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Cada vez son más numerosas las evidencias de la existencia de una instalación militar en la colina sobre la que posteriormente se fundó la ciudad romana de Emporiae. Se trata de un recinto fortificado, posterior a la presencia militar en la zona durante la época catoniana, cuyo inicio puede fecharse en torno a finales del primer cuarto o ya en los inicios del segundo cuarto del siglo II aC, cuando Empúries volvería a funcionar como puerto de llegada de tropas y de avituallamientos romanos. Esta instalación estuvo activa al menos durante medio siglo, probablemente en el contexto de las guerras celtibéricas (181-133 aC) y hasta finales del tercer cuarto del siglo II aC, momento en que dejó de usarse. La excavación de los niveles más profundos de la ínsula 30 ha aportado nuevos datos acerca de la identidad cultural ibérica de, al menos, una parte de los efectivos y, en menor medida, quizás también gala. Este hecho indica que la instalación pudo servir como lugar de reclutamiento de tropas auxiliares indígenas para reforzar las legiones romanas. Cada vegada són més nombroses les evidències de l'existència d'una instal·lació militar al turó sobre el qual posteriorment es va fundar la ciutat romana d'Emporiae. Es tracta d'un recinte fortificat, posterior a la presència militar a la zona durant l'època catoniana, l'inici de la qual pot datar-se entorn de finals del primer quart o ja als inicis del segon quart del segle II a. C., quan Empúries va tornar a funcionar com a port d'arribada de tropes i d'avituallaments romans. Aquesta instal·lació va estar activa almenys durant mig segle, probablement en el context de les guerres celtibèriques (181-133 a. C.) i fins a finals del tercer quart del segle II a. C., moment en què va deixar d'usar-se. L'excavació dels nivells més profunds de l'insula 30 ha aportat noves dades sobre la identitat cultural ibèrica d'almenys una part dels efectius i, en menor mesura, potser també gal·la. Aquest fet indica que la instal·lació va poder servir com a lloc de reclutament de tropes auxiliars indígenes per reforçar les legions romanes. There is growing evidence of the existence of a military installation on the hill on which the Roman city of Emporiae was later founded. It is a fortified enclosure subsequent to the military presence in the area during the Catonian era that dates from the end of the first quarter or the beginning of the second quarter of the second century BC, when Empúries would once again operate as a port for movement of Roman troops and supplies. This installation was active for at least half a century, probably during the Celtiberian Wars (181-133 BC), until the end of the third quarter of the second century BC, when it ceased to be used. Evidence from the deepest levels of the excavation of Insula 30 provide new information about the Iberian cultural identity of at least some of the troops and, to a lesser extent, the presence of Gallic individuals. This indicates that the installation could have served as a recruitment centre for indigenous auxiliary troops to reinforce the Roman legions.

Cet article questionne la pertinence des concepts modernes de « violence extrême » et de « massacre » pour analyser la violence subie collectivement par les armées romaines lors de désastres militaires. À travers l’exemple des guerres menées dans la péninsule Ibérique entre 219 et 133 av. J.-C., il analyse le traitement historiographique des épisodes de carnage entre le IIIe siècle av. J.-C. et le début du Ve siècle ap. J.-C. L’étude met en évidence que les Romains avaient une perception élargie du désastre, dont le vocabulaire se confond avec celui du massacre, mais aussi que les épisodes qui relèvent de cette catégorie ont été intégrés dans l’historiographie sous une forme topique idéalisée révélatrice des processus de résilience romains. Enfin, elle montre, dans une perspective diachronique, comment la manière dont les historiens anciens intègrent les défaites romaines dans la trame globale du récit des guerres hispaniques témoigne de l’évolution des enjeux de leur remémoration entre la fin de la République et la fin de l’Empire. This article questions the relevance of the modern concepts of “extreme violence” and “massacre” to analyse the violence suffered collectively by Roman armies during military disasters. Through the example of the wars waged in the Iberian Peninsula between 219 and 133 BC, it analyses the historiographical treatment of episodes of carnage between the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the 5th century AD. The study shows that the Romans had an expanded perception of the concept of disaster for which they used the same vocabulary as for the notion of massacre, but also that episodes that fall into this category have been integrated into the historiography in an idealized topical form which reveals the Roman resilience processes. Finally, it shows, in a diachronic perspective, how the ancient historians’ manner of integrating the Roman defeats into the overall narrative of the Hispanic wars testifies to the evolution of the stakes of their remembrance between the end of the Republic and the end of the Empire.

In 105 BCE, the Roman consul Publius Rutilius Rufus employed gladiatorial training for his legionaries. This thesis examines the physiological and psychological consequences of this style of training on the human body in an effort to understand why these particular soldiers were so effective. I used experiential testing alongside primary and secondary source research to examine how this process better prepared Roman troops for engaging in actual combat.

L’installation de colons militaires, d’anciens soldats et de troupiers encore en activité dans l’ensemble de l’espace phrygien par les autorités perses, gréco-macédoniennes et romaines répondait à des objectifs stratégiques parfaitement identifiés. En premier lieu, il s’agissait de contrôler une zone essentielle pour les communications terrestres entre l’intérieur du plateau anatolien d’une part et l’Égée d’autre part, mais aussi entre cette même côte et la Cilicie, puis au-delà la Syrie. Ce ...

Au cœur d’un espace phrygien géographiquement mal défini dans l’Antiquité, l’installation de colons militaires, d’anciens soldats et de troupiers encore en activité, répondait à des objectifs stratégiques parfaitement identifiés pour les Achéménides, les monarques hellénistiques ou encore les Romains. Il s’agissait de contrôler un espace essentiel pour les communications terrestres entre l’intérieur du plateau anatolien d’une part et l’Égée d’autre part, mais aussi entre cette même côte et la Cilicie, puis au-delà la Syrie. Sur un plan tactique, cette présence militaire devait servir à protéger plateau et vallées phrygiens de la convoitise de populations voisines mal contrôlées comme les Pisidiens. S’appuyant sur de très nombreuses sources archéologiques, numismatiques et épigraphiques, examinant chaque communauté au cas par cas, cet ouvrage étudie les conséquences de l’installation de ces militaires sur la réalité locale, que ce soit au niveau économique, culturel, religieux ou social. Parcourant un temps long allant du IVe siècle avant J.-C. jusqu’à la fin de la dynastie des Sévères, il s’efforce de peser les évolutions liées à la présence de ces soldats allogènes. Entre la Phrygie achéménide et celle hellénistique puis romaine, le faciès de la région, essentiellement rurale au départ, a progressivement évolué : dès l’époque hellénistique, on observe un phénomène de poliadisation important, rendant le réseau de communication plus dense et le contrôle des populations locales plus complexe. At the heart of a geographically ill-defined Phrygian space during Antiquity, the installation of military settlers, former soldiers and troupiers still in operation, met perfectly identified strategic objectives fromthe Achaemenids, the Hellenistic monarchs or the Romans. It was to control a space essential for terrestrial communications between the interior of the Anatolian plateau on the one hand and the Aegean on the other, but also between this same coast and Cilicia, and then beyond Syria. On a tactical level, this military presence was to protect Phrygian plateau and valleys from the lust of poorly controlled neighboring populations like Pisidians. Basedon numerous archaeological, numismatic and epigraphic sources, examining each community on a case-by-case basis, this work studies the consequences of the installation of these soldiers on the local reality, whether at the economic level, cultural, religious or social. Covering a long period from the 4th century BC to the end of the Severan Dynasty, he endeavours to weigh the evolutions related to the presence of these alien soldiers. Between the Achemenid Phrygia and the Hellenistic and then Roman one, the aspect of the region, essentially rural at the outset, has gradually evolved: from the Hellenistic era, we observe an important phenomenon of poliadization, making the communication network more dense and the control of local populations more complex.

Le second volume de cet ouvrage se donne pour but de présenter au lecteur l’ensemble des très nombreux documents sur lesquels s’est basée cette réflexion historique. Il ne prétend point à l’exhaustivité mais cherche à fournir de la façon la plus aisée possible, c’est-à-dire communauté par communauté, toutes les données épigraphiques et numismatiques, très dispersées au départ, que l’auteur a pu rassembler. Une brève présentation au début de chaque corpus permettra de bien saisir le système de classification de ces textes et monnaies. The second volume of this book intends to present to the reader all the very many documents on which this historical reflection was based. It does not claim to be exhaustive but seeks to provide in the easiest way possible, that is, community by community, all the epigraphic and numismatic data, very scattered at the outset, that the author was able to gather. A brief presentation at the beginning of each corpus will help to understand the classification system of these texts and coins.

Les inscriptions ont été classées de façon alphabétique, cité par cité ou communauté par communauté. À l’intérieur de chacune de celles-ci, la répartition s’est effectuée de façon chronologique : d’abord les documents concernant des populations iraniennes, puis ceux relatifs à l’époque hellénistique ou à des groupes d’ascendance gréco-macédonienne (avec parfois des compléments concernant Thraces, Lyciens ou Gaulois), enfin ceux d’époque romaine. Au sein de ces sous-ensembles, et à l’exception...

Les monnaies ont été classées de façon alphabétique, cité par cité ou communauté par communauté. À l’intérieur de chacune de celles-ci, la répartition s’est effectuée de façon chronologique : d’abord les frappes en lien avec l’époque achéménide ou relatives à des personnes d’origine iranienne, puis celles concernant des populations d’ascendance gréco-macédonienne (avec parfois des compléments concernant des Thraces, des Lyciens ou des Gaulois), enfin celles en lien avec la présence romaine. A...

Après avoir tenté d’expliquer les choix qui ont présidé à l’installation de groupes de soldats ou de vétérans perses, gréco-macédoniens et romains au sein de l’espace phrygien, il s’agit à présent de montrer en quoi une approche par le biais de l’économie peut permettre d’éclairer ce que fut l’impact de ces nouveaux venus dans la région, ne serait-ce que parce que ces derniers investirent dans la société civile des compétences techniques ou de gestion qui leur étaient spécifiques, par exemple...

L’implantation de soldats et de vétérans dans l’espace phrygien entre la période achéménide et la fin du Haut-Empire ne put se faire sans que ceux-ci n’agissent sur la société préexistante. Certes, leur nombre n’est connu ni pour l’époque perse ni pour l’époque hellénistique, pas plus que pour l’époque romaine. Néanmoins, il est évident qu’ils amenèrent avec eux de nouvelles valeurs, tant dans le domaine des rapports sociaux que de la religion. La question cruciale est de savoir en quoi ces v...

This study aims to explore the connection between religious and military spheres in Constantinian propaganda. The extensive use of propaganda and the notorious public discourse which involves the dynamics of power during Late Antiquity show how religion and the military played a key role. This principle reaches a singular meaning in the case of emperor Constantine I. To this extent, this paper considers several kinds of sources, which include legal, literary, and numismatic, among others. An analysis of the political uses of imperial constitutions by the emperor (especially CTh 7.20.2) can be of particular interest in order to address the ideas of self-representation and the politics of legitimation. Ultimately, the paper highlights the importance of imperial propaganda in Later Roman society, as well as the transformations in Constantine’s public discourse, where the connection between army and religion shows an evolution from the previous ways of understanding imperial power and where the bond of the ruler with a supreme divinity is a central issue.

International audience; This article questions the relevance of the modern concepts of "extreme violence" and "massacre" to analyse the violence suffered collectively by Roman armies during military disasters. Through the example of the wars waged in the Iberian Peninsula between 219 and 133 BC, it analyses the historiographical treatment of episodes of carnage between the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the 5th century AD. The study shows that the Romans had an expanded perception of the concept of disaster for which they used the same vocabulary as for the notion of massacre, but also that episodes that fall into this category have been integrated into the historiography in an idealized topical form which reveals the Roman resilience processes. Finally, it shows, in a diachronic perspective, how the ancient historians’ manner of integrating the Roman defeats into the overall narrative of the Hispanic wars testifies to the evolution of the stakes of their remembrance between the end of the Republic and the end of the Empire.; Cet article questionne la pertinence des concepts modernes de « violence extrême » et de « massacre » pour analyser la violence subie collectivement par les armées romaines lors de désastres militaires. À travers l’exemple des guerres menées dans la péninsule Ibérique entre 219 et 133 av. J. C., il analyse le traitement historiographique des épisodes de carnage entre le IIIe siècle av. J. C. et le début du Ve siècle ap. J. C. L’étude met en évidence que les Romains avaient une perception élargie du désastre dont le vocabulaire se confond avec celui du massacre, mais aussi que les épisodes qui relèvent de cette catégorie ont été intégrés dans l’historiographie sous une forme topique idéalisée révélatrice des processus de résilience romains. Enfin, elle montre, dans une perspective diachronique, comment la manière dont les historiens anciens intègrent les défaites romaines dans la trame globale du récit des guerres hispaniques témoigne de l’évolution des enjeux de leur remémoration entre la fin de la République et la fin de l’Empire.

Oktavijanovim osvajanjem Segestike počinje rimska vlast na području Panonije. Rana povijest i vojne aktivnosti dobro su poznati u razdoblju između 35. pr. Kr. i prve polovice 1. st. n. e., kada iz Siscije odlaze legije. Razdoblje između 1. i 4. stoljeća puno je nepoznanica i nedoumica o povezanosti povijesti grada i vojske. Ovim radom predočeni su problemi određivanja tih podataka te su ponuđena potencijalna rješenja, koliko to materijal dopušta. Nakon odlaska legija vojnu prisutnost u gradu čine konzularni beneficijari te pripadnici riječne flote, uz još nekoliko vojnih postrojbi koje su boravile na tom prostoru ili kroz njega prolazile. Većina nalaza vojne opreme pronađena je bez konteksta, no svejedno nudi određene uvide koji pomažu pri rješavanju problematike vezane uz rimsku vojsku na području Siscije. Octavians conquering of Segestica, start the roman rule in the Pannonian area. The early history and military actions are well known in the period between 35. B.C. and the first half of the 1st century AD when roman legions leave Siscia. The period between the 1st and 4th centuries is filled with unkown and perplexity about the link between the history of the city and the army. This paper presents problems in deteremining this dana and offers some potential soultions by how much the material allows it. After the legions leave, the army's pressence is made out of beneficiarii consularis, the members of the river fleet, along with some army regiments that have stayed in the area or have through it. Most of the finds regarding military equipment has been found outside of archeological context, however it stills offers certain insights that help with resolving the issues regarding the roman army in Siscia.

Publij Vegecij Renat je najverjetneje ob koncu 4. stol. napisal vojaški priročnik De re militari. Delo je oblikovno zastavljeno kot priročnik za cesarja, ki ga Vegecij slavi kot brezgrajnega vojskovodjo, vendar gre v resnici za kritičen dokument, namenjen tudi širšemu vladajočemu sloju. Vegecij je želel z De re militari preko vpliva te družbene skupine spodbuditi k izvedbi vojaških reform. Opredeljuje nekatere bistvene probleme, ki jih je dojemal v rimski vojski: sistem novačenja, korupcijo in pa opuščanje oklepa, urjenja ter utrjevanja taborov. Vsaj za prva dva od teh se zdi, da sta dejansko predstavljala resno težavo, čeprav Vegecij pri njihovi analizi ne seže dlje od moralizma. Njegovi opisi in napotki glede bojne taktike odražajo njen dejanski razvoj ob koncu antike. V nasprotju s ponekod uveljavljenimi prepričanji je bila poznoantična rimska vojska kompetentna vojaška sila, kar se zrcali tudi v De re militari, kjer jo sicer kritični Vegecij v več vidikih izrecno pohvali. Prav tako ni razvidna kakšna močnejša kritika barbarizacije rimske vojske in tudi v tem se Vegecijevo delo ujema z novejšimi stališči zgodovinopisja, ki so bolj skeptična do domnevne usodnosti tega pojava. Publius Vegetius Renatus wrote a military manual titled De re military, most likely at the end of the 4th century. The work is formally conceived as the manual of an emperor whom Vegetius praises as an impeccable commander, but it is in fact a critical document addressed to the wider ruling class. With De re military, Vegetius wished to encourage the implementation of military reforms through the influence of this social group. He outlines some critical problems he perceived in the Roman army: the system of recruitment, corruption and the abandonment of armour, drill and camp fortifications. At least the first two appear to have actually been grave problems, even though Vegetius reduces his analysis to moralism. The descriptions and precepts he offers regarding battle tactics reflect their actual development at the end of Antiquity. Contrary to beliefs established in some circles, the late Roman army remained a competent military force – a fact also reflected in De re militari, where it is praised in multiple aspects by the otherwise critical Vegetius. No strong criticism of the barbarization of the Roman army can be discerned either in this regard as well, Vegetius' work agrees with the views of more recent historiography, which are more sceptical towards the supposed fatefulness of this phenomenon.

espanolEl presente estudio analiza una serie de sucesos y testimonios historicos relacionados con Legio y la legio VII Gemina que buscan comprender como Legio llega a ser un centro urbano en el pleno sentido, alcanzando incluso el rango de civitas. Para ello, llevamos a cabo un estudio sobre la posible capitalidad de Legio en la Hispania Nova Citerior Antoniniana y, a causa de ello, tambien de dicha provincia. Asimismo, analizamos la importancia de las lapidas epigraficas AE 1967, 225 y AE 1992, 1003, como indicios de un probable otorgamiento del estatuto municipal. Sobre esta base, realizamos una reinterpretacion de la carta 67 de Cipriano de Cartago. EnglishThe present study analyses a series of events and evidences related to Legio and the legio VII Gemina that allow an understanding of how Legio became an urban centre in the strict sense, getting even the status of civitas. To that effect, we carry out a study about the possible capital status of Legio in Hispania Nova Citerior Antoniniana, and because of this, also about this province. In the same way, we analyse the importance of the tombstones AE 1967, 225 and AE 1992, 1003 as evidences of a probable granting of the civitas status. On this basis, we conduct a reinterpretation of the letter 67 of Cyprian of Carthage.

This article offers a fresh perspective about the role and evolution of one of the sections of the Roman army, the Frumentarii. Linked with the rank of principales, and with the supply and provisions, especially grain, as their name seems to indicate, this squad took at an early date a great deal of additional functions. Missions to drive and protect luxury stuff to Rome, «espionage», surveillance, police duties, murder, collecting taxes and provincial defense supervision, were some of the unalike but key functions carried by them until the end of Third Century. Although it seems as their infamous reputation fostered their disbandment, for long years they were the emperors' ears and eyes. We will try to explain their development and importance in the Roman society, highlighting the survival of their military skills. Este artículo ofrece una perspectiva poco explorada sobre las funciones y evolución de un cuerpo especial perteneciente al ejército romano, los frumentarii. Asociados a la categoría de principales, al abastecimiento y distribución de suministros, y especialmente de grano, como su nombre parece indicar, fueron prontamente encargados de una gran cantidad de actividades adicionales. Misiones para transportar materiales de lujo a Roma, «espionaje», vigilancia, servicio de policía, asesinatos, recogida de tributos y supervisión de la defensa en las provincias fueron algunos de los dispares, aunque esenciales, cometidos que la tropa llevó a cabo hasta finales del siglo III. Aunque al parecer su pésima reputación propició la disolución del cuerpo, durante muchos años fueron los ojos y oídos de los emperadores. Intentaremos explicar su desarrollo e importancia en la sociedad romana, haciendo hincapié en la pervivencia de sus habilidades militares.

The study of the Roman army in Dalmatia is not a neglected field of research. Besides many publications dealing with military camps or military units, there are also several synthetic texts covering this topic in more detail but the seminal work about the Roman army garrisoned in Dalmatia is still the chapter written by J. J. Wilkes in his book Dalmatia. Roman army studies in Dalmatia have advanced significantly in the last 50 years – quite a few excavations took place since 1969, epigraphic discoveries occurred as well and dozens of relevant papers and books have been published – but most of Wilkes’s conclusions are still pertinent. This overview is thus primarily intended as an update of chapter 7 of Wilkes’s Dalmatia, with a focus on information concerning the Roman imperial army in Dalmatia acquired through research in the last five decades. L’histoire de l’armée romaine en Dalmatie n’est pas un domaine de recherche négligé. En effet, outre de nombreuses publications traitant de camps ou d’unités militaires, plusieurs textes synthétiques couvrant ce sujet plus en détail existent également mais l’ouvrage fondamental sur l’armée romaine en Dalmatie reste le chapitre écrit par J. J. Wilkes dans son livre Dalmatia. Les recherches sur l’armée romaine en Dalmatie ont considérablement progressé au cours des 50 dernières années – de nombreuses fouilles ont eu lieu depuis 1969, ainsi que des découvertes épigraphiques, et des dizaines d’articles et de livres furent publiés – mais la plupart des conclusions de Wilkes sont toujours pertinentes. Cet aperçu est de ce fait principalement conçu comme une mise à jour du chapitre sur l’armée impériale romaine en Dalmatie de l’ouvrage de Wilkes, avec un accent particulier sur les informations acquises au cours des cinq dernières décennies.

The excavations of the Roman military fort of Didymoi in the Eastern Desert have yielded significant number of ostraca that can be associated with learning to write and read. While chronologically this evidence spans the two centuries of the fort’s existence, the nature of texts and their chronological distribution are far from homogenous. Taking into account the distinction between systematic school curriculum and ad hoc acquisition of immediately applicable skills, this paper aims to give a diachronic overview of educational practices at the fort. Les fouilles du fort romain de Didymoi dans le désert Oriental ont permis de découvrir un nombre important d’ostraca que l’on peut associer à l’apprentissage de l’écriture et de la lecture. Bien que ces documents proviennent de niveaux datant des deux siècles d’existence du fort, la nature des textes et leur distribution chronologique sont loin d’être homogènes. En tenant compte de la distinction entre programme d’enseignement scolaire systématique et acquisition ponctuelle de compétences immédiatement applicables, cet article vise à donner un aperçu diachronique des pratiques éducatives attestées dans le fort.

In this paper I introduce a new inscription from the Eskişehir Archaeological Museum which houses a numerous collection of inscribed material from the main civic centres such as Pessinous, Midaion, Nakoleia and chiefly of course from Dorylaion. This inscription, carved on a marble slab was discovered in the county of Mihalıccık, ca. 100 km north-east of Eskişehir (ancient Dorylaion). According to the some previously published inscriptions, a large part of this county was called Choria Considiana in antiquity, which comprised seven villages and was incorporated into the patrimonium Caesaris as early as the reign of Hadrian. Given the find-spot and the expressions διὰ τῶν Καίσαρος χωρίων κωμῶν and ἐν ταῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Καίσαρος κώμαις, it can be securely said that the imperial estate recorded in this new inscription is identical with that named Choria Considiana. The attestation of the “misthotai = leaseholders” in the estate demonstrate that it was not a compact estate run by an imperial slave (=oikonomos), without the supervision of a procurator, as had previously been suggested. The inscription in all likelihood concerns a letter issued by the imperial legate of the province of Galatia and it shows that the inhabitants of Choria Considiana experienced tough times due to the inappropriate and illegal behaviour of military men and some imperial staff such as freedmen of the emperor, tabellarii, presumably conspiring with the misthotai. This letter stipulates that the soldiers and other officials shall not be provided with free lodgings and hospitality and they are required to buy the remaining things (τὰ δὲ λοιπά) at a fixed/ an offering price (παρεχούσης τειμῆς) in each place (ἑκάστῳ τόπῳ) from the coloni (παρὰ τῶν παροίκων). The inscription offers a list of punishments whose details are not known due to the fragmentary condition of those parts of the stone, if these gubernatorial orders are not adhered to. We are not sure whether these became effective in the long term based on the fact that the Skaptopara inscription manifestly records it had become a habit after some time that the orders of the governors began to be ignored, although they may have been followed for a while. There is unfortunately no hint as to the date of the inscription, because the name of the emperor or the governor is not recorded. Considering the parallel texts which also contain the complaints of the villages to the emperors and the responses they receive and which are mostly found within specific time span, ranging from the end of the 2nd century to the first half of the 3rd century A.D., one can also propose a similar date for this new inscription, which is also supported by the lettering forms employed., Bu makalede, Pessinus, Midaion, Nakoleia ve elbette Dorylaion gibi yerleşim yerlerinden getirilen pek çok esere ev sahipliği yapan Eskişehir Arkeoloji Müzesi’nden yeni bir yazıt bilim dünyasına tanıtılmaktadır. Mermer bir levha üzerine kazınan yazıt müze yetkililerinin verdiği bilgiye göre Eskişehir il merkezinin yak. 100 km kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Mihalıççık ilçesinde bulunmuştur. Daha önceden yayımlanan yazıtlar, bu alanın önemli bir bölümünün Antik Dönem’de 7 köyden oluşarak en geç Hadrianus döneminde imparatorun patrimonium’una dahil edilen Choria Considiana adını taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Yazıtın buluntu yeri ile içindeki διὰ τῶν Καίσαρος χωρίων κωμῶν / ἐν ταῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Καίσαρος κώμαις gibi ifadeler göz önüne alındığında yazıtta adı geçen imparator arazilerinin Choria Considiana ile özdeş olduğu rahatlıkla söylenebilmektedir. Yazıt, çok büyük olasılıkla Galatia eyalet valisi tarafından kaleme alınmış olan bir edictum niteliğindedir ve Choria Considiana sakinlerinin askerlerin ve tabellarii gibi diğer görevlilerin yasal olmayan uygunsuz tutumları ve hareketleri dolayısıyla sıkıntılı zamanlar geçirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yazıtta belirtilen düzenlemelere göre bundan böyle askerler ve görevliler artık bedava konaklamaya ve ağırlanmaya sahip olamayacaklar ve her bir yerde (ἑκάστῳ τόπῳ) geri kalan şeyleri (τὰ δὲ λοιπά) sabit bir fiyattan (παρεχούσης τειμῆς) çiftçilerden (παρὰ τῶν παροίκων) satın almak zorunda kalacaklardır. Yazıt, eyalet valisi tarafından konulan bu kurallara uymayanların detayları taşın ilgili bölümünün tam okunamaması nedeniyle bilinmeyen cezalara maruz kalacağını göstermektedir. Bu düzenlemelerin uzun vadede işe yarayıp yaramadığı belli değildir, çünkü Skaptopara yazıtının da gösterdiği gibi bir süre yürürlükte kalmasına rağmen bu emirlere riayet edilmediği ve aynı sorunların tekrar tekrar yaşandığı bilinmektedir. İmparatorun ya da eyalet valisinin ismi yazıtta geçmediğinden tarihleme yapabilmek için elimizde bir ipucu yoktur; ama köylülerin şikayetlerini bildirdiği dilekçeler ve buna Roma yetkililerin verdiği cevapları içeren benzer yazıtların çoğunlukla MS 2. yüzyılın sonu ile 3. yüzyılın ilk yarısına yoğunlaşmış olması, yeni yazıtı da aşağı yukarı bu dönemlere tarihlemek için uygun görünmektedir. Bu tarih aralığı yazıtın harf karakteri ile de uyum içindedir. Yazıtın Türkçe çevirisi ise şöyledir:İmparatorun çiftliklerinden geçen askerler, imparatorun ulakları, tanrısal imparatorun azatlıları, köleler, vicarius’lar … (köylerin kaynaklarını?) tüketmesin! Misthotai’lar için (= müstecirler?) bedava konaklamadan başka birşey sağlamak zorunlu değildir. Geri kalan şeyleri onların her bir yerde pazar fiyatı üzerinden çiftçilerden almaları zorunludur. Bu kurallara karşı gelen hem mülk sahipleri (?) hem de müstecirler benzer şekilde hesap vereceklerdir. --- Engellenmiştir ve tehlikelidir ----- Bunlar arasında hiçkimseye (?) ne azatlıların ne imparatorun kölelerinin ne de vicarii’nin payının (??) köylere dağıtılması (?) için müsaade olmadığını bildiklerinden ---- Eğer birisi mektupta yazılanlara karşı bir harekette bulunursa --- sadece --- aynı zamanda cezalandırılacak --- tanrısal imparatorumuzun (emirlerine ?) karşı olan ---- seçilmiş arkhonlar tarafından imparator efendimizin köylerinde zarar ziyana uğrayan sakinleri ---- ayakkabıcının ve kasabın ve diğerlerinin parasının ---- bilsinler ----- ne arkhon’a ne de --- herhangi bir şekilde

The cult of the goddess Fortuna has been attested on the territory of Roman provinces in the Central Balkans with numerous votive monuments, sculptures, votive reliefs, statuettes and on glyptics. The goddess was particularly popular among the army, but also venerated by administrative personnel, merchants, freedmen, slaves and women. The epithets of the goddess imply that she was honoured by her devotees as in other Roman provinces - mainly as the goddess of good luck and chance, but also as the protectress of transport, business, routes and perhaps in bathing facilities. Fortuna was usually worshipped alone, but her pairing with the Egyptian goddess Isis as the syncretistic deity Isis-Fortuna and her relationship with Genii, are confirmed in different Central Balkans localities. The goddess Fortuna?s sanctuaries can be presumed in the vicinity of Ulpiana, Nis, near Kumanovo and probably in Viminacium, while her cult lasted from the 2nd to the last decades of the 3rd century.

espanolEntre 2018 y 2020 hemos desarrollado, por iniciativa de la Junta de Castilla y Leon, el Proyecto de Investigacion Roma frente a Cantabros y Astures. Su finalidad fundamental ha sido generar un instrumento de gestion, conocimiento y proteccion que incluyese todos los establecimientos militares romanos localizados en Castilla y Leon y relacionados con este periodo historico. El desarrollo del proyecto ha conllevado la introduccion, en el catalogo general de yacimientos, de otros campamentos romanos hasta ahora ineditos. De hecho, las labores de prospeccion y teledeteccion que hemos llevado a cabo en las provincias de Palencia y Burgos han permitido incrementar en varias decenas el catalogo de recintos militares conocido. En este trabajo, en el que hemos prestado especial atencion a los conjuntos identificados alrededor de Herrera de Pisuerga y en la cuenca del Burejo, asi como a los presentes en el camino natural entre Sasamon y Abia de las Torres, presentamos un bloque notable. La identificacion de estos nuevos emplazamientos proporciona una base solida que permitira avanzar notablemente en el conocimiento de la presencia militar romana en esta region entre las guerras cantabras y los ss. I-II d. C. EnglishBetween 2018 and 2020 we have carried out, on the initiative of the Castilla y Leon Government, the Research Project Roma frente a Cantabros y Astures. Its main purpose has been to generate a management, knowledge and protection instrument that includes all the Roman military establishments located in Castilla y Leon and related to this historical period. The development of the project has led to the sum, in the general catalogue of sites, of other hitherto unpublished Roman camps. In fact, the prospecting and remote sensing work that we have carried out in the provinces of Palencia and Burgos has allowed us to increase the catalogue of known military sites by several tens. In this work, in which we have paid special attention to the sites identified around Herrera de Pisuerga and in the Burejo basin, as well as those along the natural route between Sasamon and Abia de las Torres, we present a remarkable block. The identification of these new sites provides a solid base that will allow us to make significant progress in our knowledge of the Roman military presence in this region between the Cantabrian wars and the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

Il y a, à l’université d’Avignon, à l’embranchement sans issue d’un dédale de couloirs menant au département des historiens, non loin de l’entrée et assez proche de la sortie, glacé l’hiver et chaud l’été, un bureau. Ce bureau est partagé par deux collègues : l’un spécialiste des mondes contemporains quoique peuplés de morts, l’autre d’un temps que l’on dit antique avec sa cohorte de langues mortes, d’armées disparues et de temples en ruines. Le territoire du premier, joyeux amoncellement de ...

There is quite a lot of legal provisions on travels and travelers in the Digest. These provisions deal mainly with technical aspects of traveling, but give also many informations about the types of travelers, the different means of transportations and the traveling risks., On trouve dans le Digeste beaucoup de textes de lois concernant le voyage et les voyageurs. Ces textes concernent essentiellement les aspects techniques du voyage, mais ils donnent également beaucoup d'informations concernant l'identité de ceux qui voyagent, les différents moyens de transport et les risques encourus par les voyageurs. L'ensemble de ces textes donne l'impression que le voyage faisait partie intégrante de la vie des gens à l'époque romaine.

Comment l’armée romaine s’est-elle donné les moyens de sa puissance ? La réponse est plus complexe qu’il n’y paraît : il a fallu apprendre à en recruter les hommes, à les former, à les éduquer et à leur enseigner ce qu’être soldat pouvait signifier. C’est un vrai enjeu de civilisation qu’explore ici Catherine Wolff, professeur émérite d’histoire romaine à l’université d’Avignon. Une histoire faite de réussites et d’échecs, qui montre aussi les limites de la « grandeur » militaire de Rome. Ce livre est tout à la fois un itinéraire qui touche aux fondamentaux de la civilisation romaine et un parcours retraçant plus de vingt ans de recherches. Ce volume est aussi un florilège en forme d’hommages provenant d’amis et de collègues qui disent leur bonheur d’avoir cheminé en compagnie de Catherine Wolff.

J'ai en commun avec Catherine d’avoir eu le même maître, Yann Le Bohec, qui n’est plus à présenter. Après sa thèse Les Brigands en Orient sous le Haut-Empire romain, Catherine a été recrutée en 1998 à l’université Jean Moulin-Lyon 3 où j’étais depuis quelques années. Elle a toujours été une collègue d’une loyauté à toute épreuve, parfaite dans son travail avec ses collègues et ses étudiants, mais aussi une grande chercheuse rigoureuse. Elle ne s’est jamais déchargée de son travail sur les aut...

L’œuvre de Catherine Wolff est riche et diversifiée : ses premiers travaux ont porté sur les brigands dans l’Orient romain et c’est par cette histoire largement « hors normes » que, forte de son excellente connaissance des sources littéraires, en particulier des romans grecs et latins, elle s’est fait connaître dans le monde scientifique : sa thèse sur Les Brigands dans l’Orient romain a connu une belle diffusion grâce à sa publication dans la prestigieuse collection de l’École française de R...

Une partie des articles qui précèdent aborde la question de l’enrôlement des troupes : modalités, identité des hommes mobilisés et composition de l’armée en particulier. Il s’agit d’une question particulièrement importante : avoir une armée, et une armée digne de ce nom, toutes les fois où le besoin s’en fait sentir est une nécessité absolue pour un État, quel qu’il soit. Les réponses romaines à cette question sont-elles originales par rapport à celles des civilisations dont il est question d...

Le cadre militaire est propice aux confiscations : le vainqueur ne confisque-t-il pas au vaincu tout ou partie de ses biens ? Mais il s’agit là de ce qu’une armée fait à une autre armée, ennemie de surcroît. Qu’en est-il de ce qui se passait au sein même de l’armée romaine ? À l’époque républicaine et pendant le règne d’Auguste, des citoyens romains furent eux aussi victimes de confiscations sur ordre d’autres citoyens romains. Ces cas sont cependant très rares et se produisirent, à deux exce...

Les attaques de brigands sont un fait courant dans le monde romain antique, ainsi que le prouvent les multiples témoignages que les Anciens en ont laissés : textes de loi, épitaphes, papyrus, témoignages d’historiens et récits de romanciers, tout concourt à nous donner cette impression, même si cette dernière doit être nuancée en fonction des régions et des périodes. Face au nombre des actes de brigandage, et pour tenter de les rendre moins fréquents, y a-t-il eu chez les Anciens une réflexio...

Mes années d’étudiante à l’université d’Avignon m’ont amenée à suivre les cours de Catherine Wolff. Lorsqu’elle entre dans l’amphithéâtre, le silence se fait en quelques secondes – on n’en attend pas moins d’une ancienne professeure du secondaire. Une fois le cours commencé, on se retrouve plongé dans un univers « antique » durant 1 h 30. Le cours est haletant et rempli d’humour. Catherine Wolff affuble les personnages historiques des meilleurs des surnoms : Cléopâtre VII devient « la vieille...

Zacytowana w tytule sentencja "Si vis pacem, para bellum" dobrze pasuje do myśli dzieła Wegecjusza "Epitome rei militaris". Traktat ten był adresowany zarówno do rzymskich dowódców, jak i do oficerów niższego szczebla, a nawet do szeregowych żołnierzy. Starał się w nim przekazać podstawową wiedzę wojskową, która miała podnosić w armii ducha walki. "Epitome rei militaris" mówi nie tylko o rekrutacji i szkoleniu rekrutów. Jednak autor poświęca tym właśnie zagadnieniom wiele miejsca. To zaś dowodzi wagi problemu, z którym borykały się ówczesne legiony. Wegecjusz pragnął zaś, aby jednostki armii cesarskiej były dobrze wyszkolone i skuteczne w działaniu. Wierzył on, że powrót do sprawdzonych sposobów rekrutacji, ćwiczeń i organizacji rzymskich sił zbrojnych wyeliminuje popełniane w jego czasach błędy w wyszkoleniu zarówno oficerów, jak i szeregowych legionistów. To zaś miało stanowić podstawę do odrodzenia rzymskiej potęgi militarnej, która miała się, w jego mniemaniu, stać na powrót postrachem dla wrogów imperium. Niestety przyszłość pokazała, jak ogromna przepaść dzieliła jego sny o odrodzonej potędze od rzeczywistości. Paraphrase cited in the title of this article, that: “if you want peace, prepare for war” there is strictly refers to the thoughts of Vegetius, which he included in his Epitome of Military Science. Vegetius’ treatise was addressed to Roman commanders, officers and soldiers. For them, as Vegetius emphasized, a military knowledge was simply necessary to be brave in battles. Roman soldiers, knowing the “rules” governing war, should not be afraid of it, because, according to Vegetius’ suggestion, no one is afraid to do what he is sure he has learned well. Although the content of the Epitoma rei militaris referred not only to the recruitment and training of recruits, the fact that author of this treatise devoted so much attention in his narrative to these issues there seems to best testify in what he actually saw the source of the most serious problems in the functioning of Roman legions that were part of the Roman army. The solutions outlined by Vegetius there were to improve the efficiency and military strength of these Roman units. Vegetius, writing his treatise, believed that thanks to the restoration of the best methods of recruitment, training and military organization, it would be possible to fix the errors of previous years and what’s more, it allowed restoring the Roman army to its former power, to dominate once again and terrify the enemies of the Roman state. Unfortunately, the coming time will inevitably verify his expectations.

This article proposes the publication of a graffito on 4th century ceramics, from Tongeren in Germania secunda, in the name of Victurus, primicerius of the Tungrecani Seniores, which helps to clarify the history of roman military ranks and that of this elite troop from late antiquity., Cet article propose l’édition d’un graffito sur céramique du ive siècle, provenant de Tongres en Germania secunda, au nom de Victurus, primicier des Tungrecani Seniores, qui permet de préciser l’histoire des grades militaires romains et celle de cette troupe d’élite de l’Antiquité tardive., Schmidt Heidenreich Christophe, Raepsaet-Charlier Marie-Thérèse, Vanderhoeven Alain. Victurus, primicier des Tungrecani Seniores. À propos d’un graffito de Tongres. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 98, fasc. 1, 2020. Antiquité – Oudheid. pp. 129-147.

Il tema del ruolo degli eserciti e dei campi militari nelle province dell’impero ha sempre assunto un’importanza fondamentale per la comprensione della politica imperiale di controllo del territorio e di sfruttamento agricolo. Recentemente, nella provincia della Mauretania Tingitana (nord-ovest del Marocco), le nuove tecnologie di indagine non distruttiva applicate allo studio dei campi militari di età romana localizzati nel bacino del fiume Loukkos hanno aggiunto nuovi dati alla individuazione e comprensione degli spazi interni e delle strutture presenti. I risultati delle indagini condotte con il metodo magnetico sul sito di el Mers hanno confermato la presenza di un campo militare a poca distanza dal fiume al Makhazine, fornendo importanti informazioni sul ruolo del presidio militare in un’area ad alto valore commerciale e cerealicolo. Le thème du rôle des armées et des camps militaires dans les provinces de l’empire a toujours revêtu une importance fondamentale pour la compréhension de la politique impériale de contrôle territorial et d’exploitation agricole. Récemment, dans la province de Mauretania Tingitana (nord-ouest du Maroc), les nouvelles technologies d’enquête non destructive appliquées à l’étude des camps militaires d'époque romaine situés dans le bassin du Loukkos ont ajouté de nouvelles données à l’identification et à la compréhension des espaces internes et des structures présentes. Les résultats des enquêtes menées avec la méthode magnétique sur le site el Mers ont confirmé la présence d’un camp militaire proche de la rivière Al Makhazine, fournissant des informations importantes sur le rôle de la garnison militaire dans une zone à forte activité commerciale et céréalière. The theme of the role of armies and military camps in the provinces of the empire has always assumed fundamental importance for the understanding of the imperial policy of territorial control and agricultural exploitation. Recently, in the province of Mauretania Tingitana (northwest Morocco), the new technologies of non-destructive investigation applied to the study of military camps of the Roman age located in the Loukkos river basin have added new data to the identification and understanding of internal spaces and structures present. The results of the investigations conducted with the magnetic method at the el Mers site confirmed the presence of a military camp not far from the Al Makhazine river, providing important information on the role of the military garrison in an area of high commercial and cereal value. إكتسى دور الجيش والمعسكرات داخل مقاطعات الإمبراطورية الرومانية أهمية رئيسية لفهم السياسة الإمبراطورية للتحكم في المجال والإستغلال الفلاحي. قدمت الأبحاث الحديثة في مقاطعة موريطانيا التنجيتانية (شمال غرب المغرب) من خلال التقنيات الحديثة للبحث الغير مدمرة والتي تم توظيفها لدراسة معسكرات الفترة الرومانية الموجودة في حوض لوكوس نتائج جديدة حول تحديد وفهم المجالات الداخلية والمنشآت الموجودةوأكدت الأبحاث التي إعتمدت الطريقة المغناطيسية في موقع مارس أكدت وجود معسكر قريب من بحيرة المخازين من خلال معلومات هامة حول دور الحامية العسكرية في مجال ذو حركة تجارية هامة خاصة في مجال الحبوب.

International audience; Of the various Roman military camps identified since the 1990s on the Lautagne plateau (Valence, Drôme), Camp F is the one whose scope has been most extensively explored. The excavation carried out between 2014 and 2015 not only revealed the southeastern corner of the enclosure ditch, as well as the eastern entrance to the camp, but also numerous remains enclosed within the fortification perimeter. These vestiges provide essential insight into the daily life of a Roman army stationed in northern Transalpine Gaul during the second quarter of the 1st c. BC, and reveal the internal layout of this temporary encampment. Indeed, the numerous archaeological structures, mainly small earthen ovens, were organised along vast alignments. Areas dedicated to specific purposes are perceptible: in particular major circulation routes and privileged zones for the installation of Roman soldiers’ tents. The study and analysis of the archaeological material retrieved from the oven backfill has also provided important insight into the daily life of Roman legionnaires.; Parmi les différentes occupations militaires romaines repérées sur le plateau de Lautagne à Valence (Drôme) depuis les années 1990, le camp F est celui dont la surface a été explorée de la façon la plus extensive. La fouille réalisée entre 2014 et 2015 a permis de mettre au jour l’angle sud-est du fossé d’enceinte et l’entrée est, ainsi que de nombreux vestiges situés à l’intérieur de la fortification. Ceux-ci ont apporté certaines informations essentielles sur la vie d’une armée romaine stationnée au nord de la Gaule transalpine dans le second quart du Ier s. av. J.-C., ainsi que sur l’organisation interne de ce camp temporaire. En effet, ces structures archéologiques, principalement des petits fours excavés en terre, s’organisent en grands alignements et forment une trame fossile du dispositif interne ; des espaces ont pu être matérialisés, en particulier de grands axes de circulation et des zones privilégiées d’installation des tentes des soldats. Les différentes études et analyses menées sur le matériel archéologique présent dans les comblements des fours ont également permis d’entrevoir le quotidien des légionnaires romains.

El Muro de Adriano, cuya construcción comenzó en el año 122 d. C., fue la frontera norte de la Britania romana durante más de tres siglos y logró afianzar el poder romano sobre la isla, poniendo fin al periodo expansivo altoimperial. El presente trabajo versa sobre la construcción de esta monumental obra de ingeniería -haciendo especial hincapié en las distintas fases de su edificación- así como sobre la labor arqueológica desempeñada en los siglos XIX y XX y los principales yacimientos de los que consta el Muro actualmente, Hadrian’s Wall, whose construction began in AD 122, was the northern frontier of Roman Britain for more than three centuries and secured the roman control on the island, ending the high-imperial expansive era. This work deals with the construction of this monumental engineering work (with special emphasis on its construction different phases) as well as with archaeological task played in the 19th and 20th centuries and the main archaeological sites in the Wall which remains nowadays., Departamento de Historia Antigua y Medieval, Grado en Historia

U nekoliko terenskih pregleda Gradskog muzeja Vinkovci prostora između Ostrova i Gaboša, smještenih sjeverno od Vinkovaca, otkrivena su nova arheološka nalazišta, od kojih se brojnošću kao i raznovrsnošću nalaza izdvaja ono na položaju Ostrovo – Sokolovac. Osim nalaza iz mlađeg željeznog doba, najveći broj prikupljenih predmeta pripada razdoblju antike te ukazuje na postojanje naselja koje se vjerojatno nalazilo uz cestu Cibalae – Mursa. Među metalnim nalazima ističu se elementi pojasnih garnitura, zatim dijelovi konjske opreme (orme) i element oklopa (lorica segmentata) koji se mogu povezati s rimskom vojskom. Iako nedostaje kontekst nalaza, tipološko-kronološka analiza omogućila je izdvajanje dva horizonta potencijalne vojne prisutnosti: prvi, znatno slabije zastupljen, u 1. stoljeće te drugi, u 2. – 3. stoljeće, kojem pripada većina nalaza. Interpretacija nalaza oslanja se na postojeće analogije kao i njihovu kontekstualnu interpretaciju, pri čemu se ukazuje na potencijal uloge veterana., Field surveys of the area between the settlements of Ostrovo and Gaboš north of Vinkovci, carried out by the Vinkovci Municipal Museum, revealed the existence of several new archaeological sites. Among these, the site of Ostrovo – Sokolovac stands out by having numerous and diverse finds. Aside from the Late Iron Age, the largest amount of surface finds belongs to Antiquity, pointing to the existence of a settlement that was probably located alongside the Cibalae – Mursa road. Notable metal finds are the elements of belt sets, horse gear (harness), and an armour element (lorica segmentata) that can be associated with the Roman army. Even though the finds have no contexts, the typological and chronological analysis helped single out two horizons of potential military presence: one from the 1st c. AD, which is poorly represented, and another from the 2nd and 3rd c. AD, which most of the finds belong to. Their interpretation relies on known analogies and their contextual interpretations, with the emphasis on the potential role of veterans.

This paper addresses an experimental approach to the archaeological study of Roman camps in NW Iberia using ground-penetrating radar (henceforth GPR). The main goal is to explore the capabilities of GPR to extract datasets from ephemeral features, such as temporary camps or siege works, among others. This information aims to maximise the data available before excavation, orienting it to areas that could provide good results in terms of feature detection and contrast between soil matrix and archaeological deposits. This paper explores the potential of the GPR approach and volumetric data visualisation to improve our understanding of four ephemeral sites: Alto da Raia (Montalegre, Portugal–Calvos de Randín, Spain), Sueros de Cepeda (Villamejil, Spain), Los Andinales (Villsandino, Spain), and Villa María (Sasamón, Spain). Despite the focus of this paper, other survey techniques (namely LiDAR, aerial photography, and magnetometry) were used in combination with GPR. Further excavation of the sites provided ground truthing for all data remotely gathered., The Alto da Raia archaeological survey in 2021 was funded by the Montalegre and Calvos de Randín municipalities and done in collaboration with Era-Arqueologia (PIPA 201633). The survey in Sasamón and Villasandino has been funded by the Junta de Castilla y León (Contract 2021/00352/001) and Diputación de Burgos (Bopbur 5 de Agosto de 2021, P0937500G), together with the municipalities of Sasamón and Villasandino. Archaeological works at the Sueros de Cepeda camp were developed thanks to a contract established between the Villamejil City Council and the INCIPIT-CSIC (221294 CSIC ID contract, under the supervision of DGA). JGS is a postdoctoral researcher from the Instituto de Arqueología, Mérida-Junta de Extremadura, whose work is produced within an Atracción del Talento postdoctoral contract (Ref. TA18060). JMCG research was facilitated by a postdoctoral research contract funded by the Galician Autonomous Government in 2019 (Ref. ED481D 2019/006). JF research was funded by the European Commission through a Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (agreement ID 794048). Part of JF research was also funded by FEDER through the COMPETE 2020 Programme, Lisboa Regional Programme and European Regional Development Fund (FEEI), and National Funds through FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) under the scope of the Iberian Tin project (PTDC/HAR-ARQ/32290/2017). DGA research was facilitated by a 2019 Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación postdoctoral contract (Ref. IJC2019-040603-I) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).

Autor uz pregled osnovnih činjenica vezanih za razvoj rimskoga garnizona u Dalmaciji tijekom principata raspravlja i o prisutnosti kohorte I Alpinorum na ovim prostorima. Također ispravlja jedan raniji fragmentarni natpis iz Salone, koji umjesto navedenoj postrojbi pripisuje kohorti I milliaria Delmatarum, osnovanoj tijekom zajedničke vladavine Marka Aurelija i Lucija Vera. Na kraju donosi i osnovne spoznaje o dvjema milijarnim kohortama Delmata (cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum) jer su se pojavili novi dokazi o njihovim aktivnostima po rubnih dijelovima provincije Dalmacije., Along with an overview of the basic facts related to the development of the Roman garrison in Dalmatia during the Principate, the author discusses the strange case of the presence of cohors I Alpinorum in these areas. He also corrects the reading of an earlier fragmentary inscription from Salona, which, instead of the mentioned unit, he attributes to the cohors I milliaria Delmatarum, founded during the joint reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Lastly, he provides basic data about the two cohorts of Delmatae (cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum), since some new evidence, revealing their activities in the peripheral parts of the province of Dalmatia, has emerged.

The topic of military settlements and the role of troops in the northern provinces of North Africa during the age of the Roman Empire has recently gained a strong interest in historical, archaeological, epigraphical, and economic studies. In particular, at Mauretania Tingitana (in the north-east area of modern-day Morocco), the presence of numerous military camps in the Early and Later Roman Empire has now been assessed. In this framework, the present work deals with the geophysical survey, by means of magnetometry, at the site of el Benian, where the largest military camp is located. In particular, the magnetic survey has highlighted the organization of the camp, almost totally unknown previously. The result of the magnetic survey has confirmed intense building activity over the centuries and made it possible to identify and characterize the structures typical of a military field.

Esta tese tem como objetivo realizar uma análise das obras Sobre os Assuntos Militares e Com pêndio da Arte Militar por meio de uma abordagem comparativa. Para tal, parte-se da contex tualização do fazer historiográfico e das mudanças verificadas no campo da História Militar nas últimas décadas e da apresentação dos processos de constituição do objeto, problemas e hipó teses norteadores do trabalho. A isso se segue o estudo da transformação do exército romano entre os séculos III a.C. e IV d.C., a partir de algumas de suas etapas (instantâneos ou foto grafias). Depois, busca-se compreender o contexto da segunda metade do século IV d.C., es tabelecendo como marcos cronológicos os anos de 355 e 395 d.C., recorte que permite observar sensíveis questões militares e políticas entre a ascensão de Juliano e a morte de Teodósio I e que se relaciona diretamente à produção dos dois manuais militares protagonistas da pesquisa. Em seguida, mobiliza-se a história dos documentos, aspectos biográficos de seus autores e questões de datação para que seja oferecida uma proposta de tratamento de manuais militares como artefatos culturais a partir de questões de definição, tradição textual e limites metodoló gicos. Após esse trajeto, intenta-se construir uma abordagem comparativa do Sobre os Assun tos Militares e do Compêndio da Arte Militar utilizando como parâmetros os mecanismos de ordenação temporal presentes nos dois manuais militares. Da consciência histórica à ideia de brecha temporal no regime de historicidade passadista, oferece-se uma proposta de compara ção entre as innouationes existentes nos dois manuais militares utilizando como referências de análise as construções de presente das coisas presentes, presente das coisas passadas e pre sente das coisas futuras nas duas obras. A elaboração da crise, a origem (e recorrência) dela e o confronto entre a magnitudo ingenii e as consuetudines antiquae mostram as convergências e divergências nos projetos dos dois autores e fornecem uma interessante chave de leitura para o recorte temporal da segunda metade do século IV d.C. De um ponto de vista teórico-meto dológico, tal abordagem visa também estabelecer um alargamento das possibilidades de análise de textos inseridos na tradição dos manuais militares antigos. This dissertation presents an analysis of two works – De Rebus Bellicis and Epitoma Rei Militaris by using a comparative approach. The starting point for such analysis is the contextualization of historiographical practice and the changes in the field of Military History that took place in the last decades, followed by the presentation of the process of definition of the object of study, its problems and the hypotheses that guided this research. After that, there is a study on the transformations in the Roman army between the 3rd century BCE and the 4th century CE, based on some specific episodes (snapshots). Then, the study focuses on the second half of the 4th century CE, more precisely between the years 335 and 395 CE, a period which allows the exam of delicate military and political issues which took place between the rise of Julian and the death of Theodosius I; this period is particularly relevant because it is directly related to the production of the two military manuals that are the main object of study in this work. Before proceeding with the analysis of the two texts, there is a preliminary review of the history of the documents, considering biographical information about the authors and about the time of production of the texts, with the aim of presenting these military manuals as cultural artifacts and examining questions related to the definition, textual tradition and methodological limits. The comparative study of De Rebus Bellicis and Epitoma Rei Militaris proposed here adopts as parameter the conception of temporal order presented by these military manuals. From historical consciousness to the idea of a temporal breach in a passatist historicity regime, it compares the innouationes found in both military manuals, using as references for the analysis the construction of the idea of present of present things, the present of past things and the present of future things in both texts. The elaboration of crisis, its origin (and recurrence) and the confrontation between the magnitudo ingenii and the consuetudines antiquae show the convergences and divergences in the projects of the two authors and offer an interesting key for the understanding of the second half of the 4th century CE. From the theorical and methodological point of view, such comparative approach intends to widen the possibilities of analysis of texts belonging to the tradition of ancient military manuals.

Pričujoče diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz dveh delov. V prvem delu je predstavljena Avgustova reforma rimske vojske. Glavna sprememba je bila ustanovitev profesionalne vojske, ki ni bila več namenjena zgolj vojaškim pohodom, ampak ohranjanju vojaških dosežkov imperija ter njegovi obrambi. Pomembna novost je bila tudi prisotnost vojaških sil znotraj prestolnice. Avgustova reforma je vnesla nujne formalne spremembe, ki so sledile vojaški evoluciji največjega takratnega imperija. S tem je bil položen temeljni kamen za prihajajočo cesarsko vojsko. V drugem delu diplomske naloge je predstavljena prisotnost rimske vojske v zgodnjecesarski dobi na današnjem slovenskem ozemlju in sicer za časovno obdobje od prvega cesarja Avgusta do Dioklecijana. Predstavljeni so zgodovinski konteksti in materialni ostanki, ki dokazujejo prisotnost rimske vojske na ozemlju današnje Slovenije in soseščine. The present final work consists of two parts. The first part presents the Augustan army reform. The main change was the establishment of a professional army, which was no longer intended solely for military campaigns, but for the preservation of the military achievements of the empire and its defense. An important novelty was also the presence of military forces within the capital city of Rome. The Augustan army reform introduced the necessary formal changes that followed the military evolution of the largest empire at the time. This laid the foundation stone for the coming imperial army. The second part presents the presence of the Roman army in the early imperial period on today's Slovenian territory, which means for the period from the first emperor Augustus to Diocletian. The most important historical contexts are presented, as well as material remains that prove the presence of the Roman army on the territory of today's Slovenia and the nearest neighbourhood.

The purpose of this paper is to present a new comprehensive overview of the sourcesthat are presently available for a history of Batavi in the Roman army. Previous scholarshipoften dealt only with certain specific units in which Batavians served (the imperialbodyguard, for example, or the cavalry regiments), or exclusively treated either thehistorical or the epigraphic sources.

Na 136 nadgrobnih natpisa rimskih aktivnih vojnika ili veterana koji se datiraju u doba principata, a potječu iz Salone ili njezina okruženja, spominju se još po jedna ili više osoba. Analiza natpisa pokazala je da ih je najmanje 190, a povezane su s vojnicima i veteranima na različite načine. Najčešće su to njihove žene (coniunx, uxor) s kojima su imali djecu, zatim oslobođenice i oslobođenici koji su imenovani ili navedeni uobičajenom sintagmom (lib. libertaeque), roditelji, krvna braća i tzv. braća po oružju, sestre, hospite, suborci iz postrojbe, prijatelji, robovi, a u pojedinim primjerima punac, šurjak, šurjakinja, prijateljica. Neki su i nasljednici preminulih vojnika i veterana. Rijetki natpisi ne navode u kakvu su odnosu vojnik i druga osoba, ali se to ipak može pretpostaviti. Utvrđuje se tko je koga komemorirao, a analizom imena nastoji se odrediti podrijetlo ovih osoba. Sva tri elementa pomažu da se dokuči društveni status životnih suputnika rimskih vojnika u Saloni., The paper analyzes 136 soldiers’ inscriptions from Salona from the time of the principate, which, in addition to the name of a soldier or veteran, contain the name of one or more persons. At least 190 persons related to soldiers and veterans were mentioned in various contexts. Most often, it is their wives (coniunx, uxor) with whom they had children, then the freedmen and freedwoman named or by the usual syntagm (lib. libertabusque), parents, blood brothers, sisters, brothers in arms, friends, slaves, hospitae... Some of them are also listed as heirs of deceased soldiers and veterans. Only few inscriptions don’t indicate the character of the relationship between a soldier and a person, but it can still be assumed. An attempt was made to determine who commemorated whom, and the analysis of the names should make it possible to determine the origin of these persons and their social status.

The centurion was the backbone of the Roman army. The article aims at analysing the centurion social relationships during the High Roman Empire through the epigraphic sources in Hispania. We focus on the family nucleus creation as well as the patronage relations formation as some of the core social indicators to be considered in centurions. El centurión era la espina dorsal del ejército romano. A través del estudio de los monumentos epigráficos hallados en el territorio peninsular analizamos las relaciones sociales establecidas por los centuriones durante el Alto Imperio. La creación de núcleos familiares o la formación de relaciones clientelares son indicadores sociales a tener en cuenta entre los individuos que ocuparon este cargo.

Despite the importance the army had throughout the history of the Roman Empire, and despite the vivid images that immediately come to mind when we think of the legions of Rome, many aspects related to the organizations of the armed forces under the rule of the emperors remain arguably obscure: the production of weapons and armours for Roman soldiers is among them. Aiming to develop a strong theoretical approach for the analysis of this particular aspect of ancient military logistics, this thesis analyses the situation in the Roman province of Dacia (AD 106-AD 270).The conceptual basis and development of Roman military logistics is studied through the combined use of archaeological data, literary sources, and epigraphy. The pattern of military sites, mines, and administrative centres of the ancient province of Dacia is therefore interpreted as the framework in which a complex and multi-layered productive system was implemented and developed.; L'armée romaine a eu une importance indéniable pour l’histoire de l’Empire Romain, les légions de Rome suscitent en effet des images puissantes et de grandes empreintes dans l’imaginaire collectif. Toutefois, de nombreux aspects de l’organisation des forces militaires sous le règne des empereurs sont encore obscurs : la production des armes et des armures pour les soldats fait partie de ces aspects. Cette thèse propose donc d’analyser la province romaine de la Dacie (106 ap. J.-C. – 270 ap. J.-C.) en tant qu’étude de cas, dans le but de développer un modèle théorique permettant d’appréhender cet aspect particulier de la logistique militaire. Les concepts fondamentaux et le développement de la logistique militaire romaine sont étudiés au travers d’une approche multidisciplinaire qui privilégie l’emploi croisé des données archéologiques, des sources littéraires et des inscriptions. L’ ensemble des sites militaires et de centres administratifs de l’ancienne province de Dacie est donc considéré comme la structure dans laquelle un système complexe pour la production et la distribution de l’équipement militaire a été réalisé et mit à profit.

This thesis broadly conceived is about the relationship between military and civil society in the time of the Roman Principate. It is about making sense of the tensions experienced by the soldiers and veterans of the Roman army between their lives as milites and as cives. This thesis weaves soldiers and veterans back into the wider social fabric of the Roman world ��� the social environments from which they commenced their military service, and into which they would settle upon their discharge. The problem is approached from three distinct angles, primarily through the lens of the centurionate: 1) variation in the legal privileges and restrictions upon the social lives of military personnel according to their rank; 2) the tensions and benefits resulting from the social heterogeneity of those accorded the same military rank; 3) the importance, or perceived importance, of the military factor in the status and reception of the soldier or veteran within their hometowns. The first and second case-studies are approached by contrasting the representation of the social position of centurions in a variety of documents: literary and legal, epigraphical and papyrological. The third case-study utilises a combination of statistical and prosopographical approaches to epigraphy to build up a general picture of soldier and veteran participation in local elite life. These case-studies restore agency to soldiers and veterans by contrasting their self-representation with the ways in which they are represented by others: by the equestrians and senators who commanded them; by the literary and senatorial elites who wrote about them; by the towns they called home and whose local offices they held. This thesis argues that soldiers and veterans were actively engaged with, and responding to, the construction and deconstruction of their identities by various external groups, ultimately positioning themselves as the crucial link between army, town and emperor.

Magistrsko delo katalogizira in obravnava rimske vojaške najdbe in kontekste iz Slovenske ceste v Ljubljani. Spočetka strnjeno pojasni geološko-geomorfološke lastnosti Ljubljanskih vrat, odločujoč dejavnik rabe tega prostora v antiki, in poda osnovna dejstva o plovni poti po reki Ljubljanici. Oriše tudi vse ključne znane zgodovinske kontekste od časa pozne republike do avgustejskega časa, ki zadevajo dogajanje v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru in širše. Ob krajši predstavitvi raziskav iz Slovenske ceste (2015) podaja pregled o latenski in zgodnjerimski poselitvi območja Ljubljanskih vrat ter predstavi ostanke z rimsko vojsko povezanih struktur iz obeh bregov Ljubljanice, vključujoč drobne in zgolj deloma numizmatične najdbe. Na podlagi katalogiziranih vojaških najdb in njihovih kontekstov se poizkuša pridružiti diskusiji o zgodnjerimskih aktivnostih na območju Ljubljanskih vrat. This master’s thesis catalogues and discusses the Roman military finds with their contexts from Slovenska Road, Ljubljana. Firstly, it examines the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the Ljubljana Gates, the main reason behind the use of this area in the antiquity, and provides the basic facts about the navigable part of the Ljubljanica River. It addresses all the major historic events from the time of Late Roman Republic to the Augustan era, concerning the wider Southeastern Alpine area. Moreover, it summarises up the results of the excavations at Slovenska Road, gives an overview of the La Tène and early Roman settlement of the Ljubljana Gates and that of the military associated structures, including small and, partially, numismatic finds, from both banks of the river Ljubljanica. Based on catalogued finds, it attempts to be a part of the discussion about the early Roman activities in the outlined area.