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Increasing people's awareness of environmental health has forced Industries to evaluate the environmental impact of their process production and after-used product cycle. One way to measure the environmentally friendly aspect is by performing an industrial product's life cycle assessment (LCA). In this paper, PVC as a commodity plastic material with the third-highest use will be evaluated comprehensively in the form of an LCA. LCA is important to ensure that the current PVC products meet future needs. PVC is a polymeric material with many applications, from rigid unplasticized PVC such as pipes to flexible plasticized PVC such as wrapping plastic. It has an increasing trend in its consumption. The industry needs to prepare for the sustainability of its products. Therefore, further study on after-used products is needed to ensure all comply with the future trend. In this study, a preliminary assessment from the gate to the gate was carried out on many types of PVC industries that include products of pipes, cables, imitation leather, window frames, roofs, and films. A quantitative assessment of the product system is conducted using primary data, which becomes the polymer industry database. This research will give the overview and the potential study for the complete unit process assessment from the cradle to the grave for PVC industries in Indonesia and also generate a new data set and complement the National Life Cycle Inventory data, which is being developed in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) - Jatinangor Campus is one of the higher educational institutions located at Jatinangor, Sumedang Regency, West Java Province. This campus has area for about 47 hectares. When this campus have fully active activity, it produces huge amount of compostable waste especially organic and leaves waste. Solving the compostable waste is a key to realize Zero Waste ITB-Jatinangor Campus. MASARO technology offers fast, reliable, and profitable composting method to overcome the compostable waste problem at ITB-Jatinangor Campus. This technology has been applied in several areas in Indonesia, such as Ciwastra, Babakan Sari Waste Processing Site (Bandung City), Sabah Balau Village (South Lampung Province), Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Sukadana Village (Ciamis Regency), Gorontalo, and several other areas. It has waste processsing capacity up to 10 Tons/day. The MASARO technology not only produces solid and liquid compost with Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI) quality, but also shortens the composting period (about 7-10 days). Compost composition at ITB-Jatinangor Campus have 50,8% C-Organic, 2,71% N-total, 0,33 P2O5-total, 1,96% K2O-total, and 18,75 of C/N ratio. In this paper, it will focus on explaining implementation of the MASARO technology starting with the installation of the MASARO Composting House – Rumah Kompos MASARO (RKM). It would describe also about composting process and lesson learned about how the MASARO technology could solve the problem of compostable waste at a big educational institution like ITB-Jatinangor Campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the third-largest paddy producer in the world. From 2019 to 2021 total paddy harvested was more than 100 million tonnes. This huge quantity has an inherent by-product, i.e., rice straw, even in a more significant amount. Unfortunately, poor rice straw management causes farmers to treat the waste by open field burning. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate the side effect of the open-burning treatment. This paper also discussed the worth of considering applications of using rice straw that could make rice straw more valuable. The uniform probability distribution was used to deal with the uncertainty of gas emissions generated from the open field burning of rice straw. In this scheme, at the highest estimate, more than 300 million tonnes of CO2 are released into the atmosphere each year when Indonesia does not apply well management of rice straws. Another 8 million tonnes of other emissions CO, (fine) particulate matter, N2O, NOx, CH4, NMHC, and SO2. Those pollutants more harmful to human health and well-being are also released. Transforming rice straw to particle board has great potential due to this application's high demand and value. It is also an environmentally friendly approach since it can potentially reduce deforestation. In conclusion, appropriate treatment of rice straw management will significantly contribute to the sustainable development of Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper aims to analyze the prospect of an antithrombotic agent in the protease extract of B. cereus HSFI-10 in vivo based on literature study. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a non-communicable disease known to be the leading cause of death not only in Indonesia but also in ASEAN. In vitro antithrombotic effects of several thrombolytic agents, including the fibrinolytic serine protease from Bacillus sp. It is appreciated, as well as the discovery of bacterial proteases from fermented foods worldwide. Recently, the bacteria from the fermented intestines and muscle of sand sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, were reported to produce proteases with high thrombolytic activity in vitro. Among these bacteria is a bacterial isolate namely B. cereus HSFI-10 was found to produce protease with high clot lysis activity in vitro based on the gravimetry method. Our literature review results revealed that the most common type of animal model used for thrombosis model research is the white Sprague Dawley rat with an average age of around 6 weeks and a weight of about 200 g. The next common type of animal models used in thrombosis related study with carrageenan induction based on the review data are Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) and Swiss Albino. The thrombosis induction mainly targets the tail of rats or mice using carrageenan as the induction agent through intra-vena induction. The dose of carrageenan used for the white Sprague Dawley rats was ranging from 1-20 mg/kg BW rats. As conclusion, bacterial protease extract B. cereus HSFI-10 has high thrombolytic activity, but in vivo studies for the development of antithrombotic agents is scarcely reported. Thus, the development of in vivo studies on experimental animals is promising as a follow-up study to evaluate the potential of protease from B. cereus HSFI-10 as a candidate of antithrombotic agent for the treatment of CVD. The recommended method of thrombosis induction on testing animals is by using carrageenan injected on the tail of Sprague Dawley since the procedure is more efficient in accelerating the formation of thrombus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate changed, in this case was global warming, was the greatest environmental risk. Global warming could be understood as the rise of the average temperature of the surface of the Earth. It had been degrading our environment. When our environment was degraded, the built form was also affected, the life of all people would be seriously affected too. Actually the efforts to fight degrading environment were the responsibility of all people, not only the domain of the government. We had to contribute to fight global warming with any effort as much as we knew, as long as we could. There was also the issue that a vegetarian lifestyle could be one kind of many solutions to fight global warming, even only small. While in other countries some aspects of this issue had been implemented, we in Indonesia never took a closer look at this lifestyle. Even, the persons who held a vegetarian lifestyle also did not know their lifestyle could contribute to reduce global warming. Furthermore, in this pandemic Covid-19 a vegetarian lifestyle was much more relevant to be considered. The objective of this paper was to explore the possible things to manage the environment through some aspects of a vegetarian lifestyle. Methods used by investigating literatures of global warming and vegetarian. Data collection carried out from persons who held a vegetarian lifestyle even though rare persons held it, by giving them closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires. Because this time was still on pandemic Covid-19, both questionnaires were conducted through Telegram Group of Vegan Way, and through Facebook too. The data obtained then analysed qualitatively the possible things to manage the environment through some aspects of respondents' vegetarian lifestyle. All were connected so that the conclusion could be drawn. The conclusion was, some aspects of a vegetarian lifestyle such as consumed a plant-based diet, reduced livestock farming, could maintain our environment – even only small - among other big categories to fight global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increased development and population growth, the high demand for land in urban areas often results in unsuitability land use. Urban areas should minimize the negative impact of this mismatch by establishing a control mechanism for land use. This mechanism benefits for maintaining sustainable land use and ensuring new developments do not interfere with the spatial plan. This paper aims to analyze the existing spatial pattern of land use toward the spatial plan as an initial mechanism for controlling land use. The study applied a spatial pattern audit approach using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the suitability between the existing spatial pattern recorded in 2019 toward the spatial plan stated in the Detailed Spatial Plan (RDTR) of Yogyakarta 2015-2035. The satellite imagery-based map has been confirmed through field surveys then presented in a GIS-based map. The analysis is carried out by overlaying the map of 2019 and detailed spatial plan GIS-based maps released in 2015 to obtain the spatial utilization discrepancy. The audit analysis found that 21.55% of the current land use is unsuitable according to the spatial plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trans-phalangeal amputation is the most common case in upper-limb amputation, which accounted for 78% of the total cases. However, the prosthetic device is uniquely built for each person which makes it unable to be mass manufactured, and hence the price of this device is very high. This paper aims to design the mechanism of a prosthetic device for trans-phalangeal amputation that is functional, having a good quality, but has an affordable price. It is expected that people with trans-phalangeal amputation, especially in Indonesia, can easily access the prosthetic device. In this study, the mechanism was designed using kinematic synthesis. The primary considerations during the designing process are functionality, ease of operation, user comfort, customizable, and low cost. A 1-DOF (degree of freedom) kinematic system was designed to make the prosthetic device easy to be operated by the user. This study successfully created a kinematic system for a trans-phalangeal prosthetic device which has 1-DOF. A 3D printing is planned to be used to fabricate the prosthetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batik, the art and craft of drawing patterns on fabric, is one of Indonesia's famous traditions that is still gaining popularity nowadays. Typically, crafting batik, especially hand-drawn batik, requires a significant amount of time to manufacture. Therefore, this paper proposes a machine that shortens the time to produce batik, from drawing the pattern to coloring the fabric. The proposed design employs the CNC concept to replace the hand-drawn to machine-drawn batik. Electric canting is used to replace the traditional canting, where the wax can be fed in continuously. A conveyor and spray nozzles are added to automated the coloring process right after the fabric has been pattern drawn. Coloring agents, such as remasol, indigosol, and naphtol, were explored to provide efficient coloring and good results. The initial experiment of the design prototype showed that the drawn pattern has a 0.3333% error at the lowest from the original. Remasol gave a consistent color to the fabric with 5gr+5gr/220mL of concentration of coloring agent with its fixator to water. The prototype demonstrated that the Batik CNC machine could rapidly assist in manufacturing batik. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to evaluate the natural gas application as an alternative energy source that correlates with an environmental conservation issue. The government pursues the utilization of clean energy. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has implemented through the program of kerosene to LPG conversion in Indonesia. Through this program, emissions reduction by the use of LPG estimated to achieve 130,223,596 tons of CO2 (2020). The use of natural gas in the Garut district expected as a pilot plan to improve greenhouse gas emission reduction in the energy sector. The evaluation of energy demand in Garut district shows that the use of clean energy provides attractive benefit opportunities. The total energy demand in Garut district reaches 147,558 MMBTU/year to serve people as much as 2,548,723 inhabitants. It predicted that 30% of this amount could converted into cleaner energy, i.e., compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied (LNG). The use of energy from natural gas is considered more decent and more profitable. Gas distribution from the terminal carried out using pipeline or truck transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a country with the highest lightning density in the world. Lightning strikes are the highest cause of failure in transmission lines which will interrupt the availability of electricity. PLN as an asset owner and manager of transmission lines wants to make sure the reliability of its assets from any disturbances. To minimize the impact of lightning strikes on the transmission line, PLN utilizes data from the lightning detection system installed since 2017 to support the planning and operational processes. To improve the performance of transmission lines against lightning strikes, several mitigation options are implemented in the field such as installation of separated ground wire on towers, installation of transmission lightning arresters, and installation of active air terminals. The performance of each options was known by comparing their successful rate in protecting the transmission line. Each options used gives varying results with an average successful rate above 96% as shown in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), referred to as drones, can offer many conveniences for carrying out surveillance activities and surveying road conditions by minimizing human interaction in the field during the Covid 19 pandemic,. So far, road condition surveys are still based on manual field observations,. It requires a long time to take documentation and measure road distress. It could disrupt traffic flow, especially on relatively narrow roads, and surveyor safety on particular roads. In this paper conducted a survey of road conditions during the pandemic using drone. The results showed that a survey of road distress using a drone for 1 km could be carried out in 1 hour by 4 people, requiring 5-8 hours to process data to produce orthophoto products that can be used for identification, inventory, and classification 9 types of road distress in Indonesia research sites. Furthermore, the dimensions of road distress were calculated faster and resulted in accuracy above 97% compared to measurements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines online test monitoring technology, which has been under public attention due to school lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased the demand for online courses. Cheating on educational assessments is a worldwide issue; it happens in online and face-to-face courses, and it is prevalent among students taking unsupervised online examinations. Several online proctoring tools have emerged in the market, providing solutions to some key challenges. Some of these online proctoring tools use Auto proctoring systems. With the sudden condition like Covid 19, the online proctoring tool has not been tested on a large scale for the conditions in Indonesian vocational high schools. The service fee and technical requirements are included in the trial in question. This paper describes one of the first attempts to evaluate the selection of this tool properly and makes recommendations for secondary schools in Indonesia. This investigation, carried out at the Sragi Vocational High School, was divided into several phases, beginning with a literature review and ending with a pilot test conducted by a group of experts and students. The elimination of tools in each phase is based on the "survival of the fittest" approach, with each phase building on the previous phase's achievements and results. It has been shown that Auto Proctoring on Unsupervised Exams has a favourable impact on teacher assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of the interaction of these factors causes the innovation-adoption process to be very slow which leads to high levels of poverty, low levels of welfare, and low food security in West Papua Province, Indonesia. This paper tries to highlights various alternatives livestock and feed development based-analyses that can be taken by the local government along with the community to accelerate livestock development through local potential in West Papua. A deep overview of secondary data from relevant institutions was permitted used. The strategy for accelerating livestock development in West Papua should consistently adhere to the principles of (i) balanced economic development and conservation of natural resources, (ii) Increased production and market development, and (iii) Community empowerment, especially indigenous Papuans. In addition, by utilizing the local potential available in various areas in the province of West Papua, both from the agricultural, plantation, and fishery wastes in order to improve the welfare of farmers/breeders in West Papua. There needs to be a policy from the local government through local regulations as well as providing more facilities, infrastructure and training to the community in utilizing existing local potentials to support development programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to capital is one of the major constraints in the development of cattle fattening in Indonesia 1bis paper aims to identify the types of financial services and factors affecting the flow of credit for cattle fattening operations. About 54 fatteners as well as fourteen staff from the bank in Tuban and Lamongan Districts, East Java Province, Indonesia were interviewed regarding sources of credit taken and factors considered by banks to lend to farmers. The result showed that finance for fattening is mostly by formal finance (bank, government, and company) both subsidized credit with six percent interest rate or commercial rate; while fewer percentage fatteners involved in sharing cattle arrangement. Even though a low-interest rate credit is less favorable for banks, this contributes to retaining the customers or attracting new borrowers; also expanding the sectors#x2019; scope of banks including cattle fattening. In addition, participating in farmer groups, technical supports by livestock agencies, the availability of certain markets; predicting profit in budget analysis; government policy; and the availability of money from banks are indicated as factors affecting supply for cattle credit. In conclusion, banks are likely to have an incentive to lend cattle fattening as a profitable investment with both subsidized and non-subsidized rate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boom and bust cycle in cocoa commodity experiences to many countries, particularly in Indonesia. As the third-largest cocoa bean producer country, emerging local semi-finished chocolate producers respond to the markets as the primary government objective to boost rural, regional, and national economies. However, the factory established surrounded by enormous cocoa trees should resist competitors; the unsustainability issue ironically has become a primary factor in declining bean supply from the farmers to the factory. This paper is based on a literature review and interviewing local chocolate processor managers to elicit root issues behind unsustainability experienced by the company. We underlined that the role of internal (management) and external (farmer, government, and competitor) factors is the primary key. The findings suggest that the need for risk management, farmer encouragement, eating chocolate habit program, and fair trade apply will probably help solve unsustainability issues of emerging local chocolate processors in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing (RS) technology and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have changed the traditional way of working that takes costs, time, and labor consumes to become modern and efficient. This paper review aimed at the role of remote sensing and GIS in grassland management. The review used a descriptive methodology to analyze literature from a number of journals concerning applied spatial research studies to look for the best method to be applied in grassland research in East Sumba Regency, Indonesia. In conclusion, the use of satellite imagery for both supervised and unsupervised classification is very helpful in determining the location, area, and limiting factors around it. A Maximum Likelihood Classification is the most widely used form of supervised classification and is used in a variety of applications. However, the ISODATA is the most effective method for unsupervised classification. The effort to determine a grassland or other purposes with land-use suitability analysis can be done with Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) through an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. This method is very helpful for decision-makers, especially in the farm industry. Both an expert#x2019;s judgment and literature review can be as source indicator factors use in suitability analysis. Considering the natural condition of land cover and land use in the East Sumba Regency, the identification and management of grassland will face a lot of resources and is time-consuming. Through remote sensing and GIS approaches, researchers are very helpful in increasing the level of accuracy and saving time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 (I4.0) Readiness Index Indonesia (INDI 4.0) is an approach to measure readiness to adopt I4.0 in.Indonesia as a basis to develop a roadmap and strategy towards I4.0. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia seemly left behind in the policy launch timeline of I4.0 initiatives as a national plan to improve competitiveness. Indonesia's rank is lower than Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia. From the INDI 4.0 initial assessment in 2018, Indonesia got a low score at an average of 1.992 (scale 0 to 4). This paper aims to identify challenges and enablers by comprehensive review to enhance INDI I4.0 effectiveness, so contributing more accurate measuring I4.0 readiness and strategy for both government and industry of Indonesia. This research used a multi-methodological approach, exploring articles, a qualitative approach, and participating in group workshops. This study found no differences in the general approach and principle in INDI 4.0 and other primary indexes used in other countries. It is similar in defining a roadmap, the steps in developing the I4.0 index and dimensions, and determining technology as the basis of measurement. From this finding, this study identified challenges and enablers in implementing INDI 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to develop the blue print of Intelligent Decision Support System (IDSS) in the supply chain network of Kenaf Natural Fibre Agroindustry (KNFA) which has not been much studied. This paper will be an important contribution to KNFA studies in Indonesia. This blueprint refers to the two echelons of the KNFA supply chain network, namely the upstream supply chain network (KNFA) and the middle-stream supply chain network (textile industry). The simulation of the inventory collaboration model in the upstream supply chain have been carried out on the Net Beans IDE 12.0 application. Consecutive research will carry out a simulation of the inventory collaboration model in the middle-stream supply chain network, and develop a digital platform with an Android studio application for smartphones based on android, and Net beans application for desktops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of solar energy in Indonesia has become the main priority of the government to put some essential actions. As the regulations have been declared, the activities to explore solar energy to become large-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants and small-scale rooftop PV systems. This paper is reviewing the current condition of electricity in Indonesia, the development of PV power plant including rooftop PV system, the roles and regulation that take places, and the Covid-19 impact towards the PV current development and several issues that following it. The solutions to overcome the pandemic has been thoroughly set by the government to achieve the target of 6.5 GW installed PV by the 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial Revolution 4.0 demands all parties, fostering efficiency and effectivity in their activities and administration through automation and digitation in processing and storing data based on their real activities. Ibnu Hajar Integrated Islamic School has to adopt cloud computing technology in teaching-learning and administrative activities which is recently conducted manually based on paper and teaching-learning processes conducted classically. One of the improvement efforts of problem-solving is starting the development of the Application of the E-Billboard and Presence Record System. In the process application development is based on the Design Thinking Processes, which is involved in understanding, observation, a point of view, creating/ideating, prototype, and testing. The implementation of such processes has resulted in the application and implementation of E-Billboard that has replaced conventional information board and online student and employees present system in Ibnu Hajar IIS Balikpapan. Employees Presence recording can be done through the QR code scanning process which is displayed in E-Billboard using their smartphones without touching the media of E-Billboard, So that can avoid queue and crowds. The advantages of such systems can avoid the spreading of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to create a concept to implement environmental education for elementary students in the surrounding mining areas in Indonesia. The method includes data gathering, subject analysis, and data analysis. Data was gathered by looking through all published papers and articles that discussed studies on mining activities in Indonesia and the implementation of environmental education in Indonesia. The aim of the subject analysis was to identify multiple subjects that could be combined with environmental education topics. Data analysis was carried out by analyzing information gathered about mining activities in Indonesia, the implementation of environmental education in Indonesia, and subject analysis in order to create a concept to implement environmental education for elementary students in the mining areas in Indonesia. Environmental education is related and can be applied to the learning process in the Chapter "Clean air for health" and the Chapter "Our friendly environment" for the Science subject of grade 5 by the infusion approach of explaining, discussion, demonstration, question and answer, and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study area is located in Cihaur Village, Sukabumi, West Java, occupied by Jampang Formation which hosts numerous gold mineralization in West Java. This paper discusses the geology and ore characterization based on field mapping, thin section petrography, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to define the rock and hydrothermal alteration, and ore microscopy to identify the type of ore minerals. The geology of the research area consists of tuff breccia, andesite, and dacite units, with three alteration zones, such as silicification, argillic, and propylitic. The alteration characterized by quartz as a dominant secondary mineral (silicification), clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite (argillic), chlorite, albite, calcite, and minor secondary quartz (propylitic), based on petrography and XRD analysis. The area mineralization is dominantly controlled by quartz vein with N 3300 E orientation, showing crustiform, comb, chalcedony, saccharoidal, acicular, cockade, and stockwork textures corresponding to the low sulfidation epithermal system. On surface (about 720 – 740 masl), mineralization is characterized by gold with quartz and oxide manifested as gangue mineral, while mineralization below the surface (about 640 – 680 masl) characterized by base metal with ore minerals such as galena and sphalerite, and supergene minerals such as covellite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation Evaluation not only plays an important role in oil and gas exploration but also in evaluating reservoirs. When the drilling operation has been completed, a decision is generally made between completing the well or plug and abandon the well. With the logging activity, then the decision can be taken considering the required data has been obtained from the log records. However, the determination of Water Saturation (Sw) cannot be obtained directly from log records, special methods are needed to find it according to the layer under study. In addition, the results of the log calculation will be used. The aim of this work is to obtain a hydrocarbon prospect layer (Net Pay), pore volume of hydrocarbons in the "S8" layer which can be used as a reference for further field development. Besides determining the appropriate method in calculating water saturation can be used as a reference in subsequent calculations in the "RS" field. Henceforth the parameters obtained are used to determine the Initial Oil Reserves using the Volumetric method. In research in Field R, there are 5 wells analyzed for the results of log records, namely Well RS-1, Well RS-5, Well RS-6, Well RS-2 and Well RS-7 the depth is 7098-7300 feet. The layer studied from the five wells has Limestone lithology and is a shally formation, because the shale content (Vshale) for these five wells is more than 10. Resistivity average around 4-12 Ωm. Therefore, the determination of Sw is carried out using the Indonesian Method. Based on the results of qualitative and quantitative validation, the Sw method chosen after being validated with core data, between Indonesia Formula and Simandoux, was chosen to be applied in the Field RS is Indonesia Formula. The net pay thickness of the five wells was obtained by cutting off Vshale, effective porosity, and Sw. In this paper, effective porosity, Vshale, and Sw cutoffs are used for 8, 45, and 70, respectively. Taking into account the net pay thickness of 56.5 feet, Area Area=8104.56 Acre, and N/G=56.5/302=0.183, the Hydrocarbon Pore Volume (HPV) can beobtained, namely HPV=14.83 MM Bbl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Borneo has been known as an oil-producing region since 1897. It was first opened by the Dutch company NIIHM (Nederlandsch-Indische Industrie en Handel Maatschappij), where NIIHM drained oil in shallow zone reservoirs (100-500mTVDSS). In the context of Indonesia's Energy Security, until now the Indonesian Government has begun to propose drilling of new wells, to exploit sandstone reservoirs in the deep zone (>500mTVDSS), but to carry out deep well drilling in the Sanga-Sanga field is classified as having a high geological risk, namely overpressure zone, which is a serious obstacle in drilling, so we deem it necessary to research overpressure zones in Sanga-Sanga filed by making comparative modeling based on well log data to depth and other well log analysis to minimize the drilling hazard of deep zone drilling, in particular the Sanga-Sanga field, lower Kutei basin. This paper describes several strategic approaches to detect the top depth of the overpressure zone and its mechanisms that can be usefully for every stakeholder in oil and gas companies. This study confirms that the rapid sedimentation and its anticlinorium structure due to gravity sliding from the lower Kutei basin affected the pore pressure regime in the Balikpapan formation, especially the Sanga-Sanga field so that it was responsible for overpressure formation in the area. Burial history modeling, well log analysis, mud logging analysis, are suggested to help us approach to find out more about the characteristics of overpressure that occurs in the Sanga-Sanga field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood disasters cause material and human damage every year. This is due to high and uneven rainfall in an area. One of the areas in Indonesia that are affected by the flood is Klaten Regency. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the potential for flooding that can be used as a base for developing suitable management. This paper aims to map the potential for flooding by utilizing remote sensing data and GIS. Aspects used as criteria are rainfall, slope, soil type, geological conditions, rivers, normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, and land use. Based on the results, Klaten Regency has two sub-districts with a high flood hazard category, 21 sub-districts with a moderate category, and three sub-districts with a low category. Bayat and Cawas are sub-districts that have a high flood hazard category. Meanwhile, Kemalang, Karangnongko, and Polanharjo are sub-districts with a low flood hazard category. The main factors for flooding in Klaten Regency are slope, land use, and is crossed by the Dengkeng river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the important sectors in Indonesia. There are several commodities consumed by Indonesian citizens, one of them is shallots as a cooking spice and herbal medicine. Several problems occasionally arise in the shallots cultivation process; one of them is increasing plant pest organism's attacks. However, the control process is still done conventionally. Therefore, it is necessary to build a system to diagnose diseases automatically. This paper proposes an information system for agriculture shallots based on machine learning using dempster Shafer. After collecting the data, dempster Shafer is applied to determine and define a reasonable level of confidence and a function to evaluate a possibility. Based on the experiment, the accuracyofmax belief for detection of shallots disease is 60%. By using several scenarios, the experimental result shows that dempster Shafer can detect shallot disease well. Furthermore, the algorithm can be implemented in web and mobile applications based to monitor the controlling process easier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasar Ikan Modern (PIM) Muara Baru is the first fish market built by the government as an icon of the clean fish market and fulfil sanitation standards in Indonesia. Some goals built this fish market are to increase fish consumption in the Jakarta area and change people's view of the dirty traditional fish market. Building conditions that meet the sanitary standard can prevent disease and guarantee the quality of the fish sold. A clean fish market environment and the application of good sanitation are the main important ways to keep environmental sanitation. This paper aims to identify the environmental sanitation based on SSOP (Standard Sanitation Operating Procedure) in PIM Muara Baru. This research uses the quantitative method. Data was obtained from the observation approach and survey on 30 respondents, all of whomare fish sellers. These results show that PIM Muara Baru has not fulfilled all the procedures in SSOP. From 24 proceduresin SSOP, 13 procedures (54%) were appropriate, and 11 procedures (46%) were inappropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental conditions are getting worse so environmental disclosure is very important in corporate governance. This study aims to examine the determinants of environmental disclosure including audit committee, the board of directors, and the independent commissioner board. Furthermore, this study also presents profitability as an intervening variable. The study population consisting of companies in the agricultural, mining, various industries, consumer goods industry, cement, pulp, and paper are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample method using purposive sampling. Hypothesis testing using WarpPLS 7.0. The results show the audit committee has a positive and significant effect on environmental disclosure. Meanwhile, the board of directors and independent commissioners board have a negative and insignificant relationship with environmental disclosures. Profitability as an intervening variable is also unable to mediate the independent variable on the dependent variable. Hence, the company could encourage audit committee effectiveness. Future research is expected to add other independent variables to obtain more comprehensive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply chain for halal chicken meat in Indonesia is a unique and more complex than in other countries since there are so many actors who take a part in each chain. Study on behaviour for breeders, distributors, sellers and customers become essential to be carried out to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the critical point of halal chicken supply chain. The common study only discusses segmentation behaviour on the customer's perspective, while the critical point of halal lies more crucially on the sellers. Therefore, reviewing the sellers becomes important in the halal chicken meat supply chain. This paper presents a computational segmentation of halal chicken meat's sellers using a clustering method. The clustering is based on demographic and behavioural attributes. The essential attributes of demographic cover gender, age, education, selling location, selling quantity, selling duration, and source of chicken while behaviour attributes are adapted from Theory of Planned Behaviour framework that involves knowledge, attitude, intention, and action. Data were collected through a quantitative questionnaire from 249 chicken meat's sellers in Yogyakarta province in Indonesia. K-means cluster is used to group seller with the same interest in attributes and the number of clusters is optimized using the Elbow Method. From the calculation of Elbow Method, there is a sharp decline and shapes an angle between k=2 and k=3, so chicken meat sellers are grouped into three clusters. The composition shows that about 23.2% is included in the apathetic cluster, 45.7% belongs to religious, and 31.1% fits to rationalist. Cluster 1 and 3 have insignificant difference in halal behaviour but not with cluster 2. Based on analysis, the level of education is the most important demographic sub attributes in configuring halal behavioural pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DME can be synthesized from natural gas, coal, biomass, and/or coal seam, and is a sulfur-free, near-zero aromatics synthetic fuel which is considered as an excellent substitute for conventional diesel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Currently, various production technologies are developed and many commercial projects are actively being progressed. This paper presents recent development and future prospect of Dimethyl Ether (DME) as an alternative energy, simple review for biomass energy, comparison of biomass and coal conversion to DME. The use of lignite coal as the basic material for the manufacture of DME is less profitable because it produces H2S gas which is harmful to the environment, thus requiring a purification unit to remove the gas. The addition of these units increases production costs. Meanwhile, biomass has higher availability and contains lower sulfur than coal. Biomass that has the potential as a substitute for lignite is tofu waste because of the highest availability and the highest syngas yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the development of a real-time water quality monitoring system based on ORP, TDS, DO, pH, and temperature parameters using multi probes. Embedded system technology is used at each monitoring point (multi- nodes) as the main controller and the communication for monitoring all of the information about water quality using a GSM network based on SMS Gateway. The parameter value information for monitoring parameters provides the level of the threshold value for the quality of drinking water according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The performance of the sensors was tested on a laboratory scale manually by comparing the parameter values of each sensor with a calibrated meter. Based on the results of testing the system as a whole, it shows that each measured parameter in the research object can be read on each installed sensor. The system can provide real-time information on the level of water quality threshold value categories at monitoring points (multi nodes) to be used as a reference for driving water quality awareness, namely GOOD or NOT GOOD in compatibility and interoperability. The response time to the SMS monitoring information results is an average of 3 seconds depending on the provider used from the SIM800L module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has the potential for asphalt deposits, especially on Buton Island. In determining asphalt resources, the most important parameter is the accuracy of the geological model. In geomodeling, there are several criteria, including analysis of geological complexity, analysis of quality distribution, and subsurface mapping to observe the geometry of the distribution of asphalt layers resulting from drilling activities. This paper aims to produce a geomodeling of asphalt deposits. The method used is the correlation between surface mapping data and subsurface data, in the form of sixty exploration drill holes data, then a subsurface geological model is generated. The results showed that there were four layers of asphalt found, where three layers of asphalt split into two layers. The asphalt layer found has varying thickness which is influenced by the presence of weak zones and is in the form of a fluid. The distribution direction of the modeled asphalt layer and several asphalt outcrops resulting from surface mapping are known to have a known stance and layer slope, the asphalt outcrop has a strike layer of N1950 – 2350E towards Southwest – Northeast and the slope of the layer is relatively gentle, which is between 150 – 200 NW. The geological model produced can be used as a reference for mining companies in detailed planning exploration and estimating resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Badak LNG Plant is located in Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The plant, under declining gas supply situation, however, is capable of producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with the maximum production capacity of 22.5 MTPA and 1 MTPA, respectively. With more than four decades of experience in LNG business and operation, Badak LNG, has been one of the pioneers of LNG Plant Operator in the world that leads in safety, efficiency, and reliability. In supporting the natural gas liquefaction process, Badak LNG is generating its own power source by means of several steam turbine driven generators and two units of Black Out Start Up Unit (BOSU) that comprises of one diesel engine driven generator and one gas turbine driven generator (GTG). The natural gas fueled GTG is currently operated as base load at half of its rated capacity due to operational constraint. In respect to this condition, this unit by design will operate not at its best efficiency point. Gas turbines (aero-derivative or heavy-duty) are constant volumetric air flow machines. Their power output is proportional to air mass flow and therefore proportional to air density. When the air temperature increases at constant pressure, the air density will decrease. Consequently, it causes reduced output power. With Turbine Inlet Air Cooling (TIAC) system, GTG power output can be increased to achieve ISO nominal– rated output or even higher. The turbine will have constant and chilled inlet air temperature, thus increasing the power output and maintaining it constant against ambient temperature changes. It creates a direct economic benefit by increasing the annual average output power and savings in specific fuel consumption or cost comparison to additional turbine installation. Turbine output power can also be varied without costly heat rate penalty due to partial load in turbine operation. This paper will discuss the feasibility of increasing power output of GTG unit in Badak LNG without increasing fuel consumption by implementing Turbine Inlet Air Cooling (TIAC) technology. This paper will cover the conceptual design, technical assessment and cost benefit analysis of implementing this TIAC technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the change of CO2 emission on manufacturing sectors in Indonesia using input-output analysis. The method used supply perspective can measure the impact of an increase in the value added of different productive on manufacturing sectors on total CO2 emission and can identify the productive sectors responsible for the increase in CO2 emission when there is an increase in the value added of the economy. The data used are based on Input-Output Energy Table 1990, 1995 and 2010. The method applied the elasticity of CO2 emission to value added. Using the elasticity approach, one can identify the highest elasticity on manufacturing sector as the change of value added provides high response to CO2 emission. Therefore, policy maker can concentrate on manufacturing sectors with the high response of CO2 emission due to the increase of value added. The approach shows the contribution of the various sectors that deserve more consideration for mitigation policy. Five of highest elasticity of manufacturing sectors of CO2 emission are Spinning & Weaving, Other foods, Tobacco, Wearing apparel, and other fabricated textiles products in 1990. Meanwhile, the most sensitive sectors Petroleum refinery products, Other chemical products, Timber & Wooden Products, Iron & Steel Products and Other non-metallic mineral products in 1995. Two sectors of the 1990 were still in the big ten, i.e. Spinning & weaving and Other foods in 1995 for the most sensitive sectors. The six sectors of 1995 in the ten highest elasticity of CO2 emission on manufacturing which were Plastic products, Other chemical products Other fabricated metal products, Cement, Iron & steel products, Iron & steel, still existed in 2010 condition. The result of this research shows that there is a change in the most elastic CO2 emission of manufacturing sectors which tends from simple and light manufacturing to be a more complex and heavier manufacturing. Consequently, CO2 emission jumped significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximal clique enumeration is a graph clustering method for finding all vertices that have the most influence in a graph. The Bron-Kerbosch algorithm is one of the fastest algorithms to find all maximal cliques. Hence, this paper will focus on that algorithm to find all maximal cliques. Counting all maximal cliques of a graph usually uses an adjacency matrix of the graph to find all vertices in the graph that have the most influence. But, in this paper, a complement matrix of a graph will be used in counting all maximal cliques. This research uses a graph that represents a domestic flight route of one of the airlines in Indonesia. By using Bron-Kerbosch algorithm, all maximal cliques of the graph will be listed, so that it will come up with the vertices which are the most influential in this graph. The graph will be represented in complement matrix. The result of applying the Bron-Kerbosch algorithm with the complement matrix of graph will determine vertices that have the most influence in the graph. Besides that, by using a complement matrix, the result gives more information on the vertices which are only connected to the vertices that have the most influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide an overview of what a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) method is, its differences with the classical methods, the principles, and the QCA types. Literature studies and Indonesia megaproject case study is used to explain the concept of the QCA method. A comprehensive discussion of this paper produces a concise description of the QCA method that has the potential to be used to study multivariable research with small sample size. This study also succeeded in formulating a framework that can be used as a guide for researchers in determining when to use the QCA method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing protection against probability of losses is important issue in insurance company. Insurance company must certainly estimate all the risks which can be done by using risk measures. Value-at-Risk (VaR) is one of risk measures that is widely used in insurance industry. However, this risk measure can be inaccurate if there are loss values which far exceed the VaR value. In this paper, Tail Value-at-Risk (TVaR) can be more representative to be the risk measure. In practical uses, TVaR can represent the amount of capital that will be needed due to certain losses which possibly happen. Better risk estimation can also be obtained by combining both individual and group of policyholders risk. One method to combine both these risks is by using credibility theory which will give certain weights for both individual and group risk measures. The proper weights are obtained by minimizing the mean squared error between a parameter used to predict future losses and its estimator. In general, this paper will derive credible TVaR model which uses B¨uhlmann credibility theory. Individual risk will be represented by TVaR of certain policyholder; meanwhile, group of policyholders risk will be represented by the average of every policyholder’s TVaR value. Estimator of each parameter used in the model will be derived as it will use real data for application. In the end of this paper, numerical simulation which uses one of Indonesia life insurance company’s data about policyholder claims in certain periods of time will also be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of cancer that commonly causes most of the death is breast cancer. According to WHO data published in 2017, breast cancer deaths in Indonesia reached 21,287 or 1.27 % of total deaths. Delay in knowing of the condition of breast cancer in women with breast cancer, results in increased mortality, poor prognosis, and decreased survival rates, which are also associated with lower awareness of breast cancer, and also recommended non-adherence to screening. In this paper, we propose a random forest for breast cancer prediction. Random forest is one of many classification techniques, and it is an algorithm for big data classification. Random forest classification is applied to cancer microarray data to achieve a more accurate and reliable classification performance. The accuracy in this paper is 100 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has used electric vehicles for future transportation, and the government has passed a law to help and facilitate the implementation of future electric vehicles. These regulations are contained in Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2019 concerning the Acceleration of the battery-based electric motor vehicle program and Minister of Industry Regulation No. 27/2020 Concerning Specifications, development roadmaps, and provisions for calculating the component level of domestic (TKDN) electric vehicles for battery-based electric motorized vehicles. This paper describes the future opportunities for Indonesian electric vehicles and the main and supporting components of electric vehicles that can gradually be produced domestically, increasing the TKDN value. Analysis of the main and supporting components of electric vehicles can be seen from the development of research and industries engaged in Indonesian electric vehicles and government policies and implementations that have been real to support national electric vehicles. The main components in an electric vehicle are batteries (35%), frame or body (7%), drive train and Power Control Unit (13%), electric instruments (3%), and supporting components. The stage towards the industry, the government has collaborated with private manufacturers to produce national batteries. Therefore, the TKDN value is expected to increase as consumers, and government policies incentivize the electric vehicle industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the diversity of the shapes and styles of woodcarving artworks in Southeast Asia, specifically in Jepara, Indonesia which is the centre of woodcarving artworks production which is produced by exceptional art skills on beautiful and attractive woods. The artworks are created through a carving process with the use of specific carving equipment that is executed by the talented and skilful engravers who have had developed their talents and skills since their early days. Various models and patterns of calligraphy woodcarving were found in Jepara. That was spread to the entire archipelago were not merely as the woodcarvings for decoration and furniture, but they have been instigated as the Islamic art in the forms of the pulpit, doors, palaces, offices, museums, schools, mosques, houses, and others. They had become the manifestation of artistic and aesthetic works that underlie local customs, traditions, arts, and cultures. The woodcarving has its model, style, symbol, and philosophy that reflect the life of the individuals or society, but the creativity in its making represents the challenges, the opportunities, and the hopes. This study relies on the methodology of collecting data from the field investigation through the theory and practice of woodcarving art in Jepara. The objective of this study is to elevate the creativity of the woodcarving art of the Southeast Asia and to preserve the local cultural heritage. The outcomes of the research will present the analysis of the woodcarving calligraphies from Jepara as the primary producer of various engraving works in Indonesia, and to become a scientific discourse that reveals the richness and the legacy of the Islamic calligraphy art in the Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comics have existed in Indonesia since the the Dutch East Indies period, introduced by Dutch-language daily newspaper. in its development, Indonesian comics with ideas that have inspired from the Western popular culture are considered as a threat to the sustainability of the national cultural values. This issue encourage the local comic artist to create a new kind of comic, Wayang comic, a genre that only available in Indonesia which actually taken from the classical mythology Ramayana and Mahabharata that have been well accepted by the reader and considered to be more educated and match with the nation's culture. This paper will begin with brief history about Indonesian comic, then will be discussed how local value become inspiration, at the same time maintaining the sustainability of traditional heritage. This research using a qualitative research approach, explaining the fact about traditional wayang performance and how it become inspiration, then will be looking at how the classical performance transformed into popular media, and its impact on the society to be annalised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of information and communication technology has given support to the film industry. It creates a professional film worker's requirement without looking at a specific gender in a work field. Working in the film industry, especially as a screenwriter, has allowed women to voice gender equality. This paper aims to explore female characters' descriptions in the film written by female screenwriters in Indonesia. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach to get a detailed picture of the objectives. The methods used are interview, observation, and literature study. The result shows that the emerging of digital platforms helps the work of women filmmakers to be more accessible to audiences. Digital platforms showcase more films with more time, unlike the movie theatre. It also helps them to show different representations of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the Indonesian government's policy to limit exports of raw mining products and pressures mining business actors to build smelters to provide added value mining products. This policy also has an impact on mining entrepreneurs, rural residents, and also countries that are trusted as trading partners of Indonesia. The impact given is negative because the actors are concerned about the disadvantage due to the implementation of this policy; environmental issues are also one of the impacts for rural residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarbonization target, which has not been achieved since the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2016 on reducing world CO2 emissions, has not been taken ambitiously by the Indonesian government. It can be seen from the lack of participation of Indonesia in renewing its commitment to accelerate the reduction to zero percent carbon emissions. Then, what will be happened to the co-creation of the power system experts on this issue? This paper examines the role of power system experts in an ecosystem innovation capability to realize value co-creation. Quantitative methods are used after a preliminary observation to find variables, relationships, and research models. By the structural equation modeling methods using ADANCO software, this research finds a significant effect of ecosystem innovation capability towards value co-creation between the power system expert engineers. A good ecosystem that supports the capability to innovate continuously can foster co-creation among power system experts. This research has implications for the future development of a zero-carbon emission target in the Indonesian energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twitter data provide rich and powerful information to leverage the dynamics of public perception to establish situational awareness and disaster mitigation strategies during critical times. In this paper, we perform topic modeling via Latent Dirichlet Allocation to extract topics from a collection of tweets related to Indonesia flood events in February 2021 with the query: "banjir". The extracted topics are used as one of the features to build a generalized linear count time series model with Negative Binomial distribution. We find seven major topics from the model in which tweets containing a topic about the government's role in handling the situation dominate the conversation. Taking into account a simple intervention analysis, we demonstrate a statistically significant change in the users' behavior before and after the severe Jakarta flood on 20 February 2021. Moreover, a metric evaluation demonstrates that a covariate that describes the turning point of the Jakarta flood event is convenient to build a more accurate count time series model of the tweets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an archipelago country and has wave energy potential for renewable energy. It can be applied as a sustainable energy source for bordered and remote coastal areas. Understanding and identifying the most influenced variables to ensure the sustainability of wave energy is crucial. Therefore, this paper aimed to present how people used the structural analysis method to identify the influence factors of sustainability wave energy in coastal areas. The study's methodology was using the Impact Matrix Cross-Reference Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) software for analyzing the influence variables. It was also utilized to identify the correlation among the identified factors. After that, these factors were rank. The result shows that factors of 'subsidies', 'financing institution', proper wave energy potential data', and 'lack of policy and regulation' are classified as a critical factor which has the highest influence and highest independent. However, future research should be performed with more variables and focus group discussions of experts on formulating the best scenarios of wave energy sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lockdown is one of the policies taken by many countries to prevent the spread of covid 19. In contrast to other countries, Indonesia does not adopt a lockdown policy but prefers Restrictions on Community Activities (PKM). Restrictions on community activities such as referring to lockdown but not in full, the existing policies include four restrictions: cessation of the implementation of activities in schools and educational institutions, restrictions on activities at work, restrictions on religious activities, and restrictions in public places. This paper tries to investigate the effect of restrictions on Community Activities on air quality, especially on the concentration of Carbon Monoxide in one city and partially based on core activity. This study measures the column concentration of total Carbon Monoxide (CO) from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. In this study, we analyze the average CO concentration of Semarang City before and during COVID-19 from January 1, 2019, to August 30, 2021. The results show that the policy of restrictions on Community Activities can reduce the value of CO concentration to remain stable at < 30 mol/m2 in core activities with the dominance of local internal transportation within the city (education, settlements, trading center, and industry), while activities with the dominance of transportation outside the city (transportation nodes) produce different things with an average concentration of > 32 mol/m2, but with a downward trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to RUPTL 2021 – 2030, Indonesia committed to 23% renewable energy in 2025; meanwhile, in 2019 it is still 9%. Therefore it will require effort from all type renewable energy source which available in Indonesia. As Indonesia is a country with most people who consume rice, the rice husk availability will be abundant automatically. Without good utilization of rice husk in the rice, mills will become a severe threat to the environment. It can generate millions of tons of CO2 when burnt. Also, it will take a long time to degradation if only throw into the environment. Biomass Gasification Power Plant is a technology that utilizes bioenergy with less CO2 emission since the fuel is the rice husk. Utilizing biomass gasification is part of renewable energy available in Indonesia. In this paper, a gasification power plant prototype with a 10 kW capacity will be used as a model to determine how big the possible contribution of a gasification power plant to participate 23% renewable energy in 2025. It will review the recent cost of Tarif /kWh and compare it with the local electricity tariff price. Also, alternative utilizing energy biomass becomes heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns on process modeling of torrefaction and activation of oil palm trunk (OPT) becoming activated charcoal, abundant biomass resources coming from replantation of oil palm. The processes are very crucial in treating OPT before utilization for energy source due to the high level of water content and volatile matters in the biomass. Oil palm trunk is solid waste biomass from oil palm, which can be a new and renewable energy source with great potential in Indonesia. One way to increase the value of oil palm trunk is by increasing its calorific value. Utilization of this OPT waste will be used to produce fuel that is relatively more environmentally friendly. One of the processes to increase the calorific value of the OPT is torrefaction, and its use-value can be increased again by the activation process to produce activated carbon. In this research, modeling and simulation were carried out on the drying process and OPT torrefaction using three types of reactors of the Gibbs reactor, Yield reactor, and Batch reactor. Oil palm trunk is defined as cellulose, hemicellulose, extractive, ash, and water. The simulation results in the form of HHV and yield values were then validated with experimental data. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of HHV charcoal and impregnation ratio (IR) on the surface area was carried out by collecting and processing literature data. For the torrefaction process, the difference between the simulation results and the experiment on the Gibbs reactor is about 5 % for HHV and about 10 to 14.94% for yield. Meanwhile, the yield reactor has an error about 12 to 19% for HHV and 5 % for yield. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the optimum temperature for the torrefaction process is 275°C. Based on statistical analysis, the impregnation ration of ZnCl2 to produce the maximum surface area of 1652.507 m2/g is 5.458. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood is one of the disaster phenomenon that causes damage to living things and the environment. In Indonesia floods disaster increase year to year. There are many causes of flooding. Research on flooding can also be viewed from many perspectives. Therefore, a process is needed to analyze many of these perspectives criteria into a decision to reduce the risk of flood disaster. People has to make correct decision and quick response. For this reason, this paper build an expert system model which is embedded in the edge computing internet of things. This paper uses analytical hierarchy process to give weight on criteria and Promethee to decide flood hazard status level. This paper's model has three experiment criteria and three experiment alternatives vulnerability status. These alternatives and criteria are compared with experiment test case data to obtain a vulnerability status. There are three alternative scenario models tested in this paper, to prove a flood risk status can be modeled with AHP-Promethee. In addition, to test the performance response time of edge computing, it was tested with 3x3 to 50x50 alternative data and criteria. The experimental result for 3x3 is 0.0031 seconds to 50x50 is 0.13 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]