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This paper explores the possible gender gap among contemporary artists in important career-related outcomes: representation by prestigious galleries, access to museum exhibitions, and selection for museum collections. Using a sample of 959 artists, created by random sampling from a catalog of represented artists and merged with public data on demographic, socioeconomic, and educational backgrounds, we conduct a quantitative analysis on differences in artist outcomes by gender and education. We find that female artists have lower rates of gallery representation and museum exhibitions and collections, regardless of education. While having a Master of Fine Arts from highly ranked art schools results in better outcomes, the gender gap exists across educational quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional intelligence (EI) stands as a crucial factor in promoting mental well-being, and the malleability of intelligence opens avenues for diverse educational interventions. This paper delves into the transformative potential of expressive arts in augmenting EI among higher education students. The study focused on the social work department of a college in Kerala, India, where 164 students were randomly selected from the total departmental enrollment. Among these, 122 actively engaged in expressive arts, while 42 did not participate in such activities. To gauge EI levels, the study employed Schutt's Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test, comparing scores between students engaged in expressive arts and those who were not. The statistical analysis utilized an independent sample t-test, revealing a significant difference in EI measures between the two groups. These findings underscore the impactful role of expressive arts in cultivating emotional intelligence. Based on these outcomes, this paper advocates for the integration of expressive arts into higher education curricula. Such inclusion is proposed not only to foster elevated emotional intelligence but also to fortify students' mental health and enhance academic performance. The study suggests that incorporating expressive arts can contribute substantially to the holistic development of students in higher education settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered significant shifts in labor markets worldwide, notably an increase in remote work even as restrictions have eased. This rise in telework has led employers to reconsider its viability and feasibility compared to pre-pandemic norms. However, this sudden transition, coupled with gaps in social policies, has disproportionately impacted existing issues such as gender disparities and labor market inequalities. To explore these dynamics, qualitative interviews were conducted with fifteen Portuguese experts specializing in labor and gender issues, alongside fifteen women who experienced a sudden shift from office-based work to remote work. The study examined how this abrupt change affected women's work processes and contributed to the growing trend of feminization of telework, where more women opt for remote work to balance paid and unpaid responsibilities like household and childcare duties. Data analysis was conducted using MaxQD software. This paper fills a research gap by focusing on female employment, a topic often overlooked in existing literature that predominantly covers general employment trends. The findings shed light on the increasing participation of women in remote work in Portugal, underscoring its negative impact on efforts to create a fairer and more inclusive labor market. Moreover, the study highlights how female telecommuters in Portugal often struggle with blurred boundaries between work and personal life. The findings underscore the need for transformative policies that prioritize positive discrimination in favor of female teleworkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on exploring whether mentoring programs for women can speed the process of bridging the gender gap. Several measures have been taken in the past to ensure that gender equality in the workplace and society is practiced at the grass-roots level. However, the problems encountered during such an exercise may be compounded by the women's own attitudes towards their place in the social hierarchy and their potential as well as their assessment of other women. This paper, based on a literature review, explores the prevailing attitude of women towards other women and their right to employment. When few women finally climb up to leadership positions, they face the problem of a double bind, a struggle between ambition and gender stereotypes. Research from India addressing women's attitude towards work, and the grass-root issues that prevent growth opportunities for them have been gathered and analysed to understand if mentoring is required as an intervention. This paper explores if mentoring might be a necessary intervention to narrow the gender gap, and whether attitude-building among women is key to ensuring equal representation of women in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of gender inequity in STEM-related has been an ongoing problem for many years. Researchers have conducted many studies to determine why the gender gap still occurs in industry and in STEM based academic programs and have proposed many theories on how to fix this problem. Based on the previous research, there was little data found that speaks to the issue of wording used to attract females to STEM programs and courses. In this paper, we seek to determine why the gender gap still occurs in academic programs and courses by investigating Gender Word Preference for Academic Programs and Gender Word Preference for Academic Courses. The research included a survey collecting age and gender demographic data, and a series of questions asking about information technology-related programs and courses, focusing on the wording of the program, course titles and asking participants for their opinions and preferences regarding the wording selection. There was a total of 23 questions on the survey. Based on the research conducted, it is believed naming convention of courses and programs can also influence which genders it attracts. These results help to contribute to a greater understanding of the importance of knowing if females will be attracted to technology related fields and academic programs through courses and program descriptions and naming and helping to close the gender gap in STEM fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hospitality industry faces a gender gap in leadership. Further research is needed to explore if gender stereotypes emerge naturally in applicant materials, like resumes and cover letters. This paper examines the use of agentic and communal language in men and women's self-descriptions in applicant materials, as well as differences in agentic and communal language in descriptions of successful leaders in the industry. Across Studies 1–3, women used more communal language than men in self-descriptions in applicant materials, though differences in agentic language did not emerge. Study 4 found that agentic characteristics were strongly associated with leadership in respondent descriptions of successful leaders in the industry. These findings suggest that gender stereotypes in selection contexts can be attributed to women using more communal language in applicant materials and highlight the need to assess potentially biased selection processes in the hospitality industry. • Women used different language than men in applicant materials. • Women used more communal language than men. • Masculine characteristics were strongly associated with leadership. • Results highlight the need to assess potentially biased selection processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of financial inclusion and digital technology on economic growth. We also investigate the possibility of using digital technology to improve financial inclusion overall and bridge the financial inclusion gender gap. Through dynamic panel data estimation for 84 countries from 2011 to 2017, we find evidence that digital technology would complement the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth through increased usage of financial services as well as bridging the financial inclusion and gender gap. The empirical results are robust to the inclusion of various control variables and changes in specification. [Display omitted] • Effects of financial inclusion and digital technology on economic growth. • Digital technology improves financial inclusion overall and bridges the financial inclusion gender gap. • Dynamic panel data estimation for 84 countries from 2011 to 2017. • Digital technology complements the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of financial inclusion and digital technology on economic growth. We also investigate the possibility of using digital technology to improve financial inclusion overall and bridge the financial inclusion gender gap. Through dynamic panel data estimation for 84 countries from 2011 to 2017, we find evidence that digital technology would complement the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth through increased usage of financial services as well as bridging the financial inclusion and gender gap. The empirical results are robust to the inclusion of various control variables and changes in specification. [Display omitted] • Effects of financial inclusion and digital technology on economic growth. • Digital technology improves financial inclusion overall and bridges the financial inclusion gender gap. • Dynamic panel data estimation for 84 countries from 2011 to 2017. • Digital technology complements the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of occupational resources (field of occupation, socio-economic status, and income) in the odds of having a highly educated partner, having a partner with lower education, and staying single. The analysis of the EUSILC 2013 data demonstrate that women with better jobs and higher incomes have higher odds of living in a homogamous union with a highly educated partner. The data also show that if high resource women do not live with highly educated men, they are less likely to marry down compared to women with fewer resources and are more likely to stay single. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that women working in female-dominated professions are more likely to marry down and that the effect of the field cannot be explained by fewer personal resources. We also tested the idea that the link between individual resources and living arrangements is moderated by the female employment rate. We demonstrate that women are more likely to partner down in countries with higher female labor force participation. However, this tendency does not hold for high-income women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender disparity is present in many research fields including in Library and Information Science (LIS). This paper studied gender disparity among Indian LIS professionals and measure the intellectual output 20 years. The study reviewed 1,195 publications in the LIS field from 1999 to 2018, determining the gender of the first author. An analysis of the publication list determined the yearly contributions of male and female authors, together with the average distributions, yearly citation rates and other metrics, by gender. Across the whole study period, publications first-authored by men outnumbered those by women. Similarly, overall contributions by men were higher than by women. BM Gupta and M Tripathi were the most prolific male and female authors, respectively. "India" was the most common keyword used by both first author genders. "Bibliometrics", "Digital Library", "Scientometrics", "Academic Libraries", "E-resources" and "web 2.0" were the core research areas of both men and women. When journals were divided into national and international scope, articles by men outnumbered those by women on both levels. However, 65% of the articles published by women were in international journals, compared to 58% of the articles published by men (59% overall), suggesting that the quality of work produced by women was comparable to or higher than the quality of work published by men. Consequently, gender parity in Indian LIS publications may be some way off. As such, further research is required to highlight and mitigate the issues experienced by women in academia in order to increase productivity in the LIS field in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes gender differences regarding the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the likelihood of job loss, differentiating between employment transitions towards unemployment, inactivity and furlough schemes, and the role that teleworking may have had as a protector of job loss in Spain. Based on more than 1,800 types of jobs defined by occupation and economic activity combinations, we propose an Evidence-Based Teleworking Index that considers the intensity of telework use in a given type of job, but also reflects the actual ability of firms to adapt to telework. Using multinomial probit models with sample selection, we found that more women than men suffered job loss during the pandemic. The findings also confirm that the ability to telework has acted as a potential cushion against employment losses, but the effect has been mainly driven by males. The shielding effects of telework have been especially relevant in reducing transitions from employment to furlough schemes, while the power of telework to protect against inactivity and unemployment seems to be much more modest, even during the pandemic. • The COVID-19 confinements provoked more intense job losses among female workers. • Telework has acted as a cushion against employment losses, but the effect has been mainly driven by males. • The shielding effects of telework have been especially relevant in reducing transitions to furlough schemes. • The power of telework to protect against inactivity and unemployment has been much more modest. • An evidence-based approach considers the teleworkability of tasks but also the actual ability of firms to adapt to telework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether local financial development could reduce the constraints for women to promote economic growth is an important question that has been paid little attention. In this paper, we use data of more than 40,000 firms collected in Vietnam from 2009 to 2013 to examine the effects of local financial development, male ownership and the joint effect of these factors on firm growth. To address endogeneity issues which might arise by the causality from firm growth to local financial development, we employ the heteroscedasticity-based identification strategy. The results show that local financial development promotes firm performance in terms of the growth rates of sales, investment, sales per worker, return on investment (ROI), return on assets (ROA), and return on equity (ROE). The results also suggest the difference in entrepreneurs' gender affects firm growth. Moreover, the joint effect of local financial development and male ownership is significantly negative through all specifications. This implies that local financial development could help reduce the gender gap in promoting firm growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years Saudi Arabia has been engulfed by a widespread gender gap, discrimination and inequality; however, the new era has ushered a paradigm shift that has beckoned a rising women's empowerment process. Today, Saudi women are better educated, more well-informed, and more financially independent as a result of a plethora of changes. Furthermore, their presence in various public spheres and social media is highly visible today. The government's recent reforms have undisputedly catalyzed their foray into the workforce; however, effective integration is still a significant challenge. Nevertheless, Saudi women have consistently shown grit toward their employment and career amidst various challenges such as limiting culture, deeply embedded traditions, and related obstacles. This paper discusses the emerging trends, issues of the gender gap, the impact of policy imperatives and future research implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender gap in European labour markets presents different patterns across countries and years. In the late decades, the participation of men decreased, while the participation of women increased. The recent global crisis had a different impact on the employment of men and women that is reflected by a narrower gender gap. The paper aims to analyse the variation of employment gap in EU and to identify the factors with significant influence. The data used in the paper concern the time span 2003-2012. The methods applied in the study of gender gap variation under the influence of influence factors are the analysis of variance and the fixed effects model. The results of the study prove that, after the crisis, the gender gap in employment in EU shows some convergence, though there is important variation among regions and by education levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is worldwide concern about the presence of factors that affect the performance of students in the computer science/engineering (CS) education process. Gender, socioeconomic and institutional factors may create gaps that affect not only the quality of education but also the entire society. This paper examines the influence of these factors on the performance of two tests used in Colombia for assessing the quality of education: The SABER-11, applied to senior high-school students, and SABER-PRO, applied to senior CS students (N = 2,964). We used effect size to compare mean difference by gender, and correlation and multiple regression analysis to examine the influence of socioeconomic and institutional factors, and the results of the SABER-11 on SABER-PRO. The results suggest the existence of moderate gender differences, favouring men. at the high-school level; however, when compared to the undergraduate level, we found evidence of significant gaps in all evaluated topics and of men performing better than women do. Results also suggest the existence of gaps associated with income, parental education, and the nature and quality of the university and the academic program where the student studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys three studies on the internal labor market of one Russian firm spanning the years 1997 to 2002 and focusing on three different issues. The studies use unique personnel data that were collected by us and that include the work history of each employee as well as annual averages of monthly wages and total compensation. Since the three studies are part of a larger project on internal labor markets in Russia and Ukraine during transition, the paper starts off with a general assessment of how the analysis of personnel data from transition countries can contribute to the general literature on internal labor markets. After short descriptions of the investigated firm and the personnel data at our disposal, the motivation and the pertinent results of the three studies are presented. While the first study looks at the question how the costs of a financial crisis are spread over the workforce and whether incumbent employees are sheltered from negative shocks in the economy, the second study is tied to the discussion of wage determination in Russia and analyzes the narrower question whether local labor market conditions are an important factor in the wage determination process of the firm at hand or whether stable internal labor market structures are of primary concern for its human resource managers. The third study contributes to the literature on the labor market experience of women in transition by analyzing the evolution and the determinants of the gender earnings gap in the firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the extent to which a gender gap exists in the citation rates of management researchers. Based on a cross-sectional sample of 26,783 publications and 65,436 authorships, we illuminate possible differences in women’s and men’s average citation impact per paper, adjusting for covariation attributable to geographical setting, institutional reputation, self-citations, collaborative patterns and journal prestige. We find a marginal difference in citation impact in favor of women management scholars. Women are also slightly more likely than men to author articles among the top-10% most cited in their field. Yet given the sensitivity of our results to uncertainties in the data, these variations should not be overgeneralized. In the large picture, differences in citation rates appear to be a negligible factor in the reproduction of gender inequalities in management research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Normal University is the property of Beijing Normal University, Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Migrant records are a reliable option for the estimation of female heights. • Male heights experienced stagnation between 1840 and 1880 and increased later. • Female heights showed a steady improvement during the whole period. • The gender gap decreased between 1840 and 1880 to later stagnate. • The reduction of the gender gap coincides with the modernization of Spain. This paper examines the evolution of the statures of Spanish male and female migrants who entered Mexico between the mid-nineteenth and the mid-twentieth century. Using the information contained in the National Registry of Foreigners created by the Mexican government, the paper also estimates the evolution of the gap between male and female migrants' heights. The inclusion of women and their heights in the registry allows the estimation of both male and female heights and the analysis of their evolution for a group of comparable individuals. The results show that Spanish migrants to Mexico grew taller between 1840 and 1930, and also reveal their character as a highly qualified group, with heights similar to those of the Latin-American elites and considerably higher than the statures of those who remained in Spain. In the long term, the differences between men and women decreased from more than 10 cm in the cohorts born in the mid-nineteenth century, to around 8–9 centimetres in the early twentieth century, coinciding with a period of profound economic and social transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the gender gap in accessing financial resources through crowdfunding by developing a novel construct for social capital, latent network capital. We provide original empirical evidence based on 985 projects hosted on Kiva, a platform reaching 3.7 million borrowers, 81 % of them women, assessing how the interplay between latent network capital and the gender of a project proposer affects the amount of funds raised. To this aim, we develop the notion of a latent network whereby two projects are linked if they share a funder, as they both benefit from the visibility of the funder, signalling confidence in them. We capture a project's latent network capital through the project's centrality within this latent network, finding that the latent network capital elasticity of the amount of funds raised, while remaining positive, is lower for women-led projects than for male-led ones extending any pre-existing projects' gender gap. • We study the gender gap in accessing financial resources through crowdfunding. • We develop a novel construct for social capital, latent network capital. • We provide original empirical evidence based on 985 projects hosted on Kiva. • We capture a project's latent network capital via the project's network centrality. • Latent network capital increases funds raised less for women than male-led projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to study the trends and pattern of household expenditure on education of children, the extent of gender inequality in educational expenditure and the underlying reasons for such gender differences. The study is based on about 1000 sample households drawn from the rural and urban areas of Tamil Nadu. It is observed that there is gender parity at the level of primary education, but pro-male bias exists in secondary and higher education across all economic classes, social groups and regions. Poverty, caste inequalities, illiteracy, and woeful employment status of parents and gender identity of the household head intensifies the problem of gender discrimination. Further, gender differentiated ideologies and socialization processes that transcend all economic classes and social groups explain why even in economically well-off families, girls lag behind boys in access to education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kadın/Woman 2000 is the property of Kadin/Woman 2000 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Young women, and not young men, acquire the privileged diplomas offered by the educational system, and it is they who obtain the more promising career prospects. In this paper, we seek to identify factors that account for the declining school performance of boys and young men. After reviewing and analysing the international literature on gender and education, we integrate various explanatory approaches into a comprehensive socialisation model. The model focuses on the developmental tasks young men face during adolescence. Our central thesis is that the declining school performance of young men cannot be fully explained by their failure to cope with the developmental task ‘qualification’. Rather, the three other central clusters of developmental tasks – ‘social attachment’, ‘regeneration’, and ‘participation’ – have to be incorporated. The crucial implication is that supporting young men at school will show only limited results. Rather, to improve the school performance of young men, it is also necessary to address their deficits in coping with the other developmental tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Sociología is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals primarily with the division of household labour in the family from the gender perspective. Although the concept of the working woman is not at all new, the growing participation of women in a paid work and their increased professional realization has not been accompanied by a more egalitarian division of household work in families. This is the situation which can be described as a gender gap in the private sphere. Household work continues to be structurally as well as symbolically tied up with the woman. On the other hand we can witness some technological processes that lead to the do-qualification of household work and feelings of meaninglessness of housework for women. Conventional identities (homemaker, breadwinner) may be challenged but cultural notions of masculinity and femininity run deep. The paper further investigates husbands' and wives' perception of fairness of the domestic division of labour as well as micro- and macro-level factors that influence the division of housework. In the final part two perspectives dealing with the position and role of fathers in families are analysed - the perspective of role inadequacy and the developmental perspective. It is stressed that the developmental perspective is more appropriate for researching changes in' men's family roles. Changes in men's behaviour by stressing what father more involved in activities around children gains in comparison with stressing what he sacrifices makes the developmental perspective more advantageous over other perspectives in solving the, problem of low activity of men in childcare. In the conclusion we ask whether it is useful at all to aspire for the more equal distribution of household labour in the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]