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A pesquisa toma como objeto de análise a relação entre os grupos salafistas e as dinâmicas culturais que lhe são contemporâneas. Especificamente, avalia-se o Estado Islâmico, grupo salafista-jihadista que emergiu como protagonista de debates políticos e religiosos a partir de 2014. Com base nos recursos teóricos e metodológicos dos estudos culturais, as intervenções midiáticas do grupo são interpretadas como indícios de hibridização entre posicionamentos tradicionais e suportes modernos. Sinais de criatividade e de mobilidade cultural, as condutas do grupo foram importante estratégia de recrutamento. A competência da organização em operar essas duas estruturas fez do Estado Islâmico o grupo jihadista mais bem-sucedido da segunda década do século XXI. Inventing a Sunnah: the Islamic State, Salafism and Innovation This study analyzes the relationship between different Salafi groups and the contemporary cultural dynamic surrounding them. Specifically, the paper assesses the role of the Islamic State,a Salafi-jihadi group that emerged in 2014 as a leader in political and religious debates. Utilizing the theoretical and methodological resources of cultural studies, the paper analyzes the group’s media interventions, viewing them as evidence of hybridization between traditional positions and modern supports. Signalling creativity and cultural mobility, the group’s conduct was an important recruitment strategy. The organization’s competence in operating these two structures has made Islamic State the most successful jihadi group of the second decade of the 21st century. Islamic State | Hybridization | Salafism

O século XVIII assistiu ao desenvolvimento da economia escravista atlântica, sustentada pela constante oferta de mão de obra do continente africano. Para comprar cativos africanos na costa do Atlântico, os mercadores estrangeiros tinham que atender às demandas expressas dos africanos, notadamente os tecidos indianos de algodão, que se tornaram o “carro-chefe” das mercadorias. Nesse período, o comércio anglo-asiático, conduzido pela Companhia Britânica das Índias Orientais, desempenhou um papel central no fornecimento de têxteis indianos para os comerciantes de escravos britânicos. Este artigo aborda como comerciantes britânicos adquiriam têxteis na Índia para a África Atlântica. Ao examinar essa questão, o artigo ilustra o comércio global de algodão, das áreas de produção de têxteis indianos para a África Atlântica, e, em última análise, argumenta que a narrativa do chamado “comércio triangular” precisa ser substituída por outra perspectiva, que destaque o protagonismo de consumidores africanos e de tecelões sul-asiáticos. Weaving Imperial Networks: An Asian Dimension of the British Atlantic Slave Trade in the 18th Century The eighteenth century saw the development of the Atlantic slave-based economy, sustained by a constant supply of labor from the African continent. On the Atlantic coast, in order to purchase captives foreign merchants had to meet local demands for trade commodities, notably Indian cotton textiles, which became a crucial product. During this period, the Anglo-Asian trade, conducted by the English East India Company, played a central role in the supply of Indian textiles for British slave traders. This paper addresses how British merchants procured textiles in India for Atlantic Africa. By examining this question, the paper illustrates a global cotton trade that extended between the areas where Indian textiles were produced and Atlantic Africa. Finally, the paper argues that the so-called “triangular trade” narrative should be replaced by another perspective that emphasizes the agency of African consumers and South Asian weavers. Atlantic slave trade | Indian cotton textiles | English East India Company

Este artigo parte das publicações da revista cultural francesa e senegalesa, Présence Africaine, propondo pensar como esta última procurou se posicionar, partindo do mundo intelectual, como interventora na imaginação e no fomento de soluções políticas e culturais para inserir novos participantes, principalmente africanos, no concerto internacional, em diálogo com bandeiras de solidariedade internacional/racial entre perspectivas locais e globais. Por meio da análise de debates, comunicações e mensagens retiradas das atas do Primeiro Congresso de Escritores e Artistas Negros, investiga-se como a revista se apropriou de novas linguagens e possibilidades políticas disponíveis e legitimadas no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, conciliando-as, não sem dificuldades, a discursos internacionalistas de movimentos políticos anteriores, como a Négritude e o pan-africanismo. Palavras-chave: presença africana | negritude | Pan-africanismo | História intelectual | Guerra Fria. Abstract: This paper is based on publications of the French/Senegalese journal Présence Africaine and its intellectual stance in seeking to intervene in the design and dissemination of political/cultural solutions to include new participants (especially from Africa) in the international scene, in dialogue with the goal of international/racial solidarity goals at local and global levels. The paper examines debates, communications and messages from the annals of the First Congress of Black Writers and Artists in investigating how the journal appropriated new communicative strategies and political possibilities that emerged and were legitimized after World War II, in relation to the internationalizing discourses of previous political movements such as Négritude and Pan-Africanism. Keywords: présence africaine | négritude | Pan-Africanism | Intellectual history | Cold War.

This paper reconstructs the history of the Fortunato da Costa family, from the first appearance of its constituting members in Portugal, during the Napoleonic invasion of 1808, through the nation’s political turmoil of the late 1820s and early 1830s, the family’s relocation to São Tomé and Príncipe around 1838-1839, amidst significant Creole-metropolitan tensions on the islands, as well as “intrusions” from the British Anti-Slave Trade Squadron, to its settlement in Angola during an intense period of illegal slave trading and the transition to legitimate commerce, until 1859, when the last known member passed away. The story of the Fortunato da Costa family is an odyssey stretching over half a century, marked by some of the most important processes in Atlantic history. Negotiating these historical developments was anything but easy sailing: in fact, for some it created a series of contradictions, at times leading to the kind of dark moments that families often face. Reconstructing the lives of this unique family thus also presents us with a particularly striking example of the human condition in all its frailties, with a story that is far from unilinear.

This paper seeks to understand the influence of social context in the process of knowledge production and how, implicitly or explicitly, it also shapes the choice of themes, theories and concepts, leading to simulations and dissimulations, presences and absences. Taking Cape Verde as a case study, specifically studies of this archipelago conducted in the social sciences and humanities, in the most part by Capeverdean researchers, the present paper reveals an almost complete lack of relevant analytical categories such as "social class" "race" and "ethnic/ethnicity" in explaining the social formation of Cape Verde. In contrast, concepts such as "identity", "culture", "nation", and "Capeverdean-ness" tend play a central role.

This paper seeks to bring to light the life of Joaquina, a woman who was a slave in the Amazon region during the 19th century, and through this lens to give a broad overview of an intricate web of social, economic and cultural power in which slaves were bound. Slaves were the least privileged class social of social actors and flight from captivity was one of the options they could resort to in attempting to transform their situations. The paper also reflects on the role of women enslaved in urban environments and their strategies for obtaining letters of manumission, as well as the meanings of freedom and itsimportance in the disintegration of slavery as a social institution.

Spanish law and customs established different ways by means of which slaves could obtain freedom. These ways were widely used and amplified by slaves's own demands. In addition of the best known "deeds of freedom", Buenos Aires' slaves often petitioned to change masters sheltered by the legal institution of the "sale papers". In both the the "deeds of freedom" and the "sale papers", settling the slave's price became a difficult operation, a new arena of dispute.

Death is a subject that is emphasized frequently and in different ways in various social contexts throughout the world. In Angola, during the prolonged civil war, death was frequently discussed by the media, by politicians and by researchers. However, very little is known about the manner in which those who endured the war, in diverse local cultures and with varying individual experiences, perceived death and its rituals. This paper focuses on attitudes about death among women who faced the loss of male family members in the war. Analyzing the situation of Handa women in southern Angola, the paper focuses on the sentiments and emotions that emerged during wartime, linking these to mortuary rituals, especially those that seek to cleanse and restore.

This paper aims at analyzing how the State Department of the United States assessed the two main Angolan liberation movements between 1960 and 1961, and how it decided, in a short timespan, which deserved its support, for being "pro-Western", and which was to be fought by all possible means, for being "communist". Rebuffing the spread notion according to which the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was, as early as then, linked to the Soviet Union and other countries from the so-called "Communist bloc", this paper seeks to demonstrate how the sources of information used - as well as a host of impressionistic and subjective issues, framed by an exacerbated, and somewhat unrealistic, anticommunism - influenced the United States diplomatic officers¿ perceptions, contributing to establish a system of alignments between the liberation movements and the Cold War divides which would last for almost thirty years.

The Casa Branca terreiro is one of the oldest in Bahia, and, according to oral tradition, it was founded after a voyage to Africa undertaken by two early priestesses, African freedwoman Marcelina da Silva and her ialorixá, the latter remembered only by her ritual title, Iyá Nassô. Until now, there has been very little historical evidence to clarify the lives of these two women or to support (or discredit) their legendary trip. The present paper presents newly uncovered data tracing the life history of Marcelina da Silva, from her early experiences as a slave in Bahia in the 1830s and the political context of her journey to Africa with her daughter, Maria Magdalena, and Iyá Nassô. It also chronicles Marcelina's rise to wealth and power during a second stay in Bahia that began in the 1840s and details her participation in a transatlantic network of Nagô (i.e. Yoruba) freedmen active in promoting the orixá religion in Brazil, a group which also included other crucial figures in the history of candomblé, such as the babalaô Bamboxê Obitikó. The paper also presents important new information about Iyá Nassô and her life in Bahia.

This paper discusses slave families and the power relationships between freedwomen and their former masters in the interior of Bahia during the second half of the nineteenth century, namely in the Arraial do Brejo Grande (presentday Ituaçu), in the Southwest of Bahia. Focusing on the case study of two slave families and examining the freedwomen´s court battles with their former masters for custody of their children, the paper seeks to provide insights into the dynamics and complexity of life in the Bahian semiarid at the end of the nineteenth century

In Yoruba account of predestination, a moulded body, already infused with the spirit of life by Olodumare (the supreme being), goes to pick an Ori (the bearer of destiny), before his or her birth. The destiny so chosen, ascribed or imposed, encapsulates the successes and failures which the human being is meant to unravel during his or her course of existence in this world. Considering some arguments on the metaphysical question of personal identity, the paper observes that it will be difficult to establish a case of personal identity between the person who chose a destiny in isalu orun (heavenly abode) and the one who is assumed to be unravelling it in this isalu aye (earthly world). The paper concludes that it will be difficult to establish a case for predestination if a relationship of identity cannot be easily established between the two entities

O artigo tem como objetivo discutir os atravessamentos do constructo racial no Brasil e sua configuração em espaços intramuros, reconhecendo a prisão como um dos lócus que permanece pouco permeável ao processo de construção da identidade negra vivenciado nas últimas décadas no país. Discute-se os elementos formadores do racismo moderno, levando em conta as especificidades do contexto brasileiro frente à experiência fundante do sequestro e da escravização africana no período colonial e seus prolongamentos, através dos conceitos branqueamento, contrato racial e dispositivo da racialidade, como categorias de inteligibilidade do racismo contemporâneo e suas reinvenções em sociedades que vivenciaram a escravidão moderna. Tais categorias são analisadas a partir dos relatos sobre relações inter-raciais elaborados por uma mulher cisgênero e um homem transgênero, reclusas (os) numa prisão em São Paulo, e revelam como as opressões vividas de modo interseccional, pelas presas racializadas, lhes impõem dificuldades adicionais ao processo de reconhecimento da identidade negra. Looking for the “Redemption of Cam”: Raciality and Intersectionality in a Women’s Prison This article discusses the overlap between racial constructs in Brazil and their configuration in intramural environments, recognizing the prison as a relatively impermeable locus in the process of Black identity construction in Brazil during recent decades. The paper discusses the formative elements of modern racism, taking into account specificities of the Brazilian context in the face of foundational experiences of African kidnapping and enslavement in the colonial period and their legacies, the concepts of whitening, racial contract and raciality device, as intelligibility categories of contemporary racism and its reinventions in societies that have experienced modern slavery. These categories are analyzed based on the reports on interracial relations elaborated by a cisgender woman and a transgender man, inmates in a female penitentiary in São Paulo, and show how the oppression experienced in an intersectional way, by racialized prisoners, imposes additional difficulties on them in their process of recognizing a Black identity. Interracial relations | Intersectionality | Whitening ideology | Gender | Prison

Inspirado no pensamento de Frantz Fanon, este texto é um diagnóstico do tempo presente encenado como uma “reação psicótica”, cujo esperado efeito colateral é fazer avançar a noção de convivialidade como um espaço de experimentação analítica, onde desigualdade e diferença compartilham a condição de isonomia conceitual. O experimento específico aqui realizado tenta atingir esse objetivo fundindo diferentes registros escriturais e explorando o repertório vernacular da junção brasileira de um Atlântico afro-indígena. Sua aposta analítica, a ideia de zumbificação, é o esboço de uma posição epistemológica cujo trabalho consiste em uma cinética de (pelo menos) três movimentos: 1) a posicionalidade necessária para fazer exigências políticas; 2) o decentramento necessário para atenuar os efeitos prejudiciais tanto do essencialismo (mesmo estratégico) como da inevitável reprodução de padrões hegemônicos excludentes; 3) o voluntarismo necessário para amplificar abordagens epistemológicas subalternizadas de modo que elas possam se tornar mais pervasivas. Epistemologies for Conviviality or “Zumbification” Inspired by Frantz Fanon’s thought, this paper is a diagnostic of the present time, enacted as a “psychotic reaction” that melts together different scriptural registers to advance the notion of conviviality as a space of analytical experimentation, where inequality and difference share the condition of conceptual isonomy. The experiment performed in this article tries to accomplish this goal by exploring the vernacular repertoire of the Brazilian junction of an afro-indigenous Atlantic. Its analytical idea, zumbification, is the sketch of an epistemological subject-position, whose labor consists in a kinesics of (at least) three movements: 1) the situatedness needed for making political demands; 2) the decenteredness necessary for attenuating the harmful effects of (even strategic) essentialism and the unavoidable reproduction of hegemonic exclusionary patterns; 3) the willfulness required for amplifying subalternized epistemological approaches, so that they may become more pervasive. Capoeira | Conviviality | Epistemology | Post-colonial theory | Zumbi

Este artigo explora as relações entre escravizados e imigrantes europeus no oeste paulista tendo, como pano de fundo, a Revolta dos Parceiros, ocorrida em Limeira no ano de 1856. Considerado um marco na história da imigração no Brasil, o levante de colonos suíços contra o sistema de parceria na Fazenda Ibicaba contava também com o apoio dos cativos que trabalhavam nos cafezais adjacentes à Colônia Senador Vergueiro e demais fazendas vizinhas. Apagada pela historiografia, a conspiração negra de 1856 revela que a convivência entre colonos e escravizados no contexto do fim do tráfico acelerou a circulação de ideias sobre o fim da escravidão no Brasil. Ao retornar à Revolta em Limeira, este artigo aborda o encontro de perspetivas subalternas sobre o abolicionismo atlântico em Ibicaba para afirmar a geopolítica negra como elemento constituinte dos significados do mundo do trabalho na década de 1850. Crossing Paths at Ibicaba: Slaves, Swiss Immigrants, and Abolitionism during the Sharecroppers’ Revolt (São Paulo, 1856-1857) This article examines the relations between the enslaved and European immigrants in western São Paulo against the background of the 1856 Sharecroppers’ Revolt that took place in Limeira. Considered a benchmark in the history of immigration in Brazil, the uprising of Swiss colonists against the “sistema de parceria” at the Ibicaba plantation also counted on support from enslaved populations in the vicinity of the Colônia Senador Vergueiro. Erased by the historiography, the 1856 black conspiracy shows that interactions between slaves and settlers in the context of the ban on the African slave trade sparked the circulation of abolitionist ideas in Brazil. By revisiting the revolt in Limeira, this paper explores how subaltern perspectives of the Atlantic world met in Ibicaba and claims a place for black geopolitics in defining Brazilian labor history in the 1850s. Slavery | Colonization | Revolt | Abolitionism

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a continuidade e a estrutura dos laços familiares em situações de diáspora e desterritorialidade. A diáspora transatlântica não esgota a questão dos traumas e desvinculamentos acarretados pela escravidão. Trazidos escravizados para o Brasil, os africanos eram ainda vítimas de transações mercantis que os faziam ir, junto com suas famílias aqui criadas, para diferentes províncias do Império, conforme as necessidades locais e os rumos do tráfico interprovincial. Alguns documentos, mesmo que residuais, nos permitem mesclar agência e estrutura na sociedade escravista, e pensar como os arranjos familiares e afetivos se mantinham. A ideia é acompanhar a trajetória de alguns indivíduos africanos e seus filhos crioulos, cogitando como eles construíam e mantinham seus arranjos afetivo-familiares. Palavras-chave: escravidão | diásporas | família |aAlforrias. Abstract: This paper analyzes the continuity and structure of family ties in diasporic and deterritorial contexts. The transatlantic diaspora does not exhaust the trauma caused by the shattering of affective ties shattered by enslavement. After arriving in Brazil as slaves, Africans were further victimized by commercial transactions that forced them (aas well as members of their families created here) to move to different provinces of the Empire, caught up in the web of the inter-provincial slave trade. Archival evidence, although fragmentary and indirect, provides clues about the mechanisms of agency and structure in slave society, making it possible to understand how family and affective arrangements were maintained. The idea is to follow the trajectories of some Africans and their Creole (i.e., Brazilian-born) children, examining how they built and maintained their affective-family arrangements. Keywords: slavery | diasporas | family | manumissions.

O artigo acompanha um grupo de libertos africanos, nomeado nas fontes portuguesas como courás, couranos ou variantes, para entender como constituíram suas casas em dois importantes núcleos urbanos da capitania de Minas Gerais ao longo do século XVIII. A economia do ouro possibilitou uma significativa posse de trabalhadores escravos para alguns desses senhores negros. O estudo desvenda a origem desses escravizados e como muitos desses lares mantiveram uma estreita relação com o passado africano desse grupo. De forma comparativa e também conectada, percebeu-se como as duas povoações vizinhas possuíam grupos de africanos forros que, além da alforria, adquiriram bens: casas, estabelecimentos comerciais, minas de ouro e, principalmente, trabalhadores escravos da mesma identidade étnica. Palavras-chave: diáspora africana | libertos | escravidão | identidade étnica | posse escravista. Abstract: This article discusses a group of freed African people identified in Portuguese sources as Courás or Couranos, seeking to understand how they formed their homes in two important urban centers of the Captaincy of Minas Gerais during the eighteenth century. The gold-mining economy facilitated the acquisition of significant numbers of enslaved laborers by black masters. The study examines the origin of these enslaved people and the way in which many of these households maintained a close relationship with their African past. Usinga comparative and connected approach, this paper shows that in both of the two neighboring towns there were enclaves of freed Africans who, in addition to obtaining manumission, also acquired various forms of property, including houses, commercial establishments, gold mines and especially, enslaved people of the same ethnic identity. Keywords: african diaspora | african freed people | slavery | ethnic identity | slave ownership.

Os caboclos são espíritos e encantados afro-ameríndios que podem se manifestar por muitas formas nas religiões de matriz africana. Em comum têm a capacidade (nem sempre compartilhada por outras divindades, como os orixás) de falar. Mais do que uma capacidade, trata-se de uma habilidade codificada por meio da qual exercem sua agência sobre o mundo e sobre seus adeptos. Dentre os registros linguísticos mais notórios dos caboclos está o “sotaque”, categoria nativa que nomeia uma situação de desafio em forma de bravata que estabelece um diálogo, uma alternância entre (en)cantadores. Considerado como disputa, mais do que briga, o sotaque sempre dramatiza um conflito como alegoria e abre a possibilidade de encenar, de inovar, de versejar e de construir contextualmente sobre o texto da tradição. Por sua vez, essa enunciação depende sempre da materialidade de um “cavalo” que a vocalize, dando “passagem” ao sujeito oculto pelo racismo estrutural, epistêmico e cotidiano. O presente artigo toma as noções êmicas de “sotaque” e de “cavalo-de-santo” como conceitos rentáveis para projetar as tensões e atravessamentos da linguagem do candomblé, em cuja dinâmica o português é enredado com usos, sentidos e acentos e assentos afro-atlânticos, fazendo dele “pretoguês”, uma língua em modo de simbiose ou, como os autores defendem, uma “sintaxe cabocla”. Palavras-chave: religiões afro-brasileiras | caboclo | sotaque | Língua de santo | Pretoguês Abstract: Caboclos are Afro-Amerindian spirits that manifest in various ways in the African matrix religions of Brazil. They have the ability to speak (not always shared by other divinities of the cult, like Orixás). More than an ability, speaking in this case constitutes a codified mode of agency over the world, the people, and specially their believers. Among the most well-known Caboclo linguistic registers is the sotaque (literally “accent”, but in this context more akin to “sneer”). Sotaque is a native category referring to situations in which one entity challenges another, in a swaggering way, resulting in a competitive dialogue between them. Considered a dispute, not a fight, a sotaque generally dramatizes conflicts in an allegorical way, opening up possibilities for performing, innovating, versifying, providing contexts for building on traditional texts. In turn, such enunciation depends on the materiality of the cavalo (“horse”) that verbalizes it, “clearing the path” for subjects hidden by structural, epistemic and quotidian racism. This paper draws from emic notions of sotaque and cavalo de santo as fruitful concepts for projecting the tensions that are part of the language of Candomblé, in which the use of Portuguese is coupled with Afro-Atlantic usages, meanings, and accents, in what could be termed “pretoguês“: a language of symbiosis, or, as the authors suggest, a “caboclo syntax”. Keywords:afro-brazilian Religions | caboclo | sotaque | Língua de santo | Pretoguês

Este artigo parte de uma história das origens da literatura moderna indonésia que, por muito tempo, foi aceita como oficial: ela conta como os nativos das então chamadas Índias Orientais Neerlandesas desenvolveram sua expressão literária devido a políticas educacionais da coroa holandesa, sobretudo o pacote de reformas promulgado em 1901 conhecido como Ethische politiek. O novo código colonial não só injetou dinheiro público para difundir os saberes, como criou uma editora oficial da colônia, a Balai Pustaka, que dali em diante monitoraria o material literário “adequado” para a população local. Analisam-se as implicações futuras dessa medida (que terminou por monopolizar o mercado editorial indonésio e calar autores dissidentes) e o surgimento recente de releituras da história das origens da modernidade literária no país. Palavras-chave: historiografia da literatura | Literatura indonésia | Balai Pustaka | Andries Teeuw | Pós-colonialismo. Abstract: This paper begins with a history of the origins of modern Indonesian literature, one that for a long time has been accepted as the official version: accordingly, natives of what was then called the Dutch East Indies developed their literary expression due to the educational policies of the Dutch crown, especially after the reform package promulgated in 1901 known as Ethische politiek. The new colonial code not only had injected public money in order to spread knowledge, but also created an official publishing house in the colony, the Balai Pustaka, which thitherto would have monitored the ‘proper’ literary material for the local population. We analyze the future implications of such a measure (one that ended up creating a monopoly over the Indonesian editorial market and stifling dissident authors), as well as the recent onset of reinterpretations of the history of origins of literary modernity in that country. Keywords: historiography of literature | Indonesian literature | Balai Pustaka | Andries Teeuw | Postcolonialism.

Amuletos islâmicos de papel, com versículos do Qurʾān ou outros textos mágico-religiosos em escrita árabe, eram de amplo uso entre pessoas africanas no Brasil do século XIX. Este artigo oferece uma análise detalhada dos textos árabes em manuscritos talismânicos colecionados pelo médico e antropólogo baiano Raimundo Nina Rodrigues (1862-1906), que foram descritos e reproduzidos em seu livro Os Africanos no Brasil, publicado postumamente em 1932. A análise inclui reconstruções e traduções dos textos árabes e sua localização no contexto da tradição islâmica, comparando-os a outros manuscritos do Brasil e da África Ocidental. Finalmente, o artigo propõe um novo inventário dos amuletos árabes da coleção Nina Rodrigues. Palavras-chave: amuletos islâmicos - pessoas africanas no Brasil - manuscritos árabes - malês - Qurʾān. Abstract: Islamic amulets made of paper with Qurʾānic verses or other magico-religious texts in Arabic script were widely used by Africans in 19th-century Brazil. This article offers a detailed analysis of the Arabic writings in talismanic manuscripts collected by the Bahian physician and anthropologist Raimundo Nina Rodrigues (1862–1906), which were described and reproduced in his book Os Africanos no Brasil (“Africans in Brazil”), posthumously published in 1932. The analysis includes reconstructions and translations of the Arabic texts and their contextualization within Islamic tradition by comparing them to other manuscripts from Brazil and West Africa. Finally, the article proposes a new inventory of the Arabic amulets from the Nina Rodrigues collection. Keywords: Islamic amulets - Africans in Brazil - Arabic manuscripts - malês - Qurʾān.

Este artigo discute a produção fílmica sobre Timor-Leste em conexão direta com sua história política. Após situar a linguagem audiovisual no contexto do colonialismo português e da ocupação indonésia, o trabalho examina a produção no pós-independência, propondo uma leitura de contraponto entre três ficções históricas premiadas que abordam eventos críticos da luta de libertação: Answered by Fire (2006), Balibo (2009) e A guerra da Beatriz (2013). Especial atenção é dada às diferentes estratégias narrativas de construção de tempo, violência e gênero, categorias-chave que servem como guia na análise. Estabelecendo diálogos com outras criações contemporâneas e indagando sobre os sentidos de se transformar a história da luta de libertação em filmes de ficção, o artigo percorre importantes momentos do nascimento da nação e também do cinema timorense, revelando enlaces profundos entre a produção audiovisual e a imaginação histórica, não só nas projeções sobre o passado mas também em suas fantasias sobre o futuro. Palavras-chave: Timor-Leste - cinema - história - violência - gênero. Abstract: This article discusses the film production about Timor-Leste in direct connection with its political history. After placing the audiovisual language in the context of Portuguese colonialism and the Indonesian occupation, the post-independence production is analyzed and a counter-interpretation is proposed between three award-winning historical fictions that address critical events of the liberation struggle: Answered by Fire (2006), Balibo (2009), and A Guerra da Beatriz (2013). The different narrative strategies of construction of time, violence and gender are focused on as they serve as key categories for analysis. Dialoguing with other contemporary creations and inquiring about the meaning of transforming the history of the liberation struggle into fiction movies, this paper covers important moments of the nation’s birth and of Timorese cinema, revealing deep links between audiovisual production and historical imagination, not only in its projections about the past but also in its fantasies about the future. Keywords: Timor-Leste - cinema - history - violence - gender.

O estudo do paulatino estrangulamento do tráfico internacional de escravos para o Brasil permitiu detectar a grande elasticidade demográfica do comércio atlântico e de seus padrões expressos no tráfico interno, tomado como parte de um único mercado. Destacamos na presente investigação a existência de um mercado interno fortemente competitivo; concentrado embora não monopolístico; portador de uma racionalidade intrínseca, pois suas oscilações denotavam a presença de agentes econômicos capazes de realizar previsões a curto e médio prazo; e cujas taxas de lucratividade repousavam na multiplicação do número de empresas, e não no aumento da quantidade de escravos transportados por cada uma delas. As crianças africanas e crioulas revelaram-se de grande importância diante da conjuntura de ataque ao tráfico internacional, por meio do trânsito em geral solitário de meninos e de meninas, descortinando a busca da reprodução da plantation via potencial produtivo e reprodutivo a médio e curto prazo. Dificilmente nos será dado conhecer registros tão completos para o estudo do tráfico interno de escravos como os assentamentos gerados pela Seção de Passaportes da Intendência Geral de Polícia. Espera-se que estudos comparativos com outras regiões da América permitam compreender melhor a dinâmica de funcionamento e a lógica empresarial do tráfico interno brasileiro, não apenas ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XIX, mas em especial em períodos anteriores. Palavras-chave: Rio de Janeiro - tráfico interno de escravos - crianças escravizadas. Abstract: Studying the gradual strangulation of international slave trade coming to Brazil reveals the great demographic elasticity of Atlantic commerce, along with internal traffic patterns expressed in this singular Atlantic market. This paper highlights the existence of a strongly competitive internal market that was concentrated, but not monopolistic. The presence of economic agents capable of making short and medium-term forecasts in an oscillating market denotes an intrinsic rationality. Profitability rested on multiplying the number of trading companies, not on increasing the number of slaves transported by each company. Additionally, an international traffic under attack for the solitary transit of African and Creole children reveals the need for Brazilian plantations to reproduce labor via biological and economic means in both the medium and short-terms. Although police records of internal slave traffic in regional settlements are incomplete, we expect comparative studies with other regions of the Americas to result in a better understanding of the functional dynamics and entrepreneurial logics of Brazil’s internal slave traffic during the colonial era and after independence. Keywords: Rio de Janeiro - internal slave trade - slave children.

Este artigo discute a historicidade do conceito da distinção existente entre os maracatus, que os categoriza em baque virado (nação) e baque solto (rural), e que foi fruto da ação de pesquisadores como Guerra Peixe e Katarina Real. O artigo mostra os indícios de como eram os maracatus antes do vaticínio feito por Guerra Peixe ao final de suas pesquisas entre os anos de 1949 a 1952, e de como estas foram negociadas ao longo dos anos para se estabelecer entre os maracatuzeiros, confluindo para o formato existente nos dias atuais. Para este trabalho, foram utilizadas análises de jornais, entrevistas com antigos maracatuzeiros, além de extensa revisão bibliográfica. Palavras-chave: maracatus de baque solto - maracatus de baque virado - Carnaval - Guerra Peixe - cultura. Abstract: The paper looks at the historicity of concepts on the characterization of maracatu variations and diversity, which has been classified as baque virado (nation-style or turned-around beat) and baque solto (rural-style or maracatu of free beat), as per researchers Guerra Peixe and Katarina Real. The analysis indicates the signs of what maracatus was like before the statements made by Guerra Peixe at the end of his research, between 1949 and 1952, and how they were negotiated over the years to be established among maracatuzeiros themselves, achieving the current forms. For this work, newspapers and interviews with former maracatuzeiros were used as main sources, and an extensive bibliographic review was performed. Keywords: maracatu baque solto – maracatu baque virado – Brazilian Carnaval – Guerra–Peixe – culture.

O artigo discorre sobre a presença de trabalhadores chineses no Brasil joanino. Do ponto de vista macro, busca compreender os motivos da vinda dessa mão de obra como uma estratégia de redefinição da importância geopolítica do Império Português, com sua metrópole interiorizada no Rio de Janeiro. E conecta essa peculiaridade conjuntural com os problemas globais que anunciavam o fim do tráfico de africanos escravizados e o fomento do trabalho compulsório. Do ponto de vista micro, procura esmiuçar os contratos firmados entre as partes envolvidas, para que seja possível conhecer as reais expectativas dos sujeitos históricos. Por fim, analisam-se os estranhamentos e as lutas dos chineses para que suas vontades fossem impostas, estivessem elas registradas ou não nos documentos por eles firmados. Palavras-chave: trabalho compulsório - chineses - período joanino - trabalho global. Abstract This paper works on the presence of Chinese workers in Brazil in d. João VI era. From the macro view, it aims at understanding the reasons of the arrival of the man power as a resetting strategy of geopolitical importance of the Portuguese Empire, with its country side metropolis in Rio de Janeiro. And links this conjuncture particularity to the global problems that announced the tragic end of the traffic of African slaves and inputs of the compulsory work. From the micro view, in aims at detailing the agreements entered into between the parties, so it is possible to learn the actual expectations of the history subjects. Finally, we analyze the barriers and the struggles of the Chinese so their wills were imposed, were they registered or not in the documents they signed. Keywords: indentured labor - Chinese - d. João VI era - global workforce.

Neste trabalho, são examinados os argumentos discutidos no Parlamento Nacional uruguaio durante o processo que chegou à sanção da Lei nº 19.122, Afrodescendentes. Normas para favorecer sua participação nas áreas educativas e trabalhistas. Essa lei é a medida de política pública mais relevante do Estado uruguaio no tocante à afrodescendência e contou com votação unânime para sua aprovação. No entanto, a análise do debate deixa entrever posições contraditórias não manifestadas e dúvidas explícitas por parte de alguns parlamentares. Em comparação com outros países que adotaram políticas afirmativas, a discussão uruguaia apresenta argumentos similares, mas em um contexto com algumas particularidades como a gratuidade e a não restrição do acesso ao ensino público e uma sociedade com mais diversidade e presença afro. Palavras-chave: afrodescendência - Uruguai - políticas públicas - reconhecimento - redistribuição. Abstract This paper analyzes the arguments discussed at the Uruguyan National Parliament during the process that led to the passing of the Law 19.122. Afro-descendants. Regulations to promote participation in the areas of education and work. This law is the most relevant public policy step taken by the Uruguayan government related to Afro-descendants, and was passed unanimously. However, an analysis of the debate reveals unspoken contradictory positions and explicit doubts from some members of parliament. When compared to other countries that have adopted affirmative action policies, the Uruguayan discussion shows similar arguments. Nevertheless, the Uruguayan context has distinctive features such as free and unrestricted access to public education, and a more diverse society with greater Afro-descendant presence than perceived. Keywords: Afro-descendant - Uruguay - public policies - recognition - redistribution.

Ao longo do século XIX, o “lugar” dos africanos passou por transformações na sociedade brasileira, relacionadas, por exemplo, com as leis de repressão ao tráfico atlântico e com a crescente visão de “civilização” baseada em valores europeus. O objetivo deste texto é explorar como os africanos foram representados nas estatísticas produzidas no período. Entende-se “estatística” em seu sentido etimológico, como uma ciência aplicada pelos Estados nacionais para obter uma leitura sinóptica de seus recursos por meio da linguagem matemática. São analisados censos locais do período colonial, a proposta de recenseamento de 1852, o Censo da Corte de 1870 e, por fim, o Recenseamento Geral do Império, de 1872, observando-se, em cada um deles, como os critérios de classificação (especialmente de cor/raça, condição social e nacionalidade) estabeleceram “lugares” para o registro dos africanos no Brasil oitocentista. Palavras-chave: africanos - estatística - Estado imperial brasileiro. Abstract The 19th century saw transformations in the “place” attributed to Africans within Brazilian society, such as thoserelated to the laws thatrepressed the Atlantic slave trade and the rising view of a “civilization” based on European values. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to explore how Africans were represented in the statistics produced during this period. “Statistics” are here understood by its etymological meaning, as a science applied by nation states to obtain a synoptic reading of its resources through mathematical language. The analysis includes local censuses from the colonial period, the proposed 1852 census, the Census of the Court (Rio de Janeiro, 1870), and the “General Census of 1872”, observing in each of these cases, how classification criteria (especially those of color/race, social condition and nationality) established “places” in which Africans could be registered in 19th century Brazil. Keywords: Africans - statistics - Brazilian imperial state.

This article discusses the connections between history, human rights and citizenship, through the lens of the struggles by communities founded as quilombos to legalize their land occupancy based on the provisions of the 1988 Constitution and on complementary regulations passed in the 21st century. Since the 1980s, the inhabitants of the Marambaia quilombo, an area located in the southern Fluminense region of Rio de Janeiro, which in the 1800s consisted of plantations and quilombos, have fought to maintain their lands and to ensure their cultural and territorial autonomy in the face of pressure from the Brazilian Navy, the Federal Government and the court system. The paper discusses the various stages of this struggle and the diverse actors who have entered the scene (lawyers, judges, anthropologists, archeologists, NGOs, Brazil's Public Ministry as well as federal and state governmental agencies) and the discourse on memory the meanings and uses of history and of the legislation on quilombo residents and their rights. The article also includes transcriptions and analyses of newly uncovered historical documents from 1870 referring to the existence of quilombos in the region.

This paper aims to analyze the labor world in the Colonial Grão Pará during the Pombaline period, when Indians showed tenacious resistance to time and work discipline. Such discipline was imposed in the colonization process, associated with high rates of mortality, due to epidemics, resulting in the enhancement of the African slave trade to the captaincy in the 18th century, during the control of the Grão Pará and Maranhão General Trading Company. The Indians’ and slaves’ colonial experience, which encompassed excessive exploitation and oppression, led these populations to form an identity of interests, and to develop forms of collective resistance, which, thus, justified for a more severe repression by colonial authorities.

This paper analyses the ramifications of a category of crime prosecuted by the Portuguese Inquisition: the crime of solicitation, when priests incurred the harassment of their spiritual daughters in the confessional or throughout the sacrament of confession. It discusses, based on denunciations made to the Holy Office, the web of misogyny and racism that, at times, would appear evident in the words of the men called to testify about the credit, behavior and reputation of those women solicited. The text also searches to analyse how, in the context of the colonial slave system, a stigmatized vision regarding the sexual behavior of black women and their descendants was diffused.

Recopilação de notícias soteropolitanas e brasílicas (Compilation of News on Salvador and Brazil), popularly known as “The Letters of Vilhena,” has always been a source of reference for scholars of late eighteenth-century Bahia. In this paper, these letters are used to understand the Bahian people’s eating habits. It takes an introductory approach, since the data focuses on the production and distribution of food. However, much of that food was already cooked, such as the famous list of “Bahian specialities,” which leads us to think about the tables of Bahian people in the twilight of the eighteenth century.

This paper examines the relationship between color and social ascension among the military police of Bahia, taking into consideration the life history of individual members of the police force, their trajectories in the police academy and their perceptions of racism dating back to their days as a cadet. It also presents data on the racial classification of officials holding the rank of colonel or higher. The data were obtained via questionnaires, yielding a "racial map of Bahian officials" over the period 1970-2005.

This article examines the possibilities of family life among captives of three wealthy slave holding families in the forest region of Minas Gerais [Zona da Mata Mineira], which was an area of thriving coffee plantations during the nineteenth century. Utilizing diverse types of documentation, the paper examines the lives of these families¿ slaves and their family structures. The data reveal that the captives were able to live together and that they created family environments in a variety of ways. Relations of symbolic (spiritual) kinship point to the existence of networks of solidarity and reciprocity. The captives of the three families studied maintained some stability in their emotional andspiritual ties, even after the division of property of his master, establishing ties, spiritual and consanguineous, with individuals of different social status.

The aim of this paper is to describe a handicraft made of pieces of fabric produced by the quilombola community of Giral Grande as a element of both subsistence and identity. Giral Grande belongs to a group of quilombola communities in the town of Maragojipe, located in the Recôncavo Baiano, which struggle for recognition and for possession of the land where they live. The methodology used was Ethnographic Qualitative Research with nonparticipant direct observation and non-structured interviews. It was concluded that the handicraft of fabric pieces, besides being an economic activity for the group subsistence, possesses features which reinforce the quilombola identity of Giral Grande.

The candomblé temple Ilê Maroiá Laji, better known as Alaketu, is recognized as one of the oldest in Brazil. According to the temple¿s rich oral tradition, it was founded by an African woman who was from a royal family of the Yoruba citystate of Ketu and whose African name was Otampê Ojaró. Oral memory also includes a detailed genealogy of her descendents. The present paper utilizes this information as the basis for painstaking reconstruction of the lives of Otampê Ojaró and her children. The numerous documents discovered give a valuable portrait of the family unit and social network of this nineteenth-century African woman, also offering concrete evidence that the temple was founded in the first half of the 1800s, probably between 1833 and 1850.

This paper analyzes the efforts of a group of afrodescendant activists to start a social movement and construct an Afro-Argentine collective identity, describing the structural restraints they encounter and the recent developments that provide an international as well as local structure of political opportunities. It examines their interaction with transnational and global actors and with government officials, and emphasizes the development and strategic display of different collective identifications that enable them to better take advantage of national and international opportunities and to increase their cooperation with immigrant Afro-American "cultural workers".

Analyzing Wole Soyinka's literary texts, the paper identifies and examines the Yoruba people's customary ways of responding to exotic technological phenomena such as the railway, the radio and television, electricity, and the postal system. The Yoruba people employ songs, jokes, humorous proverbial sayings, and circumlocutory euphemisms as a way of "demystifying" the "miracles" and "mysteries" associated with these novelties. The "mysteries" are also related to the spiritual and ritual practice of the people. Once the exotic materials are reduced to songs and jokes, the Yoruba seem to have completed the 'rite of initiation' into their culture. The texts, analysed stylistically, reveal important aspects of Yoruba culture including the sacred nature of the spoken word.

This paper deals shortly with the critique of post-colonial contemporary Indian thought. It intends to question how some branches of this critique has contributed to renew the present day humanistic understanding, especially in the Sociology of Knowledge and Theory of History. The article puts in focus some theoreticalmethodological prae-conditions underlying the statements of Indian authors who are within the range of post-colonial studies, under different views.

Such as it has taken place in Brazil, or about Brazil, the debate about the use of the categories color and race is linked to ideological choices which stress, in the case of color, the notions of tradition, gradation and hierarchy, associated to a philocatholic interpretation of Brazilian history, represented by Gilberto Freyre and, largely under his influence, by Roger Bastide, but also with surprising echoes in Marvin Harris¿s theories. Those who stress the use of race tend to adopt simple dichotomic oppositions and to add urgency to the fight for human rights in marked opposition to the theories of branqueamento (whitening) through an indefinite number of generations. The two stands are well represented in the articles commented upon in this paper, the first by Roger Bastide who, in spite of his Protestant origin, represents the philocatholic position, and, on the other hand, by Talcott Parsons, who stresses the influence of the Protestant ethic leading to progress and democracy (as it abolishes, among other, the distinction between laity and priesthood) and to the ultimate extinction of inequality and discrimination.

In this article, travelogues and ethnographies of equatorial Africa form a point of departure for reflections on the construction of the "primitive," the "wild," and the "cannibal," in Gabon and neighboring areas. Travel narratives from various periods are discussed, from the first contacts between Europeans and Africans to the studies of German ethnologist Günter Tessmann (1884-1969). The paper also addresses discourse on anthropophagy by African ethnic groups, especially the Okanda and the Mpongwé, showing that they contributed to negative external definitions of their neighbors, the Pahouin and the Fang, especially the latter. Because the subject of anthropophagy is treated here as a topos, it implies reflecting over res ficta as well as res facta - travelogues as well as ethnographic history. This approach provides important insights into some major theoretical and methodological works of ethnohistory.

This paper is based upon a study on witchcraft beliefs in the Empire of Brazil. Our research showed that there was no legislation ruling over witchcraft accusations during Imperial times, unlike Colonial and Republican periods. Still, several kinds of contemporary documents helped us to demonstrate that under the Empire, as well as later on, under Republican governments, the belief in witchcraft pervaded all social classes. Paradigmatic cases were analyzed in order to unravel this magic-religious system of belief. Cases presented here regard newspaper stories about the hearings of a character called "Pai Gavião" ("Father Hawk"), a spirit who spoke through the mouth of an African slave in São Paulo, as well as documents produced by Imperial officers in Southwestern Brazil.

This paper considers links between the West's imaginative geography of the Orient and Gilberto Freyre's imaginative genealogy of Brazilian society by looking at two key dimensions of Casa-Grande e Senzala (1933): the syncretic, Afro-European character of the Portuguese following five hundred years of Moorish rule, and the impact of the "East" via the Malês. On the one hand, a mythical, feminized Orient connects Brazil to the "oriental sources" of Western civilization. On the other hand, the Malê Revolt represents a form of a living, oppositional Islam that upsets Freyre's premise of master/ slave equilibrium. The text analyzes Freyre¿s efforts to negotiate this opposition by incorporating the Malês as part of a recurrent Oriental substrain that informs Brazilian culture, with particular attention to his attempt to seize Malê literacy as part of a renewal of the erudite Moors' will to power.

The present article re-examines the entrenched idea that the baptism of adult Africans slaves in the Americas was a mere formality that did not generate significant bonds between the parties involved. Analyzing godparent-godchild relationships in an important mining center of the Captaincy of Minas Gerais, where Africans constituted an ethnically-diverse majority, the paper argues that not only did the godparents of African slaves tend to be captives themselves, they also often belonged to the same ethnic group as their godchildren. Thus, Christian baptism, instead of helping to eliminate "paganism", was a strong instrument of social integration in the new land that permitted Africans to refind one another, serving to re-affirm their sense of ethnic identity and common origin.

The paper reflects over processes of cultural appropriation in the African Diaspora in the Americas. Analyzing the cult of Saint Iphigenia in Colonial Brazil, I seek to demonstrate that although the cult spread as part of the Carmelite Order´s project of evangelization, Africans and their descendants had another reading of the Catholic symbols that grew out of original cultural codes that were recreated within the environment of captivity

This essay analyzes the issue of social mobility in a slave society, focusing on manumission. It examines the parish of Porto Feliz, a mainly rural area in the province of São Paulo, during the 19th century. The study draws on a variety of primary sources, including the civil record books of notary publics, wills, estate proceedings, parochial records of baptism, marriage and death. The examination of these diverse types of documentation highlights the passage from slavery to manumission, especially in those cases in which freedom was obtained through the master´s will. The paper argues that in the negotiation of manumission between master and slave, the former´s concession was paramount. The manumission resulted from a pact that presupposed, on the one hand, the slave´s submission, and on the other, his trust in the master´s word

This paper addresses Africa´s position in Brazil´s political agenda and its foreign trade between 1985 and 2005. It analyzes the evolution of Brazilian foreign policy on the continent, from its initial formulation by Itamaraty in the 1960s, to the present, which is characterized by the ambivalent government actions of the presidencies of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luis Inácio Lula da Silva. The aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the country´s relations and international commerce, clarifying the formulation and execution of Brazilian foreign policy towards Africa: its political and commercial significance for the country´s place in the international scene

This paper focuses on an aspect of erudite theoretical production on subaltern religious production, considering some key academic works in the constitution of a theology of Candomblé: from Verger to Elbein, from Elbein to Vogel, Silva Mello & Pessoa de Barros, and, finally, the limits of the dream of re- Africanization that are imposed by the reality of cult centers and their agents, as documented by Vagner Silva.

This paper examines some conflicts between freedmen and their former owners in Bahia in the months following the abolition of slavery on May 13th, 1888. Some of these conflicts arose from the actions of former slave masters who refused to release their former slaves from captivity, in defiance of the law. Other conflicts are related to actions attributed to those who were emancipated by the Law of May 13th, including the looting and burning of plantations. The tensions that emerged around freedmen and the question of emancipation are interpreted as the expression of different expectations generated by the unconditional and sudden abolition of slavery. They are also understood as part of the disputes over the meaning of freedom in post-abolition Bahia

Beginning in the 1930's, the urban periphery of Recife (Pernambuco) became a space of power for Afro-Brazilian religious communities, as they actively occupied these areas, carrying out collective activities. Historical work on this subject has portrayed women as major actors in this process, usually focusing on the high priestesses of these cult houses. This paper, however, examines the role of other characters, such as the "madrinhas" (godmothers) and "iabás" (senior priestesses), demonstrating the existence of other important power configurations in these communities. The article analyzes the daily life of Mãe Biu, religious and socio-political leader of the Santa Bárbara temple (of the Xambá "nation"), and her close associates: Madrinha Tila, Laura and Luíza (the latter two being referred to as "aunts"), showing that the interactions of these women serve to unite and strengthen the religious community and to create and re-create urban space in the Portão do Gelo neighborhood, located in the Beberibe district of the metropolitan area of Recife.