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Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma Treatment: An Update
- Source :
- Biomedicines, Vol 9, Iss 835, p 835 (2021), Biomedicines
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Over the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma and ensured significant improvement in overall survival versus chemotherapy. ICI or targeted therapy are now the first line treatment in advanced melanoma, depending on the tumor v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) mutational status. While these new approaches have changed the outcomes for many patients, a significant proportion of them still experience lack of response, known as primary resistance. Mechanisms of primary drug resistance are not fully elucidated. However, many alterations have been found in ICI-resistant melanomas and possibly contribute to that outcome. Furthermore, some tumors which initially responded to ICI treatment ultimately developed mechanisms of acquired resistance and subsequent tumor progression. In this review, we give an overview of tumor primary and acquired resistance mechanisms to ICI and discuss future perspectives with regards to new molecular targets and combinatorial therapies.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
immune check-point inhibitors
QH301-705.5
medicine.medical_treatment
Medicine (miscellaneous)
Ipilimumab
Pembrolizumab
Drug resistance
Review
General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Targeted therapy
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
medicine
melanoma
drug resistance
immunotherapy
ipilimumab
nivolumab
pembrolizumab
Biology (General)
business.industry
Melanoma
Immunotherapy
medicine.disease
030104 developmental biology
Tumor progression
030220 oncology & carcinogenesis
Cancer research
Nivolumab
business
medicine.drug
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 22279059
- Volume :
- 9
- Issue :
- 835
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Biomedicines
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....10674455841225763cf0c2c4e0e306f3