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This research aims to produce nickel powder and to investigate the effect of current density on morphology, powder size, weight, chemical composition, and current efficiency of the electrodeposition. The electrodeposition was conducted in NiSO4, NiCl2, and H3BO3 solutions. The nickel and stainless steel were used as an anode and cathode, respectively. The morphology and powder size were characterized using optical microscope and SEM, the chemical composition was characterized using EDS, the weight and the current efficiency were investigated. The result shows that nickel powder is successfully produced using electrodeposition in NiSO4, NiCl2, and H3BO3. The current density affects the morphology, powder size, weight, and current efficiency. The results show that the morphology of the nickel powder is flaky, angular, and irregular. The nickel powder sizes are 3 µm up to 500 µm. It states that the higher current density generates the higher current efficiency, smaller powder size, and more dispersed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the adsorption process was carried out using the Sargassum sp. algae biomass adsorbent modified using NaCl solution against crystal violet dye. The adsorbents produced by algae and algae-Na were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to determine the functional group and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the surface morphology of the adsorbent. The results of modified algae-Na were indicated by the appearance of a peak at wave number 1419.61 cm−1, which showed the presence of O-Na bonds in the FTIR characterization. The presence of refined grains attached and a large surface area in the algae indicate the presence of Na on SEM micrographs. The adsorption results of crystal violet dye are optimum at pH 9 (94.80%) and a contact time of 60 minutes (94.74%). The adsorption rate of crystal violet dye on the algae-Na adsorbent tends to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model because the correlation coefficient (R2) tends to approach 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copolymerization of eugenol with EGDMA is a cationic addition polymerization reaction. The results of the copolymerization can increase the number of active sites on the polymer, namely the benzene ring and hydroxyl group, causing a higher molecular weight. This study aims to synthesize 8% Copoly-Eugenol Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (Co-EEGDMA) as a carrier in the process of separating phenol pollutants using liquid membrane techniques. Co-EEGDMA synthesis was carried out through a copolymerization reaction between eugenol and 8% EGDMA using boron trifluoride diethyl ether (BF3O(C2H5)2) as a catalyst. The results of the synthesis of carrier were characterized using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). The 8% Co-EEGDMA produced was a reddish-brown powder. The results of characterization with FT-IR showed the loss of allyl groups and vinyl groups at wave numbers 1636 cm-1 and 995.2 cm-1, this condition is a parameter of the success of the synthesis. The results of SEM characterization showed that the morphology of Co-EEGDMA 8% was lumpy, round, and the distribution was uneven. Characterization with TG-DTA was carried out at a temperature range of 50-900. At 300 °C the samples of Co-EEGDMA carrier were degraded while at 400 °C the samples of Co-EEGDMA carrier experienced mass stability. The results of characterization with TG-DTA showed that the carrier was capable of being used to transport phenol at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a composite material was prepared consisting of polymer blend. Unsaturated polyester (UP) and nitrile rubber (NBR) that were mixed together with ratio (80:20). Nano ZnO was mixed with the blend with weight fraction (1,1.5,2,2.5 and 3) %. shore-D hardness, impact strength and compressive strength were assessed. The results showed that the highest value of hardness at 3 wt.% ZnO, while the impact strength decreases when the quantity of ZnO increases and the highest value was recorded at 2.5wt.%. Whereas compressive strength rises as reinforcement material is added and the greatest value is found at 3wt.%ZnO. The scanning electron microscope results also showed the change in the surface morphology of the samples in terms of the additive and fracture areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human teeth and associated structures were lost as a result of trauma or tooth extraction due to an abscess as a result of aging or unexpected accidents, dentures are produced as dental prosthetic for this reason. Denture fracture has occurred in two cases, fracture of the denture base can occur either inside the mouth as a consequence of repeated chewing forces or as a result of a collision with a solid object, Out-of-mouth denture fracture can occur when the denture is dropped onto a hard surface, even during cleaning, or when coughing or sneezing can result in high-impact pressures. The main objective of this work is to increase properties of dentures against fracture by adding various concentration levels of chopped E-glass fiber (4, 8, and 12 wt. %) the specimens of auto-polymerized acrylic resin were prepared and randomly divided into four group: one is (control) and three repaired groups. One group was repaired with auto-polymerized resin while the other three groups were repaired using auto-polymerized resin reinforced with 4 wt. %, 8 wt. % and 12 wt. % glass fiber. And see how affected the mechanical (impact strength, flexural strength and hardness) and physical (density, water absorption) qualities of PMMA-repaired acrylic resin denture bases. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the fractured surface of the specimens and XRD to relieve the phases which be found in composite. The Reinforcing PMMA with chopped E-glass fiber at different concentration increase flexural and impact value compared to the pure sample. Flexural strength increases from (80.23 MPa) for control sample to (100.59, 97.21, and 95.72 MPa) for chopped E-glass with concentration 4%, 8% and 12% repressively. While impact strength value increased from (9.63KJ/m2) for control PMMA to (14.25 12.03 and 10.33 KJ/m2) repressively. Also the hardness shore D increase from (78.16) for control sample to (81.1, 83.96, and 85.43) repressively. In addition, density and water absorption increase with fiber concentration increase. It's concluded that 4% reinforcement with PMMA showed the maximum compared with other group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is aimed at developing natural fiber reinforced composites with enhanced mechanical properties. For this purpose, fish scale particles from two local types of fish were mixed in equal ratios and used to reinforce epoxy resin. Three types of composites incorporating 5, 10 and 15% wt. fish scale particles were fabricated and subjected to different mechanical and material characterization tests. These include tensile, bending, compression, impact and hardness tests, as well as Fourier-Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) which were employed to characterize the tested materials. The experimental results revealed that all the mechanical properties considered in this work, apart from bending strength, were enhanced with the addition of fish scale particles. Material characterization tests indicated that the enhancement in mechanical properties of the composites is due to the enhanced interface strength between the matrix and reinforcement particles, in addition to the crack pining mechanism initiated by the fish scale particles which enhanced the fracture toughness of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion-resistant nature of carbon steel necessitates adopting various surface engineering techniques to shield them from aggressive environments like the marine. The primary goal of this investigation is to assess how well thermal flame spray-applied metallic zinc coatings on carbon steel resist corrosion. Flame thermal spraying is used to control the best-coated layer for estimation, using standoff distances of 100, 125, and 150 mm, powder feed rates of 10 g/min, and gun carrier transverse velocities of 75 mm/min. The coatings are assessed based on their characteristics to determine how rough and thick they can be. Electrochemical (Tafel) experiments, using a corrosion medium of 3.5% sodium chloride solution, are employed to assess the protection against corrosion. The microstructure and corrosion behavior of the prepared coating is studied by an atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and other methods. The protective impacts of zinc coatings are investigated using a scanning electron microscope, which reveals roughness and certain defects. The Zn-anti-corrosion coating's abilities are remarkable. Zn-coating is effectively applied to carbon steel using flame spray technology to prevent corrosion in the marine environment, based on examining corrosion products and microstructure development. This is due to Zn's sacrificial anode protection mechanisms. All the experimental tests for Zn-coatings can be obtained in optimum conditions by the flame spraying technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared onto glass substrates at a substrate temperature of about 400℃, 450℃ and 500℃ by Spray Pyrolysis technique. The prepared thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscope and also subjected to UV-Vis studies in order to characterize the structural property, surface morphology and optical properties. The diffraction peaks from XRD were indicates that the structural property (Anatase phase) for TiO2 thin films. The results showed that at doping the intensity of (101) plane decreased which may be due to mobility of Titanium and Oxygen atoms which leads to reduction in the nucleation of crystallization phase of anatase TiO2. The SEM structure revealed a uniform and evenly distributed grains across the substrate surface. Bandgap calculated from UV-Vis spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, the 304 austenitic stainless steel has been strained up to 0% and 15% reduction in thickness, and analysis has been done with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microstructure. In 304 austenitic stainless steel (ASS) the microstructure through optical as well as scanning electron microscope 9SEM) has been studied at various thermal aging temperatures with and without strained at 0% and 15%. X-Ray diffraction results show that as stacking fault energy is greater with an increase in straining from 0% to 15%, 304 ASS seems to be deformed more quickly, resulting in a fast conversion to strain induced martensite from austenite. The XRD data also show that a higher percentage of martensite was produced. Microstructure results indicated that due to straining and high temperature heat treatment of 950°C-1000°C, small refined grains of new austenite formed which became the main reason for high strength and ductility. However other side shows that at a common temperature of 850°C-900°C, according to a microstructural study, the martensitic areas are an ideal source for increasing sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rocks containing K-bearing feldspathoids, such as leucites (KAlSi2O6) are a potential source of nutrient-bearing minerals with environmentally friendly attributes due to the gradual release of nutrients. Weathering of leucite naturally releases K elements in the soil through several mechanisms, including the activities of microorganisms. Therefore, this study aimed to use solubilizing bacteria to accelerate the release of K nutrients from the host minerals in a liquid medium. Different liquid media including water (H2O), cassava biomass extract, and leucite minerals from two deposits Mount Ringgit Situbondo and Muria Pati were used. Bacillus sp was selected as potassium-solubilizing bacteria, while the pH and potassium concentration changes were analyzed every two weeks until week 12. Furthermore, changes in morphological features of minerals and the presence of solubilizing P and K bacteria after treatment were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at week 12. The results showed that potassium dissolution increased with time in both leucites but the dissolution pattern in cassava biomass extract differed from water culture. Due to bacteria activity, the highest dissolution in the biomass extract for the leucite of Muria Pati deposit occurred in the sixth week, with a concentration of 40.30 meq.100g−1. The most significant dissolution in the water medium occurred in week 4 with a concentration of 1.13 meq.100g−1. Potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) activity in the extract cassava medium was higher than in water. In addition, the KSB activity on the mineral leucite surface persisted until week 12 as shown by SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effect of fluid flow rate on the effectiveness of radiator performance by using a nanofluid consisting of a mixture of water with nano-silica (SiO2) particles. The study began with testing the SiO2 material using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with the aim of knowing the microstructure. Next, mix the SiO2 nanoparticles and water in a ratio of 0.5%, process using a magnetic stirrer for 8 hours, and precipitated for 24 hours. After being separated from the sediment, the nanofluid was tested for performance using a series of cooling system performance test equipment. A series of test equipment consisting of a radiator, flowmeter, water pump, pipe installation, heater, and reservoir tank. Data retrieval is carried out on the inlet and outlet temperatures as well as the radiator wall. This research was conducted using fluid flow velocity variations of 2.5, 4.5, and 6 LPM. The results showed that the decrease in temperature with the use of a fluid flow rate of 6 LPM was able to dissipate heat well to the environment. The decrease in temperature that occurs is 2.5%. Meanwhile, the lowest average radiator effectiveness value at 6 LPM is 0.905, and the highest is at 4.5 LPM fluid flow rate is 0.930. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition as a co-template for the synthesis of magnetic mesoporous silica (MMS) composite was investigated. MMS was synthesized via solvothermal method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template, iron trichloride hexahydrate as iron precursor, and tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica source. All MMS materials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) instruments. The characterization results showed that the addition of PEG as a co-template did not have a significant effect on the properties of MMS. All MMS showed relatively similar properties. MMS600 which was synthesized by adding 600 mg of PEG showed the most uniform spherical particles and the least agglomeration. MMS600 was then applied for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution via batch experiment. Adsorption of MB onto MMS600 was better explained using pseudo-second order kinetic model and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of MMS600 for MB was 123.46 mg g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many domestic items of clothing and military application use polyester as their main fiber content. It has low flame retardancy therefore it is required to add a flame retardant finish. In this study, the flame retardant finish was synthesized using magnesium hydroxide as the core and melamine cyanurate as the shell. Magnesium hydroxidewas chosen as the main material since it is claimed an environmental-friendly flame retardant substance. The verticalflame test was conducted and the samples were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed the flame retardant finish could hinder the flame to burn the polyester fabric until 30 % of the fabric length. It was also found that the microcapsules spread all over the surface, but the size and the placement were still uneven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is focused on the utilization of the limestone from Aceh province, Indonesia, as a raw material for preparing inorganic oxide using a high thermal decomposition method. In this preliminary experiment, the limestone material was powdered, then calcined at a temperature of 900 °C for 4 hours under atmospheric pressure and modified with several concentrations of nickel element (1, 3, 5 wt%). The prepared catalyst was characterized using analytical instruments, namely X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Based on the diffractogram of XRD, it can be known that the prepared catalyst was dominated by CaO crystals, in which Al2O3 was a minor compound. Characterization of the prepared catalyst using SEM-EDS demonstrated that the catalyst has a homogeneous morphology and uniform particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an optimization of the Al2O3/distilled water-based nanofluid process parameters for enhancing its thermal conductivity. Nanoparticle volume concentration, nanoparticle size, sonication time, stirring time, and surfactant volume concentration are selected as optimization factors to obtain higher thermal conductivity. Eighteen different nanofluid samples having various preparation parameters are determined and prepared as per the Taguchi orthogonal array. Thermal conductivity was measured using the KD2 Pro thermal properties analyzer at a working temperature of 28 °C. To study the structure and crystallite size of alumina nanoparticles, we used X-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope is used to investigate the morphology and size of Al2O3 nanoparticles. To assess the effect of each parameter on thermal conductivity, the main effect plot for means and the signal-to-noise ratio are utilized. The statistical contribution percentage of each parameter on thermal conductivity is determined using an analysis of variance. The signal-to-noise ratio demonstrated that the nanoparticle concentration in a base fluid is the most affecting parameter, with a delta value of 0.715. Furthermore, with delta values of 0.461, 0.413, 0.272, and 0.177, the stirring time, sonication time, surfactant concentration, and nanoparticle size all play significant roles in nanofluid thermal conductivity. The outcome of the analysis of variance shows that the nanoparticle concentration in the base fluid has the most significant impact on the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid with a contribution of 36.64%, whereas initial stirring has a contribution of 26.82% and sonication time has a contribution of 19.76%, while surfactant concentration has an 8.83% contribution and nanoparticle size has a less significant contribution with a 4.06% contribution on the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The obtained results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the Al2O3/distilled water-based nanofluid increased by 7.146% compared to the base fluid, i.e., distilled water. The optimum thermal conductivity is obtained as 0.640732 W/m-K at optimum parameter settings of 0.3% of nanoparticle concentration, with a nanoparticle size of 50 nm, 40 minutes of sonication time, and 10 minutes of initial stirring time with 0.2% of surfactant concentration, A confirmation test with optimized parameters was finally carried out to ensure the method's confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild steel is one of the most widely utilized alloys in engineering practice. It has good mechanical properties that endear it to many engineering applications. However, its high susceptibility to corrosion is one of the biggest concerns and threats to its engineering usage. This present work attempted to study the corrosion resistance of a nail made from mild steel in an aggressive medium like sulphuric acid. The study explores the possibility of using Orange Peel Extract (OPE) as an inhibitor in the corrosion solution. The results obtained from the elemental composition analysis of the OPE revealed some metals which could have formed protective oxide layers to slow down corrosion in any environment. However, the addition of the OPE to the corrosive solution in concentrations of 1g/mol and 2g/mol could not mitigate the corrosion attack on the mild steel as expected. The potentiodynamic polarization data and the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) analysis show that the performance of the OPE in the corrosive solution is a function of its concentrations in the solution. These findings formed the basis for the optimization of the OPE concentrations as an inhibitor in a corrosive solution. The images obtained from the scanning electron microscope analysis show severe damage to the surface exposed to the solution. These further depict the high susceptibility characteristics of mild steel to corrosion when exposed to a highly corrosive environment. This study shows that the orange peel extract is a potential as a corrosion inhibitor to mild steel material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion behavior binary Ti-Zr alloys for bio material implant in simulation body fluid ringer lactate solution by electrochemical methods have been conducted. The alloys composition for these studies are Ti-xZr (x=0,5,10,15). This Ti-Zr alloys were synthesized by using a Single Arc Melting Furnace with an atmospheric environment of argon gas ultrahigh purity (UHP). After melting, the Ti-Zr alloys were characterization by optical microscope, X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and micro hardness Vickers examination. The corrosion behavior of the Ti-Zr alloys were examination by electrochemical method in a simulation body fluid ringer lactate solution. The results showed that the microstructure of Ti-Zr were in the form of paralel plate and dendritic microstructure with the addition of Zircomium. XRD results showed that the Ti-Zr alloys contain of α-Ti phase. The hardness of the alloys increases with increases of Zircomium content in the alloys. The hardness of the Ti-xZr (x=5,10,15) were 449,500, and 625 respectively. The corrosion rate of Ti-Zr alloys decreased with the addition of chromium in the binary alloy of Ti-Zr alloys. The corrosion rate Ti-xZr (x=5,10,15) alloys ringer lactate solution at different zirconium composition are 2.996,1.285 and 0.745 mpy, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays and electron beams, is very effective for sterilizing medical devices. However, the radiation-sterilization process may have an impact on the device's performance. As a result, it is critical to ensure that the characteristics of the medical devices remain consistent following the radiation sterilization process. Here, we report the effects of 25 kGy of gamma irradiation on the mechanical and thermal properties of the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composites. In addition, the morphological and structural properties of the UHMWPE/HA composites were also investigated using a scanning electron microscope and an X-ray diffraction spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that adding HA to UHMWPE has no effect on the mechanical properties of unirradiated and 25 kGy gamma-irradiated UHMWPE/HA composites (p>0.05). The differential scanning thermograms of the UHMWPE/HA revealed that the addition of HA to the UHMWPE slightly increases its thermal stability. These results demonstrate that 25 kGy of gamma irradiation does not negatively affect the properties of the UHMWPE/HA composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nypa fruticans husk is one of the agricultural wastes that have big potential as a source of natural dye. This work attempt to produce natural dye from Nypa fruticans husk for textile application. The study investigated the optimal extracting conditions by varying S/L ratio, solvent type, pH, temperature, and extraction time. Water, methanol, and aqueous ethanol (50%, 70%, and 96%) were used as solvents. Results showed that using water as solvent produced the highest extraction yield contrary to the use of methanol. The optimum extraction condition was observed at an S/L ratio of 0.1 g/mL, pH 14, temperature 50°C, and extraction time of 3 hours. The as-obtained dye is characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The peak at 360 nm indicates the presence of tannins in the extract. FTIR spectra and SEM study confirm the presence of organic phase while the TG curve shows the presence of non-decomposable minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot-dip galvanizing is a defensive layer technique widely use to prevent corrosion damage in steel structure. There have been many reported points in which cracks have formed in steel during the process, and root causes of these cracks remain poorly understood. The investigation in the mechanical and fatigue strength of uncoated and coated steel B500B with hot-dip galvanizing HDG have been experimentally examined in an earlier study, the steel B500B was coated with hot dip galvanizing according to ASTM A123 have been used, more investigation needs to cover such subject, for wide knowledge in the fatigue failure of such treated steel due to endurance limit up to 107 cycles according to ASTM (E8/E8M−16). The numerical simulation and scanning electron microscope SEM were employed as the main investigation method in this study. Examination on the surface after failure has been noticed roughness on the coated region, which is the sources of cracks initiation and stress concentration. In addition, the results of numerical analysis, verified that existence of coating imperfections, imposed a significant stress concentration leading to an effective reduction of the expected life time of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the density, tensile, and impact tests of polymer matrix composite prepared by the hand lay-up method, using the matrix material unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and waste iron filings as reinforcement material in different weight percent (0, 10, 30, 40 and 50%) wt. All samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for their fractured surface. It was found that the addition of iron filings increase the density by 79%. The optimum impact strength observed at 30% wt. and increased by 43%, while the increase in tensile strength was 8% at 10% wt. of iron filings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the characteristic of self-cleaning, anti-dust, and electrical performance for photovoltaic (PV) panels, the traditional way of self-cleaning methods was impractical because it was expensive, scratches the glass of PV panels, corrosion, and may cause hazard to the environment which limited its application in the PV panels. Hence, the main object of this study was to create a novel super hydrophilic nanocoating by using a hybrid technique as (sol-gel/ spray coating). It produced more stability and reduce the corrosion, which would be very useful to apply in the solar cell panels. The coating solutions have been prepared by using Trimethoxysilane (3-Aminopropyl), Ethanol absolute and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The glass substrate was coated with different coating layers. XRD examinations proved that the material formed is pure silicon oxide (SiO2). The thickness, microstructure, and the particle size of the nanocoating were characterized by a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The degree of super hydrophilicity was described by using the water contact angle (WCA) of a stagnant a very small drop of water on the coating measured with a contact angle meter. The spectra transmittance of the coated substrate was estimated by using a UV-spectrophotometer. The first sample, which was coated for one time, was the best among the other samples, because the optical transmittance was about 75%, and the water contact angle result was (6.92˚), this result shows the surface was superhydrophilic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost for repair and maintenance the failure parts due to corrosion has a raised worldwide influence. The steel B500B have been coated with hot dip galvanizing, to offer stability and corrosion protection, via the deposition1 of a thin layers of zinc on the steel by submersion in a molten bath. The mechanical and the fatigue behaviour have been conducting, also scanning electron microscope SEM have been examined after coating the steel, to increase the understanding of the damage and failure of a structural steel, in order to experience such treatment. The rotating bending with R#x003D;-1 have been tested to get the fatigue behaviour. Relations that have been put forward in attempts to mathematically describe the cycle fatigue range of the S#x2013;N curve (by Basquin) are compared to the experimental data. The power low relation was found agree with results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, polymer-based composites materials were prepared by hand-layup method. The composite was made of epoxy as a base material reinforced by jute fiber after processing with acetic acid at a concentration of 5% for one hour, and a second composite, but without treatment for jute fiber. The weight ratio of jute fibers was 30% of the total. Another composite of epoxy was also made as a base material reinforced with jute fibers and wool fibers after treating both types of fibers with acetic acid at a concentration of 5% for a full hour and another combination of the same fibers hybridization but without treatment. The weight fraction of jute fibers was 15% and 15% for wool fibers of the total weight of the composite. Various mechanical tests were conducted on it, namely hardness, bending strength, impact resistance, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of impact test samples in order to examine the broken surfaces of those samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The palm oil industry is one of the most important agro-based industries in Malaysia, with more than 400 palm oil mills nationwide. These mills are generally self-sustained in energy by converting empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm mesocarp fibre (PMF) and palm kernel shell (PKS), into energy. However, palm fuel burned in boilers have caused severe air pollution problems due to improper boiler operation and inefficient air pollution control systems. This results in emission of bottom ash particulates from multicyclone and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) hopper after combustion. This paper discusses the characteristics of palm fuel, namely PMF, PKS and EFB, based on proximate analysis, gross calorific value, ultimate analysis and element composition. Morphology of bottom ash emitted from multicyclone and ESP was also examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). EFB was found to have the ' highest moisture content of 63.1% among others, while mixture of PMF and PKS had the highest volatile matter of 54.5% and fixed carbon of 18.5%. PMF has the highest calorific value of 2993 kcals/kg among others. The bottom ash from multicyclone and ESP exhibited particulate sizes ranging from 18.4 to 68 µm and 10.9 to 44.6 µm, respectively. These were considered as preliminary results which require further future research. The outcomes of this study are useful for mitigation of fine particulate emission from air pollution control system in the palm oil mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependence on lubricants that use non-renewable energy from natural minerals is a concern in terms of waste, alternative energy lubricants taken from plants are also more reliable, renewable and more sustainable than mineral lubricants. Nanobiolubricant is a newly engineered lubricant, made of nanoparticles suspended in vegetable oil. In this study, an experimental method was used, namely to analyze the effect of variations in the mass fraction of nanopowders of 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2% in vegetable oil as an alternative cooling medium for cutting fluid. The basic ingredient of the biolubricant used is soybean oil, while the additive is calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanomaterial. The characterization carried out included X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) on CaCO3 powder from scallop shells. XRD results show a particle size of 35.48 nm. The SEM image shows the irregular shape of the particles. FTIR results show a peak at 2978 cm-1 indicating the presence of OH bonds, at a peak of 875.63 cm−1 to 1386.82 cm−1 associated with asymmetric C-O bonds, at 500–580 cm−1 indicating Ca–O bonds. using the Nano Homogenizer Machine and through the Sonitation process for the synthesis process. Density results increase in proportion to the addition of CaCO3 additive. The results of viscosity and density increased proportionally with the addition of CaCO3 nanoparticles. The use of the CaCO3 additive in the biolubricant showed that the best viscosity increase was obtained from the use of the CaCO3 mass variation, which was 0.15% compared to other variations which were known through the viscosity results. This study will provide an overview of how biolubricant additives can contribute to reducing material wear and friction that occurs in the cutting fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, researchers have used nanomaterials as additives in base lubricating oils to improve spesification, especially to minimize wear and friction in their applications. Nanolubricant is a new engineering lubricant, made of nanoparticles suspended in base lubricating oil. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles were chosen as additives that can be a protective layer from direct contact friction between components that have anti-wear properties. As synthesized samples will be characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to determine the phase, morphology and functional groups of CaCO3 from scallop shells. XRD results show a particle size of 35.48 nm. SEM images show irregular particle shape. FTIR results display carbonate groups and natural characteristics of dolomite at wavelengths of 715.59 cm-1 and 875.68 cm−1. The viscosity and density results increased in proportion to the addition of CaCO3 nanoparticles. This study will give an insight into how nanolubricant additives can contribute to the reduction of material wear and friction that occurs in vehicle engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oil is a liquid that has great potential and many advantages as the base material for cutting fluids used in machining processes. Mineral oil reserves will run out and are not environmentally friendly, so it is necessary to look for alternatives. Nanotechnology is currently widely applied to lubricants as additives. This study aims to determine analysis the volume fraction variation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles as a bio-based lubricant additive as cutting fluid for sustainable machining. Calcium carbonate can be a protective layer from direct contact friction between materials that have anti-wear properties. Calcium carbonate from scallops shell as an additive was synthesized and then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Calcium carbonate from scallops shell used as an additive has a crystal size of 35.484 nm and including an irregular round agglomeration morphology structure. The results of density and viscosity are directly proportional to the magnitude of the variation of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the higher the volume fraction, the value of density and viscosity will also increase, besides that the viscosity value is observed to decrease with increasing temperature. The highest density value was 804.7458 kg/m3 at 0.2% volume fraction variation, while the lowest density value was 765.1670 kg/m3 at 0% volume fraction variation. While the highest viscosity value was obtained at 0.2% volume variation in all variations of temperature and rotor rotational speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate macrobeads filled with porous activated carbon (PAC) treated using different types of chemical activating agents were prepared in this study. Rice husk ash (RHA) was treated using five types of chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and citric acid, at a low temperature (∼80°C) for 2 hours to produce PAC with high porosity and compared to the conventional process using furnace with a high processing temperature. A biopolymer, namely sodium alginate, was used to hold the PAC powder to produce an immobilized structure of PAC in macrobeads form. Adsorption of remazol red (RR) dye using macrobeads was measured using UV-spectrophotometer, while the morphology and composition of PAC were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), respectively. The functional groups of PAC were identified using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The results indicated that the alkali treated PAC successfully removed up to ∼99% of the dye in 120 minutes, while the acid treated PAC could only remove ∼30% the dye at the same time. This demonstrated that alkaline treatment produced PAC with higher porosity structure and the PAC produced using NaOH has high adsorption of RR dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass is widely recognized as an essential source of renewable energy. The most abundant organic resources in the plantation field are oil palm frond (OPF) and trunk (OPT). These lignocellulose biomaterials are rich in renewable biobased products. The recalcitrance of oil palm biomass directly linked with the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin structure remains a challenge. The pretreatment process is still a consideration because the recalcitrant lignocellulose structure prevents depolymerization from releasing the appropriate substrate to a new approach. This study is aimed to characterize the oil palm frond and trunk pretreated by a combination of ultrasonication with a dilute sulfuric acid medium. This study considers the morphological and thermal characteristics intending to explore their future potential application. The procedure in this research was that the raw OPF and OPT were weighed and transferred into a 1000 ml beaker containing a low acid concentration of H2SO4 in the ratio of 1: 25. The deionized water (DW) was used as a control. The mixture was stirred and incubated in an ultrasonic bath for 30 minutes at an ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz and an ambient temperature of 80°C. The operating time and power were set at the start of the pretreatment. The ultrasonicated materials were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG-STA). The results demonstrated that the yield percentages of OPT's ultrasound-assisted low sulfuric acid (ULSA) are about 10% higher than the deionized water pretreatment. SEM results showed that the ULSA pretreatment of OPF and OPT revealed a significant disruption of their surface structures. The DTG analysis revealed that the maximum temperature degradation of ULSA pretreatment is shifted to a higher temperature than the raw material, which is 273.43℃ for OPF and 265.15 for OPT to 314.43℃ for ULSA-OPF (SOPF) and 318.88℃ ULSA-OPT (SOPT). The thermogravimetric data indicates that the ULSA pretreatment produced more thermal stability than untreated oil palm biomass. Thermal stability is an essential criterion for determining the best lignocellulose material for a particular application, including energy. Hence, ultrasound coupled with the low sulfuric acid medium in both oil palm frond and the trunk has potential as a renewable material for use in many future applications of the bio-based material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium and its alloys are preferred for dental implants because they have much better corrosion resistance and mechanical properties than stainless steel. However, its corrosion resistance, which goes down in acidic environments (acidic pH), requires a breakthrough. Indonesian people like to consume foods and drinks that contain a lot of acidic substances (with low pH), such as Pempek, fried foods, chili sauce, soft drinks and carbonated drinks. This is the background of research to determine the corrosion behavior and corrosion rate of titanium and its alloys in an acidic environment. The results expectedly would help dentists select materials with higher corrosion resistance for orthodontic applications. We selected Ti-6Al-4V Extra Low Interstitial (ELI) as the object of this research. The specimens were immersed in Kokubo's Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) solution, a solution modified to resemble human saliva (pH 5.0) in four variations of time (t): 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks. The corrosion rate was calculated by the weight loss method. To improve corrosion resistance in this strong acid environment, the specimens were coated with commercial nano-sized hydroxyapatite (HA). To examine the microstructure of corrosion, an optical microscope and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used. The results showed that HA coating on Ti-6Al-4V ELI could reduce the corrosion rate. In the fourth week, the corrosion rate of Ti-6Al-4V ELI without HA coating was 0.07575 mm/year. Meanwhile, at the same immersion duration, the corrosion rate of Ti-6Al-4V ELI coated with HA was 0.00841 mm/year. HA can protect the TiO2 passive layer on the Ti-6Al-4V ELI so that the implant material is not easily eroded when installed in the body. Implant materials that are more corrosion resistant are good for implants for their good osseointegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the unique architectural construction, nano-sized activated carbon materials demonstrate superior performance as supercapacitor electrode materials compared to conventional carbon-based materials. In this work, we demonstrated biowaste-derived tubular-like porous architecture synthesis through the KOH activation with different mass ratios (precursor/KOH) viz. 1:0.20, 1:0.25, and 1:0.30 by using a one-step pyrolysis strategy. The young coconut husk (YCH) waste was used as a carbon resource. All the synthesized samples were characterized using several techniques, including a scanning electron microscope combined with energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray diffraction, to evaluate the surface topography, elemental composition, and crystalline nature of the samples. A cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge technique was employed to assess their capacitive behavior. The surface morphology of YCH-0.25 shows a tubular-like porous architecture with a diameter in the range of 26-144 nm. According to CV and GCD, curves The YCH-0.25 sample attains the optimum capacitive performance as high as 231 F g−1 and 297 F g−1, respectively. This work provides a new perspective on the future management of young coconut husk waste in terms of promising clean energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary caries may occur in composite restoration. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is commonly found in human oral cavity and may contribute significantly to caries. One of the efforts to minimize secondary caries is by incorporating antibacterial agents into the composition of the composite. This composition could be made by replacing inorganic fillers with organic fillers derived from natural fibers, such as sisal fibers. Sisal fibers consist of antimicrobial activities, such as saponin, tannin and flavonoid. In this study, sisal nanofiber was used as a filler for dental composite material. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adherence of S. mutans and microscopic overview of sisal nanofiber, sisal nanofiber with coupling agent and nanofiller composite. The sisal fibers were made to nano size and were combined with BisGMA, UDMA, TEGDMA, and camphorquinone, DGEBA with coupling agent (all available from Sigma Aldrich). As a control, Z350 XT composite (3M ESPE) was used. Nine cylinder-shaped material samples of 4 mm3 were used. The sisal nanofiber composite was labeled group A, sisal nanofiber with coupling agent group B, and Z350 XT group C. The samples were immersed in saliva for one hour, then immersed in bacterial suspension, and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. The amount of S. mutans was determined by direct count using microscope. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Three cuboid (1 cm3) samples were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JSM-6510LA). Mean of S. mutans colony of group A was 271.333 ± 258.369, group B was 1791.000 ± 206.066, and group C was 1376.333 ± 503.345. A significance difference of p < 0.05 was observed in S. mutans colony between sample groups. Sisal nanofiber composite showed the least adhesion of S. mutans colonies. The outcome of the microscopic image showed variation between the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major aim of the study is to biosynthesised silver nanoparticles fromGossypiumhirsutumand chitosan coated silver nanoparticles compare their morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy depending on size and frequency. Materials and methods: Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles and chitosan coated silver nanoparticles were synthesized by biosynthetic approach. Here, two groups were analyzed with sample size for each group was 5 and the total sample size was 10 with ∝=0.05, G power 80% and confidence interval 95%. The morphological characteristics of both biosynthesised silver nanoparticles and chitosan coated nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis reveals that biosynthesised silver nanoparticles (2500nm) have larger size particles when compared to chitosan coated silver nanoparticles. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles found to be statistically significant 0.002 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles have larger size particles when compared with chitosan coated silver nanoparticles are examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Biosynthesised silver nanoparticle is having good optical property and it can be used in therapeutic agents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the size and uptake of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles in the blood of non-diabetic patients by optically and morphologically characterizing the nucleation and growth processes. Materials and methods: For the analysis of diabetic blood, chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles were used with silver nitrate, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and sodium citrate as capping agents. A total of seven sets of 26 samples were tested with a G performance of 80% and a 95% confidence interval. Nanoparticles were examined using UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as scanning and electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Check the absorbance and morphology of the sample. Nanoparticles absorb different wavelengths to different degrees. The uptake of nanoparticles needs to be studied. Study particles in the 200–700 nm range. It shows significant absorption in the UV part of the visible spectrum in the 200–400 nm range. SEM topographical examination confirmed the size distribution. The size distribution of the particles was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). At a concentration of 70 mM, the absorbance of diabetic blood was statistically significant at 0.227 (p>0.05). Conclusions: The nucleation and growth process was used to produce silver nanoparticles for diabetes analysis. Silver nanoparticles were prepared using sodium citrate as a capping agent. Although less toxic, it lacks antimicrobial properties. Therefore, silver nanoparticles should be synthesized for in vivo testing. Nanoparticles can be used in surface coating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this research is to make use of a scanning electron microscope to do a comparison between the morphologies of nano copper and nano zinc. The components and procedures: The biosynthetic and wet chemical approaches were utilised in this study to facilitate the synthesis of nanoscale copper and nanoscale zinc structured particles. In this instance, two groups were investigated, with a sample size of four being used for both Group 1 and Group 2, with a total sample size of eight, a significance level of 0.05, a G power of 80%, and a confidence interval of 90%. A scanning electron microscope image showing the morphological formation of nano copper and nano zinc (SEM). The examination carried out using a scanning electron microscope produced the following results: nano copper was discovered to have a statistically significant value of 0.500 (p>0.05) when compared to nano zinc particles. The morphology of nano copper and nano zinc particles was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and the results of the investigation demonstrated the development of highly pure nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles have a higher efficiency and are also used in the application of bio medical implants and also in the minimising of sensors by coating use for novel piezoelectric sensors that are used by MEMS technology in the field of nanotechnology. Copper nanoparticles are also used in the field of nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental objective of this investigation is to use a scanning electron microscope to make a direct comparison between the morphologies of nano silver and nano zinc, with regard to both size and frequency. The components and procedures: The bio synthetic method was used in this research to produce nano silver and nano zinc structured particles. The morphological study of nano silver and nano zinc that was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this study, two groups were investigated, with a sample size of four for each group and a total sample size of eight. The statistical parameters used were a significance level of 0.05, a power of 80 percent, and a confidence interval of 95 percent. By using a scanning electron microscope, the morphological properties of biosynthesised nano silver coated nanoparticles and nano zinc coated nanoparticles were investigated (SEM). Analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) yielded the following result: in comparison to chitosan coated silver nanoparticles, biosynthesised silver nanoparticles (4500nm) had larger size particles. The value of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was determined to be 0.627, which is statistically insignificant (the p-value was more than 0.05). In the realm of nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles have a greater effectiveness and are also utilised in the application of bio medical implants and also in the minimization of sensors by coating with innovative piezoelectric sensors that are used by mems technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been widely used especially in tropic countries either for topically applied on adults or children's skin or orally-intake products as a supplement. In this study, VCO has been produced in nanoparticles using nanostructured lipid carrier system targeted for hair care application. This study used emulsification-ultrasonication method of glyceryl monostearate as a solid lipid, and VCO itself as a liquid lipid and water as a disperse solvent. Different amount of solid lipid was varied in order to obtain smaller particle size and narrow polydispersity index. Particle size distribution and zeta potential of the samples were then identified. In vitro occlusion factor was also examined. Then, samples with and without VCO-NLC were then applied on the hair tresses and examined using scanning electron microscope. As a result, VCO-NLC (F1) produced smallest particle size with 126.3 ± 10.0 nm and narrow PDI (0.16 ± 0.01) with spherical shape. In vitro occlusion factor produced 8.8 ± 4.2% and 10.2 ± 5.5% for VCO-NLC at 24 and 48 h. Results showed that, hair tresses tested with VCO-NLC produced slightly thin film formation on the hair tresses that prevented the hair dry and loss its moisture. Thus, VCO-NLC was satisfactorily produced and has a potential to be used as a hair care substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous Titanium Niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) are widely found in biomedical applications due to their excellent mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility with human bone. In this study, porous Ti-6Al-7Nb were produced with powder metallurgy process together with space holder technique. Magnesium (Mg) was used as spacer to generate pores with porosity range 20-40 vol.%. The production of porous samples started with the spherical Ti-6Al-7Nb powders with average size of 20 µm were mixed with Mg powders with different weight percentage and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as binder. The mixtures then were compacted using Hydraulic Hand Press under pressure of 600 MPa with double-ended steel die. The green compacts produced sintered for 2 hours under high purity argon gas atmosphere at temperature 1300°C to remove the Mg. The calculated porosity in range ~25-37 % of sintered samples achieved desired porosity content. Compression test with speed 0.001mm/sec were conducted to figure out the mechanical characterization resulting in Elastic modulus, E in the range ~0.0651-0.9375 GPa and yield strength, σy ~3.9-47.0 MPa which sufficient for implantations with human bone. The sintered samples were observed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) where spherical, interconnected macropores and irregular shape of micropores were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dunaliella salina is an example of microalgae. The microalgae Dunaliella salina has a halotolerant ability to live in a high salt environment. Besides, this type of microalgae can be used as a source of bioethanol because it has a high carbohydrate content of 69.7%. Microalgae harvesting techniques can be chosen as an alternative for harvesting microalgae because they have advantages, including being able to maintain up to 100% biomass and low energy consumption. The membrane filtration technique has the disadvantage that there is a blockage in the membrane during the harvesting process. In this study, membrane cleaning was carried out through a process of immersion into cleaning reagents, namely sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and citric acid. The membranes before cleaning and the membranes after five cycles of cleaning were characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that the membrane cleaning with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) was more effective than cleaning with citric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective adsorber nanocomposite of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 metals ferrite loaded on ZIF-12 composite was successfully constructed and tested for removal of acid red (AR) textile dye. The characterization procedures powder X-Ray diffraction XRD, Scanning Electron Microscope SEM, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDX, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer VSM, and surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller BET) methods were used to analyze the constructed materials. The acquired Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/ZIF-12 nanocomposites exhibited high adsorption capacity for acid red (AR) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The max adsorption capacities of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, ZIF-12, and Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/ZIF-12 were 19.8, 46.7, 76.4 mg.g−1, respectively. The AR day concentration, adsorber dose, solution pH and contact time were studied in detail on the absorption efficiency. Kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies were also conducted, which show that second order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm were fitted well with the experimental results. Besides, the Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/ZIF-12 nanocomposites could be effortlessly separated by simple magnate, and displayed high stability after reused 4 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the morphological properties and the presence of carbonate minerals in the fine and coarse clay separated, two soils representing the sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers were chosen to represent them. The Physical and chemical analyzes were conducted on it, the clay was separated by sedimentation, which was divided into two treatments with the presence and absence of carbonate minerals. The separated clay models were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the purpose of studying the morphology properties of clay minerals. The following results were found:there is a discrepancy in the percentage of Calcite minerals in the Tigris River, and its percentage was higher than that of in the fine clay, while this case differed in the Euphrates sediments, as the Calcite mineral excelled in the coarse clay separated, in general, Calcite mineral was higher in the sediments of the Euphrates River than in the Tigris River. Also the presence of Dolomite mineral in the fine clay separated in the Tigris sediment, while it was not present in the coarse clay fraction. This situation was reflected in the sediment of the Euphrates River, as the mineral Dolomite was present in the coarse clay separated and was not present in the fine clay separated, and the sediment of the Tigris River were the highest in the percentage of Dolomite mineral. The results of the (SEM) showed that the Carbonate minerals partially cover the mineral crystals or act as a welding material between two or more crystals in the sediments of the Tigris River, while the Carbonate minerals completely cover some mineral crystals in the sediments of the Euphrates River, and this is due to the increase in the percentage of Carbonate minerals in the sediments of the Euphrates River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) fiber is a byproduct of the palm oil industry, and have the potential as a reinforcement material in various polymer based products, resulting in remarkable improvements in mechanical properties. In recent years, researchers have focused on developing OPEFB fiber reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS) films as a potential alternative to petroleum based plastic films. However, the mechanical properties of these films need to be improved for practical applications. One approach to improving the mechanical properties of OPEFB fibers/TPS films is acid hydrolysis (AH) treatment. TPS films were formed by the plasticization process, in which the structure of granule starch was devastated and reformed by water, and glycerin through the heating process. The OPEFB fiber were undergo AH treatment for reduced the size of particles, removed impurities, and enhanced the compatibility between the OPEFB cellulose, and the TPS matrix. The OPEFB cellulose was added to the TPS matrix to produce OPEFB(AH)/TPS bio composites by film casting. The TPS films with OPEFB(AH) fiber content in the range of 1wt% to 6wt% were prepared. The mechanical properties were studied by changing the content of OPEFB(AH) fiber added to the TPS matrix. Results show that the films achieved the highest tensile strength when 4wt% OPEFB(AH)/TPS were used to form bio composites films. This was due to the homogenous, and good distribution of OPEFB cellulose in the TPS matrix. The tensile strength reduces when the OPEFB(AH)/TPS fiber content was increased to 5wt%. The elongation at the break of films experienced a slightly reduced as the loading of OPEFB(AH) cellulose increased because the mobility of the starch chain was hindered by OPEFB(AH) cellulose. The morphology of different loading OPEFB(AH) cellulose with the TPS matrix was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizer industries are one of the most critical industries to support agriculture industries in Malaysia. A significant amount of wastewater also producing along with fertilizer production. The wastewater contains ammoniacal nitrogen, NH3−N, and causes a real treat to fish due to its toxicity. Thus, this study aims to determine the performance of ultrafiltration process removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from fertilizer wastewater incorporated with bio-adsorption process by using different feed solution chemistry and temperature. The sample was obtained from a fertilizer company located at Gurun, Kedah. The obtained sample contains NH3-N and solely used for this study only. Membrane material of polyethersulfone (PES) was used for this study. As for the bio-adsorption process, bio-adsorbent which made from banana peel was used. The removal of NH3-N was investigated at solution pH values of 10.30 and 7 for different temperature. The results showed the highest NH3−N removal was 80.07% obtained under condition of p. 10.30 and 30°C. Hence, this combined process is feasible for significantly removing NH3−N from fertilizer wastewater. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for surface membrane morphology characterization. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to investigate membrane surface roughness. Results of AFM indicated that membrane fouling becomes more severe when surface roughness increasing, which was measured by the surface area difference where magnitude and frequency of surface peaks were taken to accounts. Flux decline was correlated to the surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosilica (n-SiO2) constitutes one of nanofillers that acts as nucleation centers for self-healing concrete contributing to the acceleration of hydration process as well as improving the compactness of concrete. Source of n-SiO2 varies, for example, from rice husk, fly ash, and silica sand. In this work, we present the efficient extraction route of n-SiO2 from the fly ash which contains 49% of SiO2. Further, some characterizations of n-SiO2 were carried out including surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope and functionality by FTIR spectroscopy, crystal structure by XRD, particle size distribution by dynamic light scattering, and the water absorption capacity. The developed extraction route in brief can be described as follows: (1) acid leaching using 0.5M citric acid solution (1:3 %wt) under 600 rpm stirring for 1h, (2) alkali treatment using 4 M sodium hydroxide solution (2:9 %wt) under 1000 rpm stirring at 90°C for 2 h, and (3) titration using 10 M citric acid forming silica hydrosol. The yield of n-SiO2 is found 81% at the highest. The resultant n-SiO2 is amorphous (92.14%) where the crystalline impurities root from trisodium citrate and sodium chloride. The particle size is 4.93 nm in which the crystal structure indicates lattice strain of 0.034 with dislocation density of 4.12·1012 cm−2. IR spectroscopy reveals that high absorption of hydroxyl (-OH) and aliphatic carboxylic groups may facilitate rapid hydration and formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). The n-SiO2 also shows large water absorption capacity of up to 49.56 ± 13.81 g/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Styrene is a plastic-type that is used as a heat-insulating material for buildings with properties difficult to be degraded, so that, this plastic should be reduced in utilization with an alternative biofoam. This study aims to present the influence of ZnO reinforcement on morphology and strength of cassava starch-based biofoam. The experiment started with biofoam synthesis using baking methods method. Biofoam made of cassava starch containing the ZnO of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%. The resulting biofoam was observed using a scanning electron microscope and tensile test. The result indicates that the morphology of biofoam without the addition of ZnO had cavities with thick inter-cavity walls, while biofoam with variations of the addition of 3%, 6%, and 9% ZnO formed relatively the same cavities with thinner inter-cavity walls when compared to biofoam without ZnO addition. The highest strength value occurred in biofoam with the addition of 6% ZnO resulting in an average tensile strength of 0.9283 MPa. Nonetheless, when the ZnO content exceeded 6%, as demonstrated by the addition of 9% ZnO, the tensile strength of the biofoam declined to 0.7544 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the methods to stabilize potentially liquefied soils in Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) area. It presents an innovative bio-cementing soil improvement method to increase the shear strength of loose sand in soil conditions with initial salinity content 3.4%. The type of bacteria chosen was Bacillus sp, which can survive in salinity and aerobic conditions and precipitate microbial-induced calcium carbonate (MICP). This improvement was realized by mixing loose sand with fly ash as a source of Calcium (Ca) and microbial fluids. The aim of this article is to investigate the performance and mechanism of MICP in the binding process between loose sand particles by optimizing the percentage of fly ash and microbial in salinity conditions. During the MICP process, microbes require Ca2+ ions obtained from fly ash, which contains SiO2 and CaO to generate CaCO3 for the bonding process between particles. The percentage of fly ash used, loose sand moisture content, and curing time were examined to identify an increase in the shear strength value of the sample. The results showed that the shear strength of the samples treated with the addition of microbial fluid and a 35% fly ash mixture under salinity conditions exhibited a significant increase compared to other combinations. This indicated that the addition of 35% fly ash and 0.2 mL of microbial liquid can result in a shear strength of 78.08ᵒ, cohesion of 0.18 gr/cm3, and an increase in grain dimensions due to bonding between particles as observed in the results of the sieve analysis after a curing time of 28 days. Furthermore, the MICP mechanism, including the interaction of bacteria, fly ash, and sand in binding soil particles with the production of CaCO3, was observed using a digital microscope and scanning electron microscope based on the results of XRD and SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite strength depends on the effectivity of interface interaction between the fiber and the matrix. The chemical treatment makes fiber surfaces more compatible with a hydrophobic polymer. So, this study aims to determine the influence of silane coupling agent concentration on the interfacial shear strength in the fiber composite of the Sansevieria cylindrica fiber. The methods included fibers treatment using ethanol as a dissolving and silane coupling agent with concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Fibers were embedded into the epoxy polymer for as long as 200 µm. The interfacial shear strength test was conducted through a single fiber pull-out test. Fiber morphology, crystallinity, and the functional group were observed using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. As a result, the morphology of S. cylindrica fibers became rougher and showed a rougher surface after a silane concentration of 7.5%, but with the proper concentration, some fiber surfaces provided a good interface. Analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on S. cylindrica fibers without treatment showed a crystalline index of 66%. Increasing silane concentration by 10% and the crystalline index by 75%. The treatment with a silane concentration of 0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0% results in interfacial shear strength of 39.936, 59.300, 76.742, 83.965, and 91.321 MPa, respectively. The interfacial shear strength increases when the concentration of silane coupling agent increases, with the highest shear strength of 91.321 MPa at a silane concentration of 10%. The silane coupling agent changes hydroxyl groups into silanol groups in fibers, making a bond between the matrix and fibers. It can conclude that the treatment of a silane coupling agent increases the interfacial shear strength of the interface of S. cylindrica fiber-epoxy composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The machinability of nickel aluminium bronze with abrasive water jet machining technique is the subject of this paper. Three separate parameters are used in this machining process, including standoff distance at three different levels, transverse speed of abrasive flow rate, and water jet pressure. The examination of kerf width, surface roughness, and material removal rate (MRR) forms the basis of the machining. Examining surface morphology and material removal techniques also include using images from scanning electron microscopes (SEM), optical images, and surface roughness images. Water jet pressure and velocity were determined to be most influential factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimum grit of silicon carbide (SiC) abrasive paper, argon flow rate and reaction time for synthesis of the smaller average outer diameter of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) directly on 316 stainless steel (SS316) surface via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The morphology and the average outer diameter were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The optimisation results showed that roughness from 800 grit of SiC on SS316 exposed to acetone flowing in argon at 85 ml/min for 30.02 minutes successfully produced CNFs and CNTs with the average outer diameter of 98.50 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]