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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a non-regulatory agency within the United States Commerce Department's Technology Administration. NIST's mission is, "to develop and promote measurements, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life". NIST Laboratories conduct research in a variety of physical and engineering sciences that promotes the nation's technology infrastructure. The Information Services Division (ISD) is a tri-part information services organization within NIST's Technology Services that includes the Research Library, the Electronic Information and Publications Group, and the Museum and History Program. This paper centers on the NIST publications program and knowledge management efforts in the publications area. An overview of NIST research focuses on NIST as a producer of standards and measurement related data and information. Included is a description of NIST's major publications and database vehicles and web based information. NIST publication distribution channels and how these channels contribute to open access to science and technology literature and specifically NIST information are discussed. In particular, the paper explains how the integrated efforts of ISD's Knowledge Management functions (Research Library, the Publications Group, and the Museum and History Program) combined with ISD initiatives provide full text and open access to NIST publications. Included is a look at the standards employed to assure high-quality bibliographic information and accessible, compliant, permanent, secure electronic access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through in-depth interviews and observations, I have begun to explore the meanings and implications of female coming-of-age rituals for the lives and experiences of the immigrant individuals, families, and communities who celebrate them in the United States. In particular, I ask: What can Filipino American debutantes and Mexican American quinceañeras tell us about the individuals, families, and communities who organize and participate in them? And, what can studying quinceañeras and debutantes reveal about how actors can transform ?culture?? This paper-in-progress explores how debutantes and quinceañeras are sites for the production of multiple and intersecting identities, including gender, race and ethnicity, class, and age, and can therefore help us better understand immigrants, the fastest growing proportion of the US population; as well as the processes by which by which we are shaped into gendered, racialized, socioeconomic, and national beings; and/ or how we might be able to change the conditions that disadvantage certain beings over others. Preliminary findings discussed include debutantes and quinceañeras as immigrant strategies for trying to survive and transcend ?multiple liminalities,? and experiences of limited economic and social mobility. Also discussed is the hypothesis that quinceañeras and debutantes are methods of culturally socializing younger generations, especially young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of sorted paper is a concern especially of paper plants producing graphic papers. In Germany sorted recovered waste paper is an integral raw material, also for high-grade paper products. According to the graphic paper industry's requirements, the amount of impurities in deinking materials that includes small size papers (<140 mm) and non-paper materials should not be more than 1 %. Moreover, the accepted moisture content of deinking materials should not be higher than 15 %. In order to enhance the usability of waste paper, sorting processes have to be further improved. The project "SortOptAP" (increase value of waste paper sorting by an adaptive control of sorting units) targets the development of a method for increased revenue of waste paper sorting through online evaluation of the input material and an adaptive process control. To achieve this approach, particle size distribution and moisture content of samples in relation with screening sieves performance are important factors of influence. At the early stages of the project, initial results regarding the particle size distribution and the moisture content of waste paper from private households have been determined. The initial result from sample's particle size distribution shows that 10 % were below 140 mm and can be considered impurities. The moisture content was determined to be between 8 - 10 % in different size ranges and no correlation of moisture content and particle size was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various types of organizations are theorized as engaging in "development" work, some of which are intragovernmental, governmental, corporate, and nongovernmental. Organizations classified as nongovernmental are the most ambiguous; authors conceptualize different types of organizations into varying categories of analysis. The process of categorization of nongovernmental organizations by social scientists is important because it influences authors' conclusions about organizations' activities, values, and "impacts." Therefore, this paper is focused on providing an analysis of how social scientists conceptualize and measure all types of organizations that are not categorized as governmental or corporate, including nongovernmental organizations, nonprofits, social movement organizations, civil society organizations, volunteer associations, and others. The analysis effectively provides a summary of the literature that can then be efficiently critiqued in light of the growing importance of nongovernmental organization in world society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular images of neoliberal globalization have imagined unimpeded "flows" of people from country to country in the face of disappearing nation-states. As such, transit and stepwise theories of multi-stage migration processes have reproduced neoliberal economic and restrictionist political assumptions in applied and European research. This paper looks at the factors driving migration processes using in-depth personal interviews, legal case files, and human rights reports on five (Afghan, Ethiopian, Uzbek, Palestinian, Ivorian) refugees at the Eastern borders of Europe. I investigate dimensions that influence migration decisions and aspirations: time, law, intention, identity, and resources. This research finds that duration spent in a destination, changes in plans, varying national and ethnic identity, laws and state practices, and personal resources influence decisions to migrate onwards to secondary destinations. The argument largely develops theories of migration processes, as well expands research using immigrant life histories and explores the changing politics of refugee migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts related to the conference papers of the organization the Association of Outdoor Recreation and Education (AORE) including development of international students, finding the career path, and becoming professional and expert mountain guide.

Segmented assimilation theory proposes immigrant children and children of immigrants must retain collectivistic orientations to their family and co-ethnic community to be buffered from downward assimilation. This framework assumes children migrate as members of an intact family unit and that individualism threatens adaptation and socioeconomic mobility, as it impedes community collectivism. My research prompts a re-examination of segmented assimilation by investigating the social adaptation of unauthorized Guatemalan Maya youth who arrive to the US as unaccompanied minors to work while their families remain in the country of origin. Youth struggle with poverty, fear of discrimination, and social isolation as they live and work in the US and maintain collectivist orientations to their families from afar. Based on ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews with unauthorized Guatemalan Maya youngadult participants of a Los Angeles support group, this study suggests that although they lack the traditional supportive institutions of family and school, alternative resources for adaptation exist. I find that participation in psychotherapeutic culture equips youth growing up without parents or supportive social institutions with the rhetoric and behaviors of self-responsibility necessary for emotional, psychological, and financial stability, and aspirations for socioeconomic mobility. As youth become expressive individuals, their social commitments are not severed but move from the transnational family to the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive amount of information is available on the web in form of Research paper publications. Extracting Header information like Conference Name, Title, Authors, Affiliation, Email, Keywords and Abstract can be very useful in performing data mining tasks like finding research trends in particular research area or finding collaboration done among different research groups or universities. Existing Header Parser tools identified by Yao et.,al.[1] includes GROBID, ParsCit, Mendeley, HeaderParserService, PDFSSA4MET, PDFMEAT, Zotero and PaperPile. Tools using Machine Learning Algorithms include GROBID, ParsCit, Header Parser Service and Mendeley. Now the problem faced here is that no single tool gives 100% results against all sample research papers. One tool outperforms other in identifying individual elements. For this reason one cannot rely on single tool for all elements extraction. In this paper, we are proposing a hybrid method for the extraction of header information from the papers using GROBID, ParsCit and Mendeley. Results of these tools are merged to achieve accurate header extraction. This proposed method has been applied on 75 sample research papers and the overall accuracy of 95.97% is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper products are the single biggest component of the municipal solid waste stream, making up 38.1 percent of the material landfilled in the United States and growing in other regions of the world. Effective paper recycling efforts can help conserve natural resources, preserve biological diversity, and reduce the requirement for landfill space. Although recycled paper cannot completely replace paper made from new wood pulp, reducing the consumption of trees has other environmental benefits. Relatively large volumes of solid waste are generated during paper production. They consist mainly of paper rejects and sludge which originates from different mechanical, chemical and biological effluent treatments and from de-inking processes. Furthermore paper recycling provides beneficial economic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an inexpensive method of fabricating paper based microfluidic devices, a new point of care technology. The method uses a solid ink printer, chromatography paper and a heating source. The printer deposits wax onto the surface of the paper which is then melted to allow the wax to penetrate the depth of the paper. This results in hydrophobic barriers capable of guiding fluid movement through the paper. The paper provides a detailed study of process parameters critical to this fabrication process. It discusses the selection of the optimum line width, melting temperature and melting time required to generate impermeable hydrophobic barriers. It was found that line widths play a predominant role in the development of effective wax barriers, more so than other fabrication parameters. A comparison between the melting effectiveness of a hot plate and an oven is also given. To test barrier effectiveness, square chambers were printed and flooded with coloured dye. It was found that barriers narrower then 300µm do not form impermeable hydrophobic barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptualization of health literacy has moved beyond the doctor's office to include a wide range of everyday activities that require understanding and responding to various forms of health information. Much of this occurs in a social environment, where people are likely to involve others in understanding health information and making health decisions. The resources available through one's social connections, or social network, appear to play a role in how health literacy is enacted. However, the assumption of current definitions of health literacy and much of literature in this area is that health literacy exists solely at the level of individuals, not social relations. This paper proposes a network theory of health literacy by demonstrating a theoretical relationship between social capital available through one's social network and health literacy, and suggests that a prerequisite of advanced health literacy is an awareness of one's social network and resources it contains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The democratic potential of social media to integrate diverse sectors of the population has triggered utopian predictions about its use as a channel to foster new spheres for political expression. This paper aims to assess its implementation by examining whether the types of discussions that citizens maintain in two social media channels managed by the White House - Facebook and Youtube - meetthe necessary conditions for deliberative democracy. For this purpose 7, 230 messages posted by Facebook and Youtube users were assessed by democratic indicators such as politeness, civility, argumentation, and deliberation standards derived from the work of Habermas. Results showed that conversational coherence, anonymity, role of participants, interactivity, content of messages and other variables recognized by previous research in online deliberation influence users' participation, especially inYoutube where participants use more impolite messages to express their ideas. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotions are often assumed to be the heart of media entertainment. Relatively little is known, though, about the development of entertainment experience over the life span. This paper reviews the research literature on age differences in entertainment needs and gratifications within the theoretical context of emotional life span development and presents a study designed to extend existing findings. Specific attention is given to the differential roles of gratifications sought and gratifications obtained. On the level of gratifications sought, young adults reported greater interest in thrill and poignant experiences, whereas older adults were more interested in thought-provoking entertainment experiences. However, ratings of film scenes showed that the same types of gratifications obtained predicted positive scene evaluations independent of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study posits that Badiou's (2007) count-as-one is a theoretical construct that can advance the clarity with which counting is understood in the rhetorical situation. Cox (1981) introduced the concept of the counting rule as a decision making process of exigence evaluation. I argue that Badiou's (2007) explanation of counting procedures and his identification of the one as a fictive effect reorients the role of counting in the rhetorical situation from a decision making mechanism to a meaning making mechanism. To demonstrate the utility of the count-as-one in rhetorical analysis, this paper discusses F. Max Müller's series Sacred Books of the East (1879) as an example of a situation in which counting procedures organized terminology, provided a structure for a research method, and contributed to imperial interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformations in the information environment-namely, the explosion in the number of media outlets, the blurring of entertainment and news, the proliferation of opinionated news, and the resulting increase in selectivity in media consumption-highlight shortcomings in empirical research that fail to account for endogeneity in media selectivity and content preference while focusing disproportionately on news. Reconceptualizing preferential media consumption as the product of media behavior, media preference, and predispositional factors, this paper uses panel data to examine the effects of "media selectivity" on political knowledge, learning, and misinformation. Although media selectivity had no effect on levels of political misinformation, likeminded news negatively affected political learning and overall knowledge. Among subpopulations of respondents who consumed more opinionated news during the election, both likeminded and cross-cutting news exposure increased knowledge. These findings suggest that active selection of news, rather than opinionated news itself, exerts the most powerful effect on media consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the research project 'IGNIS -- Income Generation and Climate Protection by valorising municipal solid wastes in a sustainable way in emerging mega-cities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia' several pilot projects are analysed regarding their possibility to contribute to global climate protection as well as to local environmental protection and sustainable development. One of these projects is a small scale paper recycling manufactory, which is utilising waste paper and other waste materials such as banana leafs, pineapple fibres, etc. to produce paper sheets, which are then converted into final products (postcards, photo frames, coffee bags, etc.). This manufactory has been analysed in terms of internal material flows, emissions, economics and social/socio-economic aspects to assess its extension possibilities / needs, its transferability and to quantify its climate and environmental protection potential. Using the example of that paper recycling manufactory, it can be shown that -- even with limited equipment and facilities - waste can be utilised sustainably to generate income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which compared the brittle shear behaviors of cement or magnesia stabilized clays mixed with shredded paper. A series of mixing tests of soft clays with cement or magnesia and shredded paper as a fiber was performed for the study, followed by unconfirmed compression tests of the mixture. Findings showed that the unconfined compression strength of cement or magnesia stabilized clays increases, while the shear deformation behavior is improved.

Recovered paper is an important raw material in terms of volume and utilization for the European paper industry. Approaches for a better utilization of recycled materials by European paper and board mills are highly needed. The aim of this paper was firstly to present the actual situation of corrugated packaging industry in Europe incorporating qualitative and quantitative data and secondly to identify and describe realistic future scenarios for the European paper packaging sector. Seven realistic future scenarios with the following hierarchical order of significance were identified: Legislation, Raw materials availability, Prices, Competitive sectors and their prospects, Regional differences, Innovation in manufacturing processes and Contamination of packaging materials. These scenarios were described according to the latest documents at European and global level. All the above data were collected and determined by the EU project ModelPACK consortium in order to analyze their effects on the competitiveness of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The State-level approach provides a new foundation for safeguards implementation and evaluation. This represents a fundamentally new direction for the IAEA safeguards system - one that provides for enhanced effectiveness (in terms of better focusing safeguards effort) and efficiency (in terms of better utilisation of IAEA verification resources). While the State-level approach is being applied to all States with safeguards agreements, the optimisation of the approach can only be achieved for a State with both a Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement and an Additional Protocol in force and for whom the Agency concludes that the declared nuclear material in the State has not been diverted and provides credible assurance of the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities in the State as a whole. On this basis, the Agency can move to a State-level integrated safeguards approach. Canada achieved this broad conclusion for the first time in September, 2005 and it has been maintained annually since that time. Accordingly, the IAEA and the Canadian S.S.A.C. have been pursuing the implementation of a State-level integrated safeguards approach for Canada. The initiative is well-advanced and the target for completion remains mid-2009. This paper will discuss the State-level approach in the context of the next steps in international safeguards. In doing so, it will briefly outline the primary elements of the concept and identify some considerations relevant to the continued evolution of the approach. Finally, the paper will review, in general terms, the application of the approach to Canada thereby providing a country-specific context to the evolving conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a case study of the BBC, and the attitudes of its news workers towards Audience Material, or as it is more commonly referred to, User Generated Content (UGC). It is based on a major study of Audience Material at the BBC, co-funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and the BBC. A team of five researchers spent ten weeks in nine different newsroom across the BBC, both in London and across the United Kingdom, and as part of these observations undertook interviews with 115 journalists and ten senior editors. A typology of the different types of Audience Material is offered, along with descriptions of the different roles they play within the BBC, the tensions which exist between them, and the different attitudes journalists hold towards them. It becomes clear that news workers are enthusiastic about certain types, and perhaps unsurprisingly, these are the types which fit the traditional model of journalism: audience footage, audience comments and experiences, and are types of Audience Material which the BBC has always received, and used. However, there are certain key people based in individual newsrooms, and some holding senior management positions, who are also enthusiastic about types of Audience Material which challenge traditional models of journalism: collaborative and truly participatory models of journalism. But while it is true that there are a number of impressive examples of collaborative and participatory journalism that exist throughout the BBC's UK operations, most news journalists perceive 'UGC' as simply another newsgathering tool. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the career and work of journalist Elmo Scott Watson, describing the role of his syndicated feature stories in standardizing discourses about American Indian people in the popular press of the early twentieth century. Situating Watson's work against the backdrop of professionalized news, I argue that it was not merely the emerging technologies which led to the reproduction of the noble and ignoble savage binary in the popular press, but the "internal logics" of such discursive formations which made them so easily reproduced. In addition, I suggest that while scholars have focused a great deal of attention on hard news stories and the ideal of objectivity, we can learn more by exploring the productivity of "entertaining" newspaper content such as Watson's stories. Watson was an agent in reproducing the standards of his discipline, and looking to his work can tell us a great deal about the exigency of his field as journalism was becoming professionalized. I argue that while Watson's stories were considered entertaining, he and others in his field believed such content served an important educational function; in particular, Watson believed he was correcting negative misconceptions about American Indian people through the noble savage identity construct. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the work of Benedict Anderson, research on the emergence of national consciousness in the US has largely focused on the role of print capitalism. Newspaper circulation, so the story goes, combined with geographically proximate centers of population and commerce to constitute the conditions necessary for inhabitants of the thirteen colonies to imagine themselves as part of a sovereign, limited political community whose members might never meet face to face. Without downplaying print capitalism's pivotal role in the formation of American national identity, this paper foregrounds the part played by bells, a medium whose contributions, to the formation of national identity and the shaping of the social world more generally, have been long overlooked by communication scholarship. At one time, bells composed the score and set the tempo for daily life in colonial America. They summoned listeners for civic and religious meetings, sounded the alarm when danger threatened, marked the hours, and regulated activity at the local level, but they also oriented listeners toward distant political and ecclesiastic communities. As tensions mounted between the British empire and its American colonies, bells played an important role in defining membership in communities, both face-to-face and imagined. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the large volume of empirical deliberation studies, researchers have given little effort to the analysis of citizens' verbal expressions themselves. This paper connects theoretical frameworks in cognitive complexity and political sophistication (Sniderman et al., 1991; Tetlock, 2004) with methodological advances in textual network analysis (Carley & Palmquist, 1992; Popping, 2006). We examine how deliberators' mental models are transformed by the group condition. For the textual network analysis, saved transcripts of online deliberators about the health-care policy were analyzed. To warrant the validity of the properties of our textual network measures, three variables (need for cognition, health-care knowledge, and argument repertoire) are adopted as validity criteria. Our results demonstrate that ordinary citizens who met and discussed with elites in an earlier interaction ,express in the next deliberation more diverse ideas that are more complexly interconnected , whereas elites who talked with other elites depress the range of concepts and the complexity of their interconnections in subsequent interactions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although considerable research has been done on the evaluation of online content credibility, little of this work has considered the context of how users get to a Web site in their final evaluation of the content they find. Using unique data about how a diverse group of young adults looks for and evaluates online content, our paper makes contributions to existing literature by highlighting factors beyond site features in how users assess the credibility of material they encounter on the Web. We show that the process by which a user arrives at a site is an important component of how the final destination is judged. In addition to search context, branding and routines also play an important role in this assessment as does a continued reliance on resources beyond Web sites including people's social networks. We also discuss the fact that users differ considerably in their skills when it comes to evaluating online content. Finally, we identify areas for future research including a need for more valid survey instruments and continued work in more naturalistic settings. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-top interface (PTI) is a fusion of paper and digital technology. We developed a PTI prototype system for increasing learning effects in a classroom. The prototype system uses a visual-marker-based AR (Augmented Reality) technique and projects e-Learning materials onto the corresponding papers on a classroom desk. A student is allowed to not only view e-Learning materials under his/her eyes but also write on the papers (pages of his/per notebook) using pencils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper mills produce large amounts of paper mill sludge in the treatment of process water. According to overburden studies, the hydraulic conductivity of the paper mill sludge originating from a paper mill in Northern Finland at a pressure of 30 kPa was 4.4 x 10-10 m/s, and 1.7 x 10-10 m/s at a pressure of 100 kPa. These values well meet the generally required value of less than 1.0 x 10-9 m/s for materials used as hydraulic barrier layer in landfills in Finland. The angle of internal friction of the paper mill sludge was 34.8° and the cohesion of interparticle adhesion 23 kPa, which are important measures for assessing the shear strength of the paper mill sludge and thus the stability of the landfill layer in which it is used. According to the compressibility studies, the compressibility of the paper mill sludge was low. During a 28 day period, the biodegradability of the paper mill sludge in soil was ca. 0.4 % and in ground water under 1% whereas, according to the OECD standardized method, it was ca. 7 %. Furthermore, the total heavy metal concentrations in the paper mill sludge were very low, which is a favourable situation when the paper mill sludge is utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) offers new possibilities for learning, specifically for training individuals to perform physical movements such as physical therapy and exercise. The current paper examines two aspects of VR which uniquely contribute to media interactivity: the ability to capture and review physical behavior and the ability to see one's avatar rendered in real-time from third person points of view. In two studies, we utilized a state of the art, image-based tele-immersive system which is capable of tracking and rendering many degrees of freedom of human motion in real-time. In Experiment One, participants learned better in VR than in a video learning condition according to self-report measures, and the cause of the advantage was seeing one's avatar stereoscopically in the third person. In Experiment Two, we added a virtual mirror in the learning environment to further leverage the ability to see oneself from novel angles in real-time. Participants learned better in VR than in video according to objective performance measures. Implications for learning via interactive digital media are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper pursues the explication of the conduct of commercial broadcasters in Digital TV market and their commitment to voluntary public affairs programming in terms of their programming strategies and business models (A single HDTV channel or multiple channel with the standard resolution, i.e., SDTV with other auxiliary services). While eagerly looking for competitive business models, most commercial stations typically rely on HDTV programs during prime time, which are distributed by major networks or syndications. Also, many ambitious trials have been occurring: making a capital pool from local stations or partnering with stations to provide pay-TV services, exploring a cable network model, such as major networks' 24/7 news and weather channels, and even leasing spectrum to the third party. Although broadcasters are expected to voluntarily operate under public interest obligations in return for use of the spectrum, the amount of local public affairs programming transmitted on digital channels was insignificant for both commercial and public stations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the early stages of a project whose central aim is to plot the development of British Communication Studies and examine the various intellectual ideas and influences which have shaped its history. The term 'communication' is used to demarcate the whole area of study, in that it at least marks the boundaries of the accepted consensus as to what the area actually consists of at any one time. Within that area, however, the term has been subject to what Mattelart calls 'semantic scattering' (trans. Emanuel, The Invention of Communication, 1996, p. xiii) and the history of its usages involves reconstructing the attempts made to privilege particular meanings. The project also aims to engage with the idea of writing 'communication' history in a reflexive sense. This is an increasingly important area of the field, and as Nerone indicates, it is an area which reflects the academic diversity of 'communication':Looked at from an Archimedean perspective, communication history displays galloping theoretical incoherence. It is as interdisciplinary and eclectic as any neighbourhood of scholarship anywhere. None of its formations we've looked to have any real promise for establishing coherence. ('The Future of Communication History', Critical Studies in Media Communication 23, no.3, 2006, p. 262.)The project therefore will also offer itself as a case study in how an intellectual activity develops sufficient critical mass to be awarded the status of a branch of knowledge, so codified that it is recognised as sufficiently distinct and prestigious to allow the awarding of degrees. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contextualizes discourses surrounding new media technologies by examining activism around independent media, using as a case study an activist group who since the mid-1990s have advocated for greater citizen access to low power FM (LPFM) radio. The continuing interest in the viability of FM radio demonstrates the need for a nuanced understanding of the uses and impacts of communication technologies. I argue that the significance of new media technologies can be grasped most effectively when considered in a dynamic field that includes older technologies; emerging technologies are often viewed through the lens of patterns of use and interpretation of older technologies, at least initially. I follow the activists' assessments of not only FM radio but emerging digital technologies, including webstreaming, "smart" (or software-defined) radio, and wi-fi networks. In practice, the activists circumspectly negotiate expanding their efforts to encompass community wi-fi networks, while trying to retain the vision, flavor, and organizing strategies from their LPFM campaigns. I trace the tensions they experience as they consider the implications of this shift for their emphasis on a "grassroots mandate", for their policy work versus hands-on technical work, and for their identification with FM radio technology versus the inclusion of computer and wi-fi technology in their conception of their work. By attending to the interplay of old and new technical options, it is possible to better understand the trajectory of technological adoption without relying on deterministic or revolutionary explanatory mechanisms. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental problem of understanding the adoption and use of new information and communication technologies is that potential users are not familiar with them. Consequently, it is hard to ask people if and how they would use these services and applications. In this paper we discuss a methodology that makes it possible to judge the suitability of the use of new information and communication services while taking into account: [1] characteristics of the technology, [2] the context of the user and [3] user characteristics. Using the basics from factorial survey, vignette studies and conjoint measurement we will discuss the design issues of such a study as well as the data-analysis issues that have to be dealt with. Furthermore, we will describe an example of a typical study that uses this case-scenario approach. We conclude that the method supports the development of an innovative theoretical framework regarding the adoption and use of new information- and communication technologies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of 9/11, the US media's methods of representing Islam, Arabs, and people of Middle Eastern descent have been the subject of much criticism. Critics have argued that the media's representational strategies have deteriorated, going from more moderate approaches to a classically Orientalist framework. In this system of thought, the world in divided in Manichean terms: on the one side are the forces of destruction represented by terrorism, rogue states, and Islamist extremism, and on the other are the champions of democracy and freedom, represented by the US and its allies.Thus, when Muslims protested the cartoons published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten in September 2005 that caricatured Islam, they were denounced for not appreciating western values of "free speech." When a United Arab Emirates company was to take over the running of six U.S. ports from a British company in early 2006, a xenophobic backlash was unleashed and it was argued that "those" people cannot be trusted with the security of "our" ports. The Pope, in a speech in Germany in 2006, suggested that Islam was violent and that "reason" was more at home in the West. The stunning internal consistency of these and other arguments deserve scholarly attention. In this paper, I draw on existing literature on Orientalism to analyze the old and new ways in which Arabs and Muslims have been demonized post 9/11. I offer five discursive frames that have been employed to represent Muslims, Arabs, and the Middle East post 9/11. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract / This paper examines whether a journalist may report an illegally wiretapped conversation, comparing the South Korea Sangho Lee case with the U.S. Bartnicki case. Sangho Lee was the first case in Korea, in which the reporting of wiretapping was argued in the courtroom. However, the Korean High Court, rejecting the journalist's immunity from liability, gave more value to the right of privacy than to freedom of the press. In contrast, the U.S. Supreme Court protected the journalist, who disclosed secretly and illegally wiretapped telephone conversations, under the shield of the First Amendment. Even if both countries have different laws and legal systems, these conflicting judgments mainly result from how the court understands the role of the media as a watchdog. I argue that the Korean press cannot have more freedom until the Korean court realizes the press "watchdog" function as an important value in society. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two traditional forms of disposing of paper products are recycling and landfilling. Recycling is believed to be good for the environment and is a major contributor to environmental quality. Despite this fact, the collection, sorting and processing for the manufacture of new products results in significant environmental impacts. The objective of this research is to determine whether landfilling or recycling is more beneficial to the environment based on environmental impacts (global warming, acidification, and eutrophication), and energy use. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to compare the environmental impact of landfilling and recycling newsprint, office paper and paperboard. Four stages (goal definition, inventory, impact assessment, and valuation) of the LCA were used. The results from this study demonstrated that recycling was the preferable choice compared to landfilling because of the decrease of energy, and the environmental impacts. The energy use was reduced by 43% when the recycling option was taken. When looking at the environmental impacts (global warming, acidification, and eutrophication) each were reduced by an average of 34%, 25%, and 25%, respectively. Using the multicriteria evaluations based on the results from the lifecycle analysis indicate that office paper as the best recyclable material from the three paper alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for removal of heavy metals was prepared from paper sludge using sulfur impregnation. The sludge was treated with 5 M HCl to remove inorganic content, and then immersed in 1 M K2S solution to prepare sulfur-immersed sludge. The immersed-sludge was heated at 100-1000 °C for 1 hour in nitrogen gas to produce the sulfur-impregnated adsorbent by pyrolysis. The properties and abilities of sulfur-impregnated adsorbent to remove the heavy metals were examined. The sulfur-immersed sludge with high sulfur content can be prepared by immersing in K2S solution. The product pyrolized at 400 °C (P-400) has a maximum removal ability for nickel ion, which has high specific surface areas with sulfur-based functional. The P-400 indicates more effective removal for heavy metals of all cations, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Sr2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and Cr3+, than commercial charcoal, while not effective for heavy metals of almost oxi-anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its establishment in 1960, the Institute of Public Administration (IPA) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has had responsibility for documenting Saudi administrative literature, the official publications of Saudi Arabia, and regional and international organizations, through establishment of the Document Center in 1961. This paper will present the experience of the Institute of Public Administration Document Center in the documentation of administrative information and the stages of information technology developments in managing the collections of the Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research project aims to develop Cleaner Production from the optimization of the management of waste from pulp and paper sector with regard to the use of raw materials incorporated in industrial scrap, as well as the economics of natural resources as an environmental impact assessment. The aim is thus to highlight the industry's need to achieve social and environmental standards, coupled with technological innovation, exploration and integration of the demands of the productive sector and the technology and cutting-edge research conducted at the laboratories of excellence in universities in Paraná. It also seeks to highlight the importance of environmental and social responsibility in carrying out their activities and changing the culture of companies and organizations seeking their services and products in various fields of activity in which it is inserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the volume and increase the heat value of wastewater treatment sludges, economically and environmentally viable methods for increasing the total solids content of the materials are of key concern. Thus, potential drying and fiber/mineral -fractionation of primary paper mill sludge was investigated with a high velocity pilot cyclone. The sludge was processed with an input rate of approx. 500 kg/h leading to an increase in the dry matter content value from 49.5% to 89.6 - 98.6%. Based on the loss-on-ignition data, the fiber/mineral -fractionation of the input sample proved relatively inefficient with a minor increase in the organics content from 33.0 to 44.5%. However, acquired SEM images indicate removal of fiber/particle -adhesion in the processed samples. Elemental analysis suggests possible enrichment of especially Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, P, and alkalis in the processed samples most likely due to the processing conditions and fraction collection arrangements of the pilot plant. Additional optimization of process conditions could generate more efficient fiber/mineral -fractionation thus confirming the need for further optimized pilot testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows how to carry out a quantitative risk assessment, describing how each step in the process is carried out. We use the grade management system at the University of Bergen as a case study, evaluating the risk of wrong grades ending up in the university grade database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the pilot study was to develop the instruction module of the e-storybooks reading comprehension in the elementary school and test the effect of the instruction module of the e-storybooks reading comprehension. This study is to compare the influences of paper-books and the instruction module of the e- storybooks reading comprehension among the fifth graders' reading comprehension ability and reading motivation. The results of the study indicated that there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the controlled group. However, the instruction module of the e-storybooks reading comprehension could increase the students' reading motivation. Based on the results, this study offers suggestions for school administration, future studies and application in the practical teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the pilot study was to develop the instruction module of the e-storybooks reading comprehension in the elementary school and test the effect of the instruction module of the e-storybooks reading comprehension. This study is to compare the influences of paper-books and the instruction module of the e- storybooks reading comprehension among the fifth graders' reading comprehension ability and reading motivation. The results of the study indicated that there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the controlled group. However, the instruction module of the e-storybooks reading comprehension could increase the students' reading motivation. Based on the results, this study offers suggestions for school administration, future studies and application in the practical teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household Waste Management (MWM) is an important component of public health and environmental protection. Its purpose is to provide a healthy and pollution-free environment in residential areas. In urban areas, the natural cycle has been limited in absorbing all wastes produced because of rapid population growth, industrialization and generally lack of space. In Nairobi, officially the HWM services are supposed to be offered by the Nairobi City Council (NCC). Currently, less than 40% of the total solid waste is collected and disposed of at the only Dandora dumping site in the City. However, less that 10% of the household waste is collected and disposed. This paper describes the role and operational constraints facing the NCC in the provision of HWM services. The major shortcomings of the present system include insufficient financial outlays, lack of appropriate equipment or technology, poorly trained manpower, lack of political and institutional support, absence of a systematic approach, and poor community attitudes towards environmental cleanliness. The author strongly, recommends for the formulation and implementation of a privatized, institutionally-stable, systematic and an integrated HWM system to ensure efficiency and environmental soundness in the residential areas in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs data from a mail survey (n=1,114) conducted among public school teachers and educational support professionals in New York State to examine the factors that contribute to individuals' attribution and information seeking about breast cancer risk. The results indicate that mass media use, as well as beliefs about existing information regarding breast cancer risk, influence individuals' causal attributions and seeking of information about breast cancer risk. Concerns about the local environment also positively relate to individuals' association of breast cancer risk with environmental factors. The conclusions argue for bottom-up dialectical health communication strategies that take into account individuals' understandings and perceptions of breast cancer risk and their local environment. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]