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Photosensitive dyes eject electrons into vacancies through random transformations, and electrons may also be converted into oxidation dyes when they are positioned for a span of time depending on the depth of the orientation site relative to the conducting bond. In this paper we study Methyl Orange – Ethylenediamine Tetra acetic acid (EDTA)-Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium bromide-(CTAB)-system for the transformation of solar energy into electricity with excellent results. The photocurrent produced by the system was 145.0. The photo voltage was 750.0 mV and the power was 80.20 watts. The above technology has a conversion efficiency of 0.74% & it cannot be uses for more than 50 minutes in dark spaces. In this paper we discuss various parameters that can affect the conversion efficiency of solar energy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effect of Zinc (Zn) epoxy coating on the surface of Stainless Steel (SS) 304 to compare two commercial materials A and B in a simulated corrosive environment. In this case, the coating sample was first tested for characterization through FTIR and SEM-EDS to determine the contents of materials A and B. Furthermore, the SS 304 sample was coated with material A or B by a spray gun and then the sample surface was exposed to a simulated corrosive environment. The simulated corrosive environment method used Copper Accelerated Acetic Acid Salt Spray Test (CASS) according to ASTM B368 for 144 hours and observed every 48 hours. After the CASS test, the surface of the sample was observed in the cross-sectional area through visual observations and further analyzed using a digital microscope with a magnification of 50X. From the characterization results, materials A and B were epoxy with Zn content of 7.06% and 53.43%, respectively. The results of visual observations and morphological analysis showed the cross-sectional area of material A was more damaged than material B. It can be concluded that the coating with a higher Zn content has a better corrosion protection performance than the coating with a lower Zn content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to dearth of natural resources such as aggregates and problems related with the management of construction and demolition waste, use of recycled concrete aggregate has become inevitable. Recycled aggregates have poor quality in terms of physical and mechanical properties and cannot be directly used due to the clung mortar. But after treatments, properties of recycled aggregates such as water absorption, porosity, and compressive strength can be improved and used as partial replacement for natural aggregate. This paper discusses effects of mechanical scrubbing, water and acid soaking followed by heat treatment. Treating recycled aggregates with low concentration acetic acid and heating moderately, improved water absorption and porosity significantly. Further, it is observed that combined treatment of acetic acid and heat, improved the compressive strength of recycled concrete aggregate. Thus, using treatments for removal of clung mortar improved properties of recycled aggregates to a comparable level as that of natural aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol gel preparation for Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) is discussed. In this paper, four methods of sol-gel preparation are presented using similar precursors namely, barium acetate (BA), strontium acetate (SA), titanium isopropoxide (TI), 2-methoxyethanol (2M), deionized water (DIW) and acetic acid. Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 base is prepared by using simple sol gel process involving weighing, mixing and ultrasonic stirring. In method I, acetic acid is added to the base solution. Method II is similar to method I with extra time allocated for ultrasonic stirring. In method III includes stirring and filtering process. In method IV, deionized water (DIW) and acetic acid are added to the base solution. In Method II and Method III, all chemicals used are stored in open rack in chemical storage. However, in Method I and Method IV the chemicals used are stored in dry cabinet/glass flask with silica gels. The objective of all these four methods is to mitigate precipitate. The resultant sol gel shows different color according to the methods used. Method I show clear and no precipitate. The resulting sol-gel is spin coated on silicon substrate and annealed at 950 °C for 4 hours. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to characterize as-prepared samples. Sample prepared using method I is found to have composition of BST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymer material was tested for resistance to chemical media, which were selected as: hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sodium chloride solution, sodium hydroxide solution. After extraction from the test fluid and drying, to change in mass, size, and appearance of the samples was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has the study of the isolation and characterization of keratin from chicken feathers using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Keratin was isolated by dissolving 5 g of chicken feathers in 95 mL sodium hydroxide 1 N solutions at 70 °C for 3 hours. Acetic acid was added to neutralize the solution (pH 7.0) to obtain a solution of 5% w/v concentration. The chicken feather hydrolysate is then heated at 70 °C in a water bath to form a gel. Then heated in an oven at 70 °C until dry, ground and keratin characterized using FTIR. Isolation of keratin from chicken feathers has been successfully performed, as evidenced by the characterization using FTIR there are primary and secondary amine functional groups in the absorption area 2935.86 cm−1 as characteristic of amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumen-protected methionine (RPM) is one of the ways to avoid methionine degradation in the rumen and maximize methionine absorption in the intestinal tract of ruminants. This study aims to investigate the effect of RPM added to the diets of ruminants on rumen fermentation and plasma amino acid concentration by in vivo studies using a meta-analysis approach. Twenty-one studies from a total of 15 articles were identified. This consisted of 46 dietary comparisons between control and RPM-added diets. The database was statistically analyzed by using a mixed model method, in which RPM levels were considered as fixed effects, whereas different studies were treated as random effects. The result showed that RPM addition increased linearly propionic acid (C3) and valeric acid concentration, decreased acetic acid (C2) concentration in the rumen (P<0.05), whereas the RPM did not affect total volatile fatty acid, and the C2 and C3 ratio. Ammonia concentration in the rumen decreased with the increase of RPM in the diet. The addition of RPM increased methionine concentration in plasma linearly and increased homocysteine quadratically (P<0.05), whereas the concentration of cysteine, was not affected (P>0.05). In conclusion, RPM addition can modify rumen fermentation and affect the plasma amino acid, which could give benefit ruminant productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a vegetable oil extracted from fresh coconut meat and processed using only physical without contamination by chemicals usage. Some phenolic acids identified in VCO include: protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids. Some study suggested that the contribution of antioxidant activity in VCO could be due to phenolic compounds. Volatile compounds identified included ethyl acetate, acetic acid, 2-pentanone, hexanal, n-octane, 2-heptanone, limonene, nonanal, octanoic acid, ethyl octanoate, δ-octalactone, ethyl decanoate, δ-decalactone, and dodecanoic acid. The sensory properties identified and quantified in VCO had slightly detectable acid aroma, sweet and salty tastes, and perceptible nutty aroma and flavor. This paper primarily discusses the findings associated with phenolic compounds, volatile compounds, antioxidant activity, and the sensory properties of VCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a high valuable polymer, which may be exploited from marine crustacean, and has potential application in the industry. This study was aimed to produce chitosan from Thenus orientalis shell, and to determine the effect of different NaOH concentrations in its de-acetylation process on its characteristics. A completely randomized design (CRD) with various NaOH concentrations was used in its de-acetylation process: K1 (20% NaOH), K2 (30% NaOH), K3 (40% NaOH), and K4 (50% NaOH). The results showed that the characteristics of chitosan produced from this process were in accordance with the national standards (SNI) of chitosan. The highest chitosan yield was obtained at K1 treatment (20% NaOH), while the lowest was at K4 treatment (50% NaOH). The chitosan produced had appearance of light brown to white, in powder form, and has pH of 7. Chitosan made with K3 and K4 treatments have a better solubility in 2% acetic acid, compared to K1 and K2 treatments. Characterization with FTIR showed that their functional groups were in accordance with the standards. The highest degree of de-acetylation of 70.06% was obtained with K4 treatment, and the lowest of 50.61% was obtained with K1 treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass derivatives are very promising as one renewable energy source to overcome the limited fossil fuel reserves. Bioethanol is one of the renewable energy resources from the second-generation feedstock that is attractive for further research. Besides, ethanol is also widely used in various applications as a solvent, chemical commodity, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, and others. Ethanol can be produced by the hydrogenation of acetic acid. In this work, the focus is on the supported nickel and copper-based as non-noble metallic catalysts to replace the precious metals such as Pt, Pd, and Ru. The nickel and copper-based catalysts were prepared to carry out the hydrogenation of acetic acid to enable ethanol formation. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, and TPD-NH3. The catalyst activity was investigated through hydrogenation of acetic acid solution in a batch reactor at 250 °C, 120 bar, for 18h. The highest ethanol yield was obtained at 64.52 mol% by Ni-In/TiO2 catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural fiber prepared from the banana stem is a potential alternative reinforcer to enhance the mechanical properties of composite materials. The fibers have been extracted successfully from various species of banana, that are Abaca (Musa textilis), Kepok (Musa acuminata) and Klutuk (Musa balbisiana). The fiber extraction was undergone an alkaline treatment, i.e., by immersion in 0.5% NaOH, and then in 50% acetic acid, each for an hour. Characterization of fiber with different treatment immersion mediums for functional groups using FTIR. It shows a reduction of concentration lignin and hemicellulose content in the fibers. Furthermore, from a fiber tensile test, the tensile strength of the fibers are 1106.7, 398, and 432.5 MPa for each kind fiber banana. The Abaca's fiber is shown to have a superior mechanical property, which will be competitive for a composite reinforcer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy) bones are wastes that have not been used optimally and contain collagen to produce gelatin. On the other hand, gelatin is a natural product of collagen hydrolysis and a soluble protein that functions as a gelling agent. Generally, the manufacturing process begins by immersing the bones in a strongly acidic solution to dissolve calcium phosphate and other mineral salts. This treatment produces changes in softness for the bones to become relatively soft, using a weak acid CH3CO2H with a concentration level of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Therefore, this study aims to determine the quality of gelatin with various concentrations of acetic acid. The results showed that the best treatment to produces gelatin was at a concentration level of 25% of acidic acid, the amount of moisture, ash, protein content, gel strength, viscosity, pH, and yield of 7.2%, 0.65%, 37.40%, 126.98 bloom, 5.60 cP, 5.42%, and 19.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial fruit vinegar is recently produced with different vinegar process to develop more varieties of product for satisfying the needs of customers. However, there are limited knowledge existed on the effect of different vinegar processing based on physicochemical properties and nutritional values. In this research, different varieties of Malus pumila (apple cider) and Punica Granatum L. (pomegranate) vinegars were studied. Artificial vinegar was used as control. The effect of different varieties of vinegar are studied based on physicochemical properties and acetic acid content. In analysis of physicochemical properties, unfiltered vinegars had higher оBrix value and titratable acidity than the other samples. pH of all the samples were similar with the commercial vinegar. Artificial vinegar had low acetic acid content, but unfiltered vinegars had higher acetic acid content. The data in this research provided the fundamental scientific evidence of nutrition value for different varieties of vinegars. This study was meant to provide guide for consumers to purchase and consume a high quality and nutritional fruit vinegar among numerous varieties of commercial fruit vinegars in Malaysia market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a natural material that possesses great potentials as an alternative coagulant. In this research, chitosan was used for peat water treatment. As the efficiency of chitosan is also determined by the solvent used, this research investigated the effect of different solvents, i.e., acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) towards the efficiency of chitosan as a coagulant to treat peat water. The parameters being studied comprised turbidity, TDS, and total iron concentration in the sample before and after coagulation using chitosan. Optimum dose and pH for chitosan in each solvent were determined using a standard jar test apparatus. The results showed that both chitosan dissolved in acetic acid (chitosan- CH3COOH) and hydrochloric acid (chitosan-HCl) had given an optimum result at 10 mg/L dosages the decrease in turbidity reached up to 95.38% for chitosan-CH3COOH and 92.39% for chitosan-HCl. A dosage above this optimum value leads to deflocculation, lowering the coagulation efficiency. Both of the chitosan coagulants gave optimum results at pH6. However, chitosan-HCl seemed to work in a wider pH range than chitosan- CH3COOH. Both solvents used increased TDS than the initial values due to the solvent being ionic compounds themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To Aftermath of Tsunami tragedy at Japan on 2011, the catastrophic failure of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant reactor resulted, release amount of radioactive caesium into the environment. In this study, non-polluted soil sample from Kotagede, Yogyakarta, Indonesia which has similar characteristic with Fukushima soil was prepared by artificially contaminated caesium (100 mg CsCl/kg soil) in five cycles of saturation process using de-ionized water and air-dried before being aged for five months and subjected to EKR treatment. The results obtained from those studies were used to predict the advantages of this technology in Fukushima soil. Physical and chemical of soil samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction for mineral contents and soil component analysis was measured for Organic Matter, Total Nitrogen, CEC and soil texture. EKR was conducted by using graphite electrode in constant voltage of 1 Vcm−1 for 7 days operation without control of electrolyte pH. Current flow in the soil was recorded for every 10 mins. by using data logger. The effect of electrolyte (e.g. 1 M acetic acid and carbonate salt) was also evaluated. All caesium concentrations were measured by flame-atomic adsorption spectrophotometer at wavelength of 852.1 nm. The results of these experiments showed that the type of electrolyte used in the experiments affected the rate of caesium removal. The removal caesium by acetic acid was higher than removal caesium by carbonate salt. Total removal of caesium concentration by acetic acid as electrolyte in soil A, B, C, D were 24.3%, 20.5%, 25.6%, 19.4%, respectively and the percentage of removal caesium concentration by carbonate salts as electrolit in soil A and B, C, D were 11.8%, 11.7%, 11.8%, 4.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modification of starch using lactic acid oligomer has been carried out. Modification has been manufactured via a three-step reaction. Step one is to synthesize lactic acid oligomer by reflux and heating lactic acid at 160⁰C for 4 hours, equipped with the dean-stark trap. The second step is the esterification of lactic acid oligomer with acetic acid to eliminate hydroxyl group of lactic acid oligomer at 100⁰C for 4 hours using sulphuric acid as catalyst and equipped with the dean-stark trap. The last step reacted starch with lactic acid oligomer acetate to produce modified starch using catalyst triethylamine. The characterization of the product obtained was conducted by analysis FTIR, NMR, and GPC. The new absorption peak at FTIR spectra from –C=O and –(C=O)-O-C-bond and new chemical shift at NMR spectra of modified starch indicated the esterification between starch and lactic acid oligomer acetate had been conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane foam has a major function in the world of manufacturing, and one of its functions as a headliner in cars. The addition of calcium carbonate to the chitosan-based polyurethane coating matrix aims to increase strength but still has elongation as the main requirement for headliner products. The addition of chitosan is here to give a coating effect that can increase the rigidity. Several researchers have conducted research with chitosan coating on this polyurethane foam but the headliner characteristics are still not sufficient, so additional properties are needed to add strength to the headliner. At this time, research was carried out consisting of making flexible foam mixed with 4 gr chitosan and 0.2 gr Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in 100 ml of 5% acetic acid (CH3COOH) solution with dip coating technique and using a vacuum oven. The sample used is foam density 16 kg/m3 and given with variable temperature and curing time. Based on the results obtained, a sample with a temperature of 100°C for 120 minutes is the best result. Samples of PU foam with a mixture of CaCO3 coated with chitosan have the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and better elongation results than PU virgin foam. Likewise with the results of its chemical composition can be seen through FTIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pineapple is a plant whose fruit has economic value, so it needs to be developed on a plantation scale. This study aims to determine the best combination of media for the growth of in vitro rooting Sipahutar pineapple. Complete Random Design was used with 12 treatments with 3 replications in this study. The parameters used in the observation were divided into the number of shoots, number of leaves and number of roots. From the results of the data analyzed, it can be seen that in the treatment of MS+2 ppm Vitamin+2 ppm Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) media, the highest number of shoots was obtained, namely at 18.66 shoots on 12 week after planting (WAP) observations. The lowest number of shoots on leaves was 11.33, the results of data analysis showed that the highest number of leaf shoots was 8.00 on 12 WAP observations on MS+2 ppmVitamin+2 ppm NAA media treatment. From the treatment of MS media+1 ppm Vitamin+1 ppm NAA and MS+2 ppm Vitamin+0 ppm NAA, the lowest number of leaf shoots was obtained with an average of 0.33, while the results of data analysis on root propagation resulted in the highest number of leaf shoots 8.00 in.12 WAP observations on MS media+2 ppm Vitamin treatment.+2 ppm NAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increment of awareness on food safety and environmental pollution caused by synthetic vegetative chemical agents leads the consumers and farmers to look for a safer and natural product as an alternative. Currently, the farmer in Malaysia mainly depends on the vegetative chemical agents imported from overseas. Therefore, the potential of the local vegetative agent is keen to be revealed. Wood vinegar is recognised as a safe natural vegetative agent with various effect. In this research, the booster effect of wood vinegar on the growth of Brassica rapa was investigated. Wood vinegar was obtained from Forest Bio Energy Sdn. Bhd. at Jeli District, Kelantan. The crude wood vinegar was aged for six months, and the clear wood vinegar above the tar layer was collected. The basic properties of wood vinegar, including pH, acidity, total polyphenol content, heavy metal content and bacteria count were analysed. Wood vinegar solution with five different dilution concentration (1:100, 1:250, 1:500, 1:750 and 1:1000) and one blank (distilled water as control) was prepared. The wood vinegar solutions were sprayed on the Brassica rapa with interval seven days for three weeks, begin from the day after transplanting (DATP). Soil pH, leaf area index, number of leaf, length of stem, fresh weight and length of root were examined. The physical properties analysis indicated that the wood vinegar is rich in acetic acid and total polyphenol content with low heavy metal content. The vitality result indicated that wood vinegar solution able to improve the growth of Brassica rapa. However, the high concentration of wood vinegar showed an adverse effect. The wood vinegar solution with 1:750 dilution exhibited the best performance in the promoting growth of brassica rapa in leaf area, leaf number, fresh weight and length of root and 1:1000 dilution for promoting the growth of stem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch acetate is a new starch based polymer for its application agent for controlling release cefotaxime sodium. Controlled release for oral cefotaxime are needed to stabilize cefotaxime sodium at pH of gastric, and to avoid irritating gastric with a degree of substitution of 2,75 could be synthesized by acetylation of cassava starch with acetic anhydride and acetic glacial using sodium hydroxide as catalyst. Starch acetate microcapsules of sodium cefotaxime were prepared by an emulsification-solvent evaporation method and the microcapsules were being studied evaluation of starch acetate as microencapsulating agent. The starch acetate microcapsules prepared are spherical shape. Microencapsulation efficiency depends on Degree substitution in 80,85 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water hyacinth is a type of water weed that often cause problems. Its presence in large numbers in reservoirs may reduce the performance of hydroelectric power plants (PLTA) and can cause blockages in irrigation channels. Based upon several publications, water hyacinth leaves show good performance as corrosion inhibitor in the NaCl and hydrochloric acid environment. In this research the electrochemical method was used to investigate the feasibility of water hyacinth leaf extract as corrosion inhibitor for API 5L X-65 steel in NaCl, acetic acid, and CO2 environment. Furthermore, the addition of water hyacinth leaf extract concentrations with the most optimal efficiency was evaluated by the immersion method for 24, 72, and 120 hours. Evaluations of the specimen surface was also carried out using SEM. The effectiveness of the inhibition increases with the increasing of the extract concentration. The polarization test results indicate that water hyacinth leaf extract is classified as a mixed type inhibitor. The values of the capacitance and resistance parameters show an increase I the thickness of the double layer as the concentration increases. The effect of water hyacinth leaf extract inhibition as corrosion inhibitor can be seen from the phenomenon of water hyacinth leaf extract adsorption on the steel surface which can be approximated by using Langmuir isothermal adsorption model. The results of immersion testing show a decrease in the ability of water hyacinth leaf extract inhibition as the function of time. The SEM characterization results in a decrease of surface roughness of the specimen with the addition of water hyacinth leaf extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a zeolite Y was synthesized from Bangka-Belitung Kaoline. The synthesis was conducted through activation of metakaolin with sulfuric acid at various concentration of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 M. The aging and hydrothermal process was conducted at 100 oC for 24 h. The products were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) techniques. XRD and FTIR analysis show that the zeolite Y was formed at all acid variation. Acidity was determined by FTIR using pyridine as a molecular probe. The result shows that zeolite Y that was activated with 9 M sulfuric acid (HY-9) has a highest acid site of 0.26 mmol/g. Test of the prepared-catalyst for esterification also shows that HY-9 has the highest conversion of acetic acid, which is 60.06%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the pH of the dye solution of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricencis) peels as a DSSC sensitizer was carried out to obtain the effect of the pH of extracted dye on DSSC efficiency. DSSC has four main components, namely working electrode, dye as a sensitizer, counter electrode, and electrolyte. One of the most important components in DSSC is dye. The dye solution was extracted by dissolving the red dragon fruit peels into methanol, acetic acid, and distilled water. Initial pH (3.5) extracted dye was set to 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 by adding a solution of acetic acid and ammonia. The characterization of functional groups of extracted dye was done using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and current-voltage characterization was done using Keithley I-V Meter to obtain dye solution conductivity values and DSSC efficiency. The higher pH of the extracted dye can increase the efficiency of the DSSC but it does not occur in neutral and alkaline conditions. The highest efficiency of DSSC was obtained in dye solution pH 6 which is 0.109%; this result is also supported by conductivity, which increases with increasing pH. From FTIR spectra, the extracted dye of red dragon fruit peels with pH 6 has the lowest intensity of transmittance which shows the most polar molecules and the more bonds absorbed. From all the results, the utilization of red dragon fruit peels as a DSSC sensitizer is optimal at pH 6; thus, that it can improve DSSC efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first was prepared from 3- hydroxy benzaldehyde with 4-nitro aniline .the second was prepared from the P-chlorobenzaldehyde reactor with 2,5-dimethylaniline. Exclude it from Salicylaldehyde reactor with 2-chloro aniline, (7) hours for each base and add (3-5) drops of acetic acid ice to increase the speed of chemical reaction in the preparation of these rules where it was confirmed that these rules through the spectrum of infrared radiation, where the package appeared C = N, which indicates the formation Rules of Chef. The biological effects of these bases were also carried out using a variety of bacteria and using a DMSO solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, edible film Chitosan-Avocado Seed Starch (CASS) was prepared and applied as jenang dodol packaging. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of composition chitosan/starch toward the degree of swelling and transparency of the CASS film. Beside this, the effect of edible film CASS towards water content and peroxide levels of jenang dodol during storage was studied. Edible film was made in 3 stages, namely, making avocado seed starch, blending avocado seed starch and chitosan which has been dissolved in 1% of acetic acid at 70°C, and drying it in the oven for 24 hours at 70°C after that it was dried. The film composition between starch/chitosan is 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50. The degree of swelling was characterized using the gravimetric method and transparency properties film was analized using UV-VIS spectrometry. The test of peroxide value was carried out by ….Water content in jenang dodol that packaged by edible film CASS was determined using gravimetric method. The effect of composition chitosan/starch toward shelf life of jenang dodol was based on the peroxide value. Results of this research show that the higher the concentration of chitosan, the value of the degree of swelling will be lower but transparency will be higher. The peroxide value and water content of jenang dodol packaged on storage was influenced by avocado seed starch concentration. Higher concentration of avocado seed starch result lower of increasing of peroxide value of jenang dodol during storage. Furthermore, the higher the avocado seed starch concentration cause the lower decrease in water content of jenang dodol. So, The CASS edible film can be recommended as food packaging with higher avocado seed starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium oxide nanoparticles present an interesting material for different industrial applications in biotechnology and medicine. The CeO2 nanopowder was produced by the method of pulsed electron evaporation of ceramic oxide targets with condensation of the vapors in a low pressure gas. The modification of nanoparticle surface was made with sodium citrate and N-phosphonomethylaminodiacetic acid. The stable aqueous suspensions of CeO2 nanoparticles could not be obtained in the work. This is probably due to the high hydrophobic properties of the nanoparticle surface. The cerium oxide nanoparticles with different stabilizers exhibit luminescence properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solvents used in this study are: aquades, ethanol and glacial acetic acid. The raw material as the source of antioxidants is white tea. Pure Quercetin is used as a comparing antioxidant. The treatment design was the solvent type for extraction, while the antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH method, with IC50 as the reference of antioxidant activity value. The results of antioxidant activity tests with three different solvent types are IC50 of 22,499 µg/mL for aquades, IC50 of 13,317 µg/mL for Ethanol and IC50 of 60,555 µg/mL for Glacial Acetic Acid. As a control of the standard antioxidant activity value of Quercetin is 4,313 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new route to the synthesis of maleimide is described. 2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1- yl)acetic acid maleimide (1) and 2-(4-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro- 1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)ethanoic acid maleimide (2) have been synthesized by the reaction of maleic anhydride with glycine and 4-aminophenyl acetic aicd. Maleimide (1) was synthesized by conventional technique while maleimide (2) was synthesized by microwave method. The compounds were characterized using FT-Infrared (FT-IR), ¹H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and Mass Spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]