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Spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) is the second largest maricultural fish species in China and is the main trigger of food-related allergic reactions. Nevertheless, studies on the allergens of L. maculatusare limited. This study aimed to characterize pan-allergen parvalbumin from L. maculatus. Two proteins of about 11 kDa were purified and confirmed as parvalbumins by mass spectrometry. The IgG- and IgE-binding activities were evaluated through an immunoblotting assay. The molecular characteristics of β-parvalbumin were investigated by combining proteomics, genomics, and immunoinformatics approaches. The results indicated that β-parvalbumin consists of 109 amino acids with a molecular weight of 11.5 kDa and is the major allergen displaying strong IgE-binding capacity. In silico analysis and a dot blotting assay confirmed seven linear B cell epitopes distributed mainly on α-helixes and the calcium-binding loops. In addition, the cross-reactivity among 26 commonly consumed fish species was analyzed. The in-house generated anti-L. maculatusparvalbumin polyclonal antibody recognized 100% of the 26 fish species, demonstrating cross-reactivity and better binding capacity than the anticod parvalbumin antibody. Together, this study provides an efficient protocol to characterize allergens with multiomics methods and supports parvalbumin from L. maculatusas a candidate for fish allergen determination and allergy diagnosis.

The essential role of electrolyte solutions in traditional electrochemical energy storage devices is crucial to enhancing their performance. Consequently, a wide array of electrolyte mixtures along with diverse electrodes have been extensively explored across different models of secondary batteries. Fascinatingly, the role of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) as a key cosolvent in the electrolyte mixture of commercial lithium-ion batteries with a graphite anode is garnering growing attention in alternative rechargeable dual-ion batteries utilizing graphite cathodes. In this context, the advancement and function of EMC as a solvent in electrolyte mixtures for lithium-ion and dual-ion batteries were extensively and thoroughly examined in this analysis, encompassing the genesis, synthesis process, and diverse characteristics for the practical uses of these batteries. Here, the review aims to guide readers in understanding EMC’s function and impact as a cosolvent in electrolyte mixtures for both major secondary lithium-ion and dual-ion batteries, considering their distinct physicochemical characteristics.

With the continuous reduction of integrated circuit processing size and increasing integration density, power supply noise seriously threatens further improvement of high-speed digital system performance, which can cause jitter, latency, and even system malfunction. Power supply noise is strongly related to the design quality of the power distribution network and the activity of transient currents. In this paper, a method for estimating the worst-case voltage supply based on the ramp time of the transient current is proposed. At the same time, the worst-case current activity can also be obtained which can be used to guide the core or field programmable gate array (FPGA) design for a given power distribution network. The ramp current is first encoded and divided into segments. Then, two dynamic matrices are used to track the worst-case accumulated voltage noise and worst-case current activities. The proposed method is compared with state-of-the-art approaches showing consistent advantages in estimating the worst-case power supply noise. Its accuracy is also validated by comparing the simulated and measured data.

The active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) can be integrated with advanced controllers to further improve its current disturbances suppression capability. However, the performance of existing methods would be deteriorated under the multiple specific periodic disturbances of current loop and the improper parameters of ADRC. To fill this gap, an embedded discrete-time repetitive ADRC (EDTR-ADRC) is proposed to suppress multiple frequency current disturbances in this article. First, the dc and low-frequency disturbances can be eliminated by extended state observer (ESO) of ADRC. Then, the discrete-time repetitive controller is embedded into the control law and adopted to extract multiple specific periodic frequencies signals without phase shift. On this basis, the disturbances rejection capability can be improved by EDTR-ADRC. Meanwhile, the parameter selection can be further optimized by combining the amplitude and phase characteristics of ESO to various disturbances. Then, the stability analysis and antidisturbance ability of the proposed method are elaborated in discrete-time domain. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on a 1.0 kW IPMSM setup.

Spun quarter wave plate (SQWP) possesses superior polarization features over the conventional three-stage quarter wave plate (QWP), determining the stability and accuracy of the guardian of the power grid—fiber optic current sensor system. However, existing studies on SQWP are based on coupled mode theory (CMT) with local coordinates, which is not conducive to overall system analysis. The cascaded Jones matrix based on differential element method has the potential to provide a global prospect, but the analytical solution for this approach is hindered by the varying spinning rate of SQWP. In this work, we propose linear birefringence (linB) model and elliptical birefringence (ellB) model to address the cascaded Jones matrix for the investigation of the polarization evolution in SQWP leveraging global coordinates for all calculations and analyses. It is demonstrated that linB model is equivalent to ellB model, but the latter one boasts higher computational efficiency and accuracy. Comparisons between the ellB model and the conventional CMT, polarization conversion efficiency, influence of different $\xi _\mathrm{max}/\delta$ (the ratio of maximum spinning rate to linear birefringence) and different distributions of $\xi$ are investigated in detail. With the ellB model, artificial modification of $\xi$ is easily presented to simulate the impact of SQWP on sensor performance. The results show that the SQWP with cosine distribution and larger $\xi _\mathrm{max}/\delta$ contributes to fewer output errors and depends less on fabrication tolerance, which is expected to provide a guideline for practical SQWP design and fabrication.

In this paper, we focus on the optimal problem of average age of information (AAoI) in grant-free massive access, and propose an age-critical frameless ALOHA (ACFA) random access protocol, where the AAoI is implicitly reduced by banning the transmission of activated user equipments (UEs) recovered successfully in the last frame. In particular, we analyze the dense and sparse access models according to the activation probability, and present these scenarios with time-stamped sampling either at the beginning of the frame or in the first slot transmitting the packet. In order to qualify the AAoI of proposed protocol, we define two virtual rates and establish an iterative framework to analyze the access successful probability (ASP) of the protocol in asymptotic regime, and derive the closed-form expressions of AAoI as a function of ASP and virtual rate in all cases. Further, we formulate the optimal problems of normalized AAoI in all cases, and obtain the selection of access parameters by asymptotic analysis and simulations, respectively. Finally, we compare our protocol with state-of-the-art schemes, and the simulation results show that the ACFA random access protocol outperforms these benchmark schemes, and has great potential of access-banned policy in minimizing AAoI for frame-based protocols.

Graphite fluorides (CFx) have been commercially applied in primary lithium batteries for decades with high specific capacity and low self-discharge rate, but the electrode reaction of CF with Li+is basically irreversible compared to that of transition metal fluorides (MFx, M = Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, etc.). In this work, rechargeable CFx-based cathodes are fabricated by introducing transition metals, which reduces the Rctof the CFxelectrode during the primary discharge process and participates in the re-conversion process of LiF under high voltage, which generates MFx(confirmed by ex situ X-ray diffraction measurements) for subsequent Li+storage. A CF-Cu (F/Cu = 2/1 by mol) electrode, for example, delivers a primary capacity as high as 898 mAh g(CF0.56)–1(∼2.35 V vs Li/Li+) and a reversible capacity of 383 mAh g(CF0.56)–1(∼3.35 V vs Li/Li+) in the second cycle. Furthermore, excessive transition metal decomposition during the charge process is harmful to electrode structure stability. Methods such as building a compact counter electrolyte interface (CEI) and obstructing the electron transport of transition metal atoms will contribute to finite and local transition metal oxidation that benefits cathode reversibility.

Only recently have more specific circuit-probing techniques become available to inform previous reports implicating the rodent hippocampus in orexigenic appetitive processing1–4. This function has been reported to be mediated at least in part by lateral hypothalamic inputs, including those involving orexigenic lateral hypothalamic neuropeptides, such as melanin-concentrating hormone5,6. This circuit, however, remains elusive in humans. Here we combine tractography, intracranial electrophysiology, cortico-subcortical evoked potentials, and brain-clearing 3D histology to identify an orexigenic circuit involving the lateral hypothalamus and converging in a hippocampal subregion. We found that low-frequency power is modulated by sweet-fat food cues, and this modulation was specific to the dorsolateral hippocampus. Structural and functional analyses of this circuit in a human cohort exhibiting dysregulated eating behaviour revealed connectivity that was inversely related to body mass index. Collectively, this multimodal approach describes an orexigenic subnetwork within the human hippocampus implicated in obesity and related eating disorders.

High-voltage aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) with a high-safety near-neutral electrolyte is of great significance for practical sustainable application; however, they suffer from anode and electrode/electrolyte interfacial incompatibility. Herein, a conversion-type anode chemistry with a low anodic potential, which is guided by the Gibbs free energy change of conversion reaction, was designed for high-voltage near-neutral AZIBs. A reversible conversion reaction between ZnC2O4·2H2O particles and three-dimensional Zn metal networks well-matched in CH3COOLi-based electrolyte was revealed. This mechanism can be universally validated in the battery systems with sodium or iodine ions. More importantly, a cathodic crowded micellar electrolyte with a water confinement effect was proposed in which lies the core for the stability and reversibility of the cathode under an operating platform voltage beyond 2.0 V, obtaining a capacity retention of 95% after 100 cycles. Remarkably, the scientific and technological challenges from the coin cell to Ah-scale battery, sluggish kinetics of the solid-solid electrode reaction, capacity excitation under high loading of active material, and preparation complexities associated with large-area quasi-solid electrolytes, were explored, successfully achieving an 88% capacity retention under high loading of more than 20 mg cm−2and particularly a practical 1.1 Ah-level pouch cell. This work provides a path for designing low-cost, eco-friendly and high-voltage aqueous batteries.This paper proposes the conversion-type anode chemistry and interfacial compatibility to design Ah-level near-neutral high-voltage zinc ion batteries.

This paper presents an attempt on deconvoluting diffusion-control current (id) and surface-control current (is) from total current in a galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) test. Using this strategy, the pseudocapacitive behavior of nanosized Ce-CoO dispersed on graphene support was studied in detail. The results show that idis greatly affected by operating potential and occupies some proportion of the total pseudocapacitive current. The main functions of Ce in the composite material include promoting the proportion of isor inhibiting idand finally stimulating a specific capacitance (Cs) value increased from 192 to 726 F g–1. The Bode curve in the low-frequency region also proves that Ce can promote the performance of pseudocapacitance.

A graphdiyne (gdy) and gold nanoparticles (aunps) nanocomposite was formed with aunps growing on the surface and between the layers of gdy, which was used as the sensing interface on carbon ionic liquid electrode (cile) to detect 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-hydrocoumarin (7–6-hdc) that isolated from the noni juice. The GDY-Au nanocomposite was characterized by different spectroscopic techniques, which exhibited corrugated and folded morphology with large specific surface area. The GDY-Au nanocomposite modified electrode displayed excellent performance which is attributed to the highly conductive nanocomposite, where gdy structure with defects could immobilize more aunps to decrease the electron transfer resistance. In addition, the reaction mechanism of 7–6-hdc at GDY-Au surface was deduced based on the electrochemical kinetics investigations. Combined with density functional theory calculation, it was verified that the active site of 7–6-hdc and the presence of aunps enhanced the electrocatalytic capacity of GDY-Au nanocomposite. Under optimal conditions, the modified electrode displayed a wider linear range from 10.0 nm to 1.0 mm for 7–6-hdc analysis with a detection limit of 3.22 nm (3s0/s). This work provides a promising material to realize accurate analysis for 7–6-hdc, and the discovered sensing mechanism provides method guidance for the exploration of other novel electrochemical sensors.

Background: By using bimetal nanocomposite modified electrode, the electrochemical DNA biosensor showed the advantages of high sensitivity, low cost, rapid response and convenient operation, which was applied for disease diagnosis, food safety, and biological monitoring. Objective: A nanocomposite consisting of platinum (Pt)-gold (Au) bimetal and two-dimensional graphene (GR) was synthesized by hydrothermal method, which was modified on the surface of carbon ionic liquid electrode and further used for the immobilization of probe ssDNA related to Vibrio parahaemolyticus tlh gene to construct an electrochemical DNA sensor. Method: Potassium ferricyanide was selected as electrochemical indicator, cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical behaviours of different modified electrodes and differential pulse voltammetry was employed to test the analytical performance of this biosensor for the detection of target gene sequence. Results: This electrochemical DNA biosensor could detect the Vibrio parahaemolyticus tlh gene sequence as the linear concentration in the range from 1.0×10-13 mol L-1 to 1.0×10-6 mol L-1 with the detection limit as 2.91×10-14 mol L-1 (3σ). Conclusion: This proposed electrochemical DNA biosensor could be used to identify the special gene sequence with good selectivity, low detection limit and wide detection range.

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Simultaneous alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) measurement is demonstrated with a new fiber sensor that combines fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with giant magnetostrictive materials (GMMs). Deformation of GMMs, proportional to the central wavelength shift of FBGs, is different when applying DC and AC to a solenoid where the whole sensing structure is located. DC introduces a constant deformation while AC causes a periodic variation. Therefore, the central wavelength of FBG has a periodic harmonic variation, which makes it possible to demodulate the values of DC and AC at the same time. In addition, the proposed method has potential significance for reducing temperature cross talk caused by the thermal sensitivity of FBGs. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the AC current can reach up to 0.090576 nm/A in the range of 0 to 1 A, and in different AC environments, the sensitivity of the DC current can reach up to 0.2378 nm/A.

High-performance shale stabilizers are urgently required to address the concerns of wellbore instability when drilling troublesome shale wells. Herein, a novel paraffin wax microemulsion (PM) containing cationic surfactant was prepared and evaluated for shale formations. The shale stability performance of PM was studied using shale pressure penetration test, shale swelling and dispersion test. The shale stabilization mechanism of PM was investigated by surface tension, contact angle, surface free energy, capillary tube rise and SEM tests. The experimental findings showed that the pressure penetration time in shale after treatment with PM was extended from 13 to 107 min. And PM could decrease the shale swelling rate by 41.5%, and increase the recovery rate to 89.4%. PM exhibited better sealing and inhibition properties than that of commonly used shale stabilizers. The mechanism research revealed that the nano-droplets in PM could freely penetrate into shale pores and cracks of different sizes to form an effective sealing membrane. The water contact angle reached 91.4° after treatment with PM and the surface energy was significantly reduced, effectively inhibiting surface hydration. Through decreasing the surface tension and changing the wettability, the capillary force experienced a noticeable decrease with further enhanced inhibition of shale hydration. Therefore, the application of PM for shale stabilization exhibited promising potential, suggesting its possible effective utilization in shale drilling.

In dual-ion batteries, electrolyte solutions must comply with the positive electrodes of anion graphite intercalation compounds. The solutions of LiPF6dissolved into ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) cater to this need. In this paper, the mixtures of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are employed in charge of EMC. The storage of PF6–synergistically solvated by both DMC and DEC in graphite has been identified by in/ex situ XRD measurements and conventional electrochemical tests. An optimized electrochemical performance in the solution of LiPF6–DEC/DMC is achieved if the volume ratio of DEC/DMC equals to 4. The solvation states in the LiPF6–DMC/DEC solutions are characterized by IR spectra analysis.

The electrolyte solutions of 1 M LiBF4dissolved in ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)/sulfone mixtures are applied for dual-ion batteries using graphite positive electrodes. The representative sulfone solvents include sulfolane (SL) and 3-methylsulfolane. Graphite electrodes can deliver higher capacity of anion storage in the solutions of the mixed solvents than those of pure solvents. Traditional electrochemical and in situ X-ray diffraction measurements are performed on Li/graphite cells to probe the anion intercalation process at the interface between graphite electrode and electrolyte solutions. Ionic conductivity, viscosity, and NMR tests are carried out to characterize electrolyte solutions. The effects of ion-pairing between Li+and BF4–and the anion solvations by EMC or sulfones on the anion storage in graphite have been addressed.

Electrolyte solutions of lithium tetrafluoroborate dissolved in sulfolane are applied in dual-ion batteries. A graphite positive electrode in this kind of solutions delivers a reversible anion storage capacity over 80 mAh g-1at potentials over 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. The structures of anion-graphite intercalation compounds are investigated in detail by the combination of in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ Raman spectroscopic measurements.Graphite electrodes are charged to 5.5 V in 1 M LiBF4-SL. During galvanostatic charge-discharge test at 0.05 A g-1, capacity ca. 90 mAh g-1is obtained and plateaus could be ascibed to peaks in the CV curve. The stage during charging process is determined by in situ X-ray diffraction and Raman mearsuments.

LiBF4–ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)-based solutions have not been successfully employed in dual-ion batteries (DIBs) mainly on account of few solvated BF4–intercalations into graphite positive electrodes. In this article, trimethyl phosphate (TMP) is introduced into 1 M LiBF4–EMC solution as the electrolyte solution for DIBs, thus revealing a synergetic effect in which the discharge capacity for the anion storage using 1 M LiBF4–EMC/TMP (8:2 by vol) (ca. 26.7 mA h g–1) is far superior to that for the batteries using 1 M LiBF4–EMC (ca. 2.7 mA h g–1) or 1 M LiBF4–TMP (ca. 1.1 mA h g–1). In this case, the effects of TMP on LiBF4in 1 M LiBF4–EMC/TMP electrolyte solutions are explored by conventional electrochemical tests, ex situ X-ray diffraction, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance.

In organic electrolyte solution, the intercalation of anions into graphite electrode bears enormous influence of the anion solvation. Traditional carbonate solvents inevitably have some shortcomings, therefore multi-solvent electrolyte solutions are more convenient and flexible in solving practical problems, but the anion storage mechanism is hard to be discerned. In this paper, the intercalation of tetrafluoroborate (BF4[?]) anions into graphite electrode from ethylene carbonate (EC)/g-butyrolactone (GBL) binary solutions are studied through several ex situ and in situ electrochemical methods. The electrochemical intercalation process of BF4[?] into graphite electrode from EC/GBL binary solutions is deduced.

Tetraethyl ammonium/triethylmethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborates dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) are the most common non-aqueous electrolyte solutions for supercapacitors using both carbonaceous electrodes. In this work, they are applied in the graphite/activated carbon asymmetric capacitors, in which the charge storage at graphite negative electrode is based on the intercalation of quaternary alkyl ammonium cations. The capacitor containing triethylmethyl ammonium (TEMA+) shows a much higher capacity and superior cycle-ability than that containing tetraethyl ammonium (TEA+). In situ X-ray diffraction and in situ dilatometry are combined to determine the larger recoverable expansion in graphite negative electrodes due to a reversible intercalation of TEMA+. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance verifies the dramatic structural changes stem from the considerable co-intercalation PC molecules together with TEMA+. A benign solvation effect is proposed for facilitating the transportation and storage of TEMA+ inside graphite.

Swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus), a crucial valuable crustacean, is a common factor causing food allergy. However, studies on allergens of P. trituberculatusare scarce. In this study, the sarcoplasmic calcium binding protein (SCP) of P. trituberculatuswas expressed in Escherichia coli, purified with affinity chromatography, and the IgE-binding activity was evaluated through serological analyses. Further, the structure, physicochemical properties, and cross-reactivity were assessed via bioinformatics, immunologic, and spectroscopy techniques. The results indicated that P. trituberculatusSCP was an allergen displaying strong IgE-binding capacity, composed of 60% α-helix. It presented good immunologic and structural stability at 4–70 °C and pH 3–10, and only exhibited high IgG cross-reactivity among crustaceans, without cross-reactivity with other species tested. These results establish the foundations for further studies on SCP and are promising to promote the development of specific crustacean allergen detection and precise allergy diagnosis.

Parvalbumin (PV) is the most common allergen in fish. Some patients with fish allergy are allergic to only one species of fish but are tolerant to others; however, the underlying mechanism has not been identified. This study showed that three types of glycated fishes’ PV showed a similar decrease in immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding. Glycosylation could improve the simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) digestion resistance of fishes’ PV. We also discovered that the cross-reactivity between eel and turbot was weaker than that of bass; glycosylation can reduce cross-reactivity between eel/bass and turbot by downregulating Th2 cytokines and upregulating Th1 cytokines as well as downregulating the expression of G-T PV, G-E PV, G-B PV of IL-4 (94.31 ± 3.16, 73.26 ± 0.91, 94.95 ± 3.03 ng/mL), and IL-13 (38.84 ± 0.75, 33.77 ± 0.71, 36.51 ± 0.50 ng/mL) and upregulating the expression of IFN-γ (318.01 ± 3.46, 387.15 ± 3.30, 318.01 ± 4.21 ng/mL) compared with T PV, respectively. This study showed that glycosylation affected sensitization by regulating the cross-reactivity of parvalbumins.

A new process decomposed calculation method is developed to compare the cycle based charge, discharge, net, and overall energy efficiencies of lithium-ion batteries. Multi-cycle measurements for both constant current (CC) and constant current to constant voltage (CC-CV) charge models have been performed. Unlike most conventional efficiency calculation methods with one mean open-circuit voltage (OCV) curve, two OCV curves are calculated separately for the charge and discharge processes. These two OCV curves help to clarify the intra-cycle charge, discharge, net, and overall energy efficiencies. The relationships of efficiencies versus state of charge, state of quantity, and scaled stresses are demonstrated. Efficiency degradation patterns versus cycle numbers and scaled stresses are also illustrated with the artificial neural network (ANN) prediction method. The decaying ratios of the overall efficiencies are about 2% and 0.3% in the first 30 cycles, for CC and CC-CV, respectively. Hence, efficiencies of the CC-CV model are more stable compared with the CC model, which are shown by both experimental and ANN prediction results.

PF6 [?] intercalated graphite compounds have found promising applications in dual-ion batteries. However, the anion storage mechanisms of graphite positive electrode in different organic solvents have not been well understood yet, especially in the mixed solvents. In this report, PF6 [?] storage behavior in graphite electrode in 1 M LiPF6-GBL/EMC solutions is studied by conventional electrochemical tests like galvano-static charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry at first. Then the combined electrochemical in situ characterizations including both in situ X-ray diffraction and electrochemical quartz crystal balance on graphite electrodes are carried out to trace their changes of crystal structure and mass during the anion storage. It is discovered that with EMC addition in the solutions, EMC rather than GBL will preferentially solvate with PF6 [?] anion as the intercalant species. Moreover, ionic conductivity values and NMR spectra of the solutions were measured to investigate the interactions between ions and solvents inside, and are correlated with the performance of graphite electrode.

PF6−intercalated graphite compounds have found promising applications in dual-ion batteries. However, the anion storage mechanisms of graphite positive electrode in different organic solvents have not been well understood yet, especially in the mixed solvents. In this report, PF6−storage behavior in graphite electrode in 1 M LiPF6-GBL/EMC solutions is studied by conventional electrochemical tests like galvano-static charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry at first. Then the combined electrochemical in situ characterizations including both in situ X-ray diffraction and electrochemical quartz crystal balance on graphite electrodes are carried out to trace their changes of crystal structure and mass during the anion storage. It is discovered that with EMC addition in the solutions, EMC rather than GBL will preferentially solvate with PF6−anion as the intercalant species. Moreover, ionic conductivity values and NMR spectra of the solutions were measured to investigate the interactions between ions and solvents inside, and are correlated with the performance of graphite electrode.

Autonomous vehicle is a kind of typical complex artificial intelligence system. In current research of autonomous driving, the most widely adopted technique is to use a basic framework of serial information processing and computations, which consists of four modules: perception, planning, decision-making, and control. However, this framework based on data-driven computing performs low computational efficiency, poor environmental understanding and self-learning ability. A neglected problem has long been how to understand and process environmental perception data from the sensors referring to the cognitive psychology level of the human driving process. The key to solving this problem is to construct a computing model with selective attention and self-learning ability for autonomous driving, which is supposed to possess the mechanism of memorizing, inferring and experiential updating, enabling it to cope with traffic scenarios with high noise, dynamic, and randomness. In addition, for the process of understanding traffic scenes, the efficiency of event-related mechanism is more significant than single-attribute scenario perception data. Therefore, an effective self-driving method should not be confined to the traditional computing framework of ‘perception, planning, decision-making, and control’. It is necessary to explore a basic computing framework that conforms to human driver’s attention, reasoning, learning, and decision-making mechanism with regard to traffic scenarios and build an autonomous system inspired by biological intelligence. In this article, we review the basic methods and main progress in current data-driven autonomous driving technologies, deeply analyze the limitations and major problems faced by related algorithms. Then, combined with authors’ research, this study discusses how to implement a basic cognitive computing framework of self-driving with selective attention and an event-driven mechanism from the basic viewpoint of cognitive science. It further describes how to use multi-sensor and graph data with semantic information (such as traffic maps and a spatial correlation of events) to realize the associative representations of objects and drivable areas, as well as the intuitive reasoning method applied to understanding the situations in different traffic scenarios. The computing framework of autonomous driving based on a selective attention mechanism and intuitive reasoning discussed in this study can adapt to a more complex, open, and dynamic traffic environment.

In organic electrolyte solution, the intercalation of anions into graphite electrode bears enormous influence of the anion solvation. Traditional carbonate solvents inevitably have some shortcomings, therefore multi-solvent electrolyte solutions are more convenient and flexible in solving practical problems, but the anion storage mechanism is hard to be discerned. In this paper, the intercalation of tetrafluoroborate (BF4−) anions into graphite electrode from ethylene carbonate (EC)/γ-butyrolactone (GBL) binary solutions are studied through several ex situ and in situ electrochemical methods. The electrochemical intercalation process of BF4−into graphite electrode from EC/GBL binary solutions is deduced.

Tetraethyl ammonium/triethylmethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborates dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) are the most common non-aqueous electrolyte solutions for supercapacitors using both carbonaceous electrodes. In this work, they are applied in the graphite/activated carbon asymmetric capacitors, in which the charge storage at graphite negative electrode is based on the intercalation of quaternary alkyl ammonium cations. The capacitor containing triethylmethyl ammonium (TEMA+) shows a much higher capacity and superior cycle-ability than that containing tetraethyl ammonium (TEA+). In situ X-ray diffraction and in situ dilatometry are combined to determine the larger recoverable expansion in graphite negative electrodes due to a reversible intercalation of TEMA+. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance verifies the dramatic structural changes stem from the considerable co-intercalation PC molecules together with TEMA+. A benign solvation effect is proposed for facilitating the transportation and storage of TEMA+inside graphite.

Abstract0n October 29–31, 2001, the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research in Taipei hosted a workshop on Neutron and X-ray Scattering Applications to Biological and Industrial Problems, under the honorary chairmanship of Sow-Hsin Chen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The context was that Taiwan is in the process of building the TRR-I1 research reactor (unperturbed thermal neutron flux of 2.7 × 1014 n cm-2s-I) on the site of the existing TRR reactor, and that the new facility will feature a liquid-hydrogen cold neutron source, a guide hall, and have space for up to sixteen neutron instruments. The initial suite of four instruments will comprise SANS, reflectometry, high-resolution powder diffraction and 3-axis spectroscopy.