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Working Paper ETUI 2022.13 : https://www.etui.org/fr/publications/la-judiciarisation-de-laction-de-la-confederation-europeenne-des-syndicats "Cette étude revient sur la mise en place et le développement de stratégies judiciaires par la Confédération européenne des syndicats (CES) depuis une quinzaine d'années. Dans un premier temps, l'auteur montre que cette stratégie naît à la suite des affaires Viking et Laval. L'objectif est alors de renverser cette jurisprudence par le biais des normes et des mécanismes de plainte du Conseil de l'Europe et de l'Organisation internationale du travail. Dans un deuxième temps, l'étude met en évidence la normalisation et la diversification des objectifs poursuivis par la stratégie judiciaire de la CES, ainsi que ses limites à la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, l'auteur analyse l'action de la CES en faveur des droits sociaux fondamentaux au Conseil de l'Europe auprès de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et du Comité européen des droits sociaux."

RESUMO A cobrança pelo uso da água como instrumento econômico de gestão deve orientar os usuários quanto ao valor do recurso hídrico e incentivar o combate ao uso perdulário. Metodologias recentes inserem mecanismos relacionados às boas práticas no uso da água, mensurado no saneamento por meio do indicador de perdas percentuais na distribuição. Contudo, desprezam-se as perdas ocorridas nas etapas anteriores, bem como a essencialidade do serviço para a sociedade. Usando variáveis que abarcam todo o sistema de abastecimento desde a captação, este trabalho propôs uma metodologia de cobrança que amplia e penaliza as perdas reais, ao mesmo tempo em que permite descontos decorrentes da retirada para atendimento às necessidades mais fundamentais da população. Revela-se como resultado uma equação simples e transparente, com homogeneidade nas parcelas precificadas, que pode ter a punição e os privilégios ajustados às especificidades da bacia em que seja aplicada.

International audience; Abstract We assessed the effects of a 3-min partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) exposure—where the whole body is exposed to extreme cold, except the head—on cognitive inhibition performance and the possible implications of parasympathetic cardiac control and cerebral oxygenation. In a randomized controlled counterbalanced cross-over design, eighteen healthy young adults (nine males and nine females) completed a cognitive Stroop task before and after one single session of PBC (3-min exposure at − 150 °C cold air) and a control condition (3 min at room temperature, 20 °C). During the cognitive task, heart rate variability (HRV) and cerebral oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex were measured using heart rate monitoring and near-infrared spectroscopy methods. We also recorded the cerebral oxygenation during the PBC session. Stroop performance after PBC exposure was enhanced (562.0 ± 40.2 ms) compared to pre-PBC (602.0 ± 56.4 ms; P

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Background Simplified regimens for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may increase patient satisfaction and facilitate adherence. Methods In this phase ...

International audience; Introduction. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic many countries have implemented periods of national lockdown that have substantially changed the daily life of people worldwide. In France, a national quarantine requiring people to stay at home and the closure of all but essential public places were implemented for the rst time on March 17, 2020 for 8 weeks. Using questionnaires and interviews, recent studies reported relationships between life disruptions associated with COVID-19 quarantine [1], and alterations in dietary patterns [2] and inversely, maintenance of dietary patterns [1,3] and lifestyle habits. Thus, the aim was to determine (using food diary analysis at several time points) the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the dietary patterns in active and non-active French adults.Methods. A total of 220 participants, age > 18 years, who had never been positive for COVID-19 took part in an online survey including sociodemographic, eating behavior, weight change, sedentary behavior (SED) and physical activity (PA) questions at different times during (3rd week of lockdown: P1; and 7th and 8th week of lockdown: P2) and post lockdown (1-month post: P3). Participants completed food diaries every 4 days over these periods. Participants who did not complete at least 1 food diary in each period were excluded from the nal analysis. Energy Intake (EI), nutrient breakdown and fluids consumed in P1, P2, and P3 were obtained from the food diary analyses. Linear mixed eects models were tted to analyze the differences in dependent variables between the three lockdown time periods.Results. Thirty-ve females and 15 males (age, 4515 yrs; BMI, 22.63kg/m2; 94% with an outdoor space) completed questionnaires and food diaries. Sixty percent had a professional activity during the lockdown, 80% of them working as executives, employees, and retired, and 58% had at least a master's degree. 54% declared themselves to be active (comply with the PA recommendations [4]) and 72% to be non-sedentary (> 7h/d SED) at the time they entered the lockdown. EI (kcal/d) and nutrient consumption did not dier betweenactive (1661.9 458.1) and non-active (1789.1 606.4), or sedentary (1714.6 523.1) and non-sedentary individuals (1742.6 539.0) nor between lockdown time points. Alcohol consumption and EI were consistently higher in males than in females but did not dier between periods. Sedentary participants consumed signicantly (p=0.02) more alcohol than non-sedentary participants in P1, P2 and P3. More than 60% of participants reported no change in the number of meals and snacks between periods. Almost half of the participants reported a variation of body weight in P2 vs P1 (44% loss and 56% gain, median change: 1.0 kg) and 40% reported a variation of weight in P3 vs P2 (55% loss and 45% gain, median change: 0.0 kg).Conclusion. For the rst time, using a food diary analyses revealed that the lockdown period had minimal impact on the dietary intake and eating behaviors in active and non- active French adults. Apart from methodological considerations, the maintenance of dietary patterns could be partly explained by the environmental conditions of the population studied.

International audience; Ce chapitre analyse les négociations de la Charte sociale européenne du Conseil de l'Europe (1953-1961). Il met en évidence les différents organes de contrôle envisagés pour superviser l'application du traité et les différents types de légitimité politiques ceux-ci ils renvoient : un conseil économique et social européen (corporatiste), une chambre sociale de l'assemblée parlementaire (parlementaire), un comité d'experts indépendants (technocratique).

Under natural conditions, plants experience external mechanical stresses such as wind and touch that impact their growth. A remarkable feature of this mechanically induced growth response is that it may occur at distance from the stimulation site, suggesting the existence of a signal propagating through the plant. In this study, we investigated the electrical response of poplar trees to a transient controlled bending stimulation of the stem that mimics the mechanical effect of wind. Stem bending was found to cause an electrical response that we called ‘gradual’ potential, similar in shape to an action potential. However, this signal distinguished from the well-known plant action potential by its propagation up to 20 cm along the stem and its strong dumping in velocity and amplitude. Two hypotheses regarding the mode of propagation of the ‘gradual’ potential are discussed.One sentence summaryPoplar stem bending induces an electrical response with high speed and strong decrement.

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Clinical multicenter imaging studies are frequent and rely on a wide range of existing tools for sharing data and processing pipelines. This is not the case for preclinical (small animal) studies. Animal population imaging is still in infancy, especially because a complete standardization and control of initial conditions in animal models across labs is still difficult and few studies aim at standardization of acquisition and post-processing techniques. Clearly, there is a need of appropriate tools for the management and sharing of data, post-processing and analysis methods dedicated to small animal imaging. Solutions developed for Human imaging studies cannot be directly applied to this specific domain. In this paper, we present the Small Animal Shanoir (SAS) solution for supporting animal population imaging using tools compatible with open data. The integration of automated workflow tools ensures accessibility and reproducibility of research outputs. By sharing data and imaging processing tools, hosted by SAS, we promote data preparation and tools for reproducibility and reuse, and participation in multicenter or replication “open science” studies contributing to the improvement of quality science in preclinical domain. SAS is a first step for promoting open science for small animal imaging and a contribution to the valorization of data and pipelines of reference.

Long-acting injectable regimens may simplify therapy for patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.We conducted a phase 3, randomized, open-label trial in which adults with HIV-1 infection who had not previously received antiretroviral therapy were given 20 weeks of daily oral induction therapy with dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine. Participants who had an HIV-1 RNA level of less than 50 copies per milliliter after 16 weeks were randomly assigned (1:1) to continue the current oral therapy or switch to oral cabotegravir plus rilpivirine for 1 month followed by monthly injections of long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine. The primary end point was the percentage of participants who had an HIV-1 RNA level of 50 copies per milliliter or higher at week 48 (Food and Drug Administration snapshot algorithm).At week 48, an HIV-1 RNA level of 50 copies per milliliter or higher was found in 6 of 283 participants (2.1%) who received long-acting therapy and in 7 of 283 (2.5%) who received oral therapy (adjusted difference, -0.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.8 to 2.1), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for the primary end point (margin, 6 percentage points). An HIV-1 RNA level of less than 50 copies per milliliter at week 48 was found in 93.6% who received long-acting therapy and in 93.3% who received oral therapy (adjusted difference, 0.4 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.7 to 4.5), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for this end point (margin, -10 percentage points). Of the participants who received long-acting therapy, 86% reported injection-site reactions (median duration, 3 days; mild or moderate severity, 99% of cases); 4 participants withdrew from the trial for injection-related reasons. Grade 3 or higher adverse events and events that met liver-related stopping criteria occurred in 11% and 2%, respectively, who received long-acting therapy and in 4% and 1% who received oral therapy. Treatment satisfaction increased after participants switched to long-acting therapy; 91% preferred long-acting therapy at week 48.Therapy with long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine was noninferior to oral therapy with dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine with regard to maintaining HIV-1 suppression. Injection-site reactions were common. (Funded by ViiV Healthcare and Janssen; FLAIR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02938520.).

While the xylem hydraulic properties, such as vulnerability to cavitation (VC), are of paramount importance in drought resistance, their genetic determinants remain unexplored. There is evidence that pectins and their methylation pattern are involved, but the detail of their involvement and the corresponding genes need to be clarified. We analysed the hydraulic properties of the 35S::PME1 transgenic aspen that ectopically under- or over-express a xylem-abundant pectin methyl esterase, PtxtPME1. We also produced and analyzed 4CL1::PGII transgenic poplars expressing a fungal polygalacturonase, AnPGII, under the control of the Ptxa4CL1 promoter that is active in the developing xylem after xylem cell expansion. Both the 35S::PME1 under and over-expressing aspen lines developed xylem with lower specific hydraulic conductivity and lower VC, while the 4CL1::PGII plants developed xylem with a higher VC. These xylem hydraulic changes were associated with modifications in xylem structure or in intervessel pit structure that can result in changes in mechanical behaviour of the pit membrane. This study shows that homogalacturonans and their methylation pattern influence xylem hydraulic properties, through its effect on xylem cell expansion and on intervessel pit properties and it show a role for PtxtPME1 in the xylem hydraulic properties.

Fusarium root rot is a major cryptogamic disease in olive trees caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium solani. Controlling this disease requires the extensive use of chemicals. However, using BCAs such as some Trichoderma strains may be an opportune alternative to fungicides in protecting olive plantations. A new isolate (Fso14) was isolated from young olive trees showing severe dieback symptoms. The objective of this work was to analyze the biocontrol behavior of a Tunisian strain of T. harzianum (Ths97) on olive trees against Fso14 by assessing both mycoparasitic activity (in planta and in vitro) and ability to locally modulate different gene-related defenses of the plant. Ths97 was found to inhibit Fso14 growth in vitro. Optical microscopic analysis at the confrontation zone between hyphae showed that Ths97 grew alongside Fso14 with numerous contact points suggesting parasitic activity. On olive trees, Ths97 developed a strong protective role against root infestation by Fso14, whether inoculated before or after the pathogenic agent. When inoculated alone, Fso14 and Ths97 did not modulate (or only slightly with inhibitions or inductions, respectively) the expression of genes involved in plant immunity (oxidative stress, phenylpropanoid pathway, PR-proteins and JA/Et-SA hormonal status). However, when Ths97 was inoculated in combination with Fso14, several defense-related genes were highly up-regulated, indicating probable primed-plant events. These promising results provided valuable information on using Ths97 as a beneficial agent to control fusarium root rot disease caused by F. solani in olive trees.

How to recover properly with food? How to eat during a trip abroad or during a training course in altitude? What to do to preserve your bone health? How to conciliate the ramadan and the training? How to lose weight cleverly? What sugars? What proteins?... As regards nutrition, athletes and their coaches ask themselves a lot of questions, and each of them deserves a clear answer! This is the main objective of this book, which gathered the world's greatest specialists of sports nutrition in order to bring the eagerly expected answers... Indeed, when the competition is tighter than ever, empiricism is no longer enough: the victory, which always depends on minute subtleties, requires rational choices, especially regarding food. And if sports victory is a legitimate aim, it should not be pursued at the expense of health: even today, athletes still put it at stake. Thereby, this is the second objective of this book: learning how to conciliate performance and body respect...

Achieving a high level in sport requires physiological adaptation and development, which depend on the training stimulus and a number of other factors. Among these factors, nutrition plays a major role. Today, it is well established that modifying food intake can positively influence the body’s adaptive reaction to training and recovery processes. However, in practice, athletes often struggle to find their way through the vast array of products and advice offered by companies and colleagues alike. Much research suggests that milk and dairy products are a convenient, cheap and particularly efficient option for athletes, at many levels. The results of scientific research highlight the various benefits that consuming skimmed cow’s milk presents for athletes, including for those with lactose intolerance (who can drink delactosed milk). The abundance of scientific evidence currently available allows us to assert that ingesting milk daily contributes to good bone health, to post-exercise muscle regeneration (even to increasing lean mass, when this is an objective) and to reducing fat mass. Some recent studies also highlighted that, to favour recovery after endurance exercises, milk is as efficient as commercialized energy drinks as a recovery drink. Due to its electrolyte content, milk is particularly effective in optimizing post-exercise rehydration. Finally, some preliminary data suggest that milk also has a positive impact on sleep.The objective of this chapter is to explore in what contexts and which forms dairy products can help meet the specific needs of high-level athletes and those of occasional athletes who want to continue to make progress.

High-level sports performance requires rigorous and intense training, which significantly increases energy expenditure. Consequently, the athlete must ingest large amounts of food several times during the day to cover their energy requirements. Because carbohydrates in all forms (solid or liquid) provide rapid and sustained energy, they are the preferred food type of athletes, and are eaten before, during and after training. However, a high-carbohydrate intake combined with chronic dehydration creates a significant risk for oral health, and can promote the formation of cavities and tooth erosion. These effects on the teeth can have disastrous consequences on performance. Because of this, athletes should choose their food based on energy content, and also on its effect on oral health. The foods of choice are alkalizing foods, which help to neutralize acid attacks. These foods include dairy products, mineral waters, starch-and fibre-rich carbohydrates. Some strategies can also be applied during meals, snacks, or training when consumption of high-risk foods increases. Finally, because athletes are particularly exposed to the risk of tooth decay and dental erosion, they should take care to regularly consult their dentist for a dental health check-up.

Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and capacitance (Cleaf) are among the key parameters in plant-water regulation. Understanding the responses of these hydraulic traits to drought conditions remains a challenge for describing comprehensive plant-water relationships. The ability of an organism to resist and/or tolerate embolism events, which may occur at high negative pressure caused by hydric stress, relies on how well it can sustain a hydraulic system in a dynamic equilibrium. Populus deltoides is a water-saving tree species with a stomatal conductance that declines rapidly with reduced water availability. Under unfavorable conditions, the stomatal control of transpiration is known to be closely coordinated with a loss of plant hydraulic functioning that can ultimately result in hydraulic failure through xylem embolism, notably in leaves. The effects of drought on leaf hydraulics are also related to regulation in water permeases such as the aquaporins. To describe the responses linked to leaf hydraulics under severe drought and rewatering conditions, water-stressed poplars were monitored daily on an ecophysiological and a molecular scale. A structural and expression analysis on a set of aquaporins was carried out in parallel by in situ hybridization analysis and quantitative PCR. In complement, water distribution in water-challenged leaves was investigated using X-ray microtomography. A general depression of leaf hydraulic conductance and relative water content occurred under drought, but was reversed when plants were rewatered. More interestingly, (i) extreme leaf water deficiency led to marked xylem and lamina embolism, but a degree of hydric integrity in the midrib extraxylem territories and the bundle sheath of the minor veins was maintained, and (ii) the sub-tissue water allocation correlated well with an over-accumulation of several PIP and TIP aquaporins. Our multi-facet molecular ecophysiological approach revealed that leaves were able to secure a certain level of hydric status, in particular in cell territories near the “living ribs”, which provided rapid hydric adjustment responses once favorable conditions were restored. These findings contribute to an integrated approach to leaf hydraulics, thus favoring a better understanding of the cell mechanisms involved in tree vulnerability to climate changes.

Starting in December 2013, West Africa was overwhelmed with the deadliest outbreak of Ebola virus known to date, resulting in more than 27,500 cases and 11,000 deaths. In response to the epidemic, development of a heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimen was accelerated and involved preparation of a phase 3 effectiveness study. While individually randomized controlled trials are widely acknowledged as the gold standard for demonstrating the efficacy of a candidate vaccine, there was considerable debate on the ethical appropriateness of these designs in the context of an epidemic. A suitable phase 3 trial must convincingly ensure unbiased evaluation with sufficient statistical power. In addition, efficient evaluation of a vaccine candidate is required so that an effective vaccine can be immediately disseminated. This manuscript aims to present the statistical and modeling considerations, design rationale and challenges encountered due to the emergent, epidemic setting that led to the selection of a cluster-randomized phase 3 study design under field conditions.

Introduction Depuis quelques années, des performances physiques remarquables ont été enregistrées chez des athlètes d’un âge avancé. Par exemple, certains, de plus de 70 ans, sont capables de courir le marathon en moins de 3 h (Tanaka et Seals 2008). Par ailleurs, les personnes de plus de 40 ans montrent un réel engouement pour les sports d’endurance et les compétitions sportives de longue durée (Bernard et al. 2010 ; Hoffman et Wegelin 2009 ; Jokl et al. 2004). Ces sportifs d’un genre nouvea...

En quelques décennies, la récupération du sportif de haut niveau s'est définitivement imposée comme un enjeu majeur. D'une part parce qu'il est essentiel de préserver la santé de l'athlète, d'autre part parce que la réitération de la performance, parfois sur de très courts laps de temps, requiert une parfaite récupération entre les épreuves. Aux méthodes de récupération parfois anciennes - certaines d'entre elles remontent...à l'Antiquité ! - viennent s'ajouter des techniques particulièrement innovantes. À tel point que l'encadrement médical d'un athlète dispose à présent d'un vaste panel de méthodes : récupération active ou passive, étirements, massages, électrostimulation, luminothérapie, aromathérapie, application de chaud ou de froid, cryothérapie, hydrothérapie, sauna, hammam, infrarouges, nutrition et réhydratation… Pour autant, il n'est pas toujours facile de distinguer les méthodes véritablement efficaces des chimères dont certaines peuvent s'avérer inopérantes, voire contre-productives lorsqu'elles sont mal employées. L'INSEP propose donc aujourd'hui un nouvel ouvrage, essentiel pour comprendre ces différentes techniques, et qui permettra aux athlètes, à leurs entraîneurs et à leur encadrement médical de véritablement mettre en œuvre des politiques de récupération efficaces et adaptées aux spécificités de l'athlète, mais aussi à celles de son sport et de son calendrier sportif. Près de 1 650 articles scientifiques du monde entier ont ainsi été analysés et synthétisés afin d'offrir au lecteur des informations fiables, loin de l'empirisme ou des effets de mode qui ne garantissent évidemment pas toujours la réussite... Du haut de ses vingt-trois chapitres, cet ouvrage nous invite à une nouvelle orientation dans la compréhension des processus de récupération chez le sportif. En complément de cette analyse pertinente des différentes méthodes de récupération, quelques études de cas mettant le sportif au cœur du dispositif de récupération, viennent éclairer nos zones d'ombre et ainsi améliorer notre connaissance de la récupération en sport !

La performance sportive de haut niveau requiert un entraînement rigoureux et intense, augmentant de manière considérable la dépense énergétique. En conséquence, le sportif doit ingérer des quantités souvent importantes de nourriture, plusieurs fois au cours de la journée, en fonction de la fréquence de ses séances d’entraînement. Parce qu’ils permettent d’apporter une énergie rapide et prolongée, les glucides sous toutes leurs formes (solide ou liquide) représentent les aliments privilégiés des sportifs, aussi bien avant, que pendant ou après l’entraînement. Néanmoins, un apport élevé en glucides associé à une déshydratation chronique augmentent de toute évidence les facteurs de risque pour la santé bucco-dentaire, notamment en favorisant la formation des caries et l’érosion dentaire avec des conséquences désastreuses sur la performance. Le sportif devrait dès lors choisir ses aliments en fonction de leur pouvoir énergétique, mais aussi de leur effet sur la santé bucco-dentaire. Les aliments à privilégier sont les aliments alcalinisants, qui permettent de neutraliser les attaques acides, tels que les produits laitiers, les eaux minérales, les glucides à base d’amidon et les fibres alimentaires. Certaines stratégies peuvent également être appliquées lors des repas, collations, ou à l’entraînement, lorsque la consommation d’aliments à risques augmente. Enfin, parce qu’il est particulièrement exposé aux risques de caries et d’érosion dentaires, le sportif devra veiller à consulter régulièrement son dentiste pour contrôler sa santé bucco-dentaire.

Comment bien récupérer au moyen de l'alimentation ? Comment se nourrir lors d'un voyage à l'étranger ou lors des stages en altitude ? Que faire pour préserver son capital osseux ? De quelle manière concilier ramadan et entraînement ? Comment perdre du poids intelligemment ? Quels sucres ? Quelles protéines ? En matière de nutrition, les questions que se posent les sportifs et leurs entraîneurs sont nombreuses, et toutes méritent des réponses claires ! Telle est l'ambition première de cet ouvrage qui a réuni les plus grands spécialistes mondiaux de la nutrition sportive afin d'apporter les éclairages tant attendus... En effet, à l'heure d'une compétition plus serrée que jamais, l'empirisme ne suffit plus : la victoire, qui se joue souvent sur d'infimes subtilités, requiert des choix rationnels, notamment alimentaires. Et si la réussite sportive est un objectif légitime, ce dernier ne doit pas être poursuivi aux dépens du capital santé : trop souvent encore les athlètes mettent celle-ci en danger. Telle est donc la seconde ambition de ce livre : apprendre à concilier performance et respect de son corps...

Major intrinsic proteins (MIP) are characterized by a transmembrane pore-type architecture that facilitates transport across biomembranes of water and a variety of low molecular weight solutes. They are found in all parts of life, with remarkable protein diversity. Very little is known about MIP from fungi. And yet, it can legitimately be stated that MIP are pivotal molecular components in the privileged relationships fungi enjoy with plants or soil fauna in various environments. To date, MIP have never been studied in a mycoparasitism situation. In this study, the diversity, expression and functional prediction of MIP from the genus Trichoderma were investigated. Trichoderma spp. genomes have at least seven aquaporin genes. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of the translated sequences, members were assigned to the AQP, AQGP and XIP subfamilies. In in vitro and in planta assays with T. harzianum strain Ths97, expression analyses showed that four genes were constitutively expressed. In a mycoparasitic context with Fusarium solani, the causative agent of fusarium dieback on olive tree roots, these genes were up-regulated. This response is of particular interest in analyzing the MIP promoter cis-regulatory motifs, most of which are involved in various carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. Structural analyses provide new insights into the possible role of structural checkpoints by which these members transport water, H2O2, glycerol and, more generally, linear polyols across the membranes. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that MIP may play a key role in Trichoderma mycoparasitism lifestyle.

X-Intrinsic Proteins (XIP) were recently identified in a narrow range of plants as a full clade within the aquaporins. These channels reportedly facilitate the transport of a wide range of hydrophobic solutes. The functional roles of XIP in planta remain poorly identified. In this study, we found three XIP genes (HbXIP1;1, HbXIP2;1 and HbXIP3;1) in the Hevea brasiliensis genome. Comprehensive bioinformatics, biochemical and structural analyses were used to acquire a better understanding of this AQP subfamily. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HbXIPs clustered into two major groups, each distributed in a specific lineage of the order Malpighiales. Tissue-specific expression profiles showed that only HbXIP2;1 was expressed in all the vegetative tissues tested (leaves, stem, bark, xylem and latex), suggesting that HbXIP2;1 could take part in a wide range of cellular processes. This is particularly relevant to the rubber-producing laticiferous system, where this isoform was found to be up-regulated during tapping and ethylene treatments. Furthermore, the XIP transcriptional pattern is significantly correlated to latex production level. Structural comparison with SoPIP2;1 from Spinacia oleracea species provides new insights into the possible role of structural checkpoints by which HbXIP2;1 ensures glycerol transfer across the membrane. From these results, we discuss the physiological involvement of glycerol and HbXIP2;1 in water homeostasis and carbon stream of challenged laticifers. The characterization of HbXIP2;1 during rubber tree tapping lends new insights into molecular and physiological response processes of laticifer metabolism in the context of latex exploitation.

International audience; The paper addresses the problem of Lur’e sampled-data control design with non uniform sampling. It is shown that this problem can be treated using a methodology based on Euler approximate discrete time models associated to a formulation of the problem in the switched systems framework. Given a finite set of sampling periods, the problem is formulated as a stabilization problem for discrete-time switched Lur’e systems with norm bounded uncertainty. A quadratic criterion is used to take into account possible penalties on the sampling periods. Sufficient conditions are provided to compute both the controller gains and the active sampling period. The approach takes into account the inter-sample behaviour and provides stability guarantees for the exact Lur’e sampled-data system.

International audience; This paper deals with discrete-time switched Lur'e systems including an additional saturated input and a bounded energy disturbance. Two control design issues are investigated related to the L2-induced gain and the rejection of disturbance. An common optimization problem under LMI conditions and differing from the cost function to optimize, is provided to offer a solution to the both problems. The main approach is to upper bound a criterion with a suitable Lur'e type Lyapunov function. Numerical examples are given to underline the efficiency of our approach and to allow a discussion with the literature.

In plants, mechanoperception and transduction of mechanical signals have been studied essentially in Arabidopsis thaliana L. and Lycopersicon esculentum L. plants, i.e., in nonwoody plants. Here, we have described the isolation of both the full-length cDNA and the regulatory region of PtaZFP2, encoding a member of Cys2/His2 zinc finger protein (ZFP) family in Populus tremula L. x Populus alba L. Time course analysis of expression demonstrated that PtaZFP2 mRNA accumulated as early as 5 min in response to a controlled stem bending and is restricted to the organ where the mechanical stimulus is applied. The real-time quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction experiments showed that PtaZFP2 was also rapidly up-regulated in poplar stems in response to gravitropism suggesting that PtaZFP2 is induced by different mechanical signals. Abundance of PtaZFP2 transcripts also increased highly in response to wounding and to a weaker extent to salt treatment and cold, which is consistent with the numerous putative cis-elements found in its regulatory region. As in other species, these data suggest that Cys2/His2 ZFPs could function in poplar as key transcriptional regulators in the acclimation response to different environmental factors.

The use of typed intermediate languages can significantly increase the reliability of a compiler. By type-checking the code produced at each transformation stage, one can identify bugs in the compiler that would otherwise be much harder to find. We propose to take the use of types in compilation a step further by verifying that the transformation itself is type correct, in the sense that it is impossible that it produces an ill typed term given a well typed term as input.We base our approach on higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS), a representation of programs where variables in the object language are represented by meta-variables. We use a representation that accounts for the object language's type system using generalized algebraic data types (GADTs). In this way, the full binding and type structure of the object language is exposed to the host language's type system. In this setting we encode a type preservation property of a CPS conversion in Haskell's type system, using witnesses of a type correctness proof encoded in a GADT.

BACKGROUND The ongoing phase IIb POWER 1 (TMC114-C213) trial is designed to assess efficacy and safety of the protease inhibitor (PI) TMC114 (darunavir) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients. DESIGN This randomized, partially blinded, 24-week dose-finding study compared efficacy and safety of four doses of TMC114 plus low-dose ritonavir (TMC114/r) with investigator-selected control PI(s) (CPI[s]). METHODS Patients with one or more primary PI mutation and HIV RNA > 1000 copies/ml received optimized background therapy, plus TMC114/r 400/100 mg once daily, 800/100 mg once daily, 400/100 mg twice daily or 600/100 mg twice daily, or CPI(s). The primary endpoint (intent-to-treat) compared proportions of patients achieving viral load reduction >or= 1.0 log10 copies/ml from baseline. RESULTS In total, 318 patients were treated. Baseline mean viral load was 4.48 log10 copies/ml; median CD4 cell count was 179 cells/microl. In the CPI arm 62% of patients discontinued (virological failure: 54%); 10% of TMC114/r patients discontinued. More TMC114/r (69-77%) than CPI patients (25%) reached the primary endpoint (P < 0.001); 43-53% of TMC114/r patients and 18% of the CPI arm achieved viral load < 50 copies/ml (P < 0.001). TMC114/r demonstrated greater mean CD4 cell count increases versus CPI(s) (68-124 versus 20 cells/microl; P < 0.05). TMC114/r 600/100 mg twice daily demonstrated the highest virological and immunological responses. Adverse event incidence was similar between treatments; headache and diarrhoea were more common with CPI(s). CONCLUSIONS TMC114/r demonstrated statistically higher 24-week virological response rates and CD4 cell count increases than CPI(s). TMC114/r 600/100 mg twice daily has received regulatory approval in treatment-experienced patients.

National audience; La stabilité des systèmes de type Lur'e à temps continu et discret a généré un nombre important de publications. Récemment un nouveau résultat a été proposé sur la stabilité de ces systèmes à temps discret à l'aide d'une nouvelle fonction de Lyapunov. Cette fonction est composée d'un terme quadratique en l'état et d'un terme croisé entre l'état et la non-linéarité. Elle peut mener à des lignes de niveaux non-convexes et non-connexes, adaptées à la stabilité des systèmes non-linéaires à temps discret. L'objectif de cet article est d'étudier la stabilité d'un système de Lur'e à temps continu à partir de sa discrétisation et de ce nouveau résultat. Un aspect important est que les conditions suffisantes de stabilité globale, données sous forme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires, ne feront intervenir que la condition de secteur de la non-linéarité, sans contrainte sur ses variations. Un exemple académique sera présenté pour illustrer notre approche.

Recent studies dealing with discrete-time (switched) Lur’e systems involve an adapted Lur’e type function exhibiting possibly non-convex and disconnected level sets. These properties raise fundamental issues in the case of discrete-time Lur’e system obtained by the sampling of a continuous time one. This PhD thesis aims at answering these questions. The first contribution is to avoid the discrete-time disconnected level sets by a decreasing sequence of bounded and connected sets that converges to the origin and that contain the future of the continuous-time trajectory. The second contribution deals with the joint stabilization of a sampled-data Lur’e system with non-uniform sampling. When the sampling period belongs to afinite set of values, this problem is reformulated as the joint stabilization of a discrete-time Lur’e switched system with norm-bounded uncertain parameters. Futhermore, if a quadratic criterion is associated with each mode, a min-switching strategy combined with LMI constraints allow to provide a solution to this problem. Finally the property of consistency for discrete-time switched Lur’e systems is investigated. It is shown that the min-switching strategy is consistent with respect to quadratic upper bounds of the performances. This result is applied on the stabilization of Lur’e systems with non-uniform sampling.; De récents résultats sur l’étude des systèmes de Lur’e (commutés) à temps discret mettent en avant une fonction de Lyapunov de type Lur’e avancée, dont les lignes de niveau peuvent être non convexes et non connexes. Celles-ci soulèvent de larges questions pour les systèmes de Lur’e à temps discret obtenus par la discrétisation d’un système continu. Les contributions de cette thèse sont d’apporter des éléments de réponse à ces questions. Tout d’abord, le verrou des lignes de niveau non-connexes est levé en construisant à partir de celles-ci une suite décroissante d’ensembles connexes et bornés qui converge vers l’origine et qui contient le futur de la trajectoire à temps continu. Dans un second temps, le problème de la stabilisation conjointe d’un système de Lur’e à données échantillonnées avec un échantillonnage non-uniforme est traité. Quand la période d’échantillonnage est à choisir parmi un nombre fini de valeurs, il est montré que ce problème se traduit comme la stabilisation conjointe d’un système commuté de Lur’e avec des incertitudes bornées en norme. En associant de plus à chaque mode un critère quadratique, une stratégie de type min-switching permet de résoudre cette question à l’aide d’un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes LMI. Enfin, les propriétés de la stratégie de min-switching pour les systèmes de Lur’e commutés à temps discret sont étudiées. Une extension de la notion de consistance permet de prouver que cette stratégie est consistante vis-à-vis de majorants quadratiques modaux du critère de performance et ainsi de garantir l’intérêt de la stratégie d’échantillonnage non-uniforme développée.

Recent studies dealing with discrete-time (switched) Lur’e systems involve an adapted Lur’e type function exhibiting possibly non-convex and disconnected level sets. These properties raise fundamental issues in the case of discrete-time Lur’e system obtained by the sampling of a continuous time one. This PhD thesis aims at answering these questions. The first contribution is to avoid the discrete-time disconnected level sets by a decreasing sequence of bounded and connected sets that converges to the origin and that contain the future of the continuous-time trajectory. The second contribution deals with the joint stabilization of a sampled-data Lur’e system with non-uniform sampling. When the sampling period belongs to a finite set of values, this problem is reformulated as the joint stabilization of a discrete-time Lur’e switched system with norm-bounded uncertain parameters. Futhermore, if a quadratic criterion is associated with each mode, a min-switching strategy combined with LMI constraints allow to provide a solution to this problem. Finally the property of consistency for discrete-time switched Lur’e systems is investigated. It is shown that the min-switching strategy is consistent with respect to quadratic upper bounds of the performances. This result is applied on the stabilization of Lur’e systems with non-uniform sampling.; De récents résultats sur l’étude des systèmes de Lur’e (commutés) à temps discret mettent en avant une fonction de Lyapunov de type Lur’e avancée, dont les lignes de niveau peuvent être non convexes et non connexes. Celles-ci soulèvent de larges questions pour les systèmes de Lur’e à temps discret obtenus par la discrétisation d’un système continu. Les contributions de cette thèse sont d’apporter des éléments de réponse à ces questions. Tout d’abord, le verrou des lignes de niveau non-connexes est levé en construisant à partir de celles-ci une suite décroissante d’ensembles connexes et bornés qui converge vers l’origine et qui contient le futur de la trajectoire à temps continu. Dans un second temps, le problème de la stabilisation conjointe d’un système de Lur’e à données échantillonnées avec un échantillonnage non-uniforme est traité. Quand la période d’échantillonnage est à choisir parmi un nombre fini de valeurs, il est montré que ce problème se traduit comme la stabilisation conjointe d’un système commuté de Lur’e avec des incertitudes bornées en norme. En associant de plus à chaque mode un critère quadratique, une stratégie de type min-switching permet de résoudre cette question à l’aide d’un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes LMI. Enfin, les propriétés de la stratégie de min-switching pour les systèmes de Lur’e commutés à temps discret sont étudiées. Une extension de la notion de consistance permet de prouver que cette stratégie est consistante vis-à-vis de majorants quadratiques modaux du critère de performance et ainsi de garantir l’intérêt de la stratégie d’échantillonnage non-uniforme développée

The effectors of Corynespora cassiicola virulence in rubber tree. In IRRDB International Rubber . IRRDB International Rubber Conference

To investigate the function of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in plants, we produced transgenic tomato plants overexpressing an eukaryotic selenium-independent GPX (GPX5). We show here that total GPX activity was increased by 50% in transgenic plants, when compared to control plants transformed with the binary vector without the insert (PZP111). A preliminary two-dimensional electrophoretic protein analysis of the GPX overexpressing plants showed notably a decrease in the accumulation of proteins identified as rubisco small subunit I and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, two proteins involved in photosynthesis. These observations, together with the fact that in standard culture conditions, GPX-overexpressing plants were not phenotypically distinct from control plants prompted us to challenge the plants with a chilling treatment that is known to affect photosynthesis activity. We found that upon chilling treatment with low light level, photosynthesis was not affected in GPX-overexpressing plants while it was in control plants, as revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase activity. These results suggest that overexpression of a selenium-independent GPX in tomato plants modifies specifically gene expression and leads to modifications of photosynthetic regulation processes.

This study investigated the enzymatic function of two putative plant GPXs, GPXle1 from Lycopersicon esculentum and GPXha2 from Helianthus annuus, which show sequence identities with the mammalian phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX). Both purified recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli show PHGPX activity by reducing alkyl, fatty acid and phospholipid hydroperoxides but not hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glutathione. Interestingly, both recombinant GPXle1 and GPXha2 proteins also reduce alkyl, fatty acid and phospholipid hydroperoxides as well as hydrogen peroxide using thioredoxin as reducing substrate. Moreover, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX) activities were found to be higher than PHGPX activities in terms of efficiency and substrate affinities, as revealed by their respective Vmax and Km values. We therefore conclude that these two plant GPX-like proteins are antioxidant enzymes showing PHGPX and TPX activities.

Mechanical cues are essential signals regulating plant growth and development. In response to wind, trees develop a thigmomorphogenetic response characterized by a reduction in longitudinal growth, an increase in diameter growth, and changes in mechanical properties. The molecular mechanisms behind these processes are poorly understood. In poplar, PtaZFP2, a C2H2 transcription factor, is rapidly up-regulated after stem bending. To investigate the function of PtaZFP2, we analyzed PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars (Populus tremula 9 Populus alba). To unravel the genes downstream PtaZFP2, a transcriptomic analysis was performed. PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars showed longitudinal and cambial growth reductions together with an increase in the tangent and hardening plastic moduli. The regulation level of mechanoresponsive genes was much weaker after stem bending in PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars than in wild-type plants, showing that PtaZFP2 negatively modulates plant responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. Microarray analysis revealed a high proportion of down-regulated genes in PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars. Among these genes, several were also shown to be regulated by mechanical stimulation. Our results confirmed the important role of PtaZFP2 during plant acclimation to mechanical load, in particular through a negative control of plant molecular responsiveness. This desensitization process could modulate the amplitude and duration of the plant response during recurrent stimuli.

International audience; Reaction wood originates from cambial activity which will adjust cell division activity, cell wall structure and properties, so that the resulting growth event will be the appropriate response to endogenous and environmental stimuli. When addressing the question of the induction of reaction woodformation, the physical parameters inducing reaction wood are first presented leading to discuss the importance of gravisensing versus proprioception (sensing of the local curvature of the stem) in this process. Molecular candidates for the perception of cellular deformation that ishypothesized to occur in a gravistimulated stem are located at CPMCW (cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall) continuum. These candidates would mediate intracellular signalling. Insights from global approaches (e.g. transcriptome and proteome analyses) performed on tilted trees suggest calcium, reactive oxygen species and phosphatidy linositol signalling in the gravitropism sensing network. It has been unambiguously shown that several of the aux/IAA gene family mediators of auxin signal transduction pathway change on induction of tension wood formation. Gibberellins and ethylene seem also to be involved in reaction wood formation.The role of the different plant hormones in upstream primary response to reaction wood sensing or alternatively in the transmission of the signal from the perception to the reaction wood forming cells is discussed.

Inter-organ communication is essential for plants to coordinate development and acclimate to mechanical environmental fluctuations. The aim of this study was to investigate long-distance signaling in trees. We compared on young poplars the short-term effects of local flame wounding and of local stem bending for two distal responses: (1) stem primary growth and (2) the expression of mechanoresponsive genes in stem apices. We developed a non-contact measurement method based on the analysis of apex images in order to measure the primary growth of poplars. The results showed a phased stem elongation with alternating nocturnal circumnutation phases and diurnal growth arrest phases in Populus tremula × alba clone INRA 717- 1B4. We applied real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplifications in order to evaluate the PtaZFP2, PtaTCH2, PtaTCH4, PtaACS6 and PtaJAZ5 expressions. The flame wounding inhibited primary growth and triggered remote molecular responses. Flame wounding induced significant changes in stem elongation phases, coupled with inhibition of circumnutation. However, the circadian rhythm of phases remained unaltered and the treated plants were always phased with control plants during the days following the stress. For bent plants, the stimulated region of the stem showed an increased PtaJAZ5 expression, suggesting the jasmonates may be involved in local responses to bending. No significant remote responses to bending were observed.