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Here, we presented a novel, cost effective approach to fabricate flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (NG) consisting of ZnS nanowires (NWs) grown upon cellulose. An output voltage of 4 V is generated from the nanocomposite paper (NC-paper) based NG. Subsequently, it has the capability to power Light Emitting Diode (LED) and charging up capacitor. The corresponding energy stored in the capacitor (1 µF) is 16 µJ. Thus, the fabricated NC-paper based NG can be used for smart textile structures, wearable and self-powered nanodevices.

The commercial telecommunication system in future would explore the electromagnetic spectrum with higher frequency than used now, because it requires higher speed of transmission data. Using the millimeter waves (mmW) with frequency ranging from 30 to 300 GHz, such requirement could be fulfilled. The upcoming 5G cellular technology is expected to use frequency 30 GHz or higher. Then materials with a specific characteristic at the mmW range are interesting to be explored and investigated. Here, we report the synthesis process of graphene/TiO2 deposited on paper and their transmission characteristics to the electromagnetic energy at frequency 27-40 GHz (Ka-Band). The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized by a modified Hummers method with introduction of microwave irradiation in the process. rGO and TiO2 were mixed in ethanol solution and deposited on the paper by a spraying technique. Transmission coefficient of electromagnetic wave energy at Ka-Band was measured by using the millimeter vector networ...

An important material property in the paper industry is the anisotropic stiffness distribution due to the fibrous microstructure of paper. Ultrasonic methods offer a means of determining the stiffness of sheets of paper from the anisotropic propagation characteristics of elastic Lamb waves along the machine direction (MD) and the cross direction (CD). Currently, piezoelectric ultrasonic methods are employed in the industry to measure the elastic polar diagram of paper through multiple contacting measurements made in all directions. This paper describes a new approach utilizing the INEEL Laser Ultrasonic Camera to provide a complete image of the elastic waves traveling in all directions in the plane of the paper sheet. This approach is based on optical dynamic holographic methods that record the out of plane ultrasonic motion over the entire paper surface simultaneously without scanning. The full-field imaging technique offers great potential for increasing the speed of the measurement and it ultimately pr...

On-line measurement of material properties is a goal of many manufactures for production improvement and quality control. In the paper industry, the elastic stiffness of the paper web needs to be accurately measured and controlled online. Currently, contact ultrasonic methods are employed to measure the elastic constants of paper offline. Piezoelectric transducers are placed in contact with the paper surface to generate and detect plate wave modes, known as Lamb wave modes, in the paper in both the machine and cross directions. Laser ultrasonics offers a new approach to making elastic wave measurements that does not require contacting the paper web. A pulsed laser generates ultrasound in the paper by delivering a high intensity short impulse to the paper through thermoelastic expansion. An optical interferometer is used to demodulate the small phase modulation that the elastic wave produces on a continuous probe laser beam. Difficulty in applying this approach to online measurements of rapidly moving pape...

The purpose of this paper is to study the Lean-TRIZ initiative within the context of service sector organizations. In addition, article has the objective to determine the Readiness Factors (RF) for the successful implementation of Lean- TRIZ in service sector organization. The research has utilized secondary data to justify the need for RF. Data from various indexed papers and conference papers were studied. The data thus obtained was coupled with the vast experience and the expertise of the authors in Lean implementation in service sector organization. The papers present RF which are essential for the sustainability of Lean-TRIZ in a service sector organization and provides a framework for the successful implementation. This is a theatrical paper based on the author’s vast experience in service sector organization and existing literature. Lean-TRIZ is still in embryonic stage with most of the academic literature only in conferences and there is a serious dearth in literature. Future researchers can focus on empirical studies in specific service sector organizations.

In recent years, many researches have been performed to find suitable alternative fuels to petroleum products. In the present investigation, an experimental work has been carried out to analyze the performance and emissions characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition DI engine fuelled with the blends of biodiesel at the different engine speed. The performance parameters evaluated were torque, brake power (BP), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and the emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC). The results of experimental investigation with biodiesel blends with diesel are compared with that of diesel. The performance parameter in terms of torque and BMEP are 12.5 % and 9% less for B5 and B10 than diesel respectively. BP for diesel was higher about 6 % compared to biodiesel blends. The results indicated that the UHC, CO and CO2 emissions are slightly less than diesel; UHC emissions were also observed to be 4% less for B5 and B10 compared to diesel, CO emissions were also observed to be 5% less for B5 and B10 compared to diesel and CO2 emissions were also observed to be 1% less for B5 and B10 compared to diesel. In a nutshell, performance characteristics for biodiesel were lower compared to diesel which not much significant difference, while emission characteristics for biodiesel blend were improved compared to diesel.

Thin films of graphene oxide (or reduced graphene oxide) recently drawn a huge attention because of their several applications which are based on properties of graphene. The aim of the present paper is twofold: to find the straightforward, simple and cheap method for the preparation of thin film of graphene oxide and to study the effect of electron beam irradiation on the GO thin film. GO film was made by drop casting method from commercially procured aqueous solution of GO (concentration - 5 g/L). Electron beam irradiation were done in SEM obtain from MIRA II LMH from TESCAN. Irradiation of GO film was done at 25 keV electron beam energy. The authors have measured I-V characteristic of pristine as well as irradiated GO thin film in two probe configuration. Irradiation time were chosen 1 min, 33 min and 100 min which corresponds to 3×1011 e-/cm2, 1×1013 e-/cm2 and 3×1013 e-/cm2 fluence of electron beam. The samples were characterized using SEM and Raman methods. I-V spectra show that the resistance of fil...

An experimental study on co-pyrolysis of coal with biomass wastes to produce hybrid coal was conducted to investigate the effects of important process variables, namely biomass type (rice husk and sawdust), blend composition, and co-pyrolysis temperature on the quality of hybrid coal. The experiments were carried out using a vertical tubular furnace equipped with temperature controller to maintain the co-pyrolysis reactor at a given temperature. Nitrogen gas was introduced into the furnace to create an inert environment preventing the sample from burning. A known mass of solid sample consisting of manually granulated blend of coal and biomass with binder in spherical shape was contained in a basket made of stainless sieve. After a given residence time, the sample was taken from the furnace. The blend sample prior to experiment and the produced hybrid coal were then characterized for its proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific value. Experimental findings suggested that by increasing co-pyrolys...

Depletion of petroleum and environmental problem have led to look for an alternative fuel sources In many ways, biomass is a potential renewable source. Among the many forms of biomass, oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a very attractive feedstock due to its abudance, low price and non-competitiveness with the food chain. EFB can be converted bio-oil by pyrolysis process. but this product can not be used directly as a transportation fuel, so it needs upgrading bio-oil through a catalytic cracking process. The catalyst plays an important role in the catalytic cracking process. The objective of this research is to study the effect of Ni concentrations (1,3,5 and 7 wt.%) on the characteristics of the catalyst Ni / Silica-Alumina and the performance test for the catalytic cracking of bio-oil. Preparation of the catalyst Ni / Silica-Alumina was done by impregnation at 80°C for 3 hours, then done to calcination and reduction at 500°C for 2 hours. The performance test was conducted on catalytic cracking temper...

The efficient reduction of graphene oxide (rGO) was performed using Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4). These reduction approaches remove the majority of the oxygen-containing functional groups at the basal plane and surface of graphene oxide sheets. Structural and physiochemical properties of the GO were investigated with help of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Ultraviolet-Visible-Near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR). The effects of the chemical reduction on a GO surface were analyzed using a Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer (SPA) in order to obtain the electrical resistance measurement. It was found that the resistance of reduced graphene oxide was greatly reduced when compared to the condition of before reduction process. Then, the formation of uniform thin film of rGO sheets was produced using vacuum filtration method in order to fabricate a gas sensor. In this project, plastic was used as a substrate. The sensor was then being e...

Using plane wave pseudo potential density functional theory, we studied the electronic properties of graphene with different C:O ratio. In this work, we discussed the changes that occur in electronic band structure of graphene functionalized with different amount of epoxy group. Electronic band gap depends on C:O ratio in graphene oxide containing epoxy group. The present work will have its implication for making devices with tunable electronic properties by oxidizing graphene.

In this paper we have shown enhanced supercapacitive property of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) based heterostructure over single MnO2 thin film grown by electrochemical deposition on indium tin oxide (ITO). ERGO improves the electrical conduction leading to decrease of the internal resistance of the heterostructure.

This paper describes hundreds of pendulum tests examining the beamed energy conversion efficiency of different metal targets coated with multiple liquid enhancers. Preliminary testing used a local laser with photographic paper targets, with no liquid, water, canola oil, or methanol additives. Laboratory experimentation was completed at Wright‐Patterson AFB using a high‐powered laser, and ballistic pendulums of aluminum, titanium, or copper. Dry targets, and those coated with water, methanol and oil were repeatedly tested in laboratory conditions. Results were recorded on several high‐speed digital video cameras, and the conversion efficiency was calculated. Paper airplanes successfully launched using BEP were likewise recorded.

Here, we report electronic properties of graphene field-effect transistor in a magnetic field of 9.0 tesla. Raman spectroscopy on graphene sample prepared by anodic bonding method shows it to be of the highest quality. The observation of charge neutrality point at a positive gate voltage is due to hole doping in the sample from the immobile oxygen ions created during anodic bonding process. Hysteresis observed in the longitudinal resistance (between source and drain) while sweeping voltage at gate in a loop may be due to high viscosity of polythene oxide matrix for mobile Li ions. The longitudinal resistance as a function of gate voltage Vg shows that both kind of charge carriers (electron and hole) can be doped in graphene, which is further ascertained by the Hall measurements.

The need to explore the use of renewable energy resources, in any way possible, is now considered as inevitable. The focus of this project is to utilize solar energy for the production of hydrogen from water. Both sunlight and water are available in abundance. As sunlight is available during day time, the photohydrogen produced can be stored and converted to electricity, whenever needed. The production of photohydrogen requires not only sunlight, but photocatalyst as well. A series of Ni/TiO2 photocatalysts with different Ni loading (2, 5, and 10 wt%) were prepared via wet impregnation method followed by calcination at 300°C for a duration of 2 hours. Hydrogen production from water was conducted by using a 250 W/m2 halogen lamp for one hour. The best performing photocatalyst was 10 wt% Ni/TiO2 giving 3.4 mL of hydrogen from H2O compared to the lower activity of TiO2 which produced only 1.9 mL of hydrogen from H2O. These values were obtained by using steady state light intensity; where else the available s...

Few layer graphene (FLG) had been successfully grown on polycrystalline Ni films or foils on a large scale using DC Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (DC PE‐CVD) as a result of the Raman spectra drawn out of the sample. The size of graphene films is dependent on the area of the Ni film as well as the DC PE‐CVD chamber size. Synthesis time has an effect on the quality of graphene produced. However, further analysis and experiments must be pursued to further identify the optimum settings and conditions of producing better quality graphene. Applied plasma voltage on the other hand, had an influence on the minimization of defects in the graphene grown. It has also presented a method of producing a free standing PMMA/graphene membrane on a FeCl3(aq) solution which could then be transferred to a desired substrate.

The micromechanically exfoliated monolayer graphene on SiO2, Al2O3, and HfO2 are investigated by Raman spectroscopy and AFM measurement. The pristine graphene seems to have stronger adhesion and higher carrier concentration when the dielectric constant of the underlying oxide is higher. It is found that high vacuum annealing significantly increases the interaction between graphene and the oxides and Raman G and 2D bands shift to higher wavelength. The high vacuum annealing for graphene on HfO2 increases carrier concentration of up to ∼10 times with a corresponding Fermi level shift of ∼0.65 eV although that of graphene on SiO2 induces a biaxial compressive stress as high as 4 GPa on graphene. As the three dielectrics evaluated in this work are the most commonly used gate dielectrics in field‐effect transistors, these findings will be useful in fabrication of graphene based field‐effect transistors.

Using the pulsed deposition technique, the growth of GaN on graphite substrate is possible. Because of the two‐dimensionality of graphite, the strain for the lattice mismatch due to the growth of GaN is absorbed by the topmost layer of graphite. We confirm that the electronic and the atomic structure for the interface of the grown GaN on graphite is almost similar to the interface of GaN on a single graphene layer using the density functional theory.

The paper presents the results of the assessment of the applicability of structured laser illumination in combination with Rayleigh scattering or spontaneous Raman scattering methods for evaluating the local density and temperature distribution in a premixed methane flame. The examples presented in this paper show that the use of structured laser illumination makes it possible to obtain a signal free of background and reflected light by registering the scattering signal only at one S-polarization of the laser. The best quality of image reconstruction was obtained using a grating with a line spacing of 0.5 mm. Gratings with a larger step gave a strong blurring and loss in spatial resolution, a grating with a smaller line spacing during reconstruction led to the formation of secondary structures with lines.

This paper proposed the modelling and simulation of generator protection for power system using digital reverse power relay. The operations of the power plant are often interrupted by the reverse power generation. Therefore, generators need to be closely monitored and controlled. In this study, 11 kV synchronous generators are connected to 220 kV load through a step-up transformer, and a new model of reverse power relay is added for generator protection. The reverse power relay proposed in this paper is a digital relay with high accuracy and high reacting speed. Several cases based on various types of mechanical inputs to the generator were studied to test the operation of the reverse power relay. This simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the 11 kV generator protection is successful with this new model reverse power relay. Besides, the simulation results were similar result compared to the theory result. From the simulation results, the integral output of the relay will reach the threshold value ‘L’ whenever there is a reversed power flow fault found in the system. Consequently, the relay will be triggered to provide protection for the generator. This model has been added into online resources of MATLAB Power System Tools. In addition, this model may also help the engineers to develop the analytical skills under various conditions.

A Coupling is a device which is responsible for the operative power transmission between two shafts rotating at particular rpm. Coupling is used to connect two different shafts at their end and can slip or fail depending upon the torque limit. It is the crucial part of any power transmission and may last for very long time if designed and maintained properly. The present study of this paper is to reduce the stress that acting on the bolts by making it uniform strength coupling. The stress in the threaded part of the bolt will be higher than that in the shank. Hence a greater portion of the will be absorbed at the region of the threaded part which may fracture the threaded portion because of its small length. An axial hole is drilled at the center of the bolt through the head as far as thread portion such that the stress in the bolt is uniformly distributed along the length of the bolt. The present study of this paper is to reduce the maximum shear stress by selecting a suitable material for flange coupling. For this purpose, modelling of the rigid-flange coupling is carried out in Solidworks and analysed in ANSYS Workbench. Objective is to design a flanged coupling to connect the drive shaft of a 10 kW Kirloskar diesel generator operating at a rated speed of 1500 rpm to an alternator. The above specifications show a maximum torque transmission of 63.662 Nm. A standard shaft of ∅25 mm is used, and the analysis for basic rigid flange is done, including varying the materials. From the results obtained, the existing design is modified to reduce the weight and improve performance.

In the present paper, we have simulated the high performing SnS based solar cell by using SCAPS. SCAPS is one dimensional simulating software which is used for the simulation of solar cell. The solar cell consists of SnS based absorber layer, Zn (O, S): N buffer layer and ZnS as window layer. The p-SnS/Zn (O, S): N/ZnS is device structure of solar cell. The effect of absorber layer thickness and temperature on electrical parameter of solar cell have been reported in the present paper.

Bioethanol is one of the new renewable energy alternatives that have the potential to be used as vehicle fuel by mixing a certain percentage of gasoline. However, the characteristic of this mixture has some differences from pure gasoline fuel. These differences may cause that the mixture fuel is not matched with the standard engine requirements. It will cause a reduction in the value of engine performance. All of these matters have brought us to research for optimizing engine performance that uses gasoline-ethanol fuel. In this paper, a study about ignition time is carried out as a solution for optimizing the performance. The purpose of this research is to optimize the engine performance through engine test using a dynamo testbed. We all know that the Engine Control Module (ECM) is a device to control some systems that run-in engine. One of the systems that controlled by ECM is ignition timing. In this paper, we change the degree for ignition time by expecting that these changes will have some effect on the result. The ignition time and the fuel mixture are the parameters for this research. As a result, we find that changing the ignition time become an advance mode will increase the engine performance and the specific fuel consumption. Keywords: Gasoline, Bioethanol, Engine Control Module, Engine Performance, and Ignition Time.

The KDamper is a novel passive vibration absorption concept, based essentially on the optimal combination of appropriate stiffness elements, which include a negative stiffness element. In this paper, the implementation of the KDamper as a seismic Absorption Base (KDAB) is considered. The paper proceeds to the assessment of the performance of the KDamper as seismic absorption base in a typical flexible 5-storey concrete building structure with a fundamental period of 0.5 sec. The structure is excited by artificial accelerograms, generated to be compatible with the highly demanding Eurocode 8 case C with a PGA of 0.36g, and by real earthquake records. The performance of the KDAB is compared not only to the original structure but also to the cases of conventional and highly damped base isolation systems, as well as the case of a Tuned Inerter Damper (TID). Alternative options for the selection of the KDamper natural frequency are considered, leading to two limit cases. In the first case, the nominal KDamper frequency is selected equal to the low frequency of a conventional base isolation system, resulting in a drastic improvement of the overall structural performance. However, another interesting option is revealed, which foresees the implementation of the KDAB with a nominal frequency much higher than that of the base isolation system. This choice leads to a drastic reduction of the relative base displacement, in the order of few centimeters, combined with acceptable structural performance with respect to drift and absolute acceleration. As a consequence, the KDamper can be implemented as “stiff seismic absorption base”, overcoming the disadvantages of the conventional base isolation systems, and thus leading towards alternative seismic protection technologies.

Blades on the wind turbine are moving due to the lift and drag force. During the conversion process of wind energy into electrical energy arise energy loss naturally. One of the optimization techniques of power harvesting in wind turbine is pitch angle control on the turbine blades hence, the wind turbine power output lies on optimum condition. The wind turbine control system in this paper is composed of turbine blades, servo motor as actuator, rotational connector and rotary encoder as transmitter. The best result of wind turbine prototype test shows that Power Coefficient (CP) up to 0.57510. To obtain adaptive control conform to the existing wind speed, pitch angle adjustment is controlled using PID control, with each parameters value of Kp, Ki, and Kd are equal to 0,0239069, 0.0001382, 0,053518, respectively. The parameters value are achieved by implementing PSO optimization method. According to the result of the test, the set points are 40, 60, 80 and 100 rpm, which is the system is able to reach the set point with maximum overshoot attains 26.25% and the rise time in 181 seconds. Therefore, the PID-PSO produces a better response than uncontrolled and fuzzy-based controller.Blades on the wind turbine are moving due to the lift and drag force. During the conversion process of wind energy into electrical energy arise energy loss naturally. One of the optimization techniques of power harvesting in wind turbine is pitch angle control on the turbine blades hence, the wind turbine power output lies on optimum condition. The wind turbine control system in this paper is composed of turbine blades, servo motor as actuator, rotational connector and rotary encoder as transmitter. The best result of wind turbine prototype test shows that Power Coefficient (CP) up to 0.57510. To obtain adaptive control conform to the existing wind speed, pitch angle adjustment is controlled using PID control, with each parameters value of Kp, Ki, and Kd are equal to 0,0239069, 0.0001382, 0,053518, respectively. The parameters value are achieved by implementing PSO optimization method. According to the result of the test, the set points are 40, 60, 80 and 100 rpm, which is the system is able to reach the ...

This paper constructed a new high speed and power density servo motor design scheme based on magnetic pole eccentricity proposed according to the requirements of electrical performance parameters. The analytical formulae were deduced in view of the theory of thick-walled elastic cylinders and the actual model by analytical calculations and finite element calculations. The structure strength of permanent magnet was analyzed. Furthermore, comprehensively comparing and analyzing the calculation results of the two methods verify the accuracy of the analytical calculation method and the rationality of the permanent magnet structure design. In brief, this paper provides a reference for the design of high-speed motor magnetic pole eccentricity.

Newly developed 3D reconstruction technology has many uses ranging from facial recognition, self-driving vehicles, and producing accurate models of samples. To utilize 3D reconstruction, a depth map of the sample must be generated from a series of images. This can be done using stereoscopic 3D, or in the case of a fixed camera (such as the 10ID On-Axis Microscope at NSLS-II used for this paper) through focus stacking. This paper will explain how focus stacking can be used to generate in-focus images at very shallow depth of fields, and merge these images to create depth maps and 3D models.

One of the vital components for the pebble reactor is the fuel handling system which was employed to load, recirculate and discharge the depleted fuel during the operation of reactor. The previous fuel handling design and experience of the High Temperature Reaktor 10 MWth (HTR-10) and HTR-PM were beneficial for the development of High Temperature Gas-cooled Reaktor (HTGR) in Indonesia such as for the Reaktor Daya Eksperiment (RDE) 10 MWth and PELUIT 150 MWth. One of the focus for the development especially for the control is an important factor to ensure that the reliability and the safety during operation were guarantee. Therefore, aims of this paper is to understand and develop the automatic control system of the fuel handling. The development was done by applying the logic flowchart of the fuel handling HTGR with the HTR-10 as the reference. Some modification was made considering the future application in Indonesia It was demonstrated that the automation systems with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) can control handling systems easily because each valve can be drive to open and close immediately as requested from the sensor. It was also demostrated that the timing chart monitoring confirms the control of flowchart process description for the new fresh fuel loading.One of the vital components for the pebble reactor is the fuel handling system which was employed to load, recirculate and discharge the depleted fuel during the operation of reactor. The previous fuel handling design and experience of the High Temperature Reaktor 10 MWth (HTR-10) and HTR-PM were beneficial for the development of High Temperature Gas-cooled Reaktor (HTGR) in Indonesia such as for the Reaktor Daya Eksperiment (RDE) 10 MWth and PELUIT 150 MWth. One of the focus for the development especially for the control is an important factor to ensure that the reliability and the safety during operation were guarantee. Therefore, aims of this paper is to understand and develop the automatic control system of the fuel handling. The development was done by applying the logic flowchart of the fuel handling HTGR with the HTR-10 as the reference. Some modification was made considering the future application in Indonesia It was demonstrated that the automation systems with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)...

The use of Natural Gas (NG) in internal combustion engines has been increased in this decade. The objective of this paper is to investigate the NG injection timing on the dual-fuel engine. In this paper experimental based on dual fuel engine strategy (DFE strategy) was tested with several variations of gas injection based on CA at the modified direct - injection engine into a DFE strategy. In the data test, the variation is CA 260, 244, 230, 214 bTDC. This research is for observed how it affects the engine performance. The indication of the effect of NG injection based on the CA variation is the non-homogenization of the NG-air mixture in the intake manifold, and the delay in mixing NG-air to go into the combustion chamber. From several data tests that have been done, there is an increase in engine power, thermal efficiency and a decrease in SFOC fuel consumption. The optimum combination of the DFE strategy has a fluctuating value when taken from test experimental data. The trend is seen, that CA 230 bTDC is the optimum value to be operated in the DFE strategy. Because there is an increase in Torque, Efficiency thermal, and a decrease in SFOC of fuel consumption.

Printhead with microscale nozzle is very important for electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing, that decides output performance of system. It is challenge and necessary to design and fabricate a protruding Si-based nozzle strucure for E-jet prining. In this paper, a protruding Si-based nozzle structure is designed and the corresponding fabricating flow chart is introduced based on photolithography, wet etching, magnetron sputtering, inductively coupled plasma. Then, the effect of etching ratio between big area and small section is analyzed and discussed in details. The failure in first time fabrication shows that it is indipensable to not only achieve the process parameters, but also design a set of reasonable fabricating flow chart for manufacturing a Si-baesd nozzle structure sucessfully. Finally, a protruding Si-based nozzle structue is successfully fabricated for E-jet printing.Printhead with microscale nozzle is very important for electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing, that decides output performance of system. It is challenge and necessary to design and fabricate a protruding Si-based nozzle strucure for E-jet prining. In this paper, a protruding Si-based nozzle structure is designed and the corresponding fabricating flow chart is introduced based on photolithography, wet etching, magnetron sputtering, inductively coupled plasma. Then, the effect of etching ratio between big area and small section is analyzed and discussed in details. The failure in first time fabrication shows that it is indipensable to not only achieve the process parameters, but also design a set of reasonable fabricating flow chart for manufacturing a Si-baesd nozzle structure sucessfully. Finally, a protruding Si-based nozzle structue is successfully fabricated for E-jet printing.

The advent of Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) systems have aided the rapid manufacturing of composite aerospace structures. One of the challenges that AFP systems bring is the variability of the deposited prepreg tape layers, which are prone to gaps, overlaps and twists. The current detection method used in industry involves halting fabrication and performing a time consuming visual inspection of each tape layer. Typical AFP systems use a quartz lamp to heat the base layer to make the surface tacky as it deposits another tape layer. The innovation discussed in this paper is to use the preheated base layer as a through transmission heat source and inspect the newly added tape layer in situ using a thermographic camera mounted onto the AFP structure. Such a system would not only increase manufacturing throughput by reducing inspection times, but would also aid in process development for new structural designs or material systems. To this end, a small thermal camera was mounted onto an AFP robotic research platform at NASA, and thermal data was collected during typical and experimental layup operations. The data was post processed to reveal defects such as tow overlap/gap, wrinkling, and peel-up. Defects that would have been impossible to detect visually were also revealed in the data, such as poor/loss of adhesion between plies and the effects of vacuum debulking. This paper will cover the results of our experiments, and the recent progress on the data reduction algorithms in preparation for machine learning development.

Combining such methods of plasma registration as spectral, probe and optical diagnostics, in this paper propagation of laser plasma in a vacuum magnetic field was studied. By means of Langmuir and magnetic probes such plasma parameters as velocity and the angle of expansion were measured, as well as the size of magnetic cavity. Using optical monochromator combined with CCD a Doppler broadening of a number of ionic and atomic lines was measured and the transversal speed of the plasma cloud expansion was calculated. The data plasma cloud propagation velocity and expansion angle obtained by two methods was compared with gated imaging data and magnetic probe measurements of cavity size.Combining such methods of plasma registration as spectral, probe and optical diagnostics, in this paper propagation of laser plasma in a vacuum magnetic field was studied. By means of Langmuir and magnetic probes such plasma parameters as velocity and the angle of expansion were measured, as well as the size of magnetic cavity. Using optical monochromator combined with CCD a Doppler broadening of a number of ionic and atomic lines was measured and the transversal speed of the plasma cloud expansion was calculated. The data plasma cloud propagation velocity and expansion angle obtained by two methods was compared with gated imaging data and magnetic probe measurements of cavity size.

We proposed the design of a respiration system based on laser reflection for an infant incubator that is able to continuously operate. The device consists of a laser diode (λ=650 nm; P=5 mW), a paper reflector, photodiode array as a detector, comparator, microcontroller Arduino UNO R3, and LCD. Also, there is a buzzer for anticipating emergency situations such as apnea. It utilizes the reflection of laser light on paper reflector attached to an infant simulator. Next, the reflection will be received by photodiode array and comparator which connects to the Arduino UNO R3. Then, the result was displayed on an LCD. From the experiment results, it was indicated that the system could measure respiratory rate from 10 up to 70 breaths per minute with an error of 2.357%.

The magnificent increase in the performance of integrated circuits is made possible by semiconductor Physics. Due to very large-scale integration, scaling has approached its fundamental limits, which is the biggest challenge for the semiconductor industry. Therefore, in the recent years researchers across the globe are focusing on emerging field of spintronics. In this thrust area of spintronics research, spin field effect transistor (s-FET) is an extensively studied device. In literature, researchers have studied and optimized two main types of spin field effect transistors namely Ballistic and Non-Ballistic spin-field effect transistors. This research paper has presented the recent developments in the field of Ballistic and Non-Ballistic spin-field effect transistors. This paper has briefly explained the approach to design, development and fabrication of s-FET by taking a case study. Firstly, the spin field effect transistor was proposed by Datta–Das, which has proved to be the milestone in the area of spintronic technology. Mainly, spin transistor is prepared using a ballistic semiconductor, sandwiched between ferromagnetic metallic source and drain contacts.The magnificent increase in the performance of integrated circuits is made possible by semiconductor Physics. Due to very large-scale integration, scaling has approached its fundamental limits, which is the biggest challenge for the semiconductor industry. Therefore, in the recent years researchers across the globe are focusing on emerging field of spintronics. In this thrust area of spintronics research, spin field effect transistor (s-FET) is an extensively studied device. In literature, researchers have studied and optimized two main types of spin field effect transistors namely Ballistic and Non-Ballistic spin-field effect transistors. This research paper has presented the recent developments in the field of Ballistic and Non-Ballistic spin-field effect transistors. This paper has briefly explained the approach to design, development and fabrication of s-FET by taking a case study. Firstly, the spin field effect transistor was proposed by Datta–Das, which has proved to be the milestone in the area of ...

Spherical Tokamak (ST) path to Fusion has been proposed [1] and experiments on STs demonstrated feasibility of this approach. Advances in High Temperature Superconductor technology [2] allows significant increase in the toroidal field (TF) which was found to improve confinement in STs. The combination of the high normalised plasma pressure, β, which has been achieved in STs [3], and high TF that can be produced by HTS TF magnets, opens a path to lower-volume fusion reactors, in accordance with the fusion power scaling proportional to β2Bt4V. Modular approach then becomes an alternative to high power, GW-scale Fusion reactors [4,5]. Feasibility of low-power compact ST reactor module and physics and engineering challenges of the accelerated, ST path to Fusion Power are discussed in this paper, on example of the first our prototype on this route, high-field compact spherical tokamak ST40.Spherical Tokamak (ST) path to Fusion has been proposed [1] and experiments on STs demonstrated feasibility of this approach. Advances in High Temperature Superconductor technology [2] allows significant increase in the toroidal field (TF) which was found to improve confinement in STs. The combination of the high normalised plasma pressure, β, which has been achieved in STs [3], and high TF that can be produced by HTS TF magnets, opens a path to lower-volume fusion reactors, in accordance with the fusion power scaling proportional to β2Bt4V. Modular approach then becomes an alternative to high power, GW-scale Fusion reactors [4,5]. Feasibility of low-power compact ST reactor module and physics and engineering challenges of the accelerated, ST path to Fusion Power are discussed in this paper, on example of the first our prototype on this route, high-field compact spherical tokamak ST40.

Crude oil consumption is about 201.90 MMT in India for 2017-18. It is found that about 3/4th of crude oil is been utilized in transportation section, this has resulted in manufacturers globally to reduce the oil consumption without any sacrifice in performance of vehicles. Biodiesel, LPG, CNG and electric vehicles are some alternative methods used to reduce oil consumption. Many research work has been carried out globally by blending of Ethanol into Diesel or Hydrogen into Diesel are carried out by many researchers, but this has not been implemented commercially. Renewable and oxygenated fuel, ethanol is an attractive alternative fuel which aides in complete combustion of fuel in compression ignition engines (CI Engines). In this paper, engine performance has been studied with the addition Ethanol and Hydrogen. The investigation has been carried out on a single cylinder compression ignition engine (CI Engine) developing a maximum power of 3.7kw at 1500 rpm. Experimental analysis has been carried out for Crude Diesel (baseline fuel) and ratios of Diesel-Ethanol blends for various loading condition. Form the experimental investigations the following performance parameters has been recorded: brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and exhaust gas temperature. The results showed that the performance parameters were marginally inferior to the crude Diesel test results. From the investigation the reading clearly shows that for two fuel blending without much compromise Crude Diesel and Ethanol can be blended up to a ratio of 25% Ethanol 75% Diesel. Experimental investigations for Diesel-Hydrogen has been carried out with 6.9 liters per hour of constant hydrogen addition. This mixture had the most optimum performance characteristics. For three fuel combination i.e., Bio-Diesel (Ethanol & Diesel) and Hydrogen, Hydrogen was supplied at a constant rate of 6.9 liters per hour. From the investigations it has been found that E15-D85-H has the better performance characteristics.Crude oil consumption is about 201.90 MMT in India for 2017-18. It is found that about 3/4th of crude oil is been utilized in transportation section, this has resulted in manufacturers globally to reduce the oil consumption without any sacrifice in performance of vehicles. Biodiesel, LPG, CNG and electric vehicles are some alternative methods used to reduce oil consumption. Many research work has been carried out globally by blending of Ethanol into Diesel or Hydrogen into Diesel are carried out by many researchers, but this has not been implemented commercially. Renewable and oxygenated fuel, ethanol is an attractive alternative fuel which aides in complete combustion of fuel in compression ignition engines (CI Engines). In this paper, engine performance has been studied with the addition Ethanol and Hydrogen. The investigation has been carried out on a single cylinder compression ignition engine (CI Engine) developing a maximum power of 3.7kw at 1500 rpm. Experimental analysis has been carried out for C...

This paper presents the design, modeling and fabrication of the prototype of Hydro-Magneto-Electric- Regenerative Shock Absorber (HMERSA) with two electric generators in series for vehicle suspension. The designed HMERSA converts reciprocating linear motion of vehicle suspension into unidirectional fluid flow which turn the two electric generators in series and generate electricity. The HMERSA was modeled and simulated to study the damping force characteristic, the performance, and the generated power. Further, the prototype of HMERSA was manufactured and implemented in the vehicle suspension. The vehicle was tested on a bumping road. The vehicle body acceleration was measured as well as the generated voltage and current. The results are analyzed and discussed in this paper.

The coastal areas of Java, especially Semarang and Demak, are tidal flooding-prone areas. In fact, tidal flooding decreases the quality of life in coastal areas due to the capacity of seawater in destroying the building, houses, and environment. One innovation is introduced in this paper, which is the premixed mortar additive to repair masonry walls of house in tidal-prone areas. Principally, some measures should be done to address the problems caused by tidal flooding. In this research, masonry walls were improved by applying premixed mortar additive. The results were investigated after its long term performance, for more than one year, by using non destructive Rebound Hammer Test. This research was conducted by experimental activity. There were two masonry walls that had been repaired about a year ago. Some old masonry and concrete bricks of the walls had been substituted by new concrete bricks made of polymer-modified mortar with Moringa oleifera and Gracilaria Sp. and then covered by premixed mortar additive. Those masonry walls were built in Sriwulan village, Sayung and Pucang Gading— as the control site. Non destructive Rebound Hammer Test was applied on the masonry walls aged 12, 13, and 14 months. Each masonry wall was tested by 5 (five) zones (A, B, C, D, and E). Ten shoots were applied on each zone. The findings revealed: 1) In dry area, Pucang Gading site, there is a consistent performance of compressive strength masonry wall aged 12, 13, and 14 months, 2) In tidal flooding-prone area, Sayung site, there is fluctuative performance of compressive strength masonry wall aged 12, 13, and 14 months, 3) Compressive strength of masonry walls aged 14 months in Pucang Gading site is generally fluctuative, particularly at zone A to E (39.4 MPa to 44 MPa), while in Sayung site, compressive strength of zone A to E indicates declining values (44.3 MPa to 40.8 MPa), 4) At age 14 months, the compressive strength of zone B and E in Sayung site is lower than that in Pucang Gading site, due to tidal flooding, and 5) Slight distinction of compressive strength in Pucang Gading and Sayung site may be provided by premixed mortar additive that covers the walls.The coastal areas of Java, especially Semarang and Demak, are tidal flooding-prone areas. In fact, tidal flooding decreases the quality of life in coastal areas due to the capacity of seawater in destroying the building, houses, and environment. One innovation is introduced in this paper, which is the premixed mortar additive to repair masonry walls of house in tidal-prone areas. Principally, some measures should be done to address the problems caused by tidal flooding. In this research, masonry walls were improved by applying premixed mortar additive. The results were investigated after its long term performance, for more than one year, by using non destructive Rebound Hammer Test. This research was conducted by experimental activity. There were two masonry walls that had been repaired about a year ago. Some old masonry and concrete bricks of the walls had been substituted by new concrete bricks made of polymer-modified mortar with Moringa oleifera and Gracilaria Sp. and then covered by premixed mortar a...

To enhance the security in optical image encryption system and to protect it from the attackers, this paper proposes new digital spiral phase mask based on Fresnel Transform. In this cryptosystem the Spiral Phase Mask (SPM) used is a hybrid of Fresnel Zone Plate (FZP) and Radial Hilbert Mask (RHM) which makes the key strong and enhances the security. The different keys used for encryption and decryption purposed make the system much more secure. Proposed scheme uses various structured phase mask which increases the key space also it increases the number of parameters which makes it difficult for the attackers to exactly find the key to recover the original image. We have also used different keys for encryption and decryption purpose to make the system much more secure. The strength of the proposed cryptosystem has been analyzed by simulating on MATLAB 7.9.0(R2008a). Mean Square Errors (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are calculated for the proposed algorithm. The experimental results are provided to highlight the effectiveness and sustainability of proposed cryptosystem and to prove that the cryptosystem is secure for usage.To enhance the security in optical image encryption system and to protect it from the attackers, this paper proposes new digital spiral phase mask based on Fresnel Transform. In this cryptosystem the Spiral Phase Mask (SPM) used is a hybrid of Fresnel Zone Plate (FZP) and Radial Hilbert Mask (RHM) which makes the key strong and enhances the security. The different keys used for encryption and decryption purposed make the system much more secure. Proposed scheme uses various structured phase mask which increases the key space also it increases the number of parameters which makes it difficult for the attackers to exactly find the key to recover the original image. We have also used different keys for encryption and decryption purpose to make the system much more secure. The strength of the proposed cryptosystem has been analyzed by simulating on MATLAB 7.9.0(R2008a). Mean Square Errors (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are calculated for the proposed algorithm. The experimental results are provid...

Growing energy consumption leads to discovery of new technology to accommodate global energy demand. Stirling Engine is one of the traditional engine which can harvest solar energy with minimal modification on the configuration. This paper covers literature review on Solar Powered Stirling Engine technology. The development of traditional Stirling Engine will be discussed on earlier part. The second part covers the integration of solar power with Stirling Engine and application of this combined system in industry. There were many researches and studies carried out previously on the development and application of traditional Stirling Engine and solar powered Stirling Engine. This paper is focus on optimization of performance of Solar Powered Stirling which will provide comprehensive details on the factor needed to be optimized in order to develop all rounded Solar Stirling Engine for future studies.

The present paper describes the design and setting up of an indigenouslydevelopedmagnetostriction(MS) measurement setup using four probe method atroom temperature.A standard strain gauge is pasted with a special glue on the sample and its change in resistance with applied magnetic field is measured using KeithleyNanovoltmeter and Current source. An electromagnet with field upto 1.2 tesla is used to source the magnetic field. The sample is placed between the magnet poles using self designed and developed wooden probe stand, capable of moving in three mutually perpendicular directions. The nanovoltmeter and current source are interfaced with PC using RS232 serial interface. A software has been developed in for logging and processing of data. Proper optimization of measurement has been done through software to reduce the noise due to thermal emf and electromagnetic induction. The data acquired for some standard magnetic samples are presented. The sensitivity of the setup is 1microstrain with an error in measurement upto 5%.The present paper describes the design and setting up of an indigenouslydevelopedmagnetostriction(MS) measurement setup using four probe method atroom temperature.A standard strain gauge is pasted with a special glue on the sample and its change in resistance with applied magnetic field is measured using KeithleyNanovoltmeter and Current source. An electromagnet with field upto 1.2 tesla is used to source the magnetic field. The sample is placed between the magnet poles using self designed and developed wooden probe stand, capable of moving in three mutually perpendicular directions. The nanovoltmeter and current source are interfaced with PC using RS232 serial interface. A software has been developed in for logging and processing of data. Proper optimization of measurement has been done through software to reduce the noise due to thermal emf and electromagnetic induction. The data acquired for some standard magnetic samples are presented. The sensitivity of the setup is 1microstrain with an error in meas...

A next generation heavy ion accelerator complex HIAF (High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility) was proposed by IMP and officially approved for nuclear physics and high energy density physics research. HIAF requests ion source that is able to deliver 50 pμA of 238U35+ pulsed beam and 25 pμA of 238U35+ CW beam for injector of a superconducting heavy ion linac. In order to meet the beam intensity requirements of highly charged heavy ions, a 45 GHz superconducting ECR ion source FECR (a Fourth generation ECR ion source) is under intense R&D at IMP. The effective power absorption form the microwaves to the plasma is key issue for increasing the beam intensity. Therefore, we introduced a 45 GHz gyrotron system which is capable for providing output power up to 20 kW in both CW and pulse modes as a microwave power source for FECR. Other than the gyrotron oscillator, the microwave power transmission coupling and ECR heating are critical issues for FECR. Since the wavelength of 45 GHz microwave is about 6.67 mm and the maximum power level is 20 kW, the quasi-optical transmission scheme is utilized for high power transmission. The technical details of transmission line and coupling system will be presented in this paper. After off-line tests of microwave transmission efficiency and mode purity, 45 GHz gyrotron microwave source will be commissioned with SECRAL II (a superconducting ECR ion source optimized for 28 GHz operation), and some preliminary results of ECR heating and intense beam production will be discussed in this paper.

This paper focuses on the impact towards the performance of silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) for biosensing application based on different channel lengths of the nanowire. A device numerical modelling tool, Silvaco ATLAS was used to design three p-type SiNW-FET biosensors with different lengths of 0.5, 1.0, and 10.0 μm. The designed devices were simulated in order to observe and compare the effect of different channel length towards the electrical characteristic of the devices. Increase of the nanowire channel length had caused reduction of drain current, ID flowed through the channel from drain to source region. This is related to the increase of electrical resistance, R of the nanowire with the increase of nanowire length, L. In a way to study the effect of different channel lengths on the performance of the SiNW-FET biosensor, several negatively interface charge densities, QF (i.e. −0.1×1012, −0.5×1012, and −1×l012 cm−2) were introduced on the surface of the SiNW channel to represent as the actual target deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) captured by the bioreceptor of the biosensor. Based on the results, these negatively QF attracted the hole carriers below the surface of p-type nanowire to form an accumulation of charge carriers in the channel, causing an increase in the device output ID. Increase of the applied negative charge density had allowed for more ID to flow across the channel between drain and source region. The changes of ID with the applied QF are utilized to determine the sensitivities and limit of detections (LOD) for all designed biosensor with different channel lengths. In comparison, the smallest nanowire length of 0.5 μm produced the highest sensitivity and lowest LOD of 2.17 μA/cm−2 and 7.85×1010 cm−2, respectively, hence demonstrates better performance of SiNW-FET biosensor for the detection of specific charged DNA in analyte.This paper focuses on the impact towards the performance of silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) for biosensing application based on different channel lengths of the nanowire. A device numerical modelling tool, Silvaco ATLAS was used to design three p-type SiNW-FET biosensors with different lengths of 0.5, 1.0, and 10.0 μm. The designed devices were simulated in order to observe and compare the effect of different channel length towards the electrical characteristic of the devices. Increase of the nanowire channel length had caused reduction of drain current, ID flowed through the channel from drain to source region. This is related to the increase of electrical resistance, R of the nanowire with the increase of nanowire length, L. In a way to study the effect of different channel lengths on the performance of the SiNW-FET biosensor, several negatively interface charge densities, QF (i.e. −0.1×1012, −0.5×1012, and −1×l012 cm−2) were introduced on the surface of the SiNW channel to represent...

In order to investigate the possible structural diseases brought to the top flange of existing prestressed concrete box girder bridge due to the shrinkage and creep difference between new and old bridge, the stress state of the existing box girder before and after widening and the mechanisms of potential structural diseases were analyzed using finite element method in this paper. Results showed that the inner flange of the old box girder were generally in the state of large tensile stress, the main reason for which was the shrinkage and creep effect difference of the new and old bridge. And the tensile stress was larger than tensile strength of C50 concrete, which would most likely cause crack in the deck plate of box girder. Hence, reinforcement measures are needed to be designed carefully. Meanwhile, the transverse deformation of widened structure had exceeded the distance between the anti-seismic block and the web of box girder at the end cross section, which would squeeze anti-seismic block severely. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the length of continuous bridge in need of widening.In order to investigate the possible structural diseases brought to the top flange of existing prestressed concrete box girder bridge due to the shrinkage and creep difference between new and old bridge, the stress state of the existing box girder before and after widening and the mechanisms of potential structural diseases were analyzed using finite element method in this paper. Results showed that the inner flange of the old box girder were generally in the state of large tensile stress, the main reason for which was the shrinkage and creep effect difference of the new and old bridge. And the tensile stress was larger than tensile strength of C50 concrete, which would most likely cause crack in the deck plate of box girder. Hence, reinforcement measures are needed to be designed carefully. Meanwhile, the transverse deformation of widened structure had exceeded the distance between the anti-seismic block and the web of box girder at the end cross section, which would squeeze anti-seismic block severely. ...

This paper presents modelling of both single and double-phase powder sintering processes at the macroscopic level. In particular, its constitutive formulation, numerical implementation and numerical tests are described. The macroscopic constitutive model is based on the assumption that the sintered material is a continuous medium. The parameters of the constitutive model for material under sintering are determined by simulation of sintering at the microscopic level using a micro-scale model. Numerical tests were carried out for a cylindrical specimen under hydrostatic and uniaxial pressure. Results of macroscopic analysis are compared against the microscopic model results. Moreover, numerical simulations are validated by comparison with experimental results. The simulations and preparation of the model are carried out by Abaqus FEA - a software for finite element analysis and computer-aided engineering. A mechanical model is defined by the user procedure “Vumat” which is developed by the first author in Fortran programming language. Modelling presented in the paper can be used to optimize and to better understand the process.This paper presents modelling of both single and double-phase powder sintering processes at the macroscopic level. In particular, its constitutive formulation, numerical implementation and numerical tests are described. The macroscopic constitutive model is based on the assumption that the sintered material is a continuous medium. The parameters of the constitutive model for material under sintering are determined by simulation of sintering at the microscopic level using a micro-scale model. Numerical tests were carried out for a cylindrical specimen under hydrostatic and uniaxial pressure. Results of macroscopic analysis are compared against the microscopic model results. Moreover, numerical simulations are validated by comparison with experimental results. The simulations and preparation of the model are carried out by Abaqus FEA - a software for finite element analysis and computer-aided engineering. A mechanical model is defined by the user procedure “Vumat” which is developed by the first author in F...

This paper demonstrates a Junction-less Double Gate n-p-n Impact ionization MOS transistor (JLDG n-IMOS) on a very light doped p-type silicon body. Device structure proposed in the paper is based on charge plasma concept. There is no metallurgical junctions in the proposed device and does not need any impurity doping to create the drain and source regions. Due to doping-less nature, the fabrication process is simple for JLDG n-IMOS. The double gate engineering in proposed device leads to reduction in avalanche breakdown via impact ionization, generating large number of carriers in drain-body junction, resulting high ION current, small IOFF current and great improvement in ION/IOFF ratio. The simulation and examination of the proposed device have been performed on ATLAS device simulatorsoftware.This paper demonstrates a Junction-less Double Gate n-p-n Impact ionization MOS transistor (JLDG n-IMOS) on a very light doped p-type silicon body. Device structure proposed in the paper is based on charge plasma concept. There is no metallurgical junctions in the proposed device and does not need any impurity doping to create the drain and source regions. Due to doping-less nature, the fabrication process is simple for JLDG n-IMOS. The double gate engineering in proposed device leads to reduction in avalanche breakdown via impact ionization, generating large number of carriers in drain-body junction, resulting high ION current, small IOFF current and great improvement in ION/IOFF ratio. The simulation and examination of the proposed device have been performed on ATLAS device simulatorsoftware.

The miniaturization of electronic devices with high processing components is promoting the rapid increase in heat generation of devices/systems. Synthetic jet cooling flexible thin device has major advantages in order to suit the device miniaturization and compactness. Diaphragm motion is the main component in the device that generate fluid motion for cooling application. In this paper, the synthetic jet diaphragm has been characterized using Laser Doppler to record the motion to determine the motion type. Based on the recorded motion, a User Define Function coding has been develop to imitate the motion in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software in order to simulate the fluid motion based from the actual diaphragm motion. The diaphragm motion showed a dome shape motion as the laser tracking result were plotted at three points across the diaphragm diameter. Results show that the diaphragm has sinusoidal motion which produce maximum amplitude at 500Hz driving frequency. The UDF program for diaphragm motion has been able to mimic the experimental result.The miniaturization of electronic devices with high processing components is promoting the rapid increase in heat generation of devices/systems. Synthetic jet cooling flexible thin device has major advantages in order to suit the device miniaturization and compactness. Diaphragm motion is the main component in the device that generate fluid motion for cooling application. In this paper, the synthetic jet diaphragm has been characterized using Laser Doppler to record the motion to determine the motion type. Based on the recorded motion, a User Define Function coding has been develop to imitate the motion in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software in order to simulate the fluid motion based from the actual diaphragm motion. The diaphragm motion showed a dome shape motion as the laser tracking result were plotted at three points across the diaphragm diameter. Results show that the diaphragm has sinusoidal motion which produce maximum amplitude at 500Hz driving frequency. The UDF program for diaphragm moti...

This paper presents a numerical study on prediction of the performance of liquid jet gas ejector. RANS study using the k-e turbulence model has been carried out for an experimental model of ejector as published by researcher in previous paper. This simulation considered a high quality of the structured mesh up to Δy+

The reliability of the crane product in engineering is the core competitiveness of the product. This paper used Monte Carlo method analyzed the reliability of the weld metal structure of the bridge crane whose limit state function is mathematical expression. Then we obtained the minimum reliable welding feet height value for the welds between cover plate and web plate on main beam in different coefficients of variation. This paper provides a new idea and reference for the growth of the inherent reliability of crane.

In this paper, an altitude control system is designed to increase the positioning accuracy of a mini-UAV on the z-axis of the inertial system and to improve conventional altitude control systems relying only on GPS, barometer or laser sensors which may have significant errors in certain flight conditions. The main objective of the mini-UAV is to monitor and detect a Corona Discharge that usually occurs on high voltage powerlines which implies a very good infrastructure in terms of on-board equipment because of the danger which occur when UAV flies quite close to the powerlines and into an intense electromagnetic field. To design the altitude controller for the longitudinal dynamics a control structure method, based on successively closed loops with different types of classic controllers was used. We concluded that the command structures with speed constraint was necessary to implement a speed device that automatically maintains a constant speed. Thus, the speed device is trying to maintain a constant speed using the throttle control. After modelling the longitudinal dynamics, numerical simulations were performed in MATLAB, Simulink and the obtained results confirmed a good performance of the proposed control strategy flight altitude control based on the automated speed device.In this paper, an altitude control system is designed to increase the positioning accuracy of a mini-UAV on the z-axis of the inertial system and to improve conventional altitude control systems relying only on GPS, barometer or laser sensors which may have significant errors in certain flight conditions. The main objective of the mini-UAV is to monitor and detect a Corona Discharge that usually occurs on high voltage powerlines which implies a very good infrastructure in terms of on-board equipment because of the danger which occur when UAV flies quite close to the powerlines and into an intense electromagnetic field. To design the altitude controller for the longitudinal dynamics a control structure method, based on successively closed loops with different types of classic controllers was used. We concluded that the command structures with speed constraint was necessary to implement a speed device that automatically maintains a constant speed. Thus, the speed device is trying to maintain a constant spee...