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The need for renewable energy is highly increasing worldwide to fulfil energy demand as well as reduce the impact of global warming. Indonesia as the most extensive archipelago face real challenge to power its remote areas with green electricity. This paper assesses economically the idea of hybrid power plant of solar and/or biomass to electrify Indonesian remote areas with green electricity. Furthermore, the carbon credit as an additional income of this project is estimated using CDM methodology. The project is proposed in Sakti, Batukandik, and Batumadeg villages in Nusa Penida Island, Bali; the ER are 7460.57, 2587.10, and 9044.84 tCO2e/year, accordingly. The IRR is analyzed under two scenarios: the initial electricity cost of USD 0.15/kWh and the reduced cost of USD 0.10/kWh including carbon credits and biochar sales. The sensitivity analysis is conducted to observe the effect of most tentative variables towards the IRR. Furthermore, determining the feasibility of this project by analyzing the ERR is assessed to be important, whether it is profitable for the community or not. For the ERR analysis, there are two results calculations. The ERR value with the application of carbon credits shows 32.66%. In comparison, the ERR value without the application of carbon credits shows 28.19%. These values are obtained from several parameter calculations in the ERR analysis in this study. It consists of a consumer surplus, which is computed from the benefits obtained by PLN. Then, the producer surplus and job increases are computed from the benefits obtained by the community if this project is executed. This paper result has essential role in contribution to social, economic, and environmental goal for sustainable development and supporting national economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of green building is believed to be a key factor in achieving sustainable development in the building sector. The Green Building Council Indonesia is responsible for the development and deployment of green buildings in Indonesia, and has released version 1.2 of the Greenship rating tools for evaluating new green buildings. The use of renewable energy sources in green buildings is highly encouraged, with one point awarded for every 0.5% of energy usage covered by renewable energy, up to a maximum of five points. The installation of rooftop PV systems is a popular choice for renewable energy in many governmental green-rated buildings, but it is important to determine the ideal capacity to prevent overpriced installation costs. This paper proposes a method where the focus is on gaining maximum points in renewable energy and minimizing investment costs, rather than maximizing installed capacity. This approach can reduce capacity by up to 68%. Another important consideration is choosing the optimum grid connectivity type, and the paper discusses the options of on-grid or zero export schemes. Zero export scheme is chosen for this case since the capacity of the PV system is much smaller than the grid power connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful implementation of smart grids depends on energy efficiency, mostly relying on the operation of electricity source infrastructure. The combination of energy sources undoubtedly provides complexity in real applications. Some of the challenges for a smart grids comes from the intermittent renewable energy characteristics such as bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, solar, ocean power, and wind energy to the base load energy such as natural gas, coal, and nuclear. This paper aims to review the implementation of current advances of smart grids from combined energy mix sources. The review includes major components of smart grids, i.e. power plants, monitoring systems, substations, power transmission and distribution, controllers and smart meters. The review also investigates the state of the art contribution of power electronics, artificial intelligence and Internet of Things to more significant optimization, safety and efficiency in these areas. The results are expected to provide a further gap analysis of applicable technologies and best practices in mixed electricity generation sources. The final result will also consider its application in an archipelago country such as Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the new provinces in Indonesia, West Papua Province needs the infrastructures for supporting its development, including electrical infrastructures. In this paper, system dynamics modeling has been built to investigate the readiness of electrical infrastructure, especially electricity generation, in facing the energy demand by the growth of population and other sectors in West Papua Province. The models have met the absolute mean error (AME) standard of validation. The simulation of the Business as Usual (BAU) model shows that the generation units are supported well in normal condition until 2050. In case no additional installed capacity for the generation units, the existing units may not support the population and energy growth by 2043 and 2047 in.the designed scenarios simulation. The lack of capacity is due to the upwards of energy demand in 2050, about 5012.09 GWh in scenario 1 and 7406.98 GWh in scenario 2, which is significantly increasing from 5012.09 GWh in BAU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas is the cleanest primary fuel and is projected to replace coal in the future. In Indonesia, natural gas sources and their supporting infrastructure are still very potential to be explored. However, to achieve sustainability goals involving environmental and economic factors, models and optimization are needed. It is hoped that the modeling and optimization can be used for decision making in operating the plant and in planning sustainable infrastructure. This literature review includes an overview of several natural gas processing plants in Indonesia, optimization in terms of energy use in their processing units, efficiency in production costs and carbon emissions produced. Also this paper reviews the selection of data resources, methods for several optimization objectives. In this research, the data of natural gas processing plants in java, sumatra, sulawesi and papua are reviewed. Various optimization methods such as multi-decision objective method, life cycle analysis and material-energy flow analysis are also explored [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to evaluate the natural gas application as an alternative energy source that correlates with an environmental conservation issue. The government pursues the utilization of clean energy. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has implemented through the program of kerosene to LPG conversion in Indonesia. Through this program, emissions reduction by the use of LPG estimated to achieve 130,223,596 tons of CO2 (2020). The use of natural gas in the Garut district expected as a pilot plan to improve greenhouse gas emission reduction in the energy sector. The evaluation of energy demand in Garut district shows that the use of clean energy provides attractive benefit opportunities. The total energy demand in Garut district reaches 147,558 MMBTU/year to serve people as much as 2,548,723 inhabitants. It predicted that 30% of this amount could converted into cleaner energy, i.e., compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied (LNG). The use of energy from natural gas is considered more decent and more profitable. Gas distribution from the terminal carried out using pipeline or truck transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowering Covid-19 cases globally and nationally provides a positive indication of economic growth, especially in Batam City, Indonesia. This condition is also followed by increased electrical energy consumption, particularly in residential houses. This paper presents an electrical energy audit process of a residential house using the IKE (Energy Consumption Intensity) parameter. The audit was conducted in a home with a building area of 226 m2 and an electrical capacity of 4400 VA. The result shows that the total electricity consumption of such a house is 1,266.34 kWh per month, to which the air-conditioning system contributed the most prominent electricity consumption of the whole facilities in the house. Providentially, the score of IKE is less than 8.5, which means such a residential house is categorized as very efficient energy consumption. Furthermore, the self-evaluating checklist technique has carried out to find the main factor that affects the electricity consumption of the air-conditioning system. Regarding the highest rating score on the self-evaluating checklist of air conditioning systems, the ceiling has a score of 77.5%. This result means that the ceiling needs to be evaluated to reduce the heat load of the house, which in turn reduces the electrical energy consumption of the air conditioning system. Finally, this work can use as an initial audit framework for assessing electrical energy consumption in residential houses in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to RUPTL 2021 – 2030, Indonesia committed to 23% renewable energy in 2025; meanwhile, in 2019 it is still 9%. Therefore it will require effort from all type renewable energy source which available in Indonesia. As Indonesia is a country with most people who consume rice, the rice husk availability will be abundant automatically. Without good utilization of rice husk in the rice, mills will become a severe threat to the environment. It can generate millions of tons of CO2 when burnt. Also, it will take a long time to degradation if only throw into the environment. Biomass Gasification Power Plant is a technology that utilizes bioenergy with less CO2 emission since the fuel is the rice husk. Utilizing biomass gasification is part of renewable energy available in Indonesia. In this paper, a gasification power plant prototype with a 10 kW capacity will be used as a model to determine how big the possible contribution of a gasification power plant to participate 23% renewable energy in 2025. It will review the recent cost of Tarif /kWh and compare it with the local electricity tariff price. Also, alternative utilizing energy biomass becomes heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns on process modeling of torrefaction and activation of oil palm trunk (OPT) becoming activated charcoal, abundant biomass resources coming from replantation of oil palm. The processes are very crucial in treating OPT before utilization for energy source due to the high level of water content and volatile matters in the biomass. Oil palm trunk is solid waste biomass from oil palm, which can be a new and renewable energy source with great potential in Indonesia. One way to increase the value of oil palm trunk is by increasing its calorific value. Utilization of this OPT waste will be used to produce fuel that is relatively more environmentally friendly. One of the processes to increase the calorific value of the OPT is torrefaction, and its use-value can be increased again by the activation process to produce activated carbon. In this research, modeling and simulation were carried out on the drying process and OPT torrefaction using three types of reactors of the Gibbs reactor, Yield reactor, and Batch reactor. Oil palm trunk is defined as cellulose, hemicellulose, extractive, ash, and water. The simulation results in the form of HHV and yield values were then validated with experimental data. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of HHV charcoal and impregnation ratio (IR) on the surface area was carried out by collecting and processing literature data. For the torrefaction process, the difference between the simulation results and the experiment on the Gibbs reactor is about 5 % for HHV and about 10 to 14.94% for yield. Meanwhile, the yield reactor has an error about 12 to 19% for HHV and 5 % for yield. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the optimum temperature for the torrefaction process is 275°C. Based on statistical analysis, the impregnation ration of ZnCl2 to produce the maximum surface area of 1652.507 m2/g is 5.458. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear energy utilization for peaceful purposes is the primary goal and expectation for all countries in the world. The IAEA is an international organization that is promoting peaceful uses and supervises nuclear technology, one of which is through the safeguards inspection. The implementation of the IAEA safeguards inspections to a member state is carried out by safeguards inspectors after obtaining approval from the destination country. The purpose of this paper is to review BAPETEN policies as a consideration in the selection of the IAEA Safeguards Inspectors who will be assigned to Indonesia. The IAEA sends the list of inspectors proposed to the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the representative of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia in the context of international relations. As a basis for approval and final determination by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, BAPETEN's input and consideration are required. BAPETEN then will coordinate with other stakeholders, namely the State Intelligence Agency (BIN), Intelligence and Security Agency of National Police (Baintelkam), and Coordinating Ministry of Politics, Law, and Security (Kemenkopolhukam) in identifying and investigating the list of inspectors proposed by the IAEA. The consideration aspects proposed from BAPETEN are the country of origin and the personal background of the proposed inspectors. The country of origin aspect means that the Safeguards Inspector assigned to Indonesia must come from a country that has signed and enforced the Additional Protocol Agreement. Meanwhile, the aspect of the personal background means that inspectors who have a background in the fields of police, military, intelligence, and security analysts will be of particular concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for energy is increasing significantly over the past few decades. Mostly, the energy is coming from fossil fuels. It should be noted that fossil energy is not environmentally friendly and non-sustainable energy. Hence, it is necessary to replace fossil energy with renewable and sustainable energy such as solar PV energy. Solar energy is one of the renewable energies that can choose to replace fossil energy sources. Urban areas are areas with higher energy requirements than rural areas, but the availability of vacant land in urban areas is very minimal to the installation of solar power plants. Hence, rooftop solar PV energy can be a solution in dense areas such as urban areas. Before installing a rooftop solar PV plant, it is necessary to investigate how much energy can be provided to meet daily needs. Furthermore, it is also essential to optimize the installation so more daily energy can be supplied. This research focuses on investigating the solar energy potential to meet the daily demand from time to time. Modeling of solar energy potential in each house is essential to determine how much energy can be provided by solar PV plants in several years. In this research, the temporal analysis is used to model the energy demand from solar PV plants. This research will integrate statistical data and remote sensing data. The availability and the demand energy of each house will be investigated thoroughly in this research. Furthermore, how much electrical energy can be supplied by solar PV rooftop is also considered in this research. This research is expected to be used by policymakers in developing renewable energy in the city of Bandung and will increase community participation in switching to renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BAPETEN, as a regulatory body for nuclear energy utilization in Indonesia, requires an indicator to evaluate the safety and security of nuclear installations. BAPETEN has made BAPETEN Regulation Number 1 Year 2017 concerning the Implementation of Inspections in the Supervision of Nuclear Energy Utilization which regulates the implementation of inspections and also mentions the use of safety and security indicators (SSI). SSI is an indicator of compliance of safety and security requirements used by BAPETEN to assess the performance of nuclear installations in Indonesia. Indicators that indicate the safeguard and security level of nuclear installations consist of two aspects, namely safeguard and additional protocol aspect and also the security aspect. Indicators that indicate the safety level of nuclear installations consist of 6 aspects, namely operation aspects, maintenance and ageing management aspects, radiation protection aspects, environmental management and monitoring aspects, nuclear emergency preparedness aspects, and management system aspects. Although each of these aspects will contribute to the level of nuclear installations safety and security, each of these aspects may have different weight values. BAPETEN Regulation Number 1 Year 2017 has determined weight values for safeguard and security aspects. However, the weight value for the safety aspect has not been determined in this regulation. Hence, this paper proposes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the weight value of each aspect of nuclear installation safety indicators. The results of the study show that the AHP method can be used to determine the weight value of each aspect of the safety indicators of nuclear installations to be used by BAPETEN in assessing the performance of nuclear installation in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing rate of population growth in Indonesia has resulted in an increase in the rate of energy demand each year. Indonesia has the potential for quite abundant energy sources, one of which is the potential for water energy. The po-tential of water energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources and provides a sizeable contribution in the world. Micro hydro and picohydro power plants are quite popular in various countries and are considered suitable for application in remote areas that have a potential source of water energy. The Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) is a micro-hydro power plant for low-head and low-flow applications. GWVPP was first developed by Franz Zotlöterer since 2006 to produce surface runoff created in an open space with an orifice located at the bottom of the basin resulting in a water vortex. This paper presents a theoretical review, performance evaluation, and findings of previous research on GWVPP. GWVPP is a relatively new technology in micro hydro power generation. GWVPP works by means of a water vortex induced by a gravitational force which is then absorbed by a Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) which is connected to a generator to produce electricity. In GWVT the water energy hits the blade at the same time, so the active area of the blade is relatively larger. The average efficiency of this GWVT is 53%. Various experimental studies as well as numerical simulations on turbine design and parameters have been carried out to improve their efficiency. Further research is still being carried out by researchers to get the most optimal efficiency. Below, various parameters that affect the per-formance of GWVT are described which are expected to meet the electricity needs of regions in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential air conditioning (AC) systems commonly use R-410A refrigerant for the new systems. The R-410A refrigerant has high global warming potential (GWP 100 years) of 2100 and it is not environmentally friendly. Moreover, energy consumption of AC systems also indirectly contributes to the GWP. Thus, energy performance of AC system becomes important. This paper aims to investigate seasonal energy performance of residential AC system using R-32 as refrigerant. R-32 has much lower impact to the environment compared to R-410A. The investigation applied a thermodynamic simulation using EES (Engineering Equation Solver) distributable program. The energy performances of the AC system were evaluated in one year based on Bali-Indonesia weather conditions. The performance evaluations include power and energy consumption, coefficient of performance, and seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER). For comparison analysis, the investigation was also performed on AC system using R-410A. The results indicated that the AC system using R-32 could provide better seasonal energy performance than a such system using R-410A. Therefore, R-32 becomes supplementary promising refrigerant for residential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of the countries which have geothermal potential as a renewable energy resource. Forty per cent of the world's geothermal energy potential, at 28,000 megawatts (MW) is estimated found in Indonesia. Activities in geothermal also generate some waste, including solid waste. The sources of solid waste in geothermal energy are including drill cuttings, scale from cooling water, scale from maintenance, domestic waste, hazardous solid waste from the machine and heavy equipment maintenance, and others. The objectives of this study are to determine the variety of solid waste sources, types and characteristics of solid waste, and management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste in Indonesia's geothermal energy utilization. The methods used in this study are field observation, literature review, and interview with the worker in the geothermal field. The source of solid waste is generally similar because of similar activity. The primary solid wastes generated from Indonesia geothermal field are drill cutting, scale, domestic waste, silica sludge, and organic waste. The source for solid waste is similar to other countries such as exploration and production, maintenance, laboratory analysis, and also power generation activity. Indonesia geothermal field manages its organic waste generally by composting. The other non-hazardous waste is delivered to the waste bank or environmental community to be recycled or reused. They manage hazardous waste with the third party and also collect it first at the final disposal site. To reduce solid waste from the geothermal field, they should have suggestion and innovation program to manage their solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current SCADA infrastructure that supported hydro automation and control system at PT Vale Indonesia is obsolete. That condition puts the overall operation of power generations in a risk due to obsolete hardware and operating system (OS) infrastructure. The server hardware has no spare part available in the market that can lead SCADA and control system break down at any time. The obsolete OS has no longer receive security update that can lead virus and security breach onto the automation network, therefore SCADA infrastructure upgrade is mandatory to be done to support operation of hydropower generations. Other problems of current automation infrastructure are operating cost, it is due to numerous servers and PCs (personal computers) that installed to serve the automation and control system. Most of these servers and PCs consume a significant amount of electrical power and also the energy of a cooling system, while the utilization ratio of those type of equipment is very low, around 5% to 10 % only [1]. They also - mainly a server - require significant yearly maintenance cost. To overcome the above problems, servers and desktop virtualization technology are studied in this paper as an option for the requirement of SCADA infrastructure upgrade. The technology offering an opportunity to consolidate multiple under-utilized servers and PCs of SCADA control system into a few physical servers and thin client, thereby reducing the energy requirements for the power infrastructure, cooling system, maintenance budget and capital cost of the necessary upgrade. The result of virtual technology implementation reduces 64.80% of upgrade capital cost for material and installation, 40.65% less energy requirements for the infrastructure cooling system, saving 62.20% electrical energy for the entire infrastructure SCADA control system and also reduce 92.43% of yearly maintenance cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strong correlation between economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has made the increasing level of CO2 emissions becomes a perpetual problem worldwide. Therefore, the efficacy of current energy and environment related policies needs to be evaluated. In this regard, finding a reliable model to accurately forecast CO2 emissions is of importance, particularly for a developing country like Indonesia. By involving an unbalanced panel data of 77 countries covering the period of 1966 to 2019, this paper proposes a model which relies on the machine learning method to forecast CO2 emissions in Indonesia and to predict the feasibility for decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth. This study finds the beneficial impacts of new and renewable energy on reducing CO2 emissions. However, the peak of CO2 emissions in Indonesia was not predicted. Hence, decarbonization of Indonesia's economy is not likely to be achieved in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The covid-19 pandemic has altered the course of the economy all over the world, including Indonesia. Government policy to resort to social restriction and working from home has increased household consumption of energy but reduce the commercial use of energy. Economic growth is greatly affected by the pandemic and had surged to -5.32% during the pandemic but has been increased before the second wave of the pandemic strikes. In the long-term, the economy and electricity consumption are expected to recover. The recent plan to phase out coal from the energy generation sector has provided the pathway for New and Renewable Energy (NRE) in providing more environmentally friendly electricity to support the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Electricity demand-supply analysis is performed using LEAP and the result demonstrated that full utilization of NRE will reduce GHG emission by more than 700 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2050 and renewable energy mix goal may be achieved in 2050. However, development of smart grid and energy storage should also be developed to compensate the intermittency of wind and solar electricity. Factors such as power generation cost, land requirement, externalities, and grid stability should be carefully studied in order to assure that the electricity produced is affordable and do not pose burden in form of government subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of electric vehicles in Indonesia can no longer be delayed. The coming decade is where electric cars dominate. Until now, there has been a lot of research and development of electric vehicles in the world. Indonesia, as one of the countries with quite a large population of cars, must be able to follow. Not only as a customer, but it must also be a producer. Hybrid vehicles are one good intermediary to enter the era of pure electric cars. Cars with a combination of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motors still have a high demand for research and development. Weaknesses in electric vehicle mileage and the availability of petroleum make hybrid vehicles the choice to improve fuel efficiency. The main driver of an electric car is an electric motor. The weight of the electric motor affects the vehicle load. Electric motors and batteries are the two main components that are the heaviest in electric vehicles. The lighter the vehicle's weight, the more beneficial it is in using energy and mileage. The design of an electric motor that is lightweight but powerful is significant demand. Electric motors are dynamically loaded, so the strength of each part must be appropriately calculated. The load also causes heat to the electric motor. This heat must be adequately released so that the optimal temperature can be maintained. This paper will discuss the design of electric motors with power capabilities of up to 200 kW. FEA will be used as a design method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential air conditioning equipment has gained in public interest, primarily due to its huge energy consumption. Both in the US and Indonesia, this resulted in increased minimum efficiency standards. Manufacturers adhere to these standards through increased coil surface area, equipment size, and air flowrates for a given cooling capacity. While this has indeed reduced environmental footprint it also has led to issues for the testing of units. Increased indoor air handling unit height leads to conflicts between dictated inlet and outlet duct length and available total height of capital-intensive legacy testing facilities. This paper describes experiments conducted to evaluate the effects of changes in inlet ductwork configuration to the fan performance and highlights some of the constraints applicable to units with up-to-date electronically commutated fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of economic growth, land area, poverty level and final energy consumption on forest destruction (deforestation) in Indonesia during the period 1999-2018. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis tools secondary time series data during the period 1999-2018 sourced from the World Bank, Global Rain Forest, the Central Bureau of Statistics, and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The results of the analysis show that the area of oil palm plantations has an effect on forest destruction (deforestation), while the variables of economic growth, poverty levels, and final energy consumption have no effect on forest damage (deforestation). When viewed together, the variables of economic growth, land area, poverty level, and final energy consumption have an effect on forest destruction (deforestation) in Indonesia in 1999-2018. Based on these findings, the policy implications that can be taken by the government, oil palm plantation industry players and the community are to always implement aspects of sustainable economic development so as not to cause negative impacts in the form of forest destruction (deforestation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is classified as a high demand energy in Indonesia, so the production process needs to be optimized to be effective and efficient. Biodiesel production through the transesterification reaction always produces waste as a by-product, such as glycerol, residual fatty acids, residual alcohol, and residual alkaline species. The problem is that the separation of the mixture is still difficult to do. Many studies use traditional methods (such as washing and evaporation) and they cause to be ineffective. Alternatively, research needs to be expanded on the synthesis of materials with special designs for the separation of the mixture resulting from the transesterification reaction. Therefore, we review a unique material design, namely amphiphilic material. By design, this material is made as a heterogeneous inorganic material and it only has two solubility active sites, such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. This material has been studied about the used method, the success of the synthesis, and its structural properties. Next, we have described the challenges and problems in the synthesis of this material. In addition, we have formulated a catalysis system design for the separation of the transesterified mixture, so that it can estimate the steps of the catalysis process of biodiesel synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste in Indonesia in total reaches 189 kilograms tons/day. The types of plastic waste that are often found are low density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The aim of research are to describe the characteristic and to analyze the validation result of plastic simple recycler. The method used to treat LDPE, PS and PET plastic waste was pyrolysis. Plastic waste to be processed was cleaned and dried first to separate it from impurities. The time used in the experiment was 108 minutes with a temperature above 370°C. The results of LDPE and PET pyrolysis, can produce alternative energy. Based on the results of the validation tests, the mean rcount was 0.87 which indicates that the plastic simple recycler declared valid. The plastic simple recycler has six main component consist of a reactor, stove, the first and second alternative condensors, a basin, and a storage container. This plastic simple recycler has insteresting characteristics; easy to assembly and use, low cost and good pyrolysis performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic, the government issued policies to limit economic activity and reduce electricity demand. However, to overcome this, the government has carried out a Covid-19 vaccination program to achieve Herd Immunity to resume their economic activities to increase electricity demand for several sectors. To analyze electricity in Central Java after the vaccination program during Covid-19 then an energy planning model was made using the LEAP software. LEAP requires data in social-economic data, customer data, and energy use intensity per sector. The scenarios used in this study are the no pandemic or business as usual (BAU) scenario and two post-COVID-19 pandemic scenarios with vaccination policies, namely optimistic (OPT) and pessimistic (PES) scenarios. From the results of this research, the projected results of electricity demand in 2030 are 40,691 Gigawatt-Hour (OPT) and 39,924 Gigawatt-Hour (PES). Therefore, it is necessary to consider the consequences of the Covid-19 Pandemic, where in the basic scenario, 43,773 Gigawatt-Hour, is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays electricity is very important to support various sectors of life. However, as the demand for electricity increases, the source of electrical energy is not enough to supply the energy demand. Indonesia has various potential sources of renewable energy that can be used, one of them is hydropower which in 2018 reached 94.3 GW. But, the utilization of these energy sources has not been maximized because there are limited water turbine manufacturers in Indonesia. This research will develop an application for calculating the design of a Cross Flow water turbine. Cross-Flow Turbine has several advantages, that it is easy to build and has an efficiency that tends to be constant. The calculations include power, rotational speed, speed components, dimensions of turbine components like runners, blades, and nozzles. The application can be used to simulate performance using discharge variations to determine the efficiency of the designed turbine. Also, a Cross Flow turbine is designed with a gross head of 10 meters and a flow rate of 0.4 m3/s. Turbine component calculations are adjusted to the application and manual calculations are used to the validation and application testing. Performance simulation using flow variation of 0.05 m3/s; 0.3 m3/s; and 0.7 m3/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infastructure construction is one the important sectors in Indonesia's economic development. However, this sector also contributes in the high rates of energy consumption and produces large amounts of pollutant emissions. The use of heavy equipment in consruction activities consumes a large amount of fuel, which is resulting in several pollutant gases emitted, including carbon dioxide (CO2). The emission of pollutant gases is directly generated by fuel consumption, and this fuel consumption depends on equipment productivity. Accordingly, the productivity levels can be used as the base for accurately assessing emissions resulting from equipment activity. This study aims to propose a methodology for estimating the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in the environmental and energy impacts of construction activities. The proposed estimated method is develop by combining the productivity level models generated from the CAT Performance Handbook data and the calculation algorithm from EPA's NONROAD. To develope a productivity model, earthwork activities involving the backhoe loader were selected. Based on the results obtained, the approach using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis is proven to be a good alternative to estimate the productivity level of the backhoe loader. Based on the value of R=95,70%, the MLR equation can be explained by a group of existing independent variables. The model can be used a basis to estimate fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Based on this model, productivity rate of backhoe loader was calculated based on several soil conditions, namely loose material, blasted rock and others, and general purpose and multipurpose types of bucket. The results show several trends in fuel use and emissions from backhoe loaders. The productivity value of the backhoe loader decreases as the engine size increases, cycle time is longer and the bucket size is large. However, it is inversely proportional to fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions increase at bigger engine size, longer cycle time, and bigger bucket size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fishermen are a type of livelihood that is mostly carried out by Indonesians who live on the coast. In the country with the largest long coast in the world, Fishermen should have good welfare and a healthy lifestyle. But in fact, most of the traditional fishermen in Indonesia have not felt it. They still carry out fishing activities in an inefficient way, due they only follow the work patterns that have been done by their predecessors, far from the touch of technological advances that have an impact on high operational and maintenance costs while searching fish. The boundary of this research is to calculate the average cost of energy from boat lighting to energy sources using the homer simulation method. The purpose of this study is to compare the energy consumption generated by electric boats (e-Boat) and conventional fishing boat. Mercury lighting technology on the conventional fishing boat compared to LED electric boat lamps with the same level of luminance, 75% lower energy consumption, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) 11% lower. Thus, energy is more efficient, clean, and there is a new, more effective pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's energy consumption keeps increasing every year. The energy mix strategy is one of the ways that the government implement to reduce the use of fossil fuel. Therefore, there needs to be more infrastructure to increase the consumption of natural gas in everyday activities. The purpose of this study is to obtain the technical design and feasibility study of gas distribution network in Summarecon Serpong. The study was conducted with a basis of Summarecon Serpong's geographical and population condition. There are 2 tapping points determined on the network, so the network is divided into 2 systems. Technical calculations are carried out with hydraulic analysis using software. Pipe network use MRS and pressure regulators to measure flow rates and reduce pressure on each system. The pipes used are steel pipes and polyethylene pipes. Of the 2 systems designed, at the farthest point of the network the pressure is 0.12 bar and 0.29 bar. Technical drawings are based on the results of calculations and contain the required material and isometric drawings. Bill of quantity is based on technical drawings as a basis for calculating investments. The suitable selling price of gas for the project is IDR 7,500 for household customers and IDR 6,400 for commercial customers. This is indicated by the NPV value of 2.5 billion rupiah, IRR 11.55%, and PBP of 7.5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final energy consumption of Indonesia's fuel oil continues to increase every year for the past ten years. In general, most of energy consumption is obtained by fossil-fuels such as oil, gas, coal, and geothermal and the rest is renewable energy. This condition indicates that Indonesia is relying on non-renewable energy sources yet, whereas the numbers are running low. To overcome it, other energy needs to be developed to replace oil fuels that are renewable, eco-friendly, and natural. One potential renewable energy source developed in Indonesia instead of fuel is bio-ethanol (C2H5OH), which is mixed with gasoline (E5, E10, and E15); further the octane value of fuel can be increased. In addition to the problems in the comparison of the two fuel mixtures, the properties of each different substance are resulted in the difficulty of mixing both types of fuel that can produce a high Coefficient of Variation which results in the performance of the gasoline engine and cause torque fluctuations (vehicle driveability problem) produced. Addition of oxygenated additives (0.5 vol %) is intended, so that an insignificant COV value will be produced (less than 10%) in the two mixtures, whereby it can enhance performance and emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate the activities of Indonesians, government issues many public transportations, furthermore a lot of Indonesians uses their own private vehicle as well. Unfortunately, all of these transportations still utilize fossil fuel as energy sources. And with the increasing number of populations, the number of transportations also rises. This condition shows that Indonesia is still dependent on non-renewable energy sources. One alternative energy currently being developed as an alternative fuel in motorized vehicles is bioethanol. The addition of bioethanol to gasoline will certainly change the fuel properties, the fuel will be more difficult to self-ignite so the pressure generated in the combustion chamber will be more consistent. Coefficient of variation (COV) represent the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of a set of data, in this study in cylinder pressure data (IMEP) is used. Based on previous research that discussed the analysis of emission gas and fuel consumption on SI engine fueled with low-grade bioethanol and oxygenated additive, the authors examined further to analyze the characteristic of ethanol blend and oxygenated additive to COVIMEP and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) of various fuel mixture as well as COVIMEP correlation with SFC at variable engine speed were investigated. The result of study shows that ethanol blend and oxygenated additives in gasoline decrease variation in combustion pressure occurrences, lower COV. Ethanol – gasoline blend increased SFC compared with pure gasoline, while ethanol – gasoline blend with additive slightly reduce SFC compared with their own respective mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biaro Island is an island located 90 kilometers from North Sulawesi and limited transportation access. The island of Biaro has not been connected to the submarine power cable network so that the supply of electricity depends on the diesel generator for 12 hours. PLN plans to provide electricity supply for 24 hours without the need to increase fuel consumption because of environmental issues and fossil fuel elevated costs. This hybrid system is combined with solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, battery and diesel generator. Homer is used to examine the most cost effective configurations among a set of systems for electricity requirement of 1,775 kWh/day primary load with 240.64 kW peak load. The results show that system with the composition of PV-Wind-Diesel-battery with a cost of electricity of 0.204 $ / kWh is feasible to be used as an alternative power system scheme to reduce fuel consumption on Biaro Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the industrial sector in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) from 2014 to 2016, there was an increase in the number of large and medium manufacturing industries. However, industrial improvement can have an impact on the environment. This research was conducted in one of the surfactant factories in West Java. Where this factory is ISO 14001:2015 certified, environmental management system. The aims of this research are analysis and evaluation of material and energy consumption. Impact analysis is carried out with flow material analysis (FMA). The analysis is carried out starting from the stages of receiving raw materials, processing to the final product. Evaluation of material and energy consumption is done by comparing the program for several years and goals. The results show for five years, considering energy consumption, water consumption is not linear with optimum production volume. The results of this evaluation can be used as a basis for companies to develop and implement the life cycle perspective’s program according to the requirements of ISO 14001: 2015, environmental management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel. Biodiesel is made from fossil fuels mixed with palm oil or Crude Palm Oil (CPO) which is processed into Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The use of CPO is inseparable from the abundant prices in Indonesia and the potential for increased production can still be done. This study focuses on the use of biodiesel in the Cat C15 Acert engine which has 356 - 363 hp at speeds of 1800 - 2100 rpm. Which in the world as a driver of various heavy equipment. Testing will be done using B0 (0% FAME content), B15 (15% FAME content), B20 (20% FAME content) and B30 (30% FAME content). The test results show that the biodiesel mixture is in accordance with existing fuel standards. Measurements based on biodiesel on the engine are shown through torque performance, power, Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) in good and efficient conditions. Whereas the exhaust emissions on the engine are C, CO and NOx which have no significant effect on CO which has a decrease in pure fuel. The recommended fuel to use is a mixture containing 30% biodiesel (B30). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN), the case study on this work, operates chainedfactories on its automotive manufacturing business in Indonesia. They are located in Sunter Jakarta (2 Plants) and Karawang West Java (4 Plants). One of the challenges we are faced in smart chained-factories implementation is the quality of services (QoS) of the network infrastructure used in terms of delay. Real-time network techniques are required for data transmission between intelligent equipment and manufacturing cloud. To address the problem, we propose a fog computing architecture for smart chained-factories that employs multiple cloudlets in order to minimize latency and optimize energy consumption. Result achieved was a smart chained-factories architecture to support making Indonesia 4.0 initiative. The experimental results show that the architecture with cloudlet (fog architecture) is approximately 137 times faster than architecture without cloudlet (cloud architecture). And the cloud energy consumption of the fog architecture is approximately 82 times lower than cloud architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]