Search

The last few decades world has attempted to convert energy sources from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy, nevertheless, the growth rate of world energy consumption is still higher than the procurement of renewable energy generation facilities. Increasing power plant efficiency is surely will help to reduce the dependency of fossil fuel. An integrated pulp and paper mill – power plant is using co-firing system to generate its power by having 6 different biomass (coal, bark, palm shell, EFB, brown fiber and effluent sludge) which most of them have high moisture content. This work aimed to study the actual current performance of power plant and see improvement that can be obtained by reducing moisture content of effluent sludge with variation 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% and 10%. According to the analysis, it is found that current overall energy and exergy efficiency of power plant is 55.9% and 19.26%. Overall exergy efficiency is increased by 1% by reduce effluent sludge moisture content from 60% to 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a smart home control system, which includes lighting, microclimate and security subsystems, as well as control algorithms for various operating scenarios. The process of the system operation is described in detail, the visualization of the system is presented in the form of a 3d model. The article shows the practical significance of the system, describes its functionality. The work is of undoubted relevance, since the introduction of a house management system can improve conditions of life and achieve high energy efficiency rates. The article presents in detail each element of the control system, namely: a control device, a control object, a set of sensors. On the example of the lighting subsystem, the process of creating the entire automated control system is described. An algorithm for automatic lighting operation is obtained and described. To control the system, a human-machine interface was developed in the OpenHab program. A panel with indicators of the light sensor is presented, its functionality is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the issue of rising electricity demand in the building sector is one of the major challenges. Therefore, the Building Management System (BMS) inside the building. Since the PV, national grid, and diesel generators supplies building electrical power, so the Energy Management System (EMS) technologies are necessary to study the priority of PV to supply building power to save energy. This paper proposes a Smart Building Management System (SBMS) used with Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) in addition lighting systems. HVAC is controlled with occupancy sensors, temperature control, and load control. Lighting systems are controlled through occupancy sensors and daylight sensors to make them operate to minimize electricity consumption. Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) control of the EMS in this work, SBMS and EMS are created and simulated using two case studies to supply public buildings. The first situation is SBMS without EMS and the second situation is SBMS with EMS. Finally, the results showed the impact of SBMS on the reduction of energy consumption for HVAC systems and lighting (20% on summer day and 11% on winter day), as the energy consumption was reduced for both HVAC and lighting by about (54% on a summer day and 44% on a winter day) because we added the scenario of case two to the one scenario case in a public building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous human activities and a rapidly growing world population are increasing the demand for freshwater. Fresh water production relies heavily on the use of conventional fuels and is associated with environmental pollution, leading to the need to look for other alternatives such as clean energy (solar energy). There are many villages and rural areas in the world without access to clean water. Many desalination systems have been developed to address this shortcoming. This study describes strategies for increasing clean water solar energy productivity that are currently in commercial and experimental development stages. Solar stills are the most prudent method for delivering new water since they just sudden spike in demand for the energy of the sun, which is promptly accessible in nature. The focus is on technologies that can be used independently, especially those that can be integrated into solar thermal systems. The results show that the solar thermal distillation yield is inversely proportional to the basin water depth and is directly related to the wind speed in the absorbing region, the temperature of the glass covers and the incident solar radiation. Add to the technology used inside and outside the system to improve productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an emerging technology for efficient use of spectrum resources, to make it more energy-efficient there is a need for energy harvest cognitive radio networks (EH-CRN). In EH-CRN energy harvest uses ambient energy sources, but the random nature of sources makes the implementation of EH-CRN more difficult. Extensive research is conducted in the past few years to address the issues in the implementation of EH-CRNs. This paper reviews the previous and recent improvements in EH-CRNs and systematically presents the merits and demerits of each. Finally, this review paper is presented to help new researchers and to make them familiar with the concepts of EH- CRNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powered by advanced information technology, integrated circuits have been widely involved in various fields. The detection and processing of electrical signals has become one of the important steps. This paper designs a 4-bit absolute value detector using CMOS logic and Pass-Transistor Logic (PTL). It can compare the input binary number with the set threshold, which can detect the peak signal to reduce the interference of noise and improve the detection accuracy of the signal. This paper innovatively uses the full adder to design the absolute value detection part, which can reduce the number of CMOS and reduce energy consumption. To increase driving strength and improve logic delay, the design uses a two-inverter chain as a buffer. To achieve the goal of low energy consumption and low delay, this paper calculates the minimum delay case based on the theory of logic effort and the critical path of the circuit. Through comparing only sizing, only voltage scaling and combining method, the final minimum energy consumption is calculated. The parameters for this design are 12.74 FO4 (0.933V) and 9.58 Eu (0.933V). This means that it can improve the reliability of the device and improve the signal response speed in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the design of absolute value detectors has long delay, high energy consumption, and is not accurate enough. The design has been divided into two parts, first taking the absolute value and then comparing with the threshold value. More steps bring more errors and time and energy costs. Therefore, this paper hopes to give a new design that can optimize these problems. In the design, this paper simplifies the traditional two-step design method into one step, and directly compares the size by calculating the difference. In the design, the optimized mirror adder is used, combined with logic calculation and multiplexer (MUX for short), a new design scheme is formed. At the same time, by adjusting the size of the gate and the voltage of the power supply, the power consumption of the circuit is reduced by 68.16% without a significant increase in delay. Coupled with the reduction in the number of devices used in the entire circuit, the overall design in this paper has lower delay and lower energy consumption than traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huge number of nodes of sensor make wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that not just gather data associated with various happenings but also submit those events to central station hop-by-hop. Data submitted through nodes of neighbor may be extra as well as duplicate. In addition, generated data number in wide WSNs might be a lot to be processed in sink. The most essential variable for gathering WSNs data is optimum energy usage to integrate also gather data. The accuracy of the information is usually assessed by detecting the error of the data contained in the CHs. This process helps increase the integrity and reliability of the WSN application. Basically, data identification is a classification issue. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is one of the most common classification approaches used in this paper to create an identification model. The SVM classification parameters will also be optimized by the Eurasian oystercatcher optimizer algorithm (EOO). The simulation results show that the proposed method is better than the basic paper in terms of 5 specific criteria. The proposed method has improved by about 1.02% compared to the other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities affected by climate change and those cities' effects contribute to the environmental issue. The effort from the leaders in the national and local authorities is very important. The national level is from the New Urban Agenda (NUA) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Meanwhile, the local authority is implementing the Low Carbon Cities Framework (LCCF). The gap in this paper is despite the LCCF being readied at a local authority, the constraints identified as data collection, manpower, funding, and lack of management skill in implementing LCCF. This paper aims to study implementing the LCCF and Assessment System for one system approach only in building elements under the LCCF to reduce energy and water consumption at the Headquarters Office of Subang Jaya City Council, Selangor. The objectives of the paper are to study the approaches to reducing energy and water consumption with a performance-based assessment. The methodology of this paper was quantitative for LCCF assessment and compared to the baseline year data. The findingof this paper indicates briefly the action to be undertaken by team members at the local authority for strategies and proposedaction plans. Finally, the local authority is playing a major role in the first initiative to quantum leap the action with a strongcommitment from stakeholders. The LCCF is a very dynamic system that can be applied to different localities with varyingdevelopmental needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the process of simulating the performance of the Rotax 915 iS engine used on the PUNA MALE. The performance simulation is performed at ground level employing wide open throttle, typical Indonesian operation temperature 30 deegre Celsius. The aim of this paper is to conduct simulation of performance of the Rotax 915 iS engine to confirm the performance data issued by the manufacturer, and also to predict engine operation on the aircraft. This simulation is performed using AVL boost software, which employs a zero-dimensional and one-dimensional modeling system. The application of this software necessitates the creation of a virtual engine model, then requiring to enter engine component parameter data. Engine data parameters can be taken from the engine manual, whereas data not available from the manual can be obtained by carrying out measurements or searching from other sources. The performance results that can be obtained include: power, torque, fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc). Simulation results show relatively small difference with the engine data provided by the engine manufacturer. Comparison of the simulation results of performance to engine data from manufacturer show an agreement in the trend of values for increasing engine speeds. However, there exists larger difference values at high engine speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are the results of the electrical energy consumption research in a residential apartment building which is located in the Moscow region. Authors have given the information of the apartment electricity consumption with two people living. Research period is 2018 - 2022. Researchers have considered the main sources of electrical energy consumption in a typical apartment and in common property in this paper. It has been determinated the part of the considered apartment electrical energy consumption in the total consumption of electrical energy in an apartment building by authors of this paper. Researchers presented the information of the electric energy cost changes for the research period in the territory where were built considered building. It has been described the view and technical characteristics of the building by authors in this paper. There is the information of energy consumption in the cold, warm and transitional periods of the year. This work could be useful for companies which are in the field of managing common property, specialists from various areas of the municipal service complex, as well as developers who plan investments to residential construction in the Moscow region and other regions of the Russian Federation with similar climatic characteristics. This article is also could be used for the urban planning policy development in the field of providing electrical energy to settlements with a population less than 100 000 people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high amount of energy consumption in residential buildings can considerably be reduced by adopting passive design strategies (PDS), for its positive impact on the environment by reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions, cost savings and provide occupants' comfort. This paper summarized the outcomes from a structured literature review. Five broad types of PDS were identified, targeting reduced energy consumption, improved comfort, indoor air quality and materials used. The study also revealed sets of motivators and challenges for adopting PDS. The most common challenges to adopting PDS are high initial cost, lack of expertise and lack of rules and regulations. Also, it was found that the key motivators to stimulate the adoption of PDS include energy efficiency, financial benefits and occupant comfort, health and well-being. This will form the basis for exploring the degree of benefits of considering certain PDS features in residential buildings and their consequent selection/use in specific climate zone, with relevant adjustments to incorporate any local context and priority. The outcomes of this paper are also expected to contribute to raising awareness among stakeholders to increasingly practice PDS considering their relevant benefits, and gradually move to their adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fossils are depleting in the present situation which will not be available for the future generation which is a bad situation to be faced by our future generation. It is estimated that existing charging facilities will not be able to satisfy the marvellous charging demands of a vividly increasing number of EVs. They are a lot of methods to charge an EV. In this paper, we are using solar energy for charging. This paper projected an approach to efficiently decide the locations and sizes of solar energy-assisted charging stations. This paper shows optimal strategies for the in-home energy management system (HEMS) integrating solar power, energy storage, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability for predetermined scenarios. This paper also says the present scenario of EV India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When comparing conventional vehicle and Hybrid electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle offers obviously better fuel economy and lower fuel emissions. To boost HEV efficiency in terms of fuel efficiency and pollutants, as well as to ensure customer contentment with the vehicle's "driving performance". Recommend to go for optimization of the major components size of the powertrain and the parameters of the control system in HEV. Finding the best or the optimum design of a hybrid vehicle will be a complicated problem that could be solved through several approaches. This paper examines various powertrain component sizes for Toyota Prius in a series-parallel hybrid configuration to get the optimum design that can achieve the optimum performance, these standards consist of fuel economy, fuelemissions, and acceleration. Engine power (ICE), battery module, and electric motor power (EM) are the componentswhich optimized. Four new sizes were used for each component, so a total of sixty-four different designs were investigated using the ADVISOR tool Simulink for two driving cycles. ANOVA analysis of response surface methodology (RSM) is used as the analysis approach to know the ranking of these designs and to show the significantcomponent which can affect the whole design. The results show an increase in fuel economy by almost 7% as well as decreasing in fuel emissions. Moreover, in this paper, an overview of HEV technology was provided and a performance comparison between HEV and conventional vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first, and at the same time one of the most important tasks in building a predictive system is the task of analyzing the original data set. The next task is to process the data according to the purpose and objectives of the predictive system. These two tasks are often not given enough attention and, as a consequence, the developer does not get the desired result as a result of building the system. This paper discusses methods and algorithms for data analysis and processing that can help in building a predictive system. The data set from the machine learning competition "ASHRAE - Great Energy Predictor III" is used as input data. The analysis phase focuses on constructing graphs and drawing conclusions from them. The paper shows how to use graphical information to find anomalies in the data and eliminate them. Examples of graphs that provide information useful for building machine learning models are given. The data processing phase describes the transformations performed on the data. It considers the transformations that lead to positive results as well as those that lead to negative results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to find efficient renewable energy sources are still being carried out in line with the increasing global energy demand and the crisis in the availability of clean energy sources. Biofuels are known as clean energy sources or alternative fuels derived from lipids, natural materials derived from living plants or animals that undergo physical and chemical processes. Currently, one of the potential sources of biofuel raw materials is microalgae. Microalgae has advantages as a source of alternative raw materials for biofuel production, such as requiring less land for growth, not damaging soil fertility, and not competing with food sources. Several species of microalgae have been widely recognized as potential raw materials for biodiesel production on a commercial scale. However, commercial-scale biodiesel production made from microalgae is currently not the main choice, because the final price obtained is still too high so its techno-economic feasibility is still low. Therefore, the sustainability of biodiesel production made from microalgae can be achievedby finding microalgae strains/seeds that have high and fast lipid productivity so that the capacity meets economic aspects and market needs. Another thing that can support the economics of the biofuel production process from microalgae is if the process has by-products that have high economic value. Currently, one of the microalgae that have potential as raw material for biofuels is Aurantiochytrium species. So far, Aurantiochytrium microalgae are known as oleaginous microalgae (microalgae with high lipid content) because of their ability to produce lipids with high productivity. From the literature obtained, when compared with Spirullina species microalgae with a harvest period of 2 weeks and productivity of 1 gram/liter, the Aurantiochytrium microalgae can produce lipids of up to 200 grams/liter in just 4-5 days of cultivation time. Even though Aurantiochytrium microalgae are found in many mangrove habitats, where Indonesia is the country withthe largest mangrove forest in the world, however there is not any research in international publication using native Aurantiochytrium from Indonesia. Hence, this paper shall contribute in recognising potentials of native Aurantiochytrium microalgae into academic research. In this paper methodology to isolate Aurantiochytrium microalgae by means of direct plating method was carried out. The observed Aurantiochytrium cells are observed their intercellular lipid content using fluorescence microscope. The research findings reveal lipid potentials containing in observed Aurantiochytrium microalgae. Based on literature findings, such lipid component of Aurantiochytrium microalgae is about 75% of the biomass, of which 30-50% contains palmitic acid (C16) which can be used for bioenergy feedstock. In addition to the potential for biomass production, Aurantiochytrium microalgae have been widely studied as a multipurpose product, ranging from animal feed, nutrition, cosmetics, and even COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants. Based on the results of the initial analysis, the lipid obtained from these microalgae are also rich in DHA and EPA with a content of up to 35%, so lipids can not only be used as raw materials for biofuels but also have the potential as health supplements, namely oils rich in Omega-3. Therefore, it is hoped that this review of the potential of Aurantiochytrium microalgae for biofuels can be considered in the future for the economic-scale production of biofuels from microalgae with better techno-economic feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy usage for remotely located place is helpful for the villagers to improve their lifestyle and in avoiding the fates during the night hours. Usage of multiple renewable sources help in reduction of overall cost of the project and better availability of the electric power. This paper presents an assessment of renewable energy integration at a small coastal community in Mahalunge village, near Goa. The study focuses on the implementation of solar and wind power systems and evaluates their capability, performance, and cost-effectiveness. Various machine learning methodologies are tried for prediction of renewable energy resource availability. Comparative analysis reveals that for solar radiation prediction the Random Forest algorithm performs the best, while the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm is most accurate for wind speed prediction. Implementation plan is based on factors such as solar radiation prediction, residential load, sizing of solar panels, predicted wind speed data, design considerations and cost effectiveness. The findings provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of renewable energy integration in small coastal communities. Policymakers, energy planners, and community stakeholders can utilize the research outcomes of this paper to take decisions regarding renewable energy projects. The research work presented here contributes to the advancement of renewable energy integration strategies, supporting the transition towards sustainable and resilient energy systems in coastal regions. The comprehensive evaluation presented in this paper paves the way for the efficient integration of renewable energy sources in small coastal communities, fostering a greener and more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the active front-end (AFE) 3-ph rectifier has gained significant attention due to effective improved performance in terms of power quality, harmonics mitigation, control flexibility, and energy efficiency. Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are widely used in industrial processes to remove dust particles or particulate matter from flue gases, helping to control environmental pollution. This paper represents the comprehensive study and implementation of voltage-oriented control (VOC) of AFE for ESP applications. Also, the paper outlines the theoretical foundation of the VOC strategy including mathematical modeling and control algorithms. Furthermore, the paper discusses the software implementation of the control algorithm using the STM32 development board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is playing a vital role in power sector in this modern world as it is ecofriendly and due the fact that the fossil fuels will be depleted in near future, so renewable energy is best alternative to mitigate the problems associated with the conventional sources of energy. The land of Mazari Sharif is blessed with huge potential of solar throughout the year for photovoltaic power plant and it has also suitable wind during whole the air for wind power generation. Due to the availability of these resources, the energy demand of the Mazari Sharif can be fulfilled. In this paper the wind speed and solar irradiance variation in Mazari Sharif is analyzed for the year 2020 and the data for the wind speed and solar irradiance is collected from the NASA LARC and NREL. The main purpose of the paper is check whether the solar energy and wind energy can be exploited for the power generation in Mazari Sharif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MANET nodes have restricted energy supply and the dynamic nature of these nodes makes minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lifetime a top priority. Besides, the network experiences irregular node connections, node transmission ability, etc. So, for increasing the lifetime and transmission capability of data in MANET, the selection of the best node and optimal route is necessary throughout the data transmission and processing. This paper presents a novel Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) based Flow Direction routing algorithm to minimize energy consumption and maximize the network lifetime by cluster head selection and optimal routing. The nodes nearer to the destination are selected as the cluster head by the Flow Direction Algorithm (FDA) based on minimal distance and maximum residual energy. The state-of-art techniques simply integrated the routing metrics which will not always lead to an efficient optimal routing decision that will be accurate. Hence this paper incorporates the fuzzy logic controller to select the MANET node position, link quality, bandwidth, and mobility parameters to take an optimal routing decision. The results show that the proposed model minimizes the Bit error rate and energy consumption up to 97% and 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy generated from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are eco-friendly, sustainable, reduces global warming and greenhouse effect. Reduction in the capital cost of solar photovoltaic panels and wind generators helps to enhance the utilization of RES. Along with the usage of renewable energy the smart grid (SG) technology is preferred over traditional grid. SG uses Advanced metering infrastructure and Demand side management techniques to balance the load and generation. The objective of this paper is to utilize the maximum amount of renewable energy from the Roof Top Solar Photovoltaic (RTSPV) and minimize the electricity bill to be paid to Distribution Company. To reduce the dependency on the grid further, Energy Bank (EB) is used. The Real time pricing (day-ahead pricing signal) tariff is used for the home system used in this paper. The proposed Automatic Home Renewable Energy Management and Distribution System (AHREMDS) methodology helps to reduce the monthly bill from 30% in summer months to 50% in winter months. Double area strategy reduces the bills further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers synthesis of the law of controlling the Lunar Descent Module deceleration in the problem of soft safe high-precision landing on the Moon surface, which is necessary to ensure operation of modern research missions. Relay control law with one switching and constant fuel consumption is considered. This law makes it possible to use an engine with low throttling degree. In this case, fuel consumption remains constant throughout the entire deceleration period, and the thrust angle is changed only once. It is demonstrated that for calculating the control parameters, it becomes possible to construct a numerical method capable of operating in real time and providing high Moon landing accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is among the highest consumers in terms of energy consumption and intensity per capita in Asia. In 2020, per capita energy consumption in Malaysia will be 2.7 toe. Where it turns out to be higher than the neighboring country. Per capita electricity consumption has increased from 3 900 kWh per capita in 2010 to 4 600 kWh in 2020. The objective of this paper is to study the energy scenario in Malaysia, especially after going through the Covid 19 pandemic phase which has crippled almost the entire economic sector of the country and see how the potential for renewable energyin Malaysia after going through the pandemic phase. Where Malaysia is focusing on sustainable and prudent energy use and efficient resource management under the 11th Malaysia Plan (2016–2020) through introduction of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) (2016–2025). NEEAP provide instruments for the successful implementation ofenergy efficiency strategies in country through well-coordinated and cost-effective energy implementation efficiency measures in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors. Realize need to improve energy efficiency and conservationinitiatives, Malaysia is developing a comprehensive new Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act (EECA) in an effort to reach its country aspirations, as well as the effective use of energy across key sectors. EECA will outline the comprehensive measures necessary to promote the efficient use of energy, including goal setting, communication, and education. It will also initiate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a regulatory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the overview of the new worldwide actualities and developments on the field of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy use. Both, the solar cell and module technologies are to be discussed including their introduction possibilities and applications. The situation is mainly analyzed based on the recent development shown intensively at the Solar World Congresses organized by the International Solar Energy Society, and also by the ISES-Europe Unit. Moreover, the most recently published yearbooks in this topic served also a basic source to the overall statements. The most important standpoints of the PV manufacturing and applications are as: solar photovoltaic scenarios, PV industry characterization, new PV innovation segments, PV market issues and new PV applications areas. It includes increasing trend in energy mix, decreasing cell and module prices, cell efficiency increase, competition between different technologies, multi-Gigawatts applications, widening feed-in tariff system. At the same time, due to the growing market demand of solar photovoltaic applications, several new issues came to the light, transparency and extra size of modules, application of new technologies. In this paper examples are shown for photovoltaic application possibilities in the sense of mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the new technology and technique to improve and optimize the building performance from the conceptual design phase has a significant meaning. The introduction of Artificial Intelligent algorithms together with the advancement in computing capability recently open the doors to new horizon. In this paper, the application of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to predict the cooling load of building from early design is investigated. The building cooling load estimation for most building is complicated and time consuming due different design options, location, weather data...And the outputs are also many like cooling load, heating load, etc... Many commercial, complex software packages for heating load and cooling load of specific building. ANFIS can help to predict the energy consumption based its learning capability of large data from building in general and heating and cooling loads in particular. The building energy dataset now can be generated using computational BIM model using Dynamo for Autodesk Revit by Autodesk Inc., Grasshopper for Rhinoceros, McNeel corporations. In this paper, the dataset is generated by Autodesk Ecotect and is provided freely by UCI dataset repository to download. By ANFIS the energy consumption of residential building is predicted precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building information modelling is crucial for the proactive management of construction since it has a big influence on the buildings' performance characteristics and reduction of waste. Infrastructure is made to be recycled when it is destroyed, which lessens its impact on the environment and energy usage. Building information modelling, or BIM is crucial for the proactive management of construction since it has a big influence on the buildings' performance characteristics and reduction of waste. Building information modelling (BIM) and its use in the construction sector was the subject of a meta-analysis study that included 2767 papers. Infrastructure is made to be recycled when it is destroyed, which lessens its impact on the environment and energy usage. Building information modelling is crucial for the proactive management of construction since it has a big influence on the buildings' quality of performance and the reduction of waste. Internet of Things (IoT) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) integration in the construction sector from 2011 to 2023. Based on IC, EC, and high-quality assessment requirements, 87 research papers were chosen. The BIM industry has been gradually expanding, especially during the past six years. Of the chosen research, 83.78% were published in journal sources and 25.5% in proceedings. The concentrated on the adoption of BIM, with 50.05% of it focusing on the integration of BIM and IoT devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India plays a key role in the global arena of climate change due to its fast-growing urban footprint and climate responsive strategies. Such strategies work best if the top-down approach complements the bottom-up one along with indigenous local knowledge (ILK). Smart Cities Mission and Climate-smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF) fall in the first group. Later the bottom-up approach of Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) was launched with Vedic origin and ILK enrichment. It pledges long-term behavioral changes of individuals but requires infrastructure support from the local authorities. Taking the one of the common themes of energy efficiency, this paper explores the commentary role of CSCAF and LiFE with a case study of Rajarhat Newtown to find that the result can go beyond the energy efficiency to quality of life. The elicited knowledge is helpful for the decision makers to focus their efforts further and can also be helpful for other smart cities or planned townships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently with the rapid growth of solar energy, solar photovoltaics generation technology has been disturbed as many perilous issues. The conventional power grid is initial to substitute, since the renewable energy is demanded in particular solar PV power. Therefore, the power quality of PV grid connected has been inspecting for example grid control strategy, controller design, and the aspects of filter selection. In this paper, the electric performs for example, power quantity, voltage profile, and current waveforms is simulated in order to appreciate during connecting the grid voltage with number of solar PV models. This paper stages the simulation model based on the local load and irradiance profiles. Also, the output of solar PV power can be estimated with the time series output that is useful for investigating the possibility of implementing PV power source to grid with other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of infrastructure and the increased demand for concrete has resulted in high demand for cement and the depletion of virgin aggregates which harm the environment. Construction materials must prioritize economics, efficient energy use, and environmental preservation to promote sustainable development. Utilizing locally accessible building materials is one of the techniques used in the creation of lightweight concrete since it offers several advantages over normal-weight concrete. This paper aims to study the effect of the suitability of scoria and charcoal as fine and coarse aggregate and to replace the cement with epoxy to produce lightweight concrete. Four series have been used to produce lightweight concrete with mixed proportions of (1:2:4) (epoxy: scoria or charcoal fine: scoria or charcoal coarse) and (1:6) (epoxy: scoria or charcoal coarse) by volume. Compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption tests have been applied to samples that were cured at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that the compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption of series 1 (epoxy: scoria fine: scoria coarse) and series 2 (epoxy: scoria coarse) were better than the series 3 (epoxy: charcoal fine: charcoal coarse) and series 4 (epoxy: charcoal coarse). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption in the building operation stage accounts for about 20% of the total energy consumption of the building's whole life cycle, among the energy consumption, the air-conditioning system accounts for the largest proportion, significantly contributing to 50% of the energy consumption. In the conventional method in the air conditioning control system, a constant target temperature is usually set. However, due to the real-time changes in environmental parameters and personnel activities, the energy consumption of buildings and the comfort of users will also change accordingly. This paper studies the optimization of air conditioning energy consumption under dynamic conditions, comprehensively adopts technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), computer simulation, and meta-heuristic algorithms to adjust the control parameters of the air conditioner in real-time according to the on-site situation, to achieve the goal of reducing energy consumption and improving comfort. The building air-conditioning energy-saving optimization solution proposed in this paper takes into account real-time, adaptability and accuracy. According to the actual comparison, the energy consumption is reduced by about 10%, and the comfort satisfaction degree is increased by about 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Third-generation biomass has appeared as another alternative to first- and second-generation biomass for biohydrogen production. At present, its utilization is very less due to the many reasons that limit the hydrolysis efficiency during dark fermentation and photo fermentation process. To enhance the efficiency of microalgal biomass, it is important that aspects related to production and the following processes are elaborated. Increasing global energy demands have driven the utilization of renewable sources such as biomass. Biomass pyrolysis in the presence of a catalyst is one of the ways for producing renewable hydrocarbon fuels or commodity chemicals. Most of the papers on biomass CP have concentrated on a summary of catalyst classification, properties, and performance based on product yields and oil quality. Mainly the information on biomass CP process effects of different reaction atmospheres has not been discussed in sufficient detail. This paper provides essential process factors and system structure of the lignocellulosic biomass CP with emphasis on process performance as bio-oils effective hydrogen to carbon ratios deoxygenation degree, carbon efficiency and energy efficiency. The maximum gasification energy efficiency and optimum temperature increased with the increase of biomass heating, value and decrease of moisture content. For 30% moisture content biomass and 25°C gasification agent, the maximum gasification energy efficiency is 71.06%. The results of biomass type, moisture content, and gasification agent temperature have effects on gasification energy efficiency, synthesis gas composition and its low heating value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to observe the possible future desalination techniques. Currently, the different types of technologies are proposed by the desalination industry. The number of RO applied worldwide increased over other desalination methods. In PLN, RO represents 39% of the total installed capacity, about 31% is provided by MSF, and MED units produce 30%. Therefore, this paper discussed the opportunities and challenges of desalination plants by reviewing the published papers and based on application experience in PLN. The traditional review method is used by summarizing previously published on-topic, further elaborating with PLN research in 2017 according to the context of this study. The results reveal that membrane, corrosion, and fouling are common problems in applying RO globally and based on practice in PLN. Meanwhile, the significant issues in thermal processes are problems with the instrument, pumps, and electrical systems. Optimization in material use, the mechanical design of evaporator systems, and performance rates are the main areas of improvement in thermal. These improvements are expected to reduce the energy demand of thermal processes due to the consumption of energy for thermal is higher than RO. Emerging trends in desalination innovation are also described in this paper. Since climate change has urged the energy transition worldwide by increasing the adoption of renewable energy for both electricity supply and direct use, renewable energy with desalination for future purposes has become a significant choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents our recent effort to reproduce several combination of multiboot Linux operating systems in the form of USB flash drive. The motivation behind the research was to take advantage of current green environment flagship by taking it in the case of developing green and energy efficient IT infrastructure through open source Linux operation system implementations. A simplistic energy consumption calculation is taken into consideration in this paper in order to compare the Multiboot USB Linux and Windows operating systems. The results show significant energy efficiency by the application the Multiboot USB Linux proposed in this study in comparison to Windows operating systems. The result shows positive impact of our approach to support the ultimate objective of green IT infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With most businesses increasing its dependency on the internet, it has become largely evident that several resources will be required to be either constructed or hired to sustain the growing needs of their businesses. Here comes the main requirement of usage of hired services like cloud computing which can be hired by many businesses for their continuous growth and sustenance. With the growing number of inventions and discoveries in the field of cyber-security, large number of attacks are also possible on the cyber assets. Cloud computing architecture is also no exception and is vulnerable with different breeds of attacks which threaten the utility of the cloud. Cloud computing architecture and the services it provides on cloud mainly use the feature of pay as you use with many of the services being auto scaled to a larger extent thereby required to maintain the flexibility for any growing business with a larger customer base. There are various fraudulent threats related to the energy utilization that attempt to exploit the elasticity of the cloud and the multi-tenant model it provides. In addition, with the rapid development in technologies, the networking systems are becoming complex which requires a detailed study on the various detection and mitigation techniques that are available against the different breeds of attacks on cloud paradigm. In this paper, an attempt is made to compile in detail various detection and mitigation techniques against a variant of DDoS called the fraudulent resource consumption (FRC) attacks. It also considers the review of different techniques applied in machine learning that train the models for detecting the attacks. This paper also provides the review of the studies based on use of SDN technique used for detecting these attacks using its inbuilt features. The paper concludes by proposing a set of recommendations for future studies concerning the identification and prevention of FRC attacks, leveraging SDN and machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of wireless body area networks (WBANs) is primarily influenced by service quality and energy efficiency. Because of the variations of movements in the human body, the network environment of WBAN varies quickly, and energy is constrained by the compact size of the sensors. To decrease power consumption and increase network lifespan, numerous studies have demonstrated interest in developing energy-efficient transmission techniques. In this paper an optimal approach for the size of data frame and the time of sampling of sensor nodes are proposed to address these concerns. Also, the source node typically lacks the power and transmission range needed to send packets of data directly to the sink node in a WBAN. Data must therefore be transmitted via the multi-hop mechanism from the source node to the sink node. While a relay node is required for multi-hop communication to pass the source data to the sink, single-hop communication allows the source node to connect directly with the sink nodes without the need for relay node. As a result, setting up WBANs is the responsibility of sensor nodes. Thus, in this paper we compare the performance of this approach in single hop networks and multi hop networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing is a widely-used method of storing and managing large amounts of data. It has provided end-user with real-time access to computing resources and simplifies the management of large amounts of data. However, it comes with its own set of energy-consuming factors that are studied and analyzed. Our main objective is to lessen the energy consumed by the Data Centres. In this paper we compare and analyze several energy efficient data centre options. Data was acquired from a variety of scholarly publications, papers, and the internet in order to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, the cumulative environmental impact from human activity has disrupted the stability of the natural world, warming the planet above pre-industrial levels. Whilst unprecedented in many ways, reducing industrial emissions from greenhouse gases could help stabilise rising temperatures. Thus, the exploration for more sustainable manufacturing solutions that reduce carbon emissions is imperative. However, some traditional manufacturing (TM) processes, such as sand casting, which, despite its versatility to produce products in many shapes and sizes from almost any metal or alloy, are typically energy-intensive activities. Conversely, metal additive manufacturing (MAM) enables users to manufacture more complex, lighter and near net shapes with the ability to consolidate manufacturing workflows. Consequently, MAM has been reported to be an energy-efficient alternative. Yet, evidence in the literature on the environmental impact of some MAM processes is limited, especially for material extrusion (ME) additive manufacturing (AM) methods such as the atomic diffusion additive manufacturing (ADAM) process. Thus, this paper explores the feasibility of performing a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the ADAM process compared to sand casting. Preliminary results indicate that the ADAM process demands 71.04 kWh/kg and 16.57 CO2 equivalent (CO2−eq) more for manufacturing 1kg of 17-4 precipitation hardened stainless steel (17-4 PH SS) compared to sand casting. Thus, the findings collected from this pilot study justify future research efforts to converge on developing a novel model for performing a comprehensive cradle to grave LCA for ADAM to compare against sand casting and other TM processes such as CNC milling and investment casting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication among physical objects is recently gaining a lot of attention due to a wide range of usage. The interconnection of everything, such as vehicles, drones, and home appliances, etc. is very common nowadays. With the growth of the Internet of Everything (IoE), data gathering, energy efficiency, task scheduling, and security are becoming interesting research domains for community experts. These dynamic and real-time issues need to be supervised by some intelligent mechanism that not only provides resolution but also examines the problem in a very structured manner. Such complex engineering optimization problems can be efficiently addressed by nature-inspired heuristic optimizations. This paper highlights a few of the major issues that are coherently dealt with in the literature using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization and its variants. The IoE is further categorized in the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and Internet of Drones (IoD) to present uncomplicated and distinct employment of ABC expansion. Finally, the paper presents recent research directions in the field of IoE and allied domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4-bit absolute value detector is the basic and essential component of a computer and amplitude detector. Optimization on such basic component will be accumulated and result in a great effect. This paper will discuss how a 4-bit absolute value detector can be optimized with respect to energy consumption and delay. From the logic part to the component and voltage part, energy and speed will be considered, and solutions will be given. The starting point is a logic which uses a multiplexer and an adder to find the absolute value. New designs mainly optimize the circuit in the absolute value finding part using truth table. The bitwise comparator is also changed into adders of which the carry out bit is consistent with the desired output. To better generalize the circuit, statistics are mostly ratio-based, such as time and energy unit. The final result is satisfying, achieving a 0.5 delay increment and a 67.94% energy reduction. Compared to previous studies, the article combines optimizations on different levels and proposed a brand-new approach to solving the output by detailed comparison and balancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a new approach to solving the optimization problem for a system of processing technogenic waste of the oil and gas industry. The optimization problem is formulated as an integer mathematical programming problem for the maximum of the objective function considering the constraints. The objective function in the optimization problem is determined using a set of efficiency assessments of environmental safety, resource, and energy consumption in the waste processing system. These assessments are obtained via multi-factorial analysis based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. As the constraints to the problem solution, the limitations on the maximum operating time of the technological plant for the recycling of the waste placed in the storage facility are considered. Special software is developed for the numerical solution of the optimization problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the applications of the half-derivative (derivative of order 1/2) and of the half-integral (integral of order 1/2) in control system design, with particular focus on sustainability. Fractional Calculus (FC) is the branch of mathematics which deals with derivatives and integrals whose order is non-integer. Nowadays FC is successfully applied in engineering applications, and in particular in control system design. The most widespread approach to apply FC to control systems is the so-called Fractional Order PID scheme (FOPID), which is a PID with non-integer order integrals and derivatives of the error. This scheme has two more control parameters, the orders of integration and derivation, thus improving the closed-loop behavior. An alternative approach to apply FC to control system is the Distributed Order PID (DOPID), in which the control output is the sum n differintegrators, with n odd and≥3, and with orders which are equally spaced in the interval [−1, +1]. For n=5, the differintegration orders are −1, −1/2, 0, +1/2, +1, adding to the PID the half-integral term (order −1/2) and the half-derivative term (order +1/2). The effectiveness of DOPID has been investigated in the scientific literature, and can lead to lower energy consumption with similar control readiness and error. Considering Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems, and in particular robotic manipulators, a possible application of the half-derivative is the so-called KDHD impedance control. With respect to classical impedance control, KD, characterized by a stiffness and a damping term, a half-derivative damping term is added, proportional to the half-derivative of the end-effector error through the half-derivative damping matrix HD. Also in this case, additional control parameters, the elements of the matrix HD, allow a more efficient optimization of the closed-loop behavior. This kind of controllers represent an effective and nearly cost-free evolution of classical integer-order schemes, able to reduce energy consumption of mechatronic and automation devices. Another possible promising application of the half-derivative damping is the exploitation of renewable energies, for example for controlling the power take-off systems of Wave Energy Converters. In the paper, some possible future sustainability-oriented research directions involving the use of half-derivatives and half-integrals in control systems are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past almost two decades, the European Union launched and systematically updated Directives that aim to keep under control the use of energy in buildings. In this context, the "Strategy 20-20-20" (launched in January 2005), aimed to reduce greenhouse gases by 2020 with 20% and on the other hand, to increase the use of renewable energy consumption by 20%, in an effort to ensure the improvement of energy efficiency by 20%. It was followed in 2010 by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive - that was revised in 2018 - and by the Energy Efficiency Directive in 2012, amended in 2019. Furthermore, in December 2021, the Commission proposed a revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, that sets new and ambitious targets regarding the buildings - either new or old - that match the provisions and expectation of the European Green Deal. "As of 2021, all new buildings must be nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB) and since 2019, all new public buildings should be NZEB. When a building is sold or rented, energy performance certificates must be issued and inspection schemes for heating and air conditioning systems must be established" is stated on the Energy page of the site of the European Commission. However, as strange as it may seem, preoccupations for a fair energy management is probably almost as old as mankind as the building is the product with the longest life span: we have millennial buildings that not only stand but are still functioning. It was not a calculation or a direction that designed the buildings, it was the genius of architects. While not denying the political will and the strategies that it brings forth, it must be emphasized that energy efficient buildings were created long before the need to measure the building performance from the point of view of the energy it uses. And, as one of the greatest architects of the XX-th Century said "Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space" (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe). And this epoch has the technological means of producing energy from alternative resources that can be embedded in building products. Hence, why not use them?! As means not as targets, in order for the building to continue to fulfil the Vitruvian triade: firmitas - utilitas - venustas (structural strength - utility - beauty). The paper is a plea for the prevalence of the architectural concept over rigid quantitative measures of energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach to the design of near-zero energy buildings (nZEB), taking into account occupant comfort with a close link to the energy efficiency of buildings. Climate and energy policy, preventing environmental degradation, promoting the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, is one of the main challenges arising from the regulations adopted by the European Union Member States. The depletion of natural energy resources and the deterioration of environmental quality due to the high energy intensity of economic sectors require effective action. One of the most energy-intensive sectors of the economy is construction, which accounts for approximately 40% of total energy consumption in the Union. EU Member States and countries around the world are taking effective action to reduce their consumption of non-renewable energy and are thus contributing to an increase in the use of energy from renewable sources. The result of these measures is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Just as important as minimising the use of non-renewable resources and improving the external environment is the provision of suitable internal environmental conditions. This article presents the principles of 'in situ' research into indoor thermal comfort. This is just as important as minimising energy consumption. Thermal comfort affects our health and well-being. The authors presented an innovative way to improve thermal comfort in a low-energy building with large glazings. These types of buildings often overheat and reduce thermal comfort. The innovative solution is to introduce additional glazing in the form of translucent PV panels. In winter they will create an additional heat buffer, in summer they will provide electricity to cool the building and reduce the transparency of the glazing reducing overheating. At the same time, the authors ask the research question of how many PV panels are needed to meet the energy needs of a building with large glazings. The conclusions drawn from the analyses presented in the paper can provide guidance for the design of comfortable, low-energy residential and public buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the current problem of the pulp and paper industry (PPI) in the Republic of Uzbekistan is the development of technology for the production of cotton cellulose from low-grade lint, the use of which provides a severe shortage of cellulose and paper. Environmental protection, reduction of energy consumption, reduction of water and chemical consumption, as well as rational use of available raw materials. At the same time, it is necessary to create and introduce new technological processes that reduce the amount and toxicity of wastewater, reduce gaseous waste, closed cycles of water use and recycling of chemicals. Important directions of scientific and technical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing energy needs of 21st century have made the electricity grid more intelligent that can accomplish the demand. Smart energy management system needs to be integrated for efficient usage of energy. Internet of things is a megatrend of 21st century which can be effectively used for smart energy management system. The proposed system in this paper deals with cost effective smart load management for off-grid renewable energy sources. A prototype model is developed with solar panel, battery storage system, controllable loads and the smart load management is developed using microcontroller,4-channel relay module. The whole system is supervised using mobile with cloud storage app, Cayenne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen a huge demand in Energy due to the industrial revolution and urbanization. Though most of the energy need is compensated by fossil fuel which leads to depreciation in underground resources for fossil fuel. Also the major concern for utilizing the fossil fuel is releasing of CO2 in the atmosphere causing global warming. The aforementioned concern around the fossil fuel has seen a shift in dependency towards the renewable energy sources such as Solar, Wind, and Water etc. Although renewable sources of energy are very clean and abundantly available in nature but the intermittent behavior of these energy source create a huge mismatch between the energy demand and energy supply. To bridge these above gap, Thermal energy storage plays a pivotal element role which stores energy by heating and cooling of storage media. In this paper we will analyses the various storage materials and their suitable characteristics which influence the duration of the storage also their constrains while deploying in commercial plants. The various types storage media comes under Sensible Heat Storage such as Water, Concrete, Sand, Rock, Molten salt etc. are reviewed. Along with SHS, Latent Heat Storage materials which are also called Phase change materials such as Paraffin, Eutectics, Inorganic materials are also discussed in this paper. The discussed analysis presented in this paper may be helpful to carry out future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two stroke engines is comparatively small, simple in operation with less cost because of absence of valve mechanism. The performance of the engine is such that it has low brake thermal efficiency and higher exhaust emission because of incomplete combustion which results into high emission and fuel consumption. Scavenging is important for improvement of the engine performance by removing the exhaust gases from the engine. The paper details the modification in the engine for enhancing the scavenging process so that performance of engine in terms of brake power and thermal efficiency will increase. The modification in the two stroke engine is done by providing hole in transfer port for air aspiration. The general concept in using external air aided scavenging is to improve scavenging characteristics of base engine by reducing short-circuiting phenomenon. Investigation of the modified engine were done by evaluating the brake power and thermal efficiency of two stroke engine using the mathematical tools such as mathematical modeling, sensitivity and optimization. The paper highlights the modification in the engine to enhanced the performance of engine and the formulation of mathematical model. The formulated mathematical model predicts the performance of engine with the help of indices of each pie term formed with input variables. The positive indices of the pie term indicate the most influencing pie terms responsible for variation in the output variable such as brake power and thermal efficiency. The negative indices of the pie term indicate the inverse effect on the output variables as it is inversely proportional to the output variables brake power and thermal efficiency. Thus the exact mathematical model help to investigate the performance of the engine at lower cost with less time involved in experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption has become the challenge especially in developing countries such as India and China. In recent times, increasing fears about the environmental impressions of energy consumption and global warming has exaggerated this concern. The building sector is consuming one-fourth of the share at state level power consumption in Punjab where the procurement of coal even becomes the challenge and thermal plants needs to be stopped leading to almost blackout in the state. This paper examines the energy saving conformations leading to reduction in energy management of the building. To achieve this, a residential building is modeled in Design builder software and simulation is carried with Energy Plus integrated tool. In this paper, simulation were carried out with variety of double glass formations with infill material such as argon and air in gap of 12 mm. Full year simulation was performed for the composite climate. Simulation results indicated the considerable reduction in solar gains by 28.28% and cooling load by 27.08%. Further, initial assessment was carried out by calculating approximately the cost of double glass unit and payback period for different window formations. It is recommended to use the double glass unit empanelled window formation which has the potential to reduce the electricity bill considerably. The initial cost is approximately 2.12 times more than traditional window which be offset by the savings over energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezer and refrigeration plants are among the highest consumers of electric energy because they must provide sufficient cooling capacity. At present, the technical standard for design, the European document for the technical approval of EOTA and the recommendations of refrigeration and logistics associations have to be applied to this area in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The recommendations focus on efficient energy consumption, targeting energy fuels, reducing CO2 emissions, which helps to suppress global warming as a result of climate change. The paper demonstrates the degree of energy savings by numerical modeling due to the shielding of solar radiation acting on the perimeter cladding by structural modification of the outer overhanging façade with a ventilated air layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste heat from Air Conditioner (AC) is neglected as a heat source for power generation due to its low temperature. In today's world, the demand for energy has increased, but the amount of energy that is available is less. Also, there is no viable option for effective utilization and energy conservation. This paper feature design and analyze the waste heat recovery system. The waste heat taken from the outlet of an AC condenser is concentrated and converted into electricity using Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) modules connected in a series-parallel combination. A duct made of an aluminium sheet is used to concentrate waste heat because it has a high absorption point. The data in terms of temperature, voltage, and current is sensed, measured, and analyzed under different scenarios with and without the concentration of heat radiation. After analyzing all the different combinations, the most efficient one is chosen. With the presence of an aluminium duct concentrator, the temperature increased by 28%. When tested with TEGs, with water at ambient temperature and an ice pack on its cold side, the temperature gradient increased by 40%, resulting in an increase in voltage of around 80%. Three sensors, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, a voltage sensor, and an ACS712 current sensor, were connected to collect real-time data from the waste heat recovery system, and an ARDUINO UNO interface was used to record and analyze the bulk data. Graphical illustrations are provided for analysis, and to improve the voltage and current output as per load demand, a power electronic converter unit is suggested to boost the voltage level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]