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Apresenta uma metodologia operacional integrada, utilizando técnicas de repositórios de dados (data warehousing) e mineração de dados (data mining), e combinando ferramentas estatísticas com reconhecimento de padrões. Tendo em vista a utilização de recursos, o objetivo principal é chegar a um entendimento melhor do comportamento de comunidades de usuários. O anonimato dos usuários fica inteiramente assegurado na aplicação do modelo, pelo qual são processados os dados oriundos de arquivos transacionais da biblioteca. O próprio processo da bibliomineração consiste basicamente em coletar, depurar e anonimizar os dados, visando, precipuamente, a descoberta de padrões subjacentes. Os resultados podem ser combinados com diferentes variáveis, antes de sua utilização na tomada de decisão pela Administração da biblioteca. In order to get a better understanding of library user communities and to improve resource utilization, the author proposes an integrated operational application of data warehousing and datamining, combining statistical and pattern recognition tools, both integrated under a new concept named bibliomining. With the application of this model to transactional records of the library, patron privacy is fully respected through the creation of an anonymized version of the operational data, before reformatting them for bibliomining analysis. The bibliomining process itself consists mainly of collecting, cleaning and anonymizing the data, in order to discover underlying behavior patterns. The results can be combined with several variables, before being used to improve decision-making by the library administration.

As fumigants face increasing regulatory restrictions, resistance, and consumer pushback, it is vital to expand the integrated pest management (IPM) chemical toolkit for stored products. The production of biomass derived insecticides (e.g., bio-oil fraction) from byproducts of biofuel production may be a promising alternative source of chemistries for controlling stored product insects. These potential insecticidal bio-oils were fractionated based on boiling points (ranging from 115 to 230°C in one series and 245–250°C in another). Fractions were analyzed using GC-MS, and were found to be unique in composition. The lethality of these fractions was tested on Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Fractions were tested at concentrations ranging from 5–260 mg/ml to screen for efficacy against adults for durations of 2–8 hr sprayed on concrete arenas. In addition, a separate assay evaluated adult emergence of larvae after 6 wk with supplemental food in arenas, while repellency was evaluated against four stored product insect species in a laminar wind tunnel. A greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions life cycle assessment was also performed, which found the use of the bio-oil fraction could reduce GHG emissions associated with the insecticide supply chain by 25–61% relative to a fossil-fuel based insecticide or pyrethroid. While adults were largely unaffected, we found that larval emergence was significantly suppressed compared to controls by roughly half or more. We also determined that there was minimal repellency to most fractions by most species. We conclude that the use of bio-oil fractions is a climate-friendly choice that may support IPM programs.

As digital technologies are becoming embedded in all aspects of life, cyber attacks can come from many directions. A significant proportion of these attacks pose serious risks to critical data, infrastructure and processes within all manner of organisations, both large and small.

Objectives: Until the introduction of fidaxomicin, antimicrobial treatment for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was limited to metronidazole and vancomycin. The changing epidemiology of CDI and the emergence of epidemic C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 necessitate continued surveillance to identify shifts in antibiotic susceptibility. ClosER, currently the largest pan-European epidemiological study of C. difficile ribotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility, aimed to undertake antimicrobial resistance surveillance pre- and post-introduction of fidaxomicin.\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods: Between July 2011 and July 2014, 39 sites across 22 European countries submitted 2830 C. difficile isolates for ribotyping, toxin testing and susceptibility testing to metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin, rifampicin, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, chloramphenicol and tigecycline.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results: Ribotypes 027, 014, 001, 078, 020, 002, 126, 015 and 005 were most frequently isolated, and emergent ribotypes 198 and 356 were identified in Hungary and Italy, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to fidaxomicin, with scarce resistance to metronidazole (0.2%, 6/2694), vancomycin (0.1%, 2/2694) and tigecycline (0%). Rifampicin, moxifloxacin and clindamycin resistance was evident in multiple ribotypes. Lack of ribotype diversity correlated with greater antimicrobial resistance. Epidemic ribotypes (027/001) were associated with multiple antimicrobial resistance, and ribotypes 017, 018 and 356 with high-level resistance. Additional factors may also influence local ribotype prevalence.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions: Fidaxomicin susceptibility was retained post-introduction, and resistance to metronidazole and vancomycin was rare. Continued surveillance is needed, with more accurate classification and clarification of ribotype subtypes to further understand their role in the spread of resistance. Other factors may also influence changes in prevalence of C. difficile ribotypes with reduced antibiotic susceptibility.

New ways to engage students in learning can be most meaningful if we provide opportunities for them to engage with each other and forge an understanding of the narrative behind the lessons.

In this paper, we examine the eect of "choice fatigue"on decision making. We exploit a natural experiment in which voters face the same contest at dierent ballot positions due to dierences in the number of local issues on their ballot. Facing more decisions before a given contest signi…cantly increases the tendency to abstain or rely on decision shortcuts, such as voting for the status quo or the …rst listed candidate. We estimate that, without choice fatigue, abstentions would decrease by 8%, and 6% of the propositions in our dataset would have passed rather than failed.

Biofilms are characteristic of some chronic or recurrent infections and this mode of growth tends to reduce treatment efficacy. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is associated with a high rate of recurrent symptomatic disease. The presence and behaviour of C. difficile within intestinal biofilms remains largely unexplored, but may factor in recurrent infection.A triple-stage chemostat gut model designed to facilitate the formation of intestinal biofilm was inoculated with a pooled human faecal emulsion. Bacterial populations were allowed to equilibrate before simulated CDI was induced by clindamycin (33.9 mg/L, four times daily, 7 days) and subsequently treated with vancomycin (125 mg/L, four times daily, 7 days). Indigenous gut microbiota, C. difficile total viable counts, spores, cytotoxin and antimicrobial activity in planktonic and biofilm communities were monitored during the 10 week experimental period.Vancomycin successfully treated the initial episode of simulated CDI, but ∼18 days after therapy cessation, recurrent infection occurred. Germination, proliferation and toxin production were evident within planktonic communities in both initial and recurrent CDI. In contrast, sessile C. difficile remained in dormant spore form for the duration of the experiment. The effects of and recovery from clindamycin and vancomycin exposure for sessile populations was delayed compared with responses for planktonic bacteria.Intestinal biofilms provide a potential reservoir for C. difficile spore persistence, possibly facilitating their dispersal into the gut lumen after therapeutic intervention, leading to recurrent infection. Therapeutic options for CDI could have increased efficacy if they are more effective against sessile C. difficile.

Games and other forms of play are used in today’s libraries to attract underserved patrons, to introduce patrons to other library resources and services, and to facilitate engagement between library patrons. While many perceive gaming as a new library service, gaming services have been part of librarianship since the nineteenth century through chess clubs. During the Great Depression, libraries supported patrons with puzzle contests and developed circulating toy and game collections. Academic libraries built game collections for research and classroom needs, while school libraries collected and facilitated educational games to aid teachers. Video games have been used in libraries to help patrons learn to use technology and to bring groups of patrons together to enjoy shared experiences. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the different ways in which libraries have used games, toys, and puzzles over the last 150 years through both collections and services.

Good educational game design is about providing an engaging experience for learners. Experiential training games have been used in fields such as medicine, business, outdoor adventures and military operations for decades. Research from these fields demonstrates the importance of including debriefing activities to help the learners consider what was learned and how that learning can be connected to previous learning and experiences in their lives. Most educational games do not include debriefing activities. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of these models of debriefing and to present a variety of methods that educational software creators can use to include debriefing in their experiential educational games.

Previous work suggests oritavancin may be inhibitory to Clostridium difficile spores. We have evaluated the effects of oritavancin exposure on C. difficile spore germination, outgrowth and recovery.Germination and outgrowth of C. difficile spores exposed to different concentrations of oritavancin, vancomycin, or metronidazole (0.1-10 mg/L) were monitored at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 h using phase-contrast microscopy. Recovery of antimicrobial-exposed spores was determined by viable counting on Brazier's modified CCEYL agar. Persistence of oritavancin activity on spores after washing was determined by measuring activity against a Staphylococcus aureus lawn.Oritavancin, vancomycin and metronidazole exposure did not prevent germination of phase-bright spores to phase-dark spores, but did inhibit further outgrowth into vegetative cells. The inhibitory effect of oritavancin persisted after washing, whereas the inhibitory effects of vancomycin and metronidazole did not. Oritavancin exposure affected spore recovery; fewer spores were recovered after washing following oritavancin exposure than vancomycin exposure. The extent of this effect was dependent on PCR ribotype, with recovery of ribotype 078 spores completely prevented, but recovery of ribotype 001 spores only slightly affected. Spores exposed to oritavancin, but not vancomycin, retained antimicrobial activity after washing, indicating adherence of oritavancin, but not vancomycin, to the spore surfaceOritavancin may adhere to spores, potentially causing early inhibition of germinated cells, preventing subsequent vegetative outgrowth and spore recovery. This may prevent some recurrences of symptomatic C. difficile infection that are due to germination of residual spores following antibiotic therapy.

Three school library staff members explore how they have used tabletop games in different school library settings. Teresa Copeland (Tesseract School, Paradise Valley, Arizona, USA) explores how tabletop and role-playing games have been integrated into the curriculum across a wide variety of grade levels. Brenda Henderson (Trinity High School Learning Resources Centre, Redditch, UK) discusses how a board game club has made a difference in a high school library in the United Kingdom. Brian Mayer (School Library System, Genesee Valley Educational Partnership, LeRoy, New York, USA) supports multiple school libraries in finding matches between the curriculum and authentic games and runs game design workshops.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop some baseline data about games in libraries in North America. The term games is taken broadly in this piece to mean all types of games from card and board games to video games. The focus is primarily on public libraries, but there is some discussion of school and academic libraries as well.Design/methodology/approachThere were two surveys done. The first was a phone survey of 400 public libraries, selected at random. The second survey was a Web‐based convenience sample of libraries of different types. In both studies, we asked questions about the support of gaming in the library, the types of gaming programs run in the library, and the goals and outcomes of those gaming programs.FindingsAround 78 per cent of public libraries support gaming of some type. About 40 per cent run formal gaming programs, and about 20 per cent circulate games. The larger the library, the more likely they are to support gaming. The primary goals of gaming in libraries are to attract the underserved, attract current library patrons, and to create a space for social interactions between members of the community.Research limitations/implicationsThe first study is a random sample and therefore is a statistically significant representation of the population. The second study, being a Web‐based convenience sample, is not statistically representative of a population.Originality/valueThis type of baseline data is not available. Understanding how libraries are supporting games is valuable to researchers in asking appropriate questions. In addition, it helps libraries considering adding games to their services to learn how other libraries are doing it.

For decades, the corporate sector has exploited technological advances to better market and deliver products and services to customers via the techniques of data mining. The technique was not widely used in libraries. However, with the current emphasis on evidence-based decision making, libraries are beginning to utilize their system- and user- generated data. Data mining usually involves a significant endeavor to extract embedded and potentially useful information from large undiscovered data sets (Mitra & Acharya, 2003; Hand, Mannila & Smyth, 2001; Frawley, Piatetsky-Shapiro, & Matheus 1992; Piatetsky-Shapiro & Frawley 1991). These data mining techniques are being used by librarians to improve both internal decision-making and external user services by extracting information from operational datasets of both bibliographic and user data. OCLC Research has taken advantage of the WorldCat database, which includes more than 95 million bibliographic records and 1.2 billion holdings records, as well as data provided by other major library systems and consortia to develop user-oriented collections and services (http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/mining/).

The goal of the technology brief is to familiarize library decision-makers with the opportunities and challenges of participatory networks. In order to accomplish this goal the brief is divided into four sections (excluding an overview and a detailed statement of goal):a conceptual framework for understanding and evaluating participatory networks;a discussion of key concepts and technologies in participatory networks drawn primarily from Web 2.0 and Library 2.0;a merging of the conceptual framework with the technological discussion to present a roadmap for library systems development; anda set of recommendations to foster greater discussion and action on the topic of participatory networks and, more broadly, participatory librarianship.This summary will highlight the discussions in each of these four topics. For consistency, the section numbers and titles from the full brief are used.

One of the valuable offerings of librarians in the digital age is the human intermediation of information needs. In physical libraries, these reference questions are answered, and few artifacts remain from the transaction; therefore, the knowledge created through the work of the librarian leaves with the patron. Due to the medium of communication, digital reference transactions capture the knowledge of information professionals. There are hundreds of digital reference services generating knowledge every day; however, the lack of a schema for archiving reference transactions from multiple services makes it difficult to create a fielded, searchable knowledge base. The development of such a schema would allow researchers to develop tools that practitioners can employ. In turn, this would create a collaborative environment for digital reference evaluation. The goal of this work is to outline the steps needed to develop this schema, present the results of a survey of digital reference services, explore some of the pitfalls in the process, and envision the future uses of this Digital Reference Electronic Warehouse.

This series of questions and answers is designed to help you take the first steps toward the successful production of a scholarly article in librarianship. You may find yourself in a library position that requires writing or you may have just decided that you are ready to share your findings, experiences, and knowledge with the current and future generations of librarians. While following the guidelines listed here will not guarantee that you will be successful, these steps will take you closer to discovering the thrill of seeing your name in print and making a difference in the field.

Over the past few years, data mining has moved from corporations to other organizations. This paper looks at the integration of data mining in digital library services. First, bibliomining, or the combination of bibliometrics and data mining techniques to understand library services, is defined and the concept explored. Second, the conceptual frameworks for bibliomining from the viewpoint of the library decision-maker and the library researcher are presented and compared. Finally, a research agenda to resolve many of the common bibliomining issues and to move the field forward in a mindful manner is developed. The result is not only a roadmap for understanding the integration of data mining in digital library services, but also a template for other cross-discipline data mining researchers to follow for systematic exploration in their own subject domains.

Archaeologists have used material artifacts found in a physical space to gain an understanding about the people who occupied that space. Likewise, as users wander through a digital library, they leave behind data‐based artifacts of their activity in the virtual space. Digital library archaeologists can gather these artifacts and employ inductive techniques, such as bibliomining, to create generalizations. These generalizations are the basis for hypotheses, which are tested to gain understanding about library services and users. In this article, the development of traditional archaeological methods is presented and used to create a conceptual framework for the artifact‐based evaluation in digital libraries.

While a growing number of the digital reference services in libraries have become part of collaborative reference networks, other entities that serve similar information-seeking needs such as special collections and museums have not joined these networks, even though they are answering an increasing number of questions from off-site patrons via the Internet. This article examines the differences between questions asked electronically of traditional reference services and those asked of special collections services; it further explores how a better understanding of digital reference in special collections will facilitate the development of the tools and models needed to create a bridge between digital human intermediation at general academic libraries, special collections, and museums.

This conceptual piece presents a framework to aid libraries in gaining a more thorough and holistic understanding of their users and services. Through a presentation of the history of library evaluation, a multidimensional matrix of measures is developed that demonstrates the relationship between the topics and perspectives of measurement. These measurements are then combined through evaluation criteria, and then different participants in the library system view those criteria for decision making. By implementing this framework for holistic measurement and cumulative evaluation, library evaluators can gain a more holistic knowledge of the library system and library administrators can be better informed for their decision‐making processes.

This article describes a Delphi study conducted to determine factors that affect the process of routing and assigning reference questions received electronically by digital reference services, both to experts within the service and between services. Fifteen factors were determined, by expert consensus, to be important at the conclusion of this study. These fifteen factors are divided into three groups: (1) general factors, (2) factors when routing the question to an individual, and (3) factors when routing the question to another service. These factors were ranked in order of importance and grouped according to the recipient of the question. These fifteen factors need to be taken into account when automating the triage process. This article has laid out a methodology for investigating other digital reference processes so that those processes amenable to automation may be automated, and experts' talents and time may be best used.

This research reports the findings from a survey that examined the differences in communication between students who used instant messenger (IM) services and those who did not in the same asynchronous distance education Web-based course. It was found that students who used IM services found it easier to communicate, felt a stronger sense of community, and had more venues for informal and social communication about not only class material, but also information about the school and their common degree program. In traditional classroom buildings, the common spaces such as hallways provide the venue for this informal communication; IM services can enhance the distance education environment by providing the “virtual hallways” for students and instructors to meet.

BackgroundClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is still a major challenge to healthcare facilities. The detection of multiple C. difficile strains has been reported in some patient samples during initial and recurrent CDI episodes. However, the behaviour of individual strains and their contribution to symptomatic disease is unclear.MethodsAn in vitro human gut model was used to investigate the germination and proliferation of two distinct C. difficile strains during initial and recurrent simulated CDI, as well as their response to vancomycin treatment. The gut model was inoculated with a pooled human faecal emulsion and indigenous gut microbiota, C. difficile populations (vegetative and spore forms), cytotoxin levels and antimicrobial activity were monitored throughout the experiment.ResultsBoth C. difficile strains germinated and proliferated in response to ceftriaxone instillation, with cytotoxin detected during the peak vegetative growth. Vancomycin instillation resulted in a rapid decline in the vegetative forms of both strains, with only spores remaining 2 days after the start of dosing. A recrudescence of both strains occurred following the cessation of vancomycin installation, although this was observed more quickly, and to a greater extent, in one strain than the other.ConclusionsWithin a human gut model, multiple C. difficile strains are able to germinate and proliferate concurrently in response to antibiotic challenge (the onset of simulated CDI). Similarly, more than one strain can proliferate during simulated recurrent CDI, although with differences in germination and growth rate and timing. It appears probable that multiple strains can contribute to CDI within an individual patient, with possible implications for management and bacterial transmission.

Meaningful gamification is the use of gameful and playful layers to help a user find personal connections that motivate engagement with a specific context for long-term change. While reward-based gamification can be useful for short-term goals and situations where the participants have no personal connections or intrinsic motivation to engage in a context, rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation and the long-term desire to engage with the real world context. If the goal is long-term change, then rewards should be avoided and other game-based elements used to create a system based on concepts of meaningful gamification. This article introduces six concepts—Reflection, Exposition, Choice, Information, Play, and Engagement—to guide designers of gamification systems that rely on non-reward-based game elements to help people find personal connections and meaning in a real world context.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the efficacy of the cyclic lipopeptide surotomycin in treating clindamycin-induced Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) using an in vitro gut model. METHODS: Two three-stage chemostat gut models were inoculated with human faeces, spiked with C. difficile spores (∼10(7) cfu/mL, PCR ribotype 027 or 001). Clindamycin (33.9 mg/L, four times daily for 7 days) was dosed to induce CDI. Following high-level toxin production, surotomycin (250 mg/L, twice daily for 7 days) was instilled. Microflora populations, C. difficile vegetative cells and spores, cytotoxin titres and antimicrobial levels (LC-MS/MS and bioassay) were determined. The emergence of C. difficile and enterococci with reduced susceptibility to surotomycin was monitored on breakpoint agar (4 × MIC). RESULTS: Counts of viable C. difficile were reduced to near the limit of detection on Days 1 and 3 of surotomycin instillation, and cytotoxin was undetectable on Days 3 and 4 of surotomycin instillation in the 027 and 001 models, respectively. Recurrence of vegetative growth and toxin production occurred 11 days (001 model) and 15 days (027 model) after surotomycin instillation had ceased, and remained for the duration of the experiment. Surotomycin instillation decreased populations of bifidobacteria, clostridia, enterococci and lactobacilli, but was sparing of Bacteroides fragilis group populations. All enumerated organisms had recovered to steady-state levels by 3 weeks post-surotomycin instillation. No evidence of the emergence of reduced susceptibility to surotomycin was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Surotomycin successfully reduced C. difficile vegetative cell counts and toxin levels in the gut model and was sparing of B. fragilis group populations. There was no evidence of decreased susceptibility to surotomycin during exposure or post-exposure.

The human gastrointestinal tract harbours a complex microbial community which exist in planktonic and sessile form. The degree to which composition and function of faecal and mucosal microbiota differ remains unclear. We describe the development and characterisation of an in vitro human gut model, which can be used to facilitate the formation and longitudinal analysis of mature mixed species biofilms. This enables the investigation of the role of biofilms in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). A well established and validated human gut model of simulated CDI was adapted to incorporate glass rods that create a solid-gaseous-liquid interface for biofilm formation. The continuous chemostat model was inoculated with a pooled human faecal emulsion and controlled to mimic colonic conditions in vivo. Planktonic and sessile bacterial populations were enumerated for up to 46 days. Biofilm consistently formed macroscopic structures on all glass rods over extended periods of time, providing a framework to sample and analyse biofilm structures independently. Whilst variation in biofilm biomass is evident between rods, populations of sessile bacterial groups (log10 cfu/g of biofilm) remain relatively consistent between rods at each sampling point. All bacterial groups enumerated within the planktonic communities were also present within biofilm structures. The planktonic mode of growth of C. difficile and gut microbiota closely reflected observations within the original gut model. However, distinct differences were observed in the behaviour of sessile and planktonic C. difficile populations, with C. difficile spores preferentially persisting within biofilm structures. The redesigned biofilm chemostat model has been validated for reproducible and consistent formation of mixed species intestinal biofilms. This model can be utilised for the analysis of sessile mixed species communities longitudinally, potentially providing information of the role of biofilms in CDI.

SUMMARY Ambiguities in Web search tool (more commonly known as “search engine”) terminology are problematic when conducting precise, replicable research or when teaching others to use search tools. Standardized terminology would enable Web searchers to be aware of subtle differences between Web search tools and the implications of these for searching. A categorization and nomenclature for standardized classifications of different aspects of Web search tools is proposed, and advantages and disadvantages of using tools in each category are discussed.

OBJECTIVES: Fidaxomicin reduces the risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) compared with vancomycin. We investigated fidaxomicin primary or secondary treatment efficacy using a gut model. METHODS: Four triple-stage chemostat gut models were inoculated with faeces. After clindamycin induction of CDI, fidaxomicin (200 mg/L twice daily), vancomycin (125 mg/L four times daily) or metronidazole (9.3 mg/L three times daily) was administered for 7 days. Following failure/CDI recurrence, fidaxomicin (200 mg/L twice daily, 7 days) was instilled. C. difficile (CD) total viable counts (TVC), spore counts (SP), toxin titres (CYT), gut bacteria counts and antimicrobial concentrations were measured throughout. RESULTS: Fidaxomicin instillation reduced CD TVC/SP and CYT below the limit of detection (LOD) after 2 and 4 days, respectively, with no CDI recurrence. Metronidazole instillation failed to decrease CD TVC or CYT. Vancomycin instillation reduced CD TVC and CYT to LOD by day 4, but SP persisted. Recurrence occurred 13 days after vancomycin instillation; subsequent fidaxomicin instillation reduced CD TVC/SP/CYT below the LOD from day 2. CD was isolated sporadically, with no evidence of spore recrudescence or toxin production. Fidaxomicin had a minimal effect on the microflora, except for bifidobacteria. Fidaxomicin was detected for at least 21 days post-instillation, whereas other antimicrobials were undetectable beyond ∼4 days. CONCLUSIONS: Fidaxomicin successfully treated simulated primary and recurrent CDI. Fidaxomicin was superior to metronidazole in reducing CD TVC and SP, and superior to vancomycin in reducing SP without recurrence of vegetative cell growth. Fidaxomicin, but not vancomycin or metronidazole, persisted in the gut model for >20 days after instillation.

Objectives Co-amoxiclav is widely prescribed in hospitals. Although reports have suggested it may be linked to onset of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), data on the risk of CDI associated with specific antibiotics is difficult to obtain, due to confounding clinical factors. We have examined the propensity of co-amoxiclav to induce CDI using a human gut model. Methods We used a triple-stage chemostat human gut model to study the effects of co-amoxiclav on indigenous gut microorganisms and C. difficile PCR ribotype 027. C. difficile viable counts and spores were evaluated, and cytotoxin titres were assayed. Co-amoxiclav concentrations were measured using a large plate bioassay. Results Co-amoxiclav induced rapid C. difficile germination and high toxin production in the gut model, from 5 days after commencement of instillation. Cell proliferation and toxin production were prolonged and continued throughout the duration of the experiment. Only very low levels of co-amoxiclav antimicrobial activity could be detected within the gut model, despite having a marked effect on gut flora microorganisms. Conclusions Co-amoxiclav induced CDI within the gut model, supporting clinical observations linking co-amoxiclav treatment with CDI onset. This reinforces the value of the gut model as a clinically relevant means of studying CDI. Caution should be exercised in the prescription of co-amoxiclav to patients in high CDI risk settings.

Library and information services in corporations, schools, universities and communities capture information about their users, circulation history, resources in the collection and search patterns (Koenig, 1985). Unfortunately, few libraries have taken advantage of these data as a way to improve customer service, manage acquisition budgets or influence strategic decision making about uses of information in their organizations. In this chapter, we present a global view of the data generated in libraries, and the variety of decisions that those data can inform. We describe ways in which library and information managers can use data mining in their libraries, i.e., bibliomining, to understand patterns of behavior among library users and staff members and patterns of information resource use throughout the institution. The chapter examines data sources and possible applications of data mining techniques in the library.

There is a growing level of interest in games in the iSchools. Some schools are teaching courses focused on the creation of games, while others schools have researchers exploring game topics. In order to engage with game programs and researchers from outside the iSchools, it is important to understand the different areas of game education and research, and how concepts from information science can be used to advance game research.

A significant performance and cost improvement was achieved with the application of hybrid Coiled Tubing (CT) drilling equipment and techniques on the Chittim Ranch in Maverick county Texas. During this drilling program, 233 wells were grass-root drilled using the hybrid CT unit. Coiled tubing drilling equipment and techniques reduced the average time to complete a well by 60% when compared to conventional rotary rig drilling. This increase in drilling performance coupled with a turnkey contract resulted in a 14% (33% adjusted for inflation) cost reduction per well when compared to the most recent conventional drilling data from this area. This paper will review the process used in choosing a CT solution, the hurdles overcome, the problems encountered, and the lessons learned in managing and operating this CT Drilling (CTD) campaign. The paper will also provide an overview of CT coring performed in one of the wells during the CTD campaign. The drilling performance increase was realized using a top-set rig to set surface casing and a hybrid "Big Wheel" CT rig to drill the production hole. Finalized project data demonstrated that field performance using CTD met and in some areas exceeded project goals.

Most people think of a library as the little brick building in the heart of their community or the big brick building in the center of a college campus. However, these notions greatly oversimplify the world of libraries. Most large commercial organizations have dedicated in-house library operations, as do schools; nongovernmental organizations; and local, state, and federal governments. With the increasing use of the World Wide Web, digital libraries have burgeoned, serving a huge variety of different user audiences. With this expanded view of libraries, two key insights arise. First, libraries are typically embedded within larger institutions. Corporate libraries serve their corporations, academic libraries serve their universities, and public libraries serve taxpaying communities who elect overseeing representatives. Second, libraries play a pivotal role within their institutions as repositories and providers of information resources. In the provider role, libraries represent in microcosm the intellectual and learning activities of the people who comprise the institution. This fact provides the basis for the strategic importance of library data mining: By ascertaining what users are seeking, bibliomining can reveal insights that have meaning in the context of the library’s host institution. Use of data mining to examine library data might be aptly termed bibliomining. With widespread adoption of computerized catalogs and search facilities over the past quarter century, library and information scientists have often used bibliometric methods (e.g., the discovery of patterns in authorship and citation within a field) to explore patterns in bibliographic information. During the same period, various researchers have developed and tested data-mining techniques, which are advanced statistical and visualization methods to locate nontrivial patterns in large datasets. Bibliomining refers to the use of these bibliometric and data-mining techniques to explore the enormous quantities of data generated by the typical automated library.

Library and information services in corporations, schools, universities and communities capture information about their users, circulation history, resources in the collection and search patterns (Koenig, 1985). Unfortunately, few libraries have taken advantage of these data as a way to improve customer service, manage acquisition budgets or influence strategic decision making about uses of information in their organizations. In this chapter, we present a global view of the data generated in libraries, and the variety of decisions that those data can inform. We describe ways in which library and information managers can use data mining in their libraries, i.e., bibliomining, to understand patterns of behavior among library users and staff members and patterns of information resource use throughout the institution. The chapter examines data sources and possible applications of data mining techniques in the library.

This paper exploits a natural experiment in which choice fatigue is isolated as an explanation for the usage of heuristics in decision-making. The em- pirical application provides evidence that voters who see a given contest relatively further down the ballot are more likely to vote "no" and to abstain. Within-election exogenous variation in ballot position is primarily due to differences in the set of overlaying local political jurisdictions. My central finding is that lowering a proposi- tion 10 positions on the ballot increases precinct-level "no" votes and undervotes by 1.3 and 0.7 percentage points, respectively. Interestingly, 8 of 124 statewide propo- sitions in the dataset have winning margins within the range of the "no" estimate. The empirical analysis employs a unique precinct-level panel dataset of votes cast for the entire menu of federal, state & local ballot choices in primary and general elections between 1992 and 2006 in San Diego County, California. Implications of the results range from the dissemination of information by firms and policy makers to the design of electoral institutions and the strategic use of ballot propositions.

While libraries have employed policies to protect the data about use of their services, these policies are rarely specific or standardized. Since 1996 the U.S. healthcare system has been grappling with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which is designed to provide those handling personal health information with standardized, definitive instructions as to the protection of data. In this work, the authors briefly discuss the present situation of privacy policies about library use data, outline the HIPAA guidelines to understand parallels between the two, and finally propose methods to create a de-identified library data warehouse based on HIPAA for the protection of user privacy.

The Digital Reference Electronic Warehouse (DREW) project is a collection of digital reference transactions from different services and different communication channels that live in a single space. Reference services work with DREW to submit transactions using the DREW schema, which is conceptually similar to the MARC record format for bibliographic materials. Researchers can then receive records from DREW to improve our knowledge of digital reference. These researchers then use the results of their research to create tools, reports, and models based on the DREW schema, and place those items into a management information system (MIS). The services can then access the MIS and apply those tools to their own archives. The result is that services can benefit directly and rapidly from research, and are then more likely to continue their involvement with the project. This infrastructure creates a collaborative space where researchers and practitioners can benefit from the work of each other and aid us in advancing the field of digital reference.

Archeologists use artifacts to make statements about occupants of a physical space. Users of information resources leave behind data–based artifacts when they interact with a digital library or other Web–based information space. One process for examining these patterns is bibliomining, or the combination of data warehousing, data mining and bibliometrics to understand connections and patterns between works. The purpose of this paper is to use a research framework from archeology to structure exploration of these data artifacts through bibliomining to aid managers of digital libraries and other Web–based information resources.

Most people think of a library as the little brick building in the heart of their community or the big brick building in the center of a campus. These notions greatly oversimplify the world of libraries, however. Most large commercial organizations have dedicated in-house library operations, as do schools, non-gov-ernmental organizations, as well as local, state, and federal governments. With the increasing use of the Internet and the World Wide Web, digital libraries have burgeoned, and these serve a huge variety of different user audiences. With this ex-panded view of libraries, two key insights arise. First, libraries are typically embedded within larger institutions. Corporate libraries serve their corporations, academic libraries serve their universities, and public libraries serve taxpaying communities who elect overseeing representatives. Second, libraries play a pivotal role within their institutions as repositories and pro-viders of information resources. In the provider role, libraries represent in microcosm the intellectual and learning activities of the people who comprise the institution. This fact provides the basis for the strategic importance of library data mining: By ascertaining what users are seeking, bibliomining can reveal insights that have meaning in the context of the library’s host institution.Use of data mining to examine library data might be aptly termed

Most people think of a library as the little brick building in the heart of their community or the big brick building in the center of a campus. These notions greatly oversimplify the world of libraries, however. Most large commercial organizations have dedicated in-house library operations, as do schools, non-governmental organizations, as well as local, state, and federal governments. With the increasing use of the Internet and the World Wide Web, digital libraries have burgeoned, and these serve a huge variety of different user audiences. With this expanded view of libraries, two key insights arise. First, libraries are typically embedded within larger institutions. Corporate libraries serve their corporations, academic libraries serve their universities, and public libraries serve taxpaying communities who elect overseeing representatives. Second, libraries play a pivotal role within their institutions as repositories and providers of information resources. In the provider role, libraries represent in microcosm the intellectual and learning activities of the people who comprise the institution. This fact provides the basis for the strategic importance of library data mining: By ascertaining what users are seeking, bibliomining can reveal insights that have meaning in the context of the library’s host institution. Use of data mining to examine library data might be aptly termed bibliomining. With widespread adoption of computerized catalogs and search facilities over the past quarter century, library and information scientists have often used bibliometric methods (e.g., the discovery of patterns in authorship and citation within a field) to explore patterns in bibliographic information. During the same period, various researchers have developed and tested data mining techniques—advanced statistical and visualization methods to locate non-trivial patterns in large data sets. Bibliomining refers to the use of these bibliometric and data mining techniques to explore the enormous quantities of data generated by the typical automated library.

The final published version of this article is available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4573(02)00085-7, This paper describes a study conducted to determine the paths digital reference services take through a general process model of asynchronous digital reference. A survey based on the general process model was conducted; each decision point in this model provided the basis for at least one question. Common, uncommon, and wished-for practices are identified, as well as correlations between characteristics of services and the practices employed by those services. Identification of such trends has implications for the development of software tools for digital reference. This study presents a snapshot of the state of the art in digital reference as of late 2001 – early 2002, and validates the general process model of asynchronous digital reference.