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U radu se prikazuju pravni akti Ugarskog namjesničkog vijeća dok je ono djelovalo u svojstvu Zemaljske vlade te gradskih vlasti kojima se uređivalo ljekarništvo tijekom prve polovine 19. stoljeća na području slavonskog Provincijala. U tom dijelu Carevine, jedan od važnijih gradova bio je Slobodni i kraljevski grad Osijek, koji je to područje regulirao kroz svoja samoupravna tijela, Gradsko poglavarstvo (magistrat) i gradski fizikat. Slijedom navedenoga, u radu se prvotno navode propisi kojima je centralna državna vlast zajedno s gradskom upravom pravno regulirala osnivanje i način rada ljekarni. Opisuje se proces imenovanja i opoziva ljekarnika, a poseban je naglasak stavljen na središnji dio rada u kojem se prikazuju odluke kojima se suzbijala nezakonita prodaja lijekova, otrova i drugih medicinskih pripravaka. Naposljetku, objašnjava se regulacija cijene lijekova i ljekarničkih pristojbi., This article presents the legal acts of the Hungarian Council, which regulated pharmacies in the territory of Slavonian County in the first half of the 19th century, when it acted as a governmental and municipal authority. One of the most important cities in this part of the empire was the Free and Royal City of Osijek, which regulated the area through its self-government bodies, the City Magistrate and the City Physician. For this reason, the paper first outlines the regulations by which the central government, together with the city administration, legally regulated the establishment and operation of pharmacies. The paper describes the procedure for appointing and dismissing pharmacists. The special focus in the central part of the paper is on the decisions to suppress the illegal sale of drugs, poisons, and other medicinal preparations. Finally, the regulation of drug prices and pharmacy fees is explained.

In the years after the Second World War, Osijek and Slavonia experienced a significant lack of trained medical personnel, especially dental personnel. A large number of such personnel were of Jewish origin and perished in the persecutions during the war, also a large number of people that were of German origin moved away from Slavonia. In addition to that, a considerable number of trained dental and medical personnel retired after the war, so the situation was very difficult. To improve the state of dental protection of the population, in 1961, the College of Dentistry was established in Osijek. The education lasted two years and was organized into six trimesters, after which the participants obtained the title of the senior dentist. During the ten years of activity at the College of Dentistry in Osijek, there were several hundred students who studied from all parts of the country at the time, but mostly they were from Slavonia. In this way, this educational institution fulfilled its goal. The shortage of trained dental personnel has been reduced and Osijek and Slavonia are catching up with the rest of Croatia in the number of medical personnel. In 1971, the College of Dentistry ceases to operate, transforming into the Polyclinic for the protection of teeth and mouth in Osijek, which continues the tradition of dental protection of the population and training of dental staff.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most severe complications of the COVID-19 disease. The role of IL-33 and calpain 1 was previously described in lung infections and lung tissue damage. Our study examined the association between serum calpain 1 activity and IL-33 concentration in patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In the research, we included 80 subjects who had COVID-19 pneumonia and divided them into 2 groups: 40 subjects with ARDS and 40 subjects without ARDS. The basis of the research was the collection of subjects’ data and the sampling of peripheral venous blood. The concentration of IL-33 was determined by the ELISA method and the activity of calpain 1 by the fluorometry method. Our research showed elevated calpain 1 activity and IL-33 concentration in the serum of COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS compared to those who did not develop ARDS and a positive correlation between them was established. Further, a positive correlation was established between the examined parameters and the severity of the disease, proinflammatory markers, and the use of mechanical ventilation. These results indicate a possible association and role of calpain 1 and IL-33 with the development of ARDS in COVID-19 patients.

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) have different pathophysiological mechanisms of occurrence and are characterized by different clinical pictures and symptomatology. In clinical practice, it often happens that LPR remains unrecognized or is defined as atypical gastroesophageal reflux, thus, it is necessary to distinguish between these two clinical entities. Laryngopharyngeal reflux refers to the return of gastric contents from the stomach through the esophagus to the larynx, pharynx, paranasal cavities, middle ear, and lower respiratory tract, and it is part of the wider extraesophageal reflux syndrome (EER). Extraesophageal symptoms are common in GERD, and studies show an increasing prevalence of LPR in patients with GERD, as well as an association of reflux disease with cough and dysphonia symptoms. The aim of the chapter is to describe differences between GER and LPR in order to facilitate the recognition and differentiation of manifest and latent symptoms, diagnosis, and choice of therapeutic approach.

This study intended to investigate whether the workload of nurses in the course of providing end-of-life care correlated with their religiousness, spiritual experience and level of agreement with dysthanasia procedures. The respondents included 279 nurses from four Croatian hospitals. A structured and validated instrument was applied. Almost 90% of respondents are religious, and almost 45% of them have daily spiritual experiences. Respondents, especially those with high levels of religiousness and spiritual experience, express a low level of agreement with dysthanasia (mean = 58.21; score = 25–125). Moreover, nurses self-rated (on a scale of 1–5) their workload as quite high, especially when performing contradictory tasks imposed on them by their superiors (mean = 3.05) and during direct contact with dying patients and their family members (mean = 2.56). This significantly highest level of workload was experienced by the youngest nurses (p = 0.01) and nurses with little work experience (p < 0.01). This study also indicated that nurses who agree with dysthanasia experienced a higher level of workload when providing end-of-life care (r = 0.178; p < 0.01), while more frequent spiritual experiences reduced the level of workload (r = −0.205; p < 0.01). A deeper understanding of nurses’ attitudes toward dysthanasia, as well as of their religiousness and spiritual experiences, may ensure the collection of data beneficial to the timely identification of potential risks caused by workload.

Pojam dugoročnost (longtermism) predstavlja teoriju koja smatra da je važno fokusirati pažnju na dugoročne posljedice naših postupaka na budućnost čovječanstva. To uključuje brigu o okolišu, ekonomiji, političkoj stabilnosti, tehnologiji i drugim ključnim pitanjima koja bi mogla imati dugotrajne negativne učinke na buduće generacije, pri čemu je naglasak na vrlo dalekoj budućnosti čovječanstva koja se mjeri u milijunima godina. Iako promotori dugoročnosti tvrde da ovaj pristup može pomoći u donošenju odluka koje osiguravaju bolju daleku budućnost čovječanstva, ovakav pristup može dovesti do zanemarivanja trenutnih potreba i izazova s kojima se suočava čovječanstvo, kao što su problem gladi i klimatskih promjena, a što bi također moglo imati negativne posljedice za čovječanstvo u budućnosti. Elon Musk najbogatiji je čovjek na svijetu, a ujedno i najpoznatiji i najutjecajniji promotor longtermisma. U izlaganju ćemo analizirati izjave i postupke Elona Muska koje su vođene idejom longtermisma te ukazati na njihovu bioetičku neodrživost.

The tooth derived from oral ectoderm is highly mineralized organ developed through epitheliummesenchyme interactions providing significant system for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of organogenesis. The cells used in tooth and bone development may be provided in the form of an immature intact matrix-organ culture, derived from tissues such as primary cultures or they may have been produced from tumor cells enabling standardized studies. Recently, there has been rising interest in epithelial cell tissue culture, especially oral mucosa and its application utilizing in vitro cell culture in dental research. Nevertheless, the research on tooth development is limited, considering epithelial stem cells are difficult to obtain and maintain. However, induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) could be good alternative choices in understanding the functional roles in tissue engineering of teeth.

Case presentation: Lack of bone volume either vertically or horizontally may prevent prosthetically guided implant placement. Guided bone regeneration is the best documented surgical technique in the literature for alveolar bone regeneration. Membranes developed for this technique can be divided into two groups: resorptive and non-resorptive. The magnesium-based membrane (NOVAMag®) is a new resorptive membrane that has improved properties compared to most other resorptives: excellent mechanical properties and a reduced possibility of the membrane collapsing within the bone defect. After completing orthodontic therapy, the patient comes to the office to compensate for the loss of a frontal tooth in the maxilla. Analysis of CBCT revealed a lack of bone in horizontal and vertical dimensions. The bone defect was regenerated using magnesiumbased resorptive membrane (NOVAMag®) and a composite bone graft consisting of a majority of autologous bone and a smaller percentage of xenogeneic bone. The membrane was fixed with magnesium-based resorptive screws (NOVAMag® fixation screw). In order to achieve an optimal soft tissue profile, xenogenic collagen matrix (mucoderm®) was placed over the membrane. The flap was sewn in two layers. Clinically, after f ive months of healing at the augmentation site, a satisfactory volume of bone and soft tissue was achieved, and control CBCT confirmed the regeneration of the labial and palatal cortex of the alveolar ridge. Conclusion: This case report describes the use of new magnesium-based resorptive membrane for vertical augmentation of alveolar ridge. After five months of healing, bone regeneration at the augmentation site was confirmed clinically and radiologically.

Obesity is recognized as a severe threat to overall human health and is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal expansion of white adipose tissue involves increasing the existing adipocytes’ cell size or increasing the number through the differentiation of new adipocytes. Adipogenesis is a process of proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursor cells in mature adipocytes. As a key process in determining the number of adipocytes, it is a possible therapeutic approach for obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in adipogenesis that could serve as suitable therapeutic targets. Reducing bodyweight is regarded as a major health benefit. Limited efficacy and possible side effects and drug interactions of available anti-obesity treatment highlight a constant need for finding novel efficient and safe anti-obesity ingredients. Numerous studies have recently investigated the inhibitory effects of natural products on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. Possible anti-obesity effects of natural products include the induction of apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest or delayed progression, and interference with transcription factor cascade or intracellular signaling pathways during the early phase of adipogenesis.

Jelena Jakab,1,2 Blaženka Miškić,2,3 Štefica Mikšić,2 Brankica Juranić,2,4 Vesna Ćosić,2 Dragan Schwarz,2,5 Aleksandar Včev2 1Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; 2Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital “Dr. Josip Benčević”, Slavonski Brod, Croatia; 4Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; 5Special Hospital Radiochirurgia Zagreb, Zagreb, CroatiaCorrespondence: Jelena JakabFaculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, Osijek 31 000, CroatiaTel +385 91 224 1502Email jelena.jakab@fdmz.hrAbstract: Obesity is recognized as a severe threat to overall human health and is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal expansion of white adipose tissue involves increasing the existing adipocytes’ cell size or increasing the number through the differentiation of new adipocytes. Adipogenesis is a process of proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursor cells in mature adipocytes. As a key process in determining the number of adipocytes, it is a possible therapeutic approach for obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in adipogenesis that could serve as suitable therapeutic targets. Reducing bodyweight is regarded as a major health benefit. Limited efficacy and possible side effects and drug interactions of available anti-obesity treatment highlight a constant need for finding novel efficient and safe anti-obesity ingredients. Numerous studies have recently investigated the inhibitory effects of natural products on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. Possible anti-obesity effects of natural products include the induction of apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest or delayed progression, and interference with transcription factor cascade or intracellular signaling pathways during the early phase of adipogenesis.Keywords: adipogenesis, transcriptional cascades, signaling pathways, anti-obesity treatment, bioactive molecules

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease. Aim was to evaluate imaging features of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) in comparison to non-TNBC. We reviewed data of 30 patients who had been diagnosed as having TNBC and 37 patients with non-TNBC (control group) using criteria described for mammography (MMG), ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon for image interpretation. Age of patients, size of tumor, multifocality, histological type, tumor grade and status of lymph nodes were reviewed. TNBC were more often histological grade 3 and had significantly more positive lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis on pathology reports. On MMG, US and MRI TNBC mostly appeared as regularly shaped masses. On US as hypoechogenic masses with no posterior acoustic features and on MRI as masses with rim type of enhancement, fast wash-in and plateau type of curves. Most frequent category reported after MMG and US was BI RADS 4, and after MRI BI RADS 5. In conclusion, our study confirmed higher histological grade of TNBC, as well as more frequent lymph node involvement in comparation to the non-TNBC. TNBC showed tendency to affect younger women and to be larger than non-TNBC. Although, they most often presented as a mass on mammography and sonography, in a significant number of cases they remained miscategorized, due to the benign imaging features. All cases are recognized on MRI where they appear as rim enhancing masses.

Nurse–patient interaction is a professional and therapeutic relationship created to enable nurses to assess, plan, and deliver health care aimed at meeting patients’ basic human needs. The main aim of this study was to identify distinctive characteristics and differences in perceptions between patients and nurses related to the importance of caring interactions and to examine the contribution of independent variables in explaining their perceptions. A total of 446 respondents were included in the research (291 patients and 155 registered nurses). Data were collected using the translated and standardized 70-item version of the Caring Nurse–Patient Interactions Scale (CNPI-70) version for patients and version for nurses. According to the overall CNPI-70 scale, there was a significant difference in patients’ and nurses’ perception (p < 0.001). Patients assessed caring nurse–patient interactions significantly higher (4.39) than nurses (4.16). Additionally, nurses assessed all subscales significantly lower than patients who assessed them high (p < 0.05), except for the subscales for “environment” (p = 0.123) and “spirituality” (p = 0.132). Independent variables did not contribute to an explanation of respondents’ perceptions. Providing quality physical assistance in meeting human needs through effective communication and teaching is crucial for promoting a holistic patient approach, improving psychosocial support and nurse–patient interaction, and attaining greater satisfaction with health care provided without additional financial investments.

This study is the first histologic evaluation of an injectable biphasic calcium phosphate (IBCP) in humans six months after socket preservation according to the principles of guided bone regeneration. After tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge of 21 patients was augmented with IBCP (maxresorb® inject) in the test group, while 20 patients in the control group received a bovine xenograft (BX) (cerabone®). Six months after augmentation, a reentry procedure was performed to collect biopsies of regenerated bone for qualitative and quantitative histologic analysis. A total of 20 biopsies were taken for analysis. Qualitative histologic analysis showed complete integration of the biomaterial and no inflammatory tissue reaction, indicating the biocompatibility of the bone grafts and the surrounding tissue in both groups. Histomorphometric analysis showed comparable results in terms of newly formed bone (IBCP: 26.47 ± 14.71%, BX: 30.47 ± 16.39%) and residual biomaterial (IBCP: 13.1 ± 14.07%, BX: 17.89 ± 11.81%), with no significant difference found across groups (p > 0.05, Mann—Whitney U test). Statistical significance between groups was found in the result of soft tissue percentage (IBCP: 60.43 ± 12.73%, BX: 51.64 ± 14.63%, p = 0.046, Mann—Whitney U test). To conclude, IBCP and BX showed good osteoconductivity and biocompatibility with comparable new bone formation six months after alveolar ridge preservation.

SUMMARY Common warts (verrucae vulgares) are the most common complaint in routine dermatological practice. Warts can be painful on pressure and are often an aesthetic problem, but they are not a major threat to the person’s general health. Treatment options are symptomatic and do not eradicate the causative agent. Dermatological surgery procedures such as cryotherapy, electrocauterization and excochleation can be painful, with common recurrences. These are the most important reasons for revival of the treatment procedures and remedies based on traditional medicine. Traditional medicine is still commonly practiced as a form of self-healing. This paper presents the most commonly used wart remedies of plant, animal and mineral origin, along with various magic practices. We emphasize that this paper is written from the viewpoint of physicians, practitioners of dermatology, not as a study in the history or culture. The main objective of the study was to explore various substances and methods people use as home remedies for warts. We performed a case study survey among the general population by interviewing 147 adult participants using a simple preliminary questionnaire inquiring about preferred treatment and knowledge about common warts.

The paper presents the guidelines made by the Multidisciplinary Team for Osteoporosis for patients in the General Hospital “Dr.Josip Benčević”, Slavonski Brod and general practitioners in the Brod-Posavina County in order to inform them properly about the COVID-19 pandemic and the recommendations of the National Civil Protection Committee, as well as to help them reduce their fear and to improve their cooperation with their general practitioners. A system of recording new fractures in the county was maintained since the onset of the epidemic. The recommendations for patients with osteoporosis include their lifestyle, medical treatment and balanced nutrition, following the advices of the International Osteoporosis Foundation, the Croatian Osteoporosis Society and the British Royal Osteoporosis Society. Living with osteoporosis demands balanced nutrition, regular exercise and taking prescribed medications. As in the present conditions of COVID-19 epidemic outdoor physical activities are temporarily limited it is necessary to ensure the availability of calcium-rich food and vitamin D supplies. As medical treatment of osteoporosis does not increase risk of COVID-19 infection it is recommended for patients to continue their prescribed therapy in consultation with their general practitioner.

Background: Recently published research demonstrated direct renoprotective effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist GLP 1 RA, but the relevant molecular mechanisms are still not clear. The aim of this research was to assess the effects of Liraglutide in a cell culture model of diabetic nephropathy on cell viability, antioxidant (GSH) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- β1) levels and extracellular matrix (ECM) expression. The metabolic activity in hyperglycemic conditions and the effect of Liraglutide treatment were assessed by measuring Akt, pAkt, GSK3β, pGSK3β, pSTAT3, SOCS3, iNOS and NOX4 protein expression with Western blot. F actin distribution was used to assess the structural changes of the cells upon treatment. Materials and methods: The cells were exposed to high glucose (HG30 mM) followed by 0.5 mM H2O2 and a combination of glucose and H2O2 during 24 h. Subsequently, the cells were treated with different combinations of HG30, H2O2 and Liraglutide. Cell viability was determined by an MTT colorimetric test, and the GSH, TGF-β1 concentration and ECM expression were measured using a spectrophotometric/microplate reader assay and an ELISA kit, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the protein level of Akt, pAkt, GSK3β, pGSK3β, pSTAT3, SOCS3, iNOS and NOX4. The F-actin cytoskeleton was visualized with Phalloidin stain and subsequently quantified. Results: Cell viability was decreased as well as GSH levels in cells treated with a combination of HG30/H2O2, and HG30 alone (p < 0.001). The addition of Liraglutide improved the viability in cells treated with HG30, but it did not affect the cell viability in the cell treated with the addition of H2O2. GSH increased with the addition of Liraglutide in HG30/H2O2 (p < 0.001) treated cells, with no effect in cells treated only with HG30. TGF-β1 levels (p < 0.001) were significantly increased in HG30 and HG30/H2O2. The addition of Liraglutide significantly decreased the TGF-β1 levels (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) in all treated cells. The synthesis of collagen was significantly increased in HG30/H2O2 (p < 0.001), while the addition of Liraglutide in HG30/H2O2 significantly decreased collagen (p < 0.001). Akt signaling was not significantly affected by treatment. The GSK3b and NOX4 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) after the peroxide and glucose treatment, with the observable restoration upon the addition of Liraglutide suggesting an important role of Liraglutide in oxidative status regulation and mitochondrial activity. The treatment with Liraglutide significantly upregulated STAT3 (p < 0.01) activity, with no change in SOCS3 indicating a selective regulation of the STAT 3 signaling pathway in glucose and the oxidative overloaded environment. A significant reduction in the distribution of F-actin was observed in cells treated with HG30/H2O2 (p < 0.01). The addition of Liraglutide to HG30-treated cells led to a significant decrease of distribution of F-actin (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The protective effect of Liraglutide is mediated through the inhibition of TGF beta, but this effect is dependent on the extent of cellular damage and the type of toxic environment. Based on the WB analysis we have revealed the signaling pathways involved in cytoprotective and cytotoxic effects of the drug itself, and further molecular studies in vitro and vivo are required to elucidate the complexity of the pathophysiological mechanisms of Liraglutide under conditions of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress.

Nije tajna da Nietzsche smatra kako je svrha svega: volja za moć. Sve što živi, ne teži tome da tek opstane – život sam mora vječito samoga sebe prevladati. Stoga, svrha je čovjeka – Nadčovjek: oni najotmjeniji, u zanosu k tom svjetlu, stavljaju vlastiti život na kocku, a ostatak – ta golema ljudska biomasa, grabeći sitna zadovoljstva, opravdanje svog postojanja pronaći će u tome što će biti parazitirana od onih viših, kako bi ju preoblikovali i usmjeravali po svojoj volji, sve dok se ne rodi: Antikrist. Nije ni tajna da je naš svijet, nietzscheanski svijet. Međutim, da li ova teleološka konstrukcija krije još okultniji, još strašniji, cilj? Koji su antropološki mehanizmi kojima bi se taj cilj ostvario? Kako bi odgovorio na ta pitanja, ovaj rad neće koristit specifični sistem, već principe nađene kod raznovrsnih autora i filozofskih sistema. It is not a secret that Nietzsche deems the purpose of everything to be: the will to power. Everything that lives does not merely strive for survival – for life is that which must always overcome itself. Therefore, the purpose of man is – the Overman: the noble few, in their ascent towards this light, will place their own lives on the dice, and the rest – the vast human biomass, while grasping for petty pleasures, will find the justification for its existence in being parasitized by those that are higher, so that they can continually reform and channel the mass according to their own will: up till the birth of the Antichrist. Neither is it a secret that our world is a Nietzschean world. However, does this teleological construct hide even more occult, more horrifying, goal? What are the anthropological mechanisms with which this goal would be achieved? In order to answer these questions, this work will not employ a specific system, but principles found in various authors and philosophical systems.

In patients with COVID-19, thromboinflammation is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, which makes anticoagulation an integral part of treatment. However, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) limit the use of this class of anticoagulants in COVID-19 patients due to a significant interference with antiviral agents. DOACs use in COVID-19 hospitalized patients is currently not recommended. Furthermore, patients already on oral anticoagulant drugs should be switched to heparin at hospital admission. Nevertheless, outpatients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 are recommended to continue prior DOAC therapy. More studies are required to clarify the pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced derangement of the coagulation system in order to recommend an appropriate anticoagulant treatment.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of chronic kidney disease and endstage renal failure. In this study, the effects of empagliflozin (SGLT2i) on cell viability and oxidative stress were investigated in the LLC-PK1 model of DN. Materials and methods: Cells were exposed to high glucose (HG30 mM) followed by 0.5 mM H2O2 and a combination of glucose and H2O2 for 24 hours. Cells were treated with various combinations of glucose and empagliflozin (100 and 500 nM) and combinations of glucose, H2O2, and empagliflozin. Colorimetric MTT assay was used to determine cell viability. Glutathione (tGSH) and TGF-β1 concentrations were measured using a spectrophotometric/microplate assay and an ELISA kit, respectively. Results: After initial exposure of cells to glucose and oxidative stress, addition of both concentrations improved cell viability and also increased the accumulation of GSH concentration (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). In addition, empagliflozin treatment caused a decrease in TGF- β1 levels in both concentrations of injured cells (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Cellular viability indicates that empagliflozin has a protective effect on renal injury. The renoprotective effect of empagliflozin is mainly mediated by the reduction of antioxidant stress and the antifibrotic properties of the drug.

Aldo Leopold, američki prirodoslovac, šumar, profesor, filozof i praktičar zaštite prirode svojom knjigom Ljetopis pješčanog okruga koja je prozvana Biblijom ekološkog pokreta postavlja temelje etike zemlje i postaje preteča modernog ekološkog pokreta. Leopold u svom konceptu etike zemlje proširuje granice etičkog odnosa s čovjeka na biotičku zajednicu, koja osim čovjeka, uključuje tla, vode, biljke i životinje, ili kolektivno zemlju. Pri tome Leopold naglašava da „zlorabimo zemlju jer je smatramo robom koja nam pripada. Kad zemlju budemo vidjeli kao zajednicu kojoj mi pripadamo, možda ćemo je početi koristiti s poštovanjem i ljubavlju.“ Zemlja ne pripada čovjeku, smatrao je Leopold, nego čovjek zemlji. Posjednički mentalitet, smatrao je on, najveći je uzrok ekoloških poremećaja. Leopold ističe kako “etika zemlje mijenja ulogu Homo sapiensa od osvajača zajednice zemlje do običnog njenog člana i građanina iste. Podrazumijeva poštovanje članovapojedinaca kao i poštovanje zajednice kao cjeline.” Nadalje, Leopold u etici zemlje navodi svoj ekološko-etički imperativ „svatko postupa pravilno ako nastoji sačuvati integritet, stabilnost i ljepotu biotičke zajednice.” Upravo ove misli o očuvanju integriteta, stabilnosti i ljepote biotičke zajednice trebaju biti u središtu misije Park prirode “Kopački rit”. U radu ćemo istaknuti važnost misli i konkretnih ideja Alda Leopolda u očuvanju Parka prirode „Kopački rit“ posebno imajući u vidu rastuće izazove klimatskih promjena koje dramatično utječu na cjelokupnu biotičku zajednicu

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus, both type I and type II, which can lead to end-stage renal kidney failure. This research aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin (SGLT2i) on cell viability and F- actin distribution in the LLC-PK1 model of DN. To mimic DN, cells were exposed to high glucose (HG30 mM) followed by 0, 5 mM H2O2 and a combination of glucose and H2O2 for 24 hours. The cells were treated with different combinations of glucose and empagliflozin (100 and 500 nM) and combinations of glucose, H2O2, and empagliflozin. MTT colorimetric assay and Erythrosin B color exclusion test were used to determine cell viability. F-actin cytoskeleton was visualized with Phalloidin stain and subsequently quantified. MTT results revealed a significant reduction in cell viability when treated with the HG30/H2O2 combination (p

Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the global health problems. Drugs, such as tamoxifen, may trigger or exacerbate pre-existing NAFLD. The aim of our study was to establish a reliable cell culture model of tamoxifen-induced steatosis (TIS) and to investigate a possible antisteatotic effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist liraglutide in this model. Materials and methods: The cell culture model of drug-induced hepatic steatosis was established by incubating Huh7 cells, a human liver cell line expressing the GLP- 1 receptor, with 2 μM tamoxifen for 24 hours. Cells were co-treated with 5 nM to 20 nM liraglutide. Cell survival was measured by the erythrosin B staining exclusion assay, and changes in cell shape and the extent of hepatosteatosis were assessed by fluorescence microscopy with Oil- Red-O (ORO) and DAPI staining, respectively. The expression of various lipogenic genes and signals was assessed by RT-PCR. Results: Tamoxifen significantly decreased cell survival in the TIS model (p < 0, 05), and concurrent treatment with liraglutide had no significant effect. A 5-fold increase in lipid accumulation was observed by ORO staining in the TIS model (p < 0, 001), which was due to the significant increase in the number of lipid droplets. However, liraglutide reversed this effect and significantly decreased the number of lipid droplets (p < 0, 05). Liraglutide co- treatment significantly ameliorated the lipogenic ACSL1 and SREBP-1c gene expression signaling pathways, which were increased in the TIS model (p < 0, 001). Conclusions: Liraglutide ameliorates microsteatotic changes observed in TIS model by downregulation of ACSL1 and SREBP-1c gene pathways.

Epidural analgesia is one of the most common methods of relieving labor pain. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of epidural analgesia, maternal satisfaction and relationship between the effectiveness of epidural analgesia and various factors. Data were analyzed retrospectively and collected during 2022. A total of 60 parturients participated in the study. Data were collected through a questionnaire before the parturient was discharged from the hospital. The mean assessment of pain on a 1–10 numeric rating scale before epidural analgesia was 7.7 and 3.4 after administration of epidural analgesia. The median assessment of pain before epidural analgesia was 8 (7¬¬–8), and the median assessment of pain after epidural analgesia was 3 (2–5). The average satisfaction with epidural analgesia on a 1–10 scale was 8.11, and the median satisfaction was 10 (7–10). Total of 35 (58.3%) parturients rated satisfaction with 10. Statistically significant association between the effectiveness of epidural analgesia and parity, dilution of administered levobupivacaine, fentanyl administration, and level of education was not found. Childbirth pain is significantly alleviated by the application of epidural analgesia and the satisfaction of parturients is very high., Epiduralna analgezija jedna je od najčešćih metoda ublažavanja porodne boli. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati učinkovitost epiduralne analgezije, zadovoljstvo rodilja i povezanost između učinkovitosti epiduralne analgezije i pariteta, razrjeđenja primijenjenog levobupivakaina, primijenjenog fentanila te razine obrazovanja. Podatci su analizirani retrospektivno, prikupljeni su tijekom 2022. godine. Ukupno 60 rodilja sudjelovalo je u istraživanju. Podatci su prikupljani pomoću anketnog upitnika prije otpusta rodilje iz rodilišta. Prosječna procjena boli na numeričkoj skali od 1 do 10 prije primjene epiduralne analgezije iznosi 7,7, a nakon primjene epiduralne analgezije 3,4. Medijan procijenjene boli prije primjene epiduralne analgezije iznosi 8 (7 – 8), a nakon primjene epiduralne 3 (2 – 5). Prosječno zadovoljstvo epiduralnom analgezijom na skali od 1 do 10 iznosi 8,11, medijan zadovoljstva je 10 (interkvartilni raspon od 7 do 10). 35 rodilja je zadovoljstvo ocijenilo sa 10, što čini 58,3% uzorka. Statistički značajna povezanost između učinkovitosti epiduralne analgezije i pariteta, razrjeđenja primijenjenog levobupivakaina, primjene fentanila i razine obrazovanja nije pronađena. Porodna bol je značajno umanjena primjenom epiduralne analgezije i zadovoljstvo rodilja je vrlo visoko.

Research has shown that glycemic variability increases the risk of the development of acute and chronic complications with diabetes. Accordingly, the assessment of glycemic variability is of great importance to determine the quality of life for people suffering from diabetes. Objective: To examine the connection between glycemic variability and the quality of life for people with type 1 diabetes who use self-monitoring blood glucose devices. Respondents and methods: 42 respondents participated in the research with an average age of 39.6, who are treated with intensified insulin therapy. For the purpose of glycemic variability assessment, an innovative uniGluko system is used, which enables the display of glycemia in a unique graphic interface in the form of numeric values within the last three months from which a glycemic variability index was calculated as well as a general information survey, a survey on the quality of life from the World Health Organization (WHOQOL – BREF) and a short questionnaire regarding illness perception (Brief – IPQ). Results: By usage of standard deviation as a glyemic variability measure, statistically significant results have been obtained and they demonstrate that lower glycemic variability is connected to better quality of life (rs=-0.4571; p=0.0023), higher satisfaction with health (rs=-0.3186; p=0.0398) and reduced impact of disease on emotional life (rs=0.4097; p=0.,0071). Lower glucose variability implies reduced impact of disease on everyday life (rs=0.3091; p=0.0464), reduced incidence of symptoms (rs=0.3441; p=0.0255), and patients’ sense that they have more control over disease (rs=-0.5185; p=0.0004). Conclusion: The glycemic variability has a negative impact on life quality and health of patients with diabetes type 1.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) has recently been associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) development. It causes cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and cell proliferation and migration triggered by hyperglycemia and inflammation. Liraglutide is an antihyperglycemic agent that has a direct renoprotective effect. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of liraglutide on cell viability and TGF-β expression in the LLC-PK1 model of DN. Cell viability was determined by colorimetric MTT assay and erythrosine B color exclusion assay. The expression of mRNA TGF- β1 was measured by RT-PCR and β-actin was used as an internal control. LLC- PK1 cell culture was treated with different concentrations of glucose (1.5, 30 mM) and the combination of glucose and H2O2 (0.5 mM) for 24 hours. To study the renal effect of liraglutide, cells were treated for 24 hours with different combinations of glucose and liraglutide (10, 20 nM) and combinations of glucose, H2O2, and liraglutide. A significant decrease in MTT levels compared to control (p < 0.01 ; p < 0.001) was observed after treatment with a combination of HG30/ H2O2 and HG30 alone. Cell viability was improved by the addition of liraglutide (10 nM) to cells treated with HG30, while 20 nM had no effect. There was no significant difference in cell survival with the addition of HG30 and HG30/ H2O2 compared to control. The addition of liraglutide at both concentrations to cells treated with HG30 and HG30/H2O2 improved cell survival, although significance was only numerical, not reaching statistical significance. TGF-β1 expression levels were significantly increased in cells treated with HG30 (p < 0.001). Liraglutide inhibited TGF-β1 expression except in HG30/H2O2 treated cells. Our results support a protective role of liraglutide in LLC-PK1 cells, mediated by inhibition of TGF-β1, thus reducing oxidative stress damage.

Throughout history, Osijek and Slavonia were parts of numerous empires and states. In this paper, the authors depict dental health care of the inhabitants of Osijek and Slavonia throughout their history, since the ancient prehistoric times when dental medicine and medicine in general were ‘in the hands’ of gods and medicine men, throughout the period of the Roman Empire and Middle Ages, as well as the Turkish sovereignty, all the way to the modern era when Osijek and Slavonia became part of the Austrian Empire and many novelties were introduced in the society, among other things, and for those times, modern procedures of medicine and dental protection. Those were the true beginnings of medicine and dental protection. The authors illustrate the work of various ‘dentists’ who worked in Osijek, from military and town surgeons, barbers, and especially the work of doctors that needed to have formal school and specialist education after the reforms implemented in the 19th century. Thanks to the reforms of the Austrian, and later the Austrian-Hungarian authorities, the practice and work of people who were allowed to perform dental procedures started being regulated, prices were established, and punishments introduced for those who performed dental procedures without having the proper qualifications., Osijek i Slavonija su tijekom vremena bili dijelom mnogih carstava i država. U ovome radu autori prikazuju skrb o dentalnom zdravlju stanovništva Osijeka i Slavonije kroz povijest. Od najstarijih pretpovijesnih vremena kada je dentalna zaštita, kao uostalom i medicina općenito bila u „nadležnosti“ božanstava i vračeva, preko rimskog i srednjovjekovnog razdoblja te razdoblja turske vladavine pa do novovjekovnog razdoblja kada Osijek i Slavonija ulaze u sastav Austrijske carevine i kada se uvode mnoge novine na svim poljima društvenog života, između ostalog i za ono vrijeme moderni postupci medicine i dentalne zaštite. Od tada zapravo možemo govoriti o pravim počecima medicine i dentalne zaštite. Autori prikazuju rad brojnih „zubara“ koji su djelovali u Osijeku, poput vojnih i gradskih kirurga, brijača i napose, nakon reforma provedenih u 19. stoljeću, liječnika koji su morali imati propisanu školsku i specijalističku izobrazbu. Zahvaljujući reformama austrijskih, a potom i austro-ugarskih vlasti uveden je red u postupanje i rad osoba koje su smjele provoditi dentalne zahvate, propisane su cijene za iste i uvedene kazne za one koji su se bavili dentalnim zahvatima, a za to nisu imali kvalifikacije.

U godinama poslije Drugog svjetskog rata u Osijeku i Slavoniji osjetio se znatan nedostatak školovanog medicinskog osoblja, a osobito dentalnog. Velik broj takvog osoblja židovskog podrijetla stradao je u progonima za vrijeme rata, a također velik broj onih njemačkog podrijetla odselio se iz Slavonije. U godinama poslije rata znatan broj školovanog dentalnog i medicinskog osoblja otišao je u mirovinu. Da bi se popravilo stanje dentalne zaštite stanovništva 1961. u Osijeku se osniva Viša stomatološka škola. Školovanje je trajalo dvije godine i bilo organizirano u šest trimestara, a nakon toga polaznici su stjecali zvanje višeg zubara. Kroz desetak godina djelovanja na Višoj stomatološkoj školi u Osijeku školovalo se nekoliko stotina studenata iz svih krajeva ondašnje države, ali ipak najviše iz Slavonije. Na taj način ova školska ustanova ispunila je svoj cilj. Nedostatak školovanog dentalnog osoblja je smanjen i Osijek i Slavonija dosižu ostatak Hrvatske u broju medicinskog osoblja. Godine 1971. Viša stomatološka škola prestaje sa djelovanjem, transformira se u Polikliniku za zaštitu zubi i usta u Osijeku koja dalje nastavlja tradiciju dentalne zaštite stanovništva i školovanja dentalnog osoblja.

Throughout history, Osijek and Slavonia were parts of numerous empires and states. In this paper, the authors depict dental health care of the inhabitants of Osijek and Slavonia throughout their history, since the ancient prehistoric times when dental medicine and medicine in general were 'in the hands' of gods and medicine men, throughout the period of the Roman Empire and Middle Ages, as well as the Turkish sovereignty, all the way to the modern era when Osijek and Slavonia became part of the Austrian Empire and many novelties were introduced in the society, among other things, and for those times, modern procedures of medicine and dental protection. Those were the true beginnings of medicine and dental protection. The authors illustrate the work of various 'dentists' who worked in Osijek, from military and town surgeons, barbers, and especially the work of doctors that needed to have formal school and specialist education after the reforms implemented in the 19

Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue driven by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes through adipogenesis. Adipogenesis plays a key role in the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders, which makes it potential target for the therapeutic approach to obesity. An increasing number of studies confirm the pleiotropic action of the combined treatment with metformin and statins, suggesting their anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-adipogenic effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of different doses of metformin (MET) and simvastatin (SIM) on the expression of key transcription factors of adipogenesis. Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiation in adipogenic medium with sustained MET and SIM treatment to assess the effect on adipogenesis. Nine days after initiating adipogenesis, the cells were prepared for further experiments, including Oil Red O staining, RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. Treating the cells with the combination of MET and SIM slightly reduced the intensity of Oil Red O staining compared with the control group, and down-regulated mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP-1C. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect of MET and SIM on adipocyte differentiation, as indicated by decreased lipid accumulation, appears to be mediated through the down-regulation of adipogenic transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding pro-tein α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1C).

Aims: Chronic diabetes complications, including diabetic nephropathy (DN), frequently result in end-stage renal failure. This study investigated empagliflozin (SGLT2i) effects on collagen synthesis, oxidative stress, cell survival, and protein expression in an LLC-PK1 model of DN. Methods: Combinations of high glucose (HG) and increasing empagliflozin concentrations (100 nM and 500 nM), as well as combinations of HG, H2O2, and empagliflozin, were used for cell culture treatment. The cell viability, glutathione (tGSH), ECM expression, and TGF-β1 concentration were measured. In addition, the protein expression of Akt, pAkt, GSK3, pGSK3, pSTAT3, and SMAD7 was determined. Results: The addition of both concentrations of empagliflozin to cells previously exposed to glucose and oxidative stress generally improved cell viability and increased GSH levels (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). In HG30/H2O2/Empa500-treated cells, significant increase in pSTAT3, pGSK3β, GSK3β, SMAD7, and pAKT levels (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.05) was observed except for AKT. Lower drug concentrations did not affect the protein expression levels. Furthermore, empagliflozin treatment (100 nM and 500 nM) of HG30/H2O2-injured cells led to a decrease in TGF-β1 levels (p < 0.001). In cells exposed to oxidative stress and hyperglycemia, collagen production remained unchanged. Conclusion: Renoprotective effects of empagliflozin, in this LLC-PK1 cell model of DN, are mediated via activation of the Akt/GSK-3 signalling pathway, thus reducing oxidative stress-induced damage, as well as enhanced SMAD7 expression leading to downregulation of TGF-β1, one of the key mediators of inflammation and fibrosis.

Predavanje upoznaje s područjem infracrvene termografije kao načinom drugačijeg pogleda na svijet. Povijesni pregled tehničkog razvoja naglašen je kroz prizmu primjene u području medicine. Ukazano je na pogreške koje se mogu pojaviti tijekom postupka kvantitativne termografske analize. Kroz prikaz različitih primjera nastojalo se predočiti prednosti aplikacija termografske kamere u dijagnostici. Primjeri preuzeti iz literature obuhvatili su termograme: karcinoma, sportskih ozljeda i upalnih procesa.

This paper will present the Objective Moral critique of Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian or The Evening Redness in the West. Since Objective Morality cannot be reduced to a system, an ideology, or a philosophy, and since all world religions do not claim it for themselves, but build their beliefs (which come from divine revelations) upon it – we can also state that this paper will present a common-sense critique of the novel. This is because Common Sense or Vernunft or νοῦς (nous) is a faculty with which human beings universally come to know formal causes (eternal Truths) and final causes (objective moral order – i.e., the Good). Therefore, the paper will analyse the novel’s major subversive messages, found in its espousal of Nietzschean philosophy, Gnosticism, and inherent in postmodern literary techniques which the novel utilizes – all of which are only a façade for McCarthy’s propagation of the religion of Satanism. Ovim će se radom predstaviti objektivna moralna kritika Cormac McCarthyjevog romana Krvavi meridijan ili Večernja rumen na zapadu. Pošto objektivni moral nije moguće reducirati na neki sistem, na neku ideologiju, ili na nečiju filozofiju, te pošto ga ni jedna svjetska religija ne uzima za sebe, već izgrađuje svoja vjerovanja (koja dolaze od božanskih otkrivenja) na njemu – možemo također reći da će ovaj rad predstaviti zdravo-razumsku kritiku romana. To je stoga što je zdrav razum iliti Vernunft iliti νοῦς (nous), sposobnost s kojom ljudska bića univerzalno dolaze do spoznaje formalnih uzroka (vječnih Istina) i finalnih uzroka (objektivnog moralnog poretka – tj. Dobra). Stoga, ovaj će rad analizirati osnovne subverzivne poruke romana, nađene u njegovoj promociji nietzscheanske filozofije, gnosticizma, te inherentne postmodernim književnim tehnikama koje roman koristi – što sve samo čini krinku za McCarthyjevo propagiranje religije sotonizma.

Over the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma and ensured significant improvement in overall survival versus chemotherapy. ICI or targeted therapy are now the first line treatment in advanced melanoma, depending on the tumor v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) mutational status. While these new approaches have changed the outcomes for many patients, a significant proportion of them still experience lack of response, known as primary resistance. Mechanisms of primary drug resistance are not fully elucidated. However, many alterations have been found in ICI-resistant melanomas and possibly contribute to that outcome. Furthermore, some tumors which initially responded to ICI treatment ultimately developed mechanisms of acquired resistance and subsequent tumor progression. In this review, we give an overview of tumor primary and acquired resistance mechanisms to ICI and discuss future perspectives with regards to new molecular targets and combinatorial therapies.

Purpose of this study was assessing of local infiltration analgesia (LI A) with levobupivacaine on the trend of acute postoperative pain and outcome in individuals who underwent rhinoplasty procedure and abdominoplasty performed in general anaesthesia. The research was conducted on 60 patients, of which 30 patients underwent rhinoplasty procedure and the other 30 patients underwent abdominoplasty procedure in general anaesthesia with LI A in “Bagatin” Polyclinic in the time period between 01.01.2014. and 01.01.2017. Postoperative analgesics doses on the same day of surgery were noted in 85 % of participants who underwent an abdominoplasty procedure and in 45 % of participants underwent rhinoplasty procedure. Patients who underwent abdominoplasty were discharged from the facility within 48 hours, while all patients who underwent rhinoplasty procedure were discharged on the same day of the surgery. During the first postoperative day patients who underwent a rhinoplasty procedure did not require analgesics, while only 3 % of patients who underwent an abdominal liposuction procedure required an additional dose of analgesics. The research results had shown, when LI A was performed, the manifestation of acute postoperative pain and vomiting did not lead to prolonged stay in day surgery., Svrha studije je procjena djelovanja lokalne infiltracijske analgezije (LI A) s levobupivakainom na promjene akutne poslijeoperacijske boli i ishod za pacijente podvrgnute rinoplastici i abdominoplastici u općoj anesteziji. Istraživanje je provedeno na 60 pacijenata, od kojih je 30 pacijenta bilo podvrgnuto abdominoplastici i 30 pacijenata podvrgnuto rinoplastici sa LI A u općoj anesteziji u Poliklinici Bagatin u vremenskom periodu od 01.01.2014. i 01.01.2017. U 85 % bolesnika podvrgnutih abdominoplastici zabilježena je poslijeoperacijska primjena analgetika, te u 45 % bolesnika podvrgnutih rinoplastici. Pacijenti podvrgnuti abdominoplastici otpušteni su iz poliklinike unutar 48 sati nakon kirurškog zahvata, a svi pacijenti koji su podvrgnuti rinoplastici otpušteni su na isti dan kirurškog zahvata. Tijekom prvog poslijeoperacijskog dana bolesnici podvrgnuti rinoplastici nisu imali potreba za analgeticima, dok je u 3 % bolesnika podvrgnutih abdominoplastici bila potrebna dodatna doza analgetika. Rezultati su studije pokazali da uz primjenu LI A-e poslijeoperacijska bol i povraćanje nakon kirurškog zahvata nisu utjecali na duljinu boravka u ustanovi u kojoj je zahvat učinjen.

Background: Impairment of systolic function and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) are well- known negative prognostic markers in non- ischemic cardiomyopathies (NICMPs). There is limited knowledge of the geometrical rearrangements of the ventricle volumes over size of the left atrium and their connections with systolic dysfunction and existence of LGE. Material/Methods: Consecutive cases of NICMP5 with impaired systolic function and controls were included from a computerized database of cardiac magnetic resonance exams for a 2.5-year period. Ratios made from volumetric parameters over left atrial area (LAA) area were calculated. Results: Our study included 205 cases referred to cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) ; age was 48.7 +/- 17.0 years (range 15.2-80.4), male-to- female ratio 137 (66.8%): 68 (33.2%), (both p>0.05). LGE was significantly correlated with impairment of systolic function (Rho CC=0.395 ; p= 2.7 had an area under curve (AUC) of 0.902 (0.853-0.939), p

Esophageal diseases are diagnosed by gastroenterological processing indicated due to typical gastrointestinal symptoms, but typical gastrointestinal symptoms are not the only possible manifestation of esophageal disease. There are also external symptoms such as chronic cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, oropharyngeal dysphagia, odynophagia, laryngopharyngeal reflux, dysphonia, sinusitis, ear pain, and changes in laryngopharyngeal mucosa (erythema, edema, ventricular obliteration, cricoid hyperplasia and pseudosulcus). Extraesophageal symptoms are common in esophagitis and GERD, and studies show increasing prevalence of LPR in patients with GERD, as well as an association of reflux disease with cough and dysphonia symptoms. The aim of the chapter is to describe these extraesophageal symptoms of esophageal disease and how to recognize and treat them, in order to facilitate gastroenterologists’ diagnostic processing of patients with these symptoms, improve their treatment and assessment of the therapy effectiveness, prevent the development of stronger symptoms, and encourage multidisciplinary cooperation and exchange of knowledge, scientific and clinical work.

Stoljećima ljuta crvena paprika predstavlja jedan od glavnih začina u tradicionalnoj hrvatskoj kuhinji. Osim kao začin tijekom pripremanja jela, crvena paprika pripada nezaobilaznim sastojcima u pripremi suhomesnatih proizvoda. Iako dugo prisutna u prehrani čovjeka, tek unazad desetak godina dobiva status namirnice s izrazito povoljnim učinkom na zdravlje čovjeka. Upravo ljuta paprika odnosno kapsaicin, alkaloid odgovoran za ljutinu biljke, prepoznat je kao glavni čimbenik odgovoran za ljekovita svojstva paprike. Naime, pokazano je da redovito konzumiranje ljute paprike smanjuje rizik za razvoj srčanog i moždanog udara, a time smanjuje i ukupnu kardiovaskularnu smrtnost. Nadalje, poznat je povoljan učinak kapsaicina na značajne kardiovaskularne rizične faktore kao što su hipertenzija te metabolički sindrom. In vivo studije pokazale su povoljan učinak kapsaicina na metabolizam glukoze s posljedičnim smanjenjem inzulinske rezistencije. Također, na životinjskom modelu pokazano je da kapsaicin smanjuje koncentraciju triglicerida u plazmi te dovodi do smanjenja masnog tkiva što rezultira redukcijom tjelesne težine. Uzevši u obzir iznešene dokaze ljuta paprika definitivno zaslužuje centralno mjesto na svakoj polici sa začinima, ako ne zbog zdravstvenih blagodati onda bar zbog vitke linije.

After tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes dimensional changes. Different bone regeneration biomaterials are used to reduce bone loss. The aim of this article was to systematically review the literature on the effect of injectable synthetic biomaterials and their advantages and disadvantages for new bone formation in the maxilla and mandible in animals and humans. A literature search was conducted in November 2020 via MEDLINE PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase. Of the 501 records screened, abstract analysis was performed on 49 articles, resulting in 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Animal studies have shown heterogeneity in terms of animal models, follow-up time, composition of the injectable biomaterial, and different outcome variables such as bone–implant contact, newly formed bone, and peri-implant bone density. Heterogeneity has also been demonstrated by human studies. The following outcomes were observed: newly formed bone, connective tissue, residual injectable bone graft substitute, radiographic density, residual bone height, and different follow-up periods. Further studies, especially in humans, based on the histological and biomechanical properties of the injectable delivery form, are needed to draw more concrete conclusions that will contribute to a better understanding of the benefits of this type of biomaterials and their role in bone regeneration.

Sveučilišni udžbenik iz interne medicine namjenjen studentima medicine, specijalizantima internističkih struka i srodnim granama.

The elderly is at bigger risk for getting COVID-19 virus, and a particularly vulnerable group are people placed in homes for the elderly and frail. The aims of the study were: (1) to examine differences in the respondent’s experiences of social isolation, loneliness and perception of social support, (2) to examine correlations between the dimensions of social isolation and the experience of social support with the experience of loneliness, and (3) to examine whether dimensions of social isolation and perceived social support are risky psychosocial significant predictors of loneliness. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 98 participants from three nursing homes in Croatia, EU. It used Social Provision Scale, the short- form Loneliness Scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The results indicate that people who are single are lonelier, and if they do not have descendants are less likely to contact their family and at the same time they report a weaker social support experience. Loneliness is a statistically positive thing with a social provision dimension, information availability, and a significant negative correlation with the experience of social support. The dimensions of social provision, access to information and perceptions of social support contribute to the experience of loneliness. The constant exposure to negative information about the pandemic, the insecurity and anxiety of the people who communicate with them, make the users of homes for the elderly and infirm even more vulnerable to the development of loneliness.

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease. Aim was to evaluate imaging features of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) in comparison to non-TNBC. We reviewed data of 30 patients who had been diagnosed as having TNBC and 37 patients with non-TNBC (control group) using criteria described for mammography (MMG), ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon for image interpretation. Age of patients, size of tumor, multifocality, histological type, tumor grade and status of lymph nodes were reviewed. TNBC were more often histological grade 3 and had significantly more positive lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis on pathology reports. On MMG, US and MRI TNBC mostly appeared as regularly shaped masses. On US as hypoechogenic masses with no posterior acoustic features and on MRI as masses with rim type of enhancement, fast wash-in and plateau type of curves. Most frequent category reported after MMG and US was BI RADS 4, and after MRI BI RADS 5. In conclusion, our study confirmed higher histological grade of TNBC, as well as more frequent lymph node involvement in comparation to the non-TNBC. TNBC showed tendency to affect younger women and to be larger than non-TNBC. Although, they most often presented as a mass on mammography and sonography, in a significant number of cases they remained miscategorized, due to the benign imaging features. All cases are recognized on MRI where they appear as rim enhancing masses.

This paper presents the report on the project of implementation and evaluation of online learning at the Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek. The aim of this project was to include online learning in the teaching process at the Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, and to assess student’s satisfaction with online learning implemented during elective courses in social sciences. Several dislocated study programs were included, where video conferencing equipment was installed and video conference lectures were held during elective courses in social sciences (Health economics, Health management, Quality control) using Carnet video conferencing system. Lectures were recorded and made available for students to access at different times and locations. An anonymous survey assessing students’ experience and perception of online education was conducted after each course as a part of the regular anonymous course evaluation survey. A large proportion of students were satisfied with the online lectures and agreed that online teaching improves education quality.

Uvod:Eozinofilni ezofagitis je kronična, antigen posredovana upalna bolest jednjaka. Bolest je otkrivena devedestih godina prošlog stoljeća uz stalni rast njezine incidencije. Može se pojaviti u dječjoj ili odrasloj dobi, izaziva ju alergijska reakcija na nutrijente koji su česti sastojci hrane poput soje, pšenice, ribe ili kravljeg mlijeka (1) . Očituje se disfagijom, odinofagijom, povremenim bolovima u području žličice ili je u rjeđim slučajevima prva manifestacija bolesti opstrukcija jednjaka. Eozinofilni ezofagitis izaziva nespecifične promjene na sluznici jednjaka poput edema, bjelkastih poprečnih naslaga ili suženja jednjaka koja nastaju u kasnijim fazama neprepoznate bolesti (2) . Liječenje bolesti je nespecifično. Liječenje se sastoji od izbjegavanja alergena kroz dijetne režime prehrane, primjenu oralnih kortikosteroidnih pripravaka i liječenje komplikacija specifičnim metodama poput dilatacije striktura jednjaka. Prikaz slučaja: Muškarac u dobi od 43 godine javlja se u hitnu službu OŽB Vinkovci zbog impakcije hrane u jednjaku, naglo nastale nakon ručka prethodnog dana. Zbog navedenog bolesnik u potpunosti nije mogao konzumirati vodu i hranu tijekom 24-satnog perioda. Bolesnik je upućen na hitnu gastroskopiju tijekom koje se evidentira bolus hrane koji se progura do želuca i usitni na sitne partikle. Zbog specifičnih promjena sluznice u vidu uzdužnih pruga koje zauzimaju veći dio cikrumferencije jednjaka nakon tjedan dana se učini i kontrolna gastroskopija. Bioptira se sluznica distalnog i proksimalnog dijela jednjaka te se u patohistološkim preparatima višeslojnog pločastog epitela uoči velik broj eozinofila. S obzirom na broj eozinofilnih granulocita veći od petnaest u velikom vidnom polju u navedenom slučaju se postavi dijagnoza eozinofilnog ezofagitisa. Kod bolesnika se započne liječenje oralnim kortikosteroidnim pripravcima čijom primjenom se očekuje spriječiti ponavljanje simptomatologije. Ovim prikazom slučaja smo htjeli ukazati na činjenicu da prva manifestacija eozinofilnog ezofagitisa može biti i opstrukcija jednjaka te je u tom slučaju po rješenju hitnog stanja potrebna ponovna endoskopska obrada uz biopsiju promjena radi postavljanja adekvatne patohistološke dijagnoze i odgovarajućeg liječenja bolesti.

Predavanje prezentira povijesni razvoja infracrvene tremografske kamere za medincisku upotrebu. Proces umjeravanja i pogreske mjerenja stavljene su u kontekst potrebne tocnosti odredjivanja temperature pacijenata. Napravljen je pregled dostupnih termografskih kamera i njihovog potencijala za formiranje točnog i preciznog termograma. Analiza značaja razlučivosti i odabra optike povezana je sa Field of view (FOV) i Instantaneouns field of view (IFOV). Poseban naglask stavljen je na potrebu preriodične kontrole umjerenosti pomću referentnog izvora infracvenog zracenja. Emisivnost kao i iznalaženja točne vrijednosti emisivnosti povezani su sa odredjivanja stvarne vrijednosti teperature analiziranog objekta. U konačnici prikazn je značaj programske podrške za obradu trmografskog zapisa.

Fatty liver disease is one of the most severe side effects of amiodarone and tamoxifen varying from simple steatosis to end-stage liver disease. In this study, we developed in vitro models of drug- induced fatty liver disease and analyzed the potential protective effect of glucagon-like- peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). HuH7 cells were incubated with 5 µM to 20 µM of amiodarone, 1 µM to 10 µM of tamoxifen, and 1 nM to 100 nM of GLP-1 RA for various time periods (from 24h to a few days), respectively. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Changes in cell shape and the extent of hepatosteatosis were assessed by fluorescent microscopy. A significant decrease in cell viability occurred with tamoxifen administration in a dose-dependent manner after only 24h, whereas amiodarone did not diminish cell viability significantly in such a short period of time. Along with the decrease in cell viability, changes in cells appearance were also observed. Microsteatosis was demonstrated as the predominant form of injury. Co-treatment with GLP-1 RA enhanced cell viability, especially in tamoxifen- treated cells for almost 30% (p

In the second half of the 19th century, Croatia experienced a radical change in the performance of dental practice and legislation that regulates such practice. From the old feudal system when dental practice was practised by barbers-surgeons and feldshers (Old Croatian language: vidari), it is transferred to a more modern system where dental practice becomes a part of medical sciences and its implementation requires adequate medical education. The most important factor that contributed to this was the adoption of new modern laws in 1874, and then in 1894, as well as accompanying regulations, which adequately regulated the matter of public health and dental practice.

Highlights • 72% of high-risk women underestimate their own breast cancer risk. • Positive family history does not encourage positive chemoprevention attitude. • Low general knowledge about breast cancer chemoprevention detected. • High interest in chemoprevention gives an opportunity for its implementation., The increase of breast cancer (BC) incidence has drawn attention to BC risk as means of reducing mortality and morbidity of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of BC risk perception, evaluate factors that affect risk perception and assess the correlation between BC risk perception and attitudes towards BC chemoprevention. A cross-sectional study included total of 258 women with average and high-risk for BC according to the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT). All data were collected by face-to-face interview by three trained 6th year medical school students using a 54-item questionnaire. Each participant’s actual BC risk was compared to a perceived risk and the accuracy of the BC risk self-assessment was determined. 72% of high-risk women underestimated their BC risk (p

The incidence rate of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming a global health problem that could be caused by changes in environmental and lifestyle habits. The study aimed to identify the association between the quality of drinking water, i.e., physiochemical and biological aspects of the phenotype and activity of IBD in Eastern Croatia. The study included 312 patients (63.4% ulcerative colitis, UC, and 36.6% Crohn&rsquo, s disease, CD) from the area of Eastern Croatia. The data were collected by questionnaires and the analysis of the water safety, based on 65 samples of drinking water by the patient&rsquo, s water supply method (public supply, rural water supply, and private well). IBD was active in 38.0% patients (34.0% CD and 40.0% UC). Significant differences (p = 0.001) were observed in the distribution of patients, according to counties in which they lived in. The largest deviation was noted in coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and enterococci bacteria, Fe, Al, and nitrate in rural water supply and private wells, although, without significant impact on IBD phenotype and activity. The hazard quotient (HQ) simulations showed that children are a sensitive group, regarding exposure to nitrates in drinking water over a long period of time, so there is a need for further monitoring and analysis of this issue.

The aim of this study was to determine the values of DMFT/DMFS and dft/dfs in the examined groups of children and the assessment of the mothers of the examined groups of children related to the oral health of their children. The research included children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village in Croatia as well as children from biological families from rural and urban areas. The children were examined by the visual&ndash, tactile method according to the standardized World Health Organization criteria. dft/DMFT and dfs/DMFS indices were calculated. An analysis of completed questionnaires was made. The children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village demonstrated the lowest mean values of the dft/dfs (2.42/3.31) and DMFT/DMFS (1.61/2.23) indices compared to children from rural and urban areas. The Kruskal&ndash, Wallis test showed a significant difference (p = 0.01) in SiC index values between the examined children. In the groups of children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village and from the rural area compared to the children from the urban area, oral hygiene was singled out as the most important factor in the analysis of the main components. An equally significant factor for all the respondents is the assessment of oral health and eating habits. The least significant factor for the group of children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village is socio-economic status, which is the most significant for the children from the urban area. The children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s village have the lowest dft/DMFT, dfs/DMFS, and SiC indices. The most important factor influencing oral health in the group of children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village that stands out is oral hygiene, and the least important is the socio-economic status. The assessment of oral health by the SOS mothers does not differ from the assessment of biological mothers of children from rural and urban areas.