambient temperature (25 °C) for 16 days. The moisture content and water activity of the samples were measure by moisture analyzer and water activity meter, respectively. The total color difference (ΔΕ) was calculated based on L*, a* and b* parameters. Generally, based on overall results, the packing materials significantly affected the quality of fresh Brazilian spinach leaves throughout 16 days of storage period. The results asserted that the paper materials are not suitable to use to pack fresh Brazilian spinach leaves for long period. It is also not recommended to use any paper material to pack fresh produce, especially perishable vegetables and fruits, in protecting their quality. The use of HDPE and PP plastics is recommended to prolong the shelf life of the fresh Brazilian spinach leaves. However, it has a limitation in controlling the changes of leaves color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper soap is an innovation in making soap. The form of paper soap is unique like thin sheets paper. The addition of natural compounds such as virgin coconut oil (VCO) and whey kefir in soap making could improve the quality of paper soap as herbal product. This research aims to determine the optimum formulation of herbal paper soap in three whey kefir mass composition 8%, 18% and 23%. The paper soap makes using a hot process with additional glycerin as a plasticizer. The characterization of herbal paper soap is using parameters tested of pH value, stability of foam, unsaponified fat, organoleptic test, and water content. The characteristic of paper soap has a thickness of 1 mm, smells good, and slightly yellowish. The best herbal paper soap is obtained for a composition of 8% with water content, unsaponified fat, pH, and foam stability 28%, 0.39%, 8 and 83% respectively. Therefore, the herbal paper soap with whey kefir of 8% has complied SNI no. 3532-2016 standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In image processing and computer vision, image segmentation plays a crucial role. It finds a place in many image applications. Texture and colour features and its combination are among the main features used in image segmentation. This paper presents the literature review for colour-based segmentation techniques and texture-based segmentation techniques. The main objective for this paper is to provide the recent trends of both the color and texture segmentation technique in image segmentation as well as presenting the most popular evaluation measurements used for image segmentation. At the end of this paper, the conclusion for future work and its direction is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present researchers are trying to enhance the properties of paper sheet that used widely in many fields such as printing and packaging. The enhancement of paper quality is also possible to preserve paper documents of all kinds, as they are the true record, full of the history, achievements of the human being and the intellectual and cultural of the country. It is possible to improve its physical and mechanical properties and preserve them from damage through the use of some solutions of polymeric adhesives, which act as protective barriers against water and moisture penetration. The paper also has the advantage of porosity, which has been overcome by using three types of polymeric adhesives (Nitro Cellulose, Polyvinyl alcohol acetate, and Poly methyl methacrylate, as it formed a transparent layer, that led to an increase in thickness, hardness, ability to withstand folding and tensile, and a decrease in the intensity of brightness, as polymeric solutions showed their superiority in resisting moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thamarai Selvi and Vaidya Nathan [2] discussed maximum distance on graphs. We made an extension of that paper [2]. We discussed about complete graph Kn, star graph Sn, the complete bipartite graph Km,n. In this paper, we studied about the cycle graph Cn (n being any interger ≥ 3) and the multi star graph Bm,n, where m, n are integers, both greater than or equal to 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface of filter paper was modified by an ecofriendly photografting process, carried out by using as modifiers commercial products based on fluorinated monomers with chain length ranging from C8 to C2. The grafting process was optimized mainly focusing on the properties conferred to the modified filter paper, that is hydrophobicity, oleophobicity and water-oil separation efficiency. The aim was to assess the influence of the chain length of the fluorinated monomer on the filter performance, evaluating the possibility to replace the long chain pollutant products with the safer ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report some tests regarding the feasibility of nanodiamond to act as a cleaning/consolidation agent of papers and parchments. We carried out a series of treatments aiming to develop innovative approaches for deacidification, cleaning and consolidation. Dispersions of nanodiamond have been used as de-acidification agents of ancient papers showing the ability to sensibly reduce the acidity of the paper without using any alkaline base. Similar dispersions have been used for cleaning processes and nanodiamond demonstrated an outstanding capability to clean ancient papers and parchments avoiding the use of any solvent and surfactant. Moreover interesting results were obtained by using nanodiamond as consolidation agent. In particular, artificial aging by UV exposition was appreciably contrasted when samples were preliminarily submitted to a treatment by nanodiamond. This outcome was demonstrated in papers and parchments by Raman spectroscopy analyses that evidenced the property of nanodiamond to be an excellent UVscavenger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of non-traditional types of organic waste in vermicomposting in the territory of the middle taiga forest zone of Western Siberia in greenhouses. The main objects of the study were brewer's grains, waste from the production of the Kristal brewing company in the city of Surgut and wastewater sludge from the treatment facilities of the Gorvodokanal in Surgut. Additionally, the composition of complex composts included sand, office waste paper, waste coffee, food waste, leaf and grass litter, bird droppings and the microbiological additive ''Tamir". The compost worms of the Eisenia foetida ''Prospector" species were used as vermiculture. In a series of experiments, individuals of immature worms were used. The resulting vermicomposting is more effective in quality than the original substrates. The use of the hybrid Prospector can be effectively used in the disposal of non-traditional organic waste. Complex composts mature more efficiently when microbiological additives are added. In the studied substrates, the content of heavy metals was reduced to maximum permissible levels of content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flocculation process has a lot of applications such as pulp and paper, food, cosmetics, and oil industries. Despite the broad application, the mechanism itself is not well understood. The development of a mathematical model to explain the emulsion flocculation phenomenon is essential for studying and understanding the kinetics stability of the emulsion system. Sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) is a surfactant that is commonly used in the industry. This surfactant can be obtained from lignin sulfonation. SLS has long been used as a plasticizer, flocculant, and dispersant. SLS also has potential use in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). This study aims to examine the flocculation kinetics of crude oil emulsion systems with SLS surfactants. With the understanding of mathematical model it can be used to determine the optimal concentration of SLS required for crude oil emulsion. The emulsion stability is studied by determining percentage of emulsion with other phases while kinetics is studied by microscope observation to count the total amount of droplet on different variables, and obtain the flocculation and coalescence constant. It is observed that the addition of SLS enhances emulsion stability but adding more than 1000 ppm reduces the emulsion volume, this is because at high concentration the emulsion instability is caused by rapid coalescence. The addition of SLS concentration of at least 500 ppm can stabilize the emulsion up to 60%. The greater the SLS concentration, the smaller the flocculation constant and coalescence constant, which indicates that the emulsion is more stable. This indicates that the crude oil emulsion system is more stable than others. The order of emulsion stability (in addition to 1000 ppm SLS) is: crude oil > hexane > heptane > iso-octane. The longer the carbon chain, the higher the emulsion stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction industries operating in different parts of the world mainly aim not just to maintain a constant level but to outperform and to sustain improved performance in this competitive world without any hurdles. A company must have a business model and strategy to do their work and outperform its other competitors. In the journal studied, it was shown that many companies lack a definite business model and strategy. Even if they do have a business model and strategy they are often poorly developed and many show a lack of knowledge. Having a business model does not only have a positive impact but brings very few negative impacts as well. This review paper mainly aims to demonstrate the business models in practice and their importance for a company to attract and secure investment. The better a company has a business model and strategy, must also have proper knowledge of them and know how best to implement them. These companies having business model and strategy show excellent growth compared with companies without models and strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper making industry is looking for new main raw material based on its physical, chemical and morphological characteristics. Currently in this industry, bagasse is the most useful raw material in pulp and paper industry. The objective of this study is to determine its suitability for pulping. Acacia auriculiformis is a fast-growing tree normally found in Indonesia and Australia. Acacia auriculiformis leaf contains of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. The range of lignin content in Acacia auriculiformis is 19%-20%. The hemi-cellulose and lignin contents was removed by soda-pulping process using different concentrations as followed; 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. In order to determine the optimum pulping conditions for Acacia auriculiformis craft paper, several tests were conducted such as apparent density, tear test, tensile strength test and moisture absorption. It was found that the Acacia auriculiformis fibre treated with 3% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions gave good tear test of the paper. For apparent density test, the best concentration of NaOH used for treating Acacia auriculiformis pulping is at 15%. From the study, the optimum concentration of NaOH in treating Acacia auriculiformis fibre is at 5% for best result in tensile strength. Hence, from the overall tests, 5% concentration of NaOH is the optimum value. From the findings, Acacia auriculiformis fibre has a potential to be used in paper making and food packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]