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The article discusses a collection of papers from former U.S. presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren in the possession of the U.S. Library of Congress. Jackson's papers had been turned over to former U.S. postmaster general Amos Kendall. Both collections include correspondence from Jackson and Van Buren. The author comments that the papers dispel suggestions that Jackson was uneducated despite some grammatical errors in his writings. A document listing elements favored by Jackson for his administration, including a cabinet and a strong attorney general, is noted. Letters between Jackson and Van Buren regarding the opening of trade with the West Indies are discussed.

The article discusses the papers that were published in the "American Journal of Mental Deficiency" related to social problems dealing with the mentally deficient. The papers contain articles that reviewed the following: practical state program for the care of the mentally deficient, program of control of the mentally deficient, mental hygiene, family care for mental patients, and study of group of subnormal girls successfully adjusted in industry and the community.

The article offers information on the collections of the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan related to U.S. military history. A list is provided of archival materials along with brief descriptions of their historical value. Historical documents discussed include official correspondence from New York governor George Clinton, a diary from lieutenant Jehu Hay, a statistical record of the Continental Army under the command of general George Washington, and the papers and correspondence of British general Thomas Gage.

The article presents an in-depth analysis of the archives of the Brown family, collected at the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. In it the business activities of the family from the 18th to 20th centuries are charted. Comments are given highlighting the historical value of the papers, citing their remarkable comprehensiveness for such a long period. Issues addressed within the collection include records of business conditions and transactions during the Revolutionary War, the transitions in international business networks after the war, and the family's Western frontier land speculation ventures during the 19th-century.

Facets of human behavior deserve the serious consideration of man more than the re-evaluation of our moral codes and the development of a sound, functional, ethical orientation regarding sex. Because human beings have sex impulses, society has found it necessary to order and regulate sex activities and relations, and therefore every cultural group has established some set of rules and patterns to which its members were expected to conform. Some of the traditional attitudes and beliefs about sex have focused upon the negative view that sex was unclean--something to be denied and rejected. The church and state took upon themselves the responsibility of establishing regulations and attempted to enforce adherence to these regulations in order to preserve the values of the society or group. The double standard in premarital sexual intercourse has been increasingly questioned and criticized in modern United States. There are those who believe in and observe a single standard of chastity, and an apparently increasing number who are accepting premarital coitus for both male and female.

The article presents letters and correspondence related to the biography and career of U.S. legislator Aaron Burr and includes an introduction that discusses management of the archival collection by Burr's adviser Matthew L. Davis.

The article focuses on the resolution, submitted by the North American Assembly of State Arts Agencies, regarding arts and education in the U.S. The resolution aims to create a better learning environment for students and to support the teachers working toward better educational quality in American schools. The North American Assembly believes that arts are fundamental in American public education to encourage an open society and that they give way to the acceptance of cultural democracy. In addition, the committee considers an open teaching method in schools as a way to nurture students' capacities.

The article comments on the paper related to social development in the Philippines. The author of the paper had neglected the vast body of European and American study of and in both Western and non-Western societies. Even though it is justifiable that conceptualization and methodology must be developed in relation to the particular "time-space characteristics" of the research situation, it not justifiable to adopt some as yet undeveloped and essentially unknown "new" theory. The author of the paper had discarded too lightly the enormous experience of "Western" social scientists in observation and interpretive analysis of socio-cultural patterns ranging from the most "scared" to the most nearly "secular." The use of scientific experience remains the most powerful intellectual guide which man has yet devised. The de-emphasis of "quantitativism" in favor of field and problem-oriented study is vitally necessary. The author of the paper easy slip into the concretistic error of assuming that the historical peculiarities of Philippine societal development require unique interpretive tools.

The article shares the author's thoughts on the review of the papers presented to the Association of Mental Deficiency in the U.S. in the past ten years. He relates that it has seemed best to present abstracts of the papers without adding special comments. He expresses his gratitude to the librarian, Hazel Catlin, for helping him prepare the abstracts.

This section presents abstracts of research papers presented at the 1963 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology.

This article reports that the members and friends of the American Society of Criminology desiring to present scholarly papers at the 1964 annual meeting of the Society in Montreal, Canada should let their intentions be known no later than May 15, 1964.

A conference paper about the meaning and usefulness of history as a primary element of the educational program is presented. It examines the moral purposes of the study of history. Subjects of the paper also include how the experience of the past influences public policy, the relationship between American identity and revolution, and Puritanism.

A conference paper about early American lithography is presented. It explains how the man who produced the first lithograph in the U.S. was Bass Otis from Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The lithograph appeared in "Analectic Magazine" for July 1819 and depicted a mill scene. other lithographers discussed in the paper include Barnet & Doolittle, Henry Stone, and J.B. Martin.

A conference paper is presented about the commerce of Boston, Massachusetts during the time leading up to the American Revolution. It discusses the source material provided by the Massachusetts Historical Society. It examines tables of annual average clearances and provides a broad view of the total movement of sea-borne commerce. The paper also analyzes imports, the exportation of enumerated colonial products, and the direct trade between Boston and Great Britain.

A conference paper about Concord, Massachusetts is presented. The author talks about several locations he visited within the town, including the farm of Major Simon Willard and the house of Reverend Peter Buckley. Subjects of the paper also include the first settlers in Concord, the organizing of a Christian Church, and the civil interests of the settlers.

This article examines the problems related to innovation in undergraduate sociology courses in the U.S. Clearly, every sociology department attracts students who differ in significant ways from those at other institutions. Some departments serve a rural group while others deal with urban students almost exclusively. What is surprising is that the students' orientations toward the course are not linked to differences in background characteristics such as social class and rural-urban residence, but instead seem to reflect the process of socialization going on after arriving on campus as found by the research of Hugh P. Witt of the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. Research on large mass classes at Purdue University by Charlene Knuckman and Reese McGee raises further questions about the learning context for students of introductory courses in sociology. Their study is designed to assess the innovations in the large lecture-discussion classes that provide individual student papers, extensive face-to-face tutorial sessions with teaching assistants and forms of student evaluation. A major innovation is to discard the conventional testing system of exams and term papers in favor of a system of evaluation based on brief weekly and biweekly papers.

The article presents abstracts of research papers discussed at the fifteenth annual meeting of The American Society of Criminology in Washington D.C. on December 27 and 28, 1958. In the Psychiatry and the M'Naghten rule, the proposed American Law Institute model code are examined. It is perceived that the M'Naghten Rule of today is essentially a literal restatement of the 13th Century dictum of Bracton. In the present criminal law of insanity the authors discover that in its language reminders of the lag which marks the distance between mid-20th Century reality and the conceptions of Bracton and Hale. At the meeting, the American Law Institute submitted a substitute for M'Naghten. First, a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law. And second, the terms mental disease or defect do not include an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise anti-social conduct. Another paper is The Dilemma of America Gambling: A Sociological Analysis. Unlike excessive drinking, drug addiction, or sex demoralization, gambling produces no directly deteriorating effects upon the human organism or the social group. Its danger lies in the fact that it interferes with the normal assumption of responsibility which organized society compels. Second, gambling, as any other form of widely accepted and extensively practiced, although tabooed form of social behavior, may become a social problem because of its intimate association with unscrupulous and lawless elements. Despite public strictures against it, particularly in the U.S., gambling in its various institutionalized forms, has become a significant element in modern recreational life.

This article talks about the sufficiency of warrants under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The liberal protection of personal privacy under the Fourth Amendment again appears to have the support of a majority of the members of the U.S. Supreme Court. One case, Giordenello v. United States, concerns one of the most basic elements of the Fourth Amendment, and that is the element of probable cause in arrest, search, and seizure. The Fourth Amendment reads that the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. In the Giordenello case an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation obtained an arrest warrant for Giordenello, The warrant was based on the sworn complaint of the agent, probable cause. On January 27, 1956 the agent arrested the Giordenello as he emerged from a residence. At the time of the arrest the agent made an incidental search of Giordenello which resulted in the seizure of a brown paper bag containing heroin. Giordenello challenged the sufficiency of the warrant, asserting that its issuance lacked the requirement of probable cause.

This article explores the defects as points of identification of checkwriters in the U.S. The machine was developed to protect the amount line on checks and bank drafts from forgers who added a numeral and a few letters in an attempt to raise a handwritten check from a small amount to a large sum. One group of defects that appear on checkwriters and can be used as points of identification occur during the manufacturing of the product. They may be left in the type face during the forging or casting process. To identify the checkwriter, one would study the type, the platen, and the payee perforation. The inking mechanism also comes into consideration in an examination. The ink may cake or mix with lint to fill in the type. Wear of moving or operating parts may leave some identifiable points, such as the name die or prefix not sliding next to the amount, when on a machine constructed for such a movement. To obtain standards for comparison use blank check paper when possible or make the impression on the amount line of a check. Standards taken on check paper render ideal conditions when photographed with the questioned checks. In making standards, all characters on the machine should be utilized as well as the amount in question.

This article presents updates on meetings and events related to family living and marriage at universities and associations in the U.S. as of May 1946. At the two sessions of the American Sociological Society, papers presented were devoted to the topic of family. The first, on the Family and the War, chairman, Ray E. Baber, discussed papers by Mildred Fairchild on Compilation of Data Regarding American Women at Work and at Home in World War II, by Leonard Bloom on Familial Adjustments of Japanese-Americans to Relocation, and by John F. Cuber on A Study of the Adjustmental Problems of Returning Service Men and Their Spouses. The Association for Childhood Education, on the other hand, held a restricted 1946 Annual Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 1946, limited to approximately eight hundred people. In addition, the Child Study Association of America held its Annual Conference on March 4, 1946.

This article presents brief discussions and notes over various legal issues which are obtained from several recent law-related publications. In a recent note, published in the August 1947 issue of the journal "Newslet," legal expert William J. Goode has discussed a new approach to the divorce problem. Arguing that the time has come in this period of increasing divorce rates to regard the situation of many couples more realistically, Goode has suggested that the right place to stop divorce is before marriage, and it must be granted that incompatible matings will undoubtedly increase for some time, bringing with them the rise in divorce rates. The change the author emphasizes is chiefly in the attitude of the counselor who has to decide on the basis of the individual situation. In his recently released paper, researcher Eldon A. Bond has discussed the issue related to public school administration and the influence of offender over it. A recently conducted survey indicated, in common with similar surveys in other U.S. states, that enormous expansion was needed for the education and care of mentally, socially and physically handicapped children. Some other research papers and commentaries, presented here, deal with: issues concerning mentally defective prison inmates; laws related to probation and parole merger; salary structure in probation and parole fields; and parental responsibility for sex offenders.

The article focuses on recent papers related to criminal justice administration in the U.S. An important paper by Brien McMahon, Assistant Attorney General of the U.S., appeared in the June 1937 issue of the News Bulletin of the Osborne Association. The topic of the paper was crime prevention. The paper's introduction and conclusion were very interesting. Sanford Bates, director of the Federal Prisons, recently resigned from his position to engage in preventive work. There is something futile about a criminal law enforcement program which overlooks the necessity of crime prevention. There is something futile about the construction of prison walls to confine men who might have been saved in the first instance. At the 60th Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association, held in Kansas City, Missouri, from September 27-October 1, 1973, the Section of Criminal Law met three times on September 28, 1973. At the morning session Professor Fred E. Inbau of Northwestern University's Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory demonstrated the work of that organization.

The article examines sociologist Talcott Parsons' political sociology by focusing exclusively on "voting." First, "voting" is one of Parsons' rare attempts to relate his theory of social systems to a set of empirical findings and interpretations dealing with contemporary political processes in the United States. Second, a careful perusal of the paper provides enough information from which to illustrate Parsons' general orientation to the study of politics. Third, the paper illuminates the value implications of Parsons' position on such important problems as political stability and change, power, conflict and consensus, leadership, citizenship, and democracy. Fourth, Parsons' later writings in this area tend to support and further elaborate the perspective developed in "voting." For these reasons, "voting" is representative of the bulk of Parsons' work in political sociology. The paper affords a useful inroad toward understanding Parsons' conception of politics in particular and, owing to his pervasive influence, pluralist theory in general.

Abstracts of papers on disadvantaged groups are presented, including the paper "Economics and Noneconomics of Poverty: A Clinical Economist in Rural Poverty," by William H. Cooper, "The Disadvantaged and Lower Class Adolescent,' by E.V. Kohrs and "Research on Psychosocial Adjustment of Indian Youth," by Harry L. Saslow.

The article presents information on papers on the U.S. law reform by jurists of California, Justice Sloss, of the Supreme Court and Judge Lawlor, of the Superior Court. The defects of present procedure and the remedies, discussed in the papers, deserve the thoughtful consideration of the bench and bar. Justice Sloss admits that there is much force in the criticism that the entire scheme of procedure is too cumbersome and inadequate and that improvement may and should be had. In the second place, he says, the objection that the law in its present condition gives the accused too great an advantage as against the state is well founded. In the third place, the delays with which prosecutions are disposed of is an evil the seriousness of which cannot be over-estimated. Both he and Judge Lawlor dwell upon the evil practice of reversing convictions justly obtained, upon errors which do not affect the merits of issues. Where there has been a painstaking and laborious trial of the facts before a court and a jury, says Justice Sloss, and the result has been the establishment of guilt, the entire proceeding has been reduced to a futility if the judgment is reversed upon some ground which has no direct relation to the ultimate question of guilt or innocence.

The article presents the proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society held October 16, 1929 in Worcester, Massachusetts. The article presents information on the members that were in attendance, lists the order in which papers were delivered and lists the individuals who were nominated for various positions within the society. Topics of papers given include the Popham Expedition of 1607, early forms of worship in America and the slave trade.

A conference paper is presented about the history of American college textbooks and teaching in logic, ethics, psychology, and similar subjects. It cites Josiah Quincy, who wrote "The History of Harvard University." It discusses the transition from a logical period in collegiate history to an emotional one. The impact on academia of minister George Whitefield is also discussed.

A conference paper is presented concerning Edmund Burke, political theorist and agent of New York. It discusses Burke's study "An Account of the European Settlements in America." Burke's first speech in the British Parliament on January 27, 1766 is also discussed. Several quotes from Burke are provided.

A conference paper is presented concerning social distinctions before the American Revolution at Harvard University in Massachusetts and Yale University in Connecticut. It discusses how graduates from both universities were cataloged to indicate the rank of their respective fathers or families. It discusses how this was the custom in England, where the founders of the schools were from. It lists several names which occur frequently in the catalogs, such as Winthrop.

The article discusses documents regarding U.S. history contained in the British Public Record Office. The author discusses the consolidation of several record storage offices as well as the British State Paper Office and notes the creation of the British Record Repository. He comments on his efforts to assist American diplomat George Bancroft in his research on U.S. history and describes historical documents related to U.S. in the Public Record Office, including colonial charters, papers from the British Board of Trade and correspondence with British secretaries of state in America. The chronological ordering of the records and the inaccuracy of some documents written by former British secretary of state Joseph Williamson are discussed.

A conference paper comparing the governments in the U.S. and Canada is presented. It discusses the desire the U.S. had to become allies with Canada during the War of Independence. It talks about the physical characteristics of the U.S. and Canadian border and how these promote an alliance. The author explains why an alliance with Canada is essential for the U.S.

The article discusses several research papers related to occupational therapy for mentally retarded in the U.S. The research papers that were presented are from well-known occupational therapists. One of the therapists suggested the importance of media, techniques and modalities in the practice of occupational therapy with the mentally retarded.

This article focuses on the Joint Commission which has been the sole recipient of funds, appropriated by the U.S. Congress under provisions of the Correctional Rehabilitation Study Act of 1965, in order to provide for an objective, thorough and nationwide analysis and evaluation of the extent and means of resolving the critical shortage of qualified manpower in the field of correctional rehabilitation. To carry out this congressional mandate, the Commission has conducted extensive national surveys, sponsored a series of study seminars, commissioned a number of consultants' papers and special research projects and has kept its 95 member organizations appraised of its study findings so as to prepare these groups for the strategic roles they can play in implementing the Commission's final recommendations. The Commission has compiled the most comprehensive data ever as correctional manpower, training and educational resources presently available to corrections. In addition to search and study activities, the Commission adopted a policy of issuing survey reports,consultants' papers and seminar reports as they were completed.

The article presents a course outline for different subjects in the seventh and eighth grade classes in the schools of the U.S. In History classes, students will have literary presentations on the history of England during the Norman Conquest emphasizing on the events concerning the advancement of the interest of the people. In Oral Reading, students will recite Act IV of King John, Ivanhoe and a poem about the death of the son of Henry. In handwork, students will draw illustrative scenes in a drawing paper, blackboard and on a crayon paper and will draw plans of a castle. In French, the students will discuss about the lighter comedies of "Moliø."In Geography, students will review geography relative to history. In Music classes, students will discuss songs such as "The Violet."

The article discusses the class activity which aims to develop a knowledge of history and oratorical writing. In this activity, each member was ordered to select the topic on which she thought she could write best and present it to the whole class for criticism. Then the paper is to undergo some revision, and embody their substance in language adapted to public speaking in the simplest way comprehensible to the children. One of the papers presented tackled about the Emancipation Proclamation. Abraham Lincoln's childhood experiences, the hardship and poverty he had encountered all the way to being the president of the U.S. has been well-explained. Though the original was somewhat obscure considering the syntax, it was presented in a manner leveled to the knowledge of the children.

The article presents a paper which was read at a meeting of Alpha of Indiana, a chapter of the Alpha Kappa Delta fraternity in the U.S. The paper focuses on the inseparable connection of the lasting prosperity of the Americans with the foreign policy, international relations and political strategy in the country. The economy's future is dependent with the policies of politics rather than the work of inventors and businessmen and bankers' activities. However, political strategy dominates business dependence and the utilization of technology is more on vote-getting than producing goods and promote human well being.

This article presents abstracts and papers related to police science, published in previous issues. One of the papers "Failure to Take Federal Prisoners Before Commissioner for Preliminary Hearing Nullifies any Confession Obtained During Period of Unreasonable Delay." Until the recent United States Supreme Court decision in Upshaw v. United States, 69 S. Gt. 170, there was considerable uncertainty as to the full effect upon the admissibility of confessions in federal cases of a failure on the part of federal officers to take arrested persons without unreasonable delay before the nearest available committing magistrate. The language the Supreme Court used in the earlier case of McNabh v. United States, 318 U.S. 332, which laid down the so-called civilized standards rule for federal criminal interrogators, seemed to indicate, or at least was so interpreted by a number of lower federal courts, that whenever federal officers failed to comply with a statutory mandate regarding early arraignment, any confession obtained by them was inadmissible in evidence.

The article presents an outline of the proceedings of the semi-annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society held at the Club of Odd Volumes in Boston, Massachusetts on April 16, 1941. A list of presiding members is included. The results of elections for society offices are described. The papers presented at the meeting are also listed, including "The Brown Papers: The Record of a Rhode Island Business Family," "Declension in a Bible Commonwealth," and "The Reverend Robert Jenney."

This paper considers the acculturation concept in the relationship of religious bodies in the U.S. to the larger society. Over 11 million more people express a religious preference than are found in the membership statistics of the religious bodies and the distribution of this category is not proportional among the several groups. In each case more Americans preferred one of the particular denominations than the denominations counted in their membership. The Presbyterian denomination is at one extreme with over 164 people claiming a preference for every 100 whom the denomination actually claimed as members. One may infer that the exchange between the Presbyterian group and the larger culture has been both extensive and favorable. The exchange between the Jewish group and the larger culture has been either minimal, neutralizing or unfavorable. Elements of socio-economic status, length of significant U.S. history, ethnic heritage, race, and others can be considered as contributing to the distribution. But without further research the data presented support the conclusion that significant differences exist in the interpretation that Americans place on the relationship of the several religious denominations to the larger culture.

This paper attempts to outline the development of sociologist Albion Woodbury Small's sociological theory, a development which had its roots in the benevolent idealism of the last century and reached its peak in the scientific objectivism which A.W. Small has bequeathed to the present generation. The interdependence of the sociological and the social reform movements has received sufficient recognition to be considered a fact. More than one pioneer in sociology has traced his career to a sympathetic insight into the melioristic literature and activities of the last century. Not that the founders of sociology started out invariably as reformers. Small's career at any rate is not a case in point. Small's attitude was essentially that of a scholar; and his efforts were focused not upon meliorative work as such but on the possibility of building up a science basic to social reform. Accordingly, Small sought inspiration alike in the social movements of the eighties and in the theories of the English economists and the continental social scientists. As the scope of his interests widened, he included also the several types of sociology afloat in Europe and the United States at the time.

The article focuses on the military career of U.S. Army Major General Fred C. Ainsworth. As a result of legislation by U.S. Congress in 1879 to create military pensions for U.S. Civil War veterans, the War Department faced challenges with organizing the flow of paperwork generated by pension claims. In 1886, Ainsworth was appointed to the Record and Pensions Division of the War Department and he promptly reorganized the system for processing pension requests. After ridding his department of its chronic backlog, he organized military records to preserve information which had been deteriorating due to the use of inferior paper. In 1889, he helped create a military archival system for U.S. military records which included muster rolls dating to the U.S. Revolution. Ainsworth retired in 1912.