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This article focuses on the identification of paper cutting knives and paper cutters. Of the numerous problems confronting a large laboratory there will always be certain cases that are highlighted by their interesting background and importance. Paper is cut and trimmed commercially by large guillotine type machines, in which a manual or automatic clamp descends to compress the paper and hold it firm while a long hollow ground blade is brought down at great pressure through the stack of paper. The stroke of the knife has a sideway motion as it descends. Depending upon the type of shear stroke, single or double, the edge of the blade will be either parallel to the table top or higher on one end when it starts through a stack. A rocking motion close to the end of the stroke in a double shear action will bring the blade parallel to the table. This type of shear is more like a pair of scissors. A machine of this sort lends itself to the final process of printing where many duplicate copies of a single design are printed on a single sheet of paper, and many of these sheets piled together can be separated simultaneously. The manner of handling, storing, and mounting the knife may also be a factor in placing defects in the blade. Care must be taken to protect the edge at all times or the quality of the cutting will be lessened and the possibility of identification increased.

The evidence illustrating a fluid ink line was made after a tear, perforation or cut edge in the paper is usually distinctive. If examined carefully and with an open mind, it is very unlikely to be misinterpreted or to be mistaken for evidence of a change in an ink line resulting from some other cause. Since evidence is usually much more distinct showing an ink line was made after a tear or cut edge in paper as compared to a fold in paper, the basis for one to conclude an ink was written before a tear or cut edge (as compared with a fold in paper) in most instances is stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the utilization of paper electrophoresis method in the identification of writing inks. Identification of liquid writing inks by paper chromatography marks the most important step in the field of ink identification in recent times. With relatively simple means, most inks can be differentiated and much can be ascertained rapidly regarding their composition. The dyes become visible individually, and with ultraviolet light and chemical testing, invisible constituents can be located on the paper. Chromatography depends primarily though not entirely on slight solubility differences and resulting partition ratios between different solvents. Paper electrophoresis depends on an entirely different principle. Materials which are ionic or can be rendered ionic by adjustment of the environment will move in an electric field toward the electrode of opposite sign. The velocity of movement will be determined by the size of the ionic particle and its charge. When the material is placed on a piece of paper and subjected to an electric field the paper serves only as a support, and one which minimizes convection currents. Diffusion will still occur as in chromatography. A number of ionic species will migrate in a particular ionic field at different rates, thereby being separated from each other and eventually establishing a separate zone for every ionic zone for every ionic species that has a unique mobility.

The article presents information on examination of papers in questioned documents. The tests used in the scientific examination of questioned documents are many and varied. One examination may concern a specimen of typewriting and the determination of the make and model and perhaps the year of manufacture of the typewriter. The tests used to establish this involve the precise measurement of the shape and size of the letters, and their comparison with known standards. The problem may involve deciding whether two samples of handwriting were made by the same person. One of the most important matters is that involving the establishment of the difference or identity of two or more samples of paper stock. Tests were performed with the Herzberg and the Lofton Merritt stains. Small samples were cut out for this experiment. This would not necessarily be required as the procedure can readily be modified to be used as a spot test on the original sheet. This technique proves to be quite valuable as a corroborating demonstration that specimens of paper from questioned documents are either similar or dissimilar.

The article presents information about the development of latent fingerprints on paper. The development of latent fingerprints on paper is very difficult. Since the possibility of obtaining one or more fingerprints on paper objects in actual case work is determined by many factors, it is never easy to determine accurately the length of time after handling that identifiable fingerprints may be secured. Occasionally, on questioned documents or other paper materials, fingerprints are left which can be clearly seen and require no treatment for the purpose of any analytical study. The perspiratory secretion, which arises from the sweat glands of the skin and continuously deposited through the pores onto the friction ridges of the hands, contains 98% or more water with minute quantities or traces of sodium and potassium chlorides, lactic acid, albumin, glucose, urea, fatty acids, phosphates, carbonates, sulphates, creatine and creatinine. This secretion, along with a small quantity of sebum, which is picked up by contact of the hands with hair-producing skin, forms the somewhat transient, latent image from which a clearly visible pattern is to be derived.

This article explores the uses of paper chromatography in the field of forensic chemistry. Paper chromatography since its rediscovery in 1944, has been applied in every branch of chemistry for the separation, purification, and identification of a great range of compounds. The number of subjects and materials that fall within its sphere of influence increases daily. The method offers a rapid means of comparison and in many cases an identification, on a few micrograms of material and is obviously a very powerful tool in the hands of the forensic chemist. The method offers a ready separation and comparison of similar compounds on a microgram scale. Consequently in the case of toxicological specimens, traces of drugs and their metabolites are easily separated from one another and from such impurities as fat and normal body breakdown products. The mechanics whereby the solvent is caused to flow over the paper are largely governed by personal choice coupled with a desire to obtain maximum resolution of the spots. The solvent can flow vertically, ascending or descending, or horizontally. Sufficient is it to say that no more than the paper, the solvent and some type of container are required.

This article discusses the application of paper chromatography in the analysis of narcotics in the Far East Criminal Investigation Laboratory (FECIL). The principle of chromatography is based on the adsorption affinities of several substances, in a common solution, showing different degrees of activity to the same adsorbent. In this technique an aqueous solution of the substance is applied to a strip of filter paper. The end of the filter paper is immersed in an organic solvent which is absorbed by capillary action of the filter paper. When the solvent reaches the applied material, the substance begins to migrate at a rate which differs from that of the solvent and varies with the nature of the material. At the end of a specified period of time or when the solvent has reached a predetermined level, the filter paper is withdrawn from the solvent. Examination of suspected narcotics in the FECIL involves the determination of the presence of a narcotic, if a narcotic is present, identification of the specific narcotic, if the quantity of the sample is sufficient, quantitative analysis of narcotic and identification of any adulterants present in significant quantities. The key to the identification of an unknown by chromatography is the Rf value of that substance, the Rf being the ratio of the height of migration of the unknown to the height of migration of the solvent.

This article discusses a study which examined the application of the density gradient tube method to the identification of cloth and paper ash. The use of comparison gradient tubes, each of which contains one of the samples being compared, requires that the gradients be established so as to be as nearly identical as possible. This necessitates that each of the various liquid levels be added to heights which are very precisely identical. This is made difficult by drainage of liquid from the walls after adjusting each meniscus. Also, the addition of each of the liquid increments to each tube by pipet is slow and causes inhalation of vapors which is disagreeable and possibly detrimental to health. In the study, the samples were not weighed as has been customary with soil and other heterogeneous samples. An alternative which was essentially as satisfactory and much more rapid was to construct a small scoop which could be loaded quite reproducibly. Into each gradient tube was placed one scoopful of tube sample, thus approximating a uniform volume rather than a uniform weight of the various samples. It was found quite simple to reproduce the appearance of duplicate samples of the same ash, while the differences between different ashes was in no way affected.

The article presents a study concerning the "parts" of cut-paper art products in an attempt to know the influence of teacher motivation and non-motivation on its overall aesthetic quality in art education. In relation, the definition of terms, population, and the experiment's procedure are presented. The study shows that the amount of overall aesthetic quality judged in the "parts" had much influence on the overall aesthetic quality in the final art product. It suggests that all complex relationships should be carefully defined and explored to understand the relation among the creator, the creative process, and the final art product.

This article investigates the comparison of ink writing on documents by means of paper chromatography. The examiner of questioned documents is frequently faced with a problem involving ink. Ink identification has many facets, and the problems which arise may have many forms which may require different approaches to a solution. Among document examiners it is generally understood that ink is usually a multicomponent mixture possibly containing a permanent factor such as iron gallotannate or carbon and one or more dyes to give desired color effects. In modern inks, the variety of colors or dyes which may appear in a particular ink is sometimes surprising especially with washable and permanent blacks. In the examination of questioned documents it is often necessary to investigate the properties of the ink used in the writings on the document. One of the purposes of such investigations is to determine whether or not two writings were made with similar or different inks. Chemical methods of analysis differentiate the inks into types depending upon the presence or absence of metallic salts, reaction with acids, bases, and oxidizing and reducing agents. These methods seldom differentiate between two inks of the same type; therefore, unless the tested inks are of different types or differ in their metallic contents, the results are often inconclusive. Chemical methods have the disadvantage of being difficult to demonstrate in court and of exposing the document to the risk of accidental damage from chemical reagents.

This article discusses pitfalls in the use of ultraviolet examinations to differentiate between writing papers. Examination under ultraviolet radiation has been recognized for some years as a means of differentiating between writing papers made of different kinds of fibers. Investigation into this problem was prompted by questions raised at the 1948 mooting of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners. A major portion of this annual mooting was devoted to the discussion and investigation of writing paper identification problems. The sessions were held in Appleton, Wisconsin, where members of the Society and key personnel on the staff of the Institute of Paper Chemistry conducted a joint seminar on methods of paper identification. The Society members also made a special inspection tour of two writing paper mills in that city. Before the writing paper is shipped from the mill it may be cut into large sheets and packaged into ream units. The wide rolls which are taken off the paper machine are generally cut into narrower widths in a rewinding process before sheeting.

In this article the author presents his comments on Ann Lally and Bruce Preston's paper on anti-positivist movement. Lally and Preston see contemporary sociology as dominated by positivism. They support the "anti-positivist movements", particularly the phenomenological sociologies and advocate a tolerance for theoretical pluralism. They refer to a time when advocates of subjective meaning of social reality models were given short shrift, and quite often, instant ostracism. The topic of cumulativeness appears rather ambiguously in Lally and Preston's paper. Cumulativeness is the very high road of Positivism, leading Science out of the circles of theology and metaphysics, into its endless linear progress. But in spite of these positivist connections Lally and Preston seem to regard it as desirable in sociology. They refer to sociology's poor record in accumulating knowledge and they blame sociological positivists for the lack of cumulation. It is believed that, like any positive science philosophy will demand the contributions of a large number of scholars, all animated by the same purpose and all employing the same phenomenological method.

The article discusses the papers of labour journalist Henry Boote which are held in the Australian National Library and the Mitchell Library of New South Wales. A selection of newspaper clippings, photographs, and letters are discussed. It notes that some of the letters touch on political issues including conscription as well as personal correspondence. Drafts of speeches on security, socialism, and war are also discussed. The article includes biographical information concerning Boote's career as a journalist.

The article presents information on the ethics associated with the handling of personal papers. The author discusses this topic in light of the work of historical societies in the collection and preservation of papers. He notes that at the Iowa Historical, Memorial and Art Department the organization handles material as accurately as the owner intended it to be used. Under some conditions this involves returning artifacts to their original location. The author discusses the legal obligations that the curator of Iowa's public archives adheres to as well as how the state handles the private manuscript collections they receive. The author discusses how several specific collections were handled by the state.

Discusses the importance of Congressman E. Y. Berry's papers and contribution to recent South Dakota history. The Berry Papers reveal the 99 percent of the congressman that lies submerged beneath the 'pro forma' biographical sketch. The collection represents a very complete set of congressional materials. The E. Y. Berry Educational and Historical Foundation was established to further educational objectives in the social sciences. 5 illus.

This article deals with the comparison of writing inks by paper chromatography. The chromatographic method of analysis is especially applicable to dye-base inks. Comparisons are further facilitated by the frequent occurrence of several dyes in a single ink. Two inks in a liquid form can be readily compared by chromatography using only distilled water and filter paper. This may be accomplished as follows: A droplet of a known sample A and a droplet of an unknown sample B are diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1 to 20, using separate crystallizing dishes. One end of a strip of Whatman #1 filter paper about 10 cm long and 6 mm wide is dipped in each of the dilutions. After the dilutions rise approximately one-fourth the length of the paper, the strips are withdrawn. If comparisons of the two chromatograms reveal bands of different color and elementary ingredients, the two inks are obviously dissimilar in composition. To establish the identity or diversity of two inks in dried form, simply place a minute droplet of water in a pipette or a platinum wire micro-loop of .4 mg. capacity, directly on a written stroke of each document, preferably where there is a generous deposit of ink. As soon as dissolution takes place, generally within two minutes, take up this residue with a narrow strip of Whatman #1 filter paper about 1 mm wide and 6 mm long, holding it obliquely on the area being treated for the time necessary to absorb the entire droplet. Then proceed with the second phase of the treatment mentioned under liquid inks, except that the time allowed must be restricted, due to the use of the smaller strips. Where the chromatograms of the two inks match, their identity can be further established by preparing a third chromatogram.

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The article discusses the personal papers, especially the military correspondence, of British Commanders in Chief in North America from 1754 to 1783, or, from the French-Indian War until the end of the American Revolution. Some of the British Generals considered include Major Generals Jeffrey Amherst, Thomas Gage, and Sir William Howe. The author discusses the archival collections in which the papers pertaining to the command of British troops in North American reside.

This article discusses issues related to identification of scissors by traces left on paper during criminal investigation. It is commonplace knowledge, and almost obvious, that a pair of scissors must leave revealing traces of identification on a piece of paper, whenever the scissors show denticulations in the cutting edge. It is perhaps relevant to mention that, although the facts observed in the examination of the cuts made with the scissors in question were of no help in the final result, the case in question was completely solved through the medicolegal investigation of the laboratory. As a matter of fact, he had deposited in the post office an envelope from which the bank notes had been abstracted and replaced them with the equivalent weight and volume in strips of paper. In the course of the investigation, it was a great surprise to me to observe how little information the literature of criminology has to offer on the subject of sections made by means of a pair of scissors. Consequently, here are the results of the research and examination which were conducted in this case.

The article presents a paper by Iowa state representative Charles Aldrich concerning the murders and expedition to Spirit Lake, Iowa in 1857. The paper discusses the massacre by the Sioux Indians and also mentions the memoirs of the only survivor, Abbie Gardner Sharp. Members of the Spirit Lake settlement mentioned in the paper include William L. Church, Drusilla Swanger, and Willie Thomas. The paper details several Sioux raids on the settlement and explains how the settlers defended themselves.