97 results on '"Linearity error"'
Search Results
2. Design and Optimization of an Eddy Current Speed Sensor for Rotating Rods
- Author
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Andrey Chirtsov, Vaclav Grim, Mehran Mirzaei, and Pavel Ripka
- Subjects
Materials science ,Linearity error ,Excitation coil ,Mechanical engineering ,Rod ,Finite element method ,law.invention ,law ,Eddy current ,Copper coating ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,Yoke - Abstract
This paper presents the design and optimization of a novel eddy current speed sensor for rotating rods and cylindrical shafts. The sensor consists of one excitation coil and two pick-up coils. All coils are stationary; we consider air coils, and we also use a magnetic yoke. We utilize a copper coating on an iron rod to increase the sensitivity, and we compare the performance with the performance achieved for an uncoated iron rod. 3D FEM is utilized for analyzing and for optimizing the design of the proposed sensor. The main advantages of the novel sensors are their simplicity, their low cost and their robust configuration. A linearity error of 0.5% has been achieved. The level of accuracy is limited by mechanical factors. A 1D analytical model has also been developed for rapid analysis and optimization of the sensor. An aluminum rod was also used in the measurements for a comparison with the results achieved with the iron rod.
- Published
- 2020
3. Capacitive sensor for vehicle obstacle detection, especially for pedestrian detection
- Author
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Yong Ye, Zuodong Duan, Yuting Liu, Zhuo Hou, Chao Han, and Jiahao Deng
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010302 applied physics ,Linearity error ,Computer science ,Amplifier ,Capacitive sensing ,Pedestrian detection ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Conductor ,Printed circuit board ,Hardware and Architecture ,Obstacle ,0103 physical sciences ,Electronic engineering ,Multiplier (economics) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Every year, some of the accidents occur at low speed because of drivers’ blind areas. The probes cannot be assembled on the whole body of vehicle due to cost. In this paper, we present and demonstrate a simple, low-cost obstacle detection system based on capacitive sensors. These sensors are manufactured by conventional printed circuit board. We deduce the sensing principle of the capacitive sensor using mirror image method. A interdigitated sensor with 26 fingers, which dimensions are 30 cm × 10 cm × 0.2 cm, is designed. To read the sensor, we propose a measuring system which includes a wave generator, a C/V converter, a multiplier, some LPFs and amplifiers. It offers a DC-voltage output with low linearity error (0.2%). The experimental results show that human-body and conductor can be easily detected by the sensor compared with wood and wall, and that also verify the validity of the derivation of sensing principle. By testing different persons, the results denote that the measuring system enable detect a child at a distance up to 60 cm that guaranteed the protection system can be valid activated. The last experimental results demonstrate that the more accurate position can be obtain by the linear weighted summation of sensor positions weighted. The proposed detection system also can be used for parking assistance.
- Published
- 2019
4. Transformer position sensor for a pneumatic cylinder
- Author
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Pavel Ripka, Andrey Chirtsov, Jan Vyhnanek, and Mehran Mirzaei
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Linearity error ,Acoustics ,Metals and Alloys ,Moving magnet ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Finite element method ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Pneumatic cylinder ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Transformer ,Instrumentation ,Electrical conductor ,Excitation ,Position sensor - Abstract
A novel transformer-based sensor for a pneumatic cylinder enables measurements of the piston position to be made through a thick conductive cylinder. Unlike existing industrial solutions, which are mainly based on a moving magnet, our sensors do not require modifications to the parts inside the cylinder. Finite element analysis results are compared with measurements at various piston positions and excitation frequencies. Using a suitable model for the magnetic properties of the iron piston bar, we achieved good agreement between the model and reality. When the sensor is operated at 100 Hz, the sensitivity is 200 mV/FS and the raw linearity error is 1.6% of the full 400 mm stroke.
- Published
- 2019
5. A New Capacitance Measuring System for Capacitive Sensor for Moving Target Detection
- Author
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Bin Liao, He Chunlong, Yong Ye, and Jianjun Huang
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Physics ,Linearity error ,Fast speed ,business.industry ,Capacitive sensing ,Electrical engineering ,Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY ,01 natural sciences ,Capacitance ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Capacitor ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,RLC circuit ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Hardware_LOGICDESIGN ,Electronic circuit - Abstract
In this brief, a high sensitivity measuring system for capacitive sensor to detect moving target is presented. It mainly consists of a capacitance measuring circuit and a dc-blocking circuit. The capacitance measuring circuit is used to convert a capacitance to a dc voltage and the dc-blocking circuit is employed to extract the voltage variation. The experimental results show that when the measured capacitor is between 1 pF to 7.5 pF, the sensitivity is 3.53 V/pF, the linearity error is 6.13%, the SNR increases from 26.6 dB to 57.7 dB, the resolution is 3.1 fF and the time delay is about $4\,\mu \text{s}$ . Comparing to five other common capacitance measuring circuits, the proposed one offers plain design, high sensitivity, and fast speed. Simulation results show that the proposed dc-blocking circuit has short time delay and unattenuated output. Moreover, as demonstrated by system tests, the proposed measuring system is qualified for capacitive sensor for detection of moving target with different speeds.
- Published
- 2019
6. MEMS vibrating wheel on gimbal gyroscope with high scale factor
- Author
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Boo Hyun An, Mariam Mansouri, Hamad Al Yassi, Waqas Amin Gill, Daniel S. Choi, Inas Taha, and Ji Sung Lee
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Microelectromechanical systems ,Materials science ,Linearity error ,Acoustics ,Gyroscope ,02 engineering and technology ,Mass ratio ,Gimbal ,Physics::Classical Physics ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Scale factor ,01 natural sciences ,Capacitance ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,Computer Science::Robotics ,Hardware and Architecture ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
In this paper, we report the effect of geometric parameters by calculating the capacitance scale factor of micromachined vibrating wheel on gimbal gyroscope with various shapes and mass conditions. The behavior of capacitance for vibratory torsional gyroscope with various shapes and mass conditions is investigated using MEMS+™. The structure dimensions of the gyroscope are optimized by matching frequencies in driving and sensing modes. The scale factor and linearity error extracted by calculated capacitance have been changed with various shapes condition unless the area of sensing electrodes and the mass of the gyroscope have been fixed. The mass ratio of gimbal and wheel structure is varied to minimize the linearity error.
- Published
- 2019
7. High Linearity Push-Pull Amplifier-Scaler Current on Bipolar Transistors with the Grounded Load
- Author
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Oleksii Dmytrovych Azarov and Ye. S. Heneralnytskyi
- Subjects
Physics ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Optoelectronics ,Transmission coefficient ,Current (fluid) ,business ,Voltage - Published
- 2019
8. A High Linear Full-Wave Rectifier Based on Current Squarer Cell Using FGMOS Transistors
- Author
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Mohammad Moradinezhad Maryan, Hamed Sajadinia, Seyed Javad Azhari, and Reza Rezaei Siahrood
- Subjects
Physics ,Linearity error ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Monte Carlo method ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Transistor ,Linearity ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,02 engineering and technology ,Dissipation ,law.invention ,Full wave ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electronic engineering ,Floating-gate MOSFET - Abstract
In this brief, a new low-voltage high-precision bidirectional input current squarer/divider based-full wave rectifier circuit is presented. The designed current squarer is based on a dual translinear loop (DTL) using Floating Gate MOSFET (FGMOS) transistors working in saturation regime. The proposed squarer/divider and rectifier parameters have been evaluated by HSPICE in 180 nm TSMC (level-49) CMOS process. Evaluation outcomes of the designed squarer with VDD=1v shows which the utmost linearity error is 0.28%, the bandwidth is 1.15 GHz, the static and most power dissipation are 20.5 μW and 82 μW, respectively. Also simulation results for rectifier circuit are extracted, which shows that the utmost linearity error is 0.8%, the −3dB bandwidth is 148.4 MHz and the static and most power dissipation are 0.5 μW and 44 μW, respectively. Therewith, to assay the acceptable performance and dependability of the proposed designs Monte Carlo (MC) analysis are accomplished.
- Published
- 2020
9. A 1-nS 1-V Sub-1-µW Linear CMOS OTA with Rail-to-Rail Input for Hz-Band Sensory Interfaces
- Author
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Waldemar Jendernalik, J. Jakusz, Stanislaw Szczepanski, Grzegorz Blakiewicz, and M. Klosowski
- Subjects
biomedical sensor interface ,Materials science ,Linearity error ,Transconductance ,02 engineering and technology ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,Biochemistry ,Article ,Analytical Chemistry ,very low frequency ,Prototype circuit ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Very low frequency ,Instrumentation ,low-voltage low-power electronics ,Total harmonic distortion ,business.industry ,biomedical electronics ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,CMOS ,Electrical engineering ,Linearity ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Operational transconductance amplifier ,business ,operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) - Abstract
The paper presents an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with low transconductance (0.62&ndash, 6.28 nS) and low power consumption (28&ndash, 270 nW) for the low-frequency analog front-ends in biomedical sensor interfaces. The proposed OTA implements an innovative, highly linear voltage-to-current converter based on the channel-length-modulation effect, which can be rail-to-rail driven. At 1-V supply and 1-Vpp asymmetrical input driving, the linearity error in the current-voltage characteristics is 1.5%, while the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output current is 0.8%. For a symmetrical 2-Vpp input drive, the linearity error is 0.3%, whereas THD reaches 0.2%. The linearity is robust for the mismatch and the process-voltage-and-temperature (PVT) variations. The temperature drift of transconductance is 10 pS/°, C. The prototype circuit was fabricated in 180-nanometer CMOS technology.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Design of capacitor array in 16-bit ultra high precision SAR ADC for the wearable electronics application
- Author
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Hua Fan, Yuanjun Cen, Wei Li, Yi Niu, Yan Ran, Quanyuan Feng, Wei Feng, Yongkai Li, Bo Wang, Ping Yang, Xu Qi, Hadi Heidari, and Liao Zhikai
- Subjects
Differential nonlinearity ,General Computer Science ,02 engineering and technology ,Capacitance ,SAR ADC ,law.invention ,16-bit ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Calibration ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,General Materials Science ,Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Physics ,business.industry ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,General Engineering ,Electrical engineering ,Linearity ,Successive approximation ADC ,linearity error ,calibration ,020202 computer hardware & architecture ,Capacitor ,Integral nonlinearity ,Segmented capacitor array ,lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,business ,lcsh:TK1-9971 - Abstract
This paper proposes a 16-bit 6-channel high-voltage successive approximation register (SAR) ADC with an optimized 5 + 5 + 6 segmented capacitor array. The lower 10 bits of the capacitor array are all composed of unit capacitors without any calibration unit. Without calibration, the lower 10 bits of the capacitor array can ensure 10-bit conversion accuracy. Every of the upper 6 bits of the capacitor array contains a linearity calibration unit. The linearity error of the upper 6 bits is calibrated by the linearity calibration unit. The 16-bit is manufactured by a $0.6~\mu m$ standard COMS process, and the total chip area of 6-channel ADC including pads is 6.6mm $\times6.6$ mm. As for single channel SAR ADC, the area is 0.9mm $\times2.0$ mm. The measurement results show that the effective conversion accuracy of the SAR ADC reaches 13 bits by using novel differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) calibration methods. The power is 80mW, corresponding to a Figure of Merit (FOM) of 48 pJ/conv.-step.
- Published
- 2020
11. Performance analysis of a new baseline-based SS-Y extensometer
- Author
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Linbin Wu and Zhaosheng Nie
- Subjects
lcsh:QB275-343 ,Materials science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Linearity error ,Acoustics ,lcsh:Geodesy ,lcsh:QC801-809 ,Linearity ,Earth tide ,engineering.material ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Background noise ,lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,Geophysics ,engineering ,Computers in Earth Sciences ,Baseline (configuration management) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Invar ,Extensometer - Abstract
In order to solve the problems in the observation with the SS-Y extensometer, such as background noise and discontinuity of earth tide curve, this paper proposed to improve the stability of the instrument and the smoothness of the earth tide curve by improving the baseline structure of the instrument. In this study, a new φ20*1.2 invar tube was introduced in replacement of the existing φ6 invar rod as the baseline of the instrument and compared with the existing φ6 invar rod on the instrument's linearity, sensitivity and other indexes. Firstly, the SS-Y extensometers using φ6 invar rod and φ20*1.2 invar tube were tested. Test results were then calculated, and accuracy errors of the instruments based on the two baselines were obtained. Finally, their accuracy errors and earth tide curves were compared. Results showed that, compared with the extensometer based on the existing φ6 invar rod, the extensometer based on the new φ20*1.2 invar tube was superior in performance, with linearity error reducing to 0.495% from 0.937%, sensitivity increasing to 68.65 mV/μm from 65.46 mV/μm, and earth tide curve growing more stable and continuous. Keywords: Invar tube, Extensometer, Ground deformation, Background noise, Earth tide
- Published
- 2018
12. Nonlinear Rule Based Ensemble Methods for the Prediction of Number of Faults
- Author
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Santosh Singh Rathore and Sandeep Kumar
- Subjects
Nonlinear system ,Linearity error ,Computer science ,Linear form ,Rule-based system ,Fault (power engineering) ,Base (topology) ,Algorithm ,Ensemble learning ,Regression diagnostic - Abstract
In the previous chapter, we explored the use of linear rule based ensemble methods for the number of faults prediction. In that work, we used four different ensemble methods, each of them combines the outputs of base learners in a linear form. Results of experimental analysis showed that a stable and accurate fault prediction performance could be achieved using linear rule based ensemble methods. However, these ensemble methods capture only the weighted contributions of base learners and combine them in linear way, which may sometimes suffers from the linearity error problem of fitting in a straight line (Fox in Regression diagnostics: an introduction. Sage, 1991 [1]).
- Published
- 2019
13. Test for dynamic range of scientific CCD imaging system
- Author
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Yongmei Wang, Shi Entao, Liang Shaolin, Mao Jinghua, and Nan Jia
- Subjects
Linearity error ,Computer science ,Dynamic range ,Simulation ,Test (assessment) - Published
- 2018
14. Design and Characteristic Analysis of Cross-Capacitance Fuel-Level Sensor
- Author
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Jing Yu, Dongsheng Li, and Hang Yu
- Subjects
level sensor ,Materials science ,Linearity error ,Acoustics ,02 engineering and technology ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Capacitance ,Article ,Analytical Chemistry ,principle cross capacitance ,Liquid level sensor ,Computer Science::Networking and Internet Architecture ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Level sensor ,ComputerSystemsOrganization_SPECIAL-PURPOSEANDAPPLICATION-BASEDSYSTEMS ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,Spacecraft ,business.industry ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Repeatability ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Hysteresis ,Fuel tank ,single-tube sensor ,fuel level measurement ,business - Abstract
A cross-capacitance liquid level sensor is based on the principle of cross capacitance. This study designed a new single-tube cross-capacitance fuel-level sensor. The fuel-level measurement model is established for a single-tube cross-capacitive sensor, and the relationship between the measured liquid level and sensor output capacitance is derived. The characteristics of the sensor were tested experimentally. The experimental results demonstrate that the linearity error of the liquid-level sensor of the single-tube calculation for the spacecraft is ±, 0.48%, the repeatability error is ±, 0.47%, and the hysteresis error is ±, 0.68%. The cross-capacitive fuel-level sensor developed in this study can be used in the fuel tank of spacecrafts owing to its low weight and high precision.
- Published
- 2018
15. Design and fabrication of a 300A class general-purpose current sensor
- Author
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Ju-Gyeong Park, Gueesoo Cha, and Myunghwan Ku
- Subjects
Class (computer programming) ,Fabrication ,Linearity error ,Computer science ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Electrical engineering ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,General purpose ,Hall effect ,Electronic engineering ,Current sensor ,business - Published
- 2016
16. Seeker-Azimuth Determination with Gyro Rotor and Optoelectronic Sensors
- Author
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Xianhua Wang, Jian-Ming Bai, Guangshe Zhao, and Hai-Jun Rong
- Subjects
Accuracy and precision ,optoelectronic sensors ,Linearity error ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Signal ,Article ,Analytical Chemistry ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,duty ratio ,Range (statistics) ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,gyro rotor ,Physics ,business.industry ,Rotor (electric) ,010401 analytical chemistry ,seeker azimuth ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Spherical trigonometry ,Azimuth ,Duty cycle ,Optoelectronics ,business - Abstract
This paper presents an approach to seeker-azimuth determination using the gyro rotor and optoelectronic sensors. In the proposed method, the gyro rotor is designed with a set of black and white right spherical triangle patterns on its surface. Two pairs of optoelectronic sensors are located symmetrically around the gyro rotor. When there is an azimuth, the stripe width covering the black and white patterns changes. The optoelectronic sensors then capture the reflected optical signals from the different black and white pattern stripes on the gyro rotor and produce the duty ratio signal. The functional relationship between the measured duty ratio and the azimuth information is numerically derived, and, based on this relationship, the azimuth is determined from the measured duty ratio. Experimental results show that the proposed approach produces a large azimuth range and high measurement accuracy with the linearity error of less than 0.005.
- Published
- 2018
17. Structural Designing of a MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer for Low Temperature Coefficient and High Linearity
- Author
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Huijun Yu, Peng Peng, Wu Zhou, Jiangbo He, and Xiaoping He
- Subjects
Work (thermodynamics) ,MEMS ,capacitive accelerometer ,temperature coefficient ,linearity error ,Materials science ,Acoustics ,Capacitive sensing ,02 engineering and technology ,Accelerometer ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Article ,Analytical Chemistry ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,Microelectromechanical systems ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Capacitive accelerometer ,Linearity ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Scale factor ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,0104 chemical sciences ,0210 nano-technology ,Temperature coefficient - Abstract
The low temperature coefficient and high linearity of the input-output characteristics are both required for high-performance microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive accelerometers. In this work, a structural designing of a bulk MEMS capacitive accelerometer is developed for both low temperature coefficient and high linearity. Firstly, the contrary effect of the wide-narrow gaps ratio (WNGR) on the temperature coefficient of the scale factor (TCSF) and linearity error is discussed. Secondly, the ability of an improved structure that can avoid the contrary effect is illustrated. The improved structure is proposed in our previous work for reducing the temperature coefficient of bias (TCB) and TCSF. Within the improved structure, both the TCSF and linearity error decrease with increasing WNGR. Then, the precise designing of the improved structure is developed for achieving lower TCB, TCSF, and linearity error. Finally, the precise structural designing is experimentally verified.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Research on Conditioning and Application for the F2N2
- Author
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Lei Zhou and Zhong Nian Li
- Subjects
Mathematical optimization ,Series (mathematics) ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Back propagation neural network ,Nonlinear system ,TheoryofComputation_ANALYSISOFALGORITHMSANDPROBLEMCOMPLEXITY ,Convergence (routing) ,Feedforward neural network ,Conditioning ,Artificial intelligence ,Layer (object-oriented design) ,business ,Mathematics - Abstract
as everyone knows, conditioning F2N2(Feed Forward Neural Network) in many ways, but ways, but has so far failed to completely solve the "convergence not quickly" and "convergence is not robust"of these two problems, thus affecting the application of F2N2. Aiming at this problem, pro this paper puts forward a new method of processing and application of F2N2, the method of flexible BPNN (Back Propagation Neural Network) algorithm and hierarchical optimization algo-rithm as a whole, each layeris independent rights attached to the conditioning process, carefully con-structed F2N2objective function is non linear series based on the description, not only can the optimization of each layer of the weight problem is simplified to a linear problem, but also can effec-tively controlthe linearity error. This paper provides several examples of application of F2N2automa-tic detection, the results of application show that, this method is superior to other methods.
- Published
- 2014
19. A 6.13 µW and 96 dB CMOS Exponential Generator
- Author
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Munir A. Al-Absi and Karama M. Al-Tamimi
- Subjects
Materials science ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Transistor ,law.invention ,Exponential function ,Generator (circuit theory) ,CMOS ,Hardware and Architecture ,law ,MOSFET ,Range (statistics) ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Software ,Voltage - Abstract
In this brief, a new low-voltage CMOS circuit to produce current-mode exponential characteristics is proposed. MOSFET transistors in weak-inversion region and translinear principle for the temperature cancellation were used. The functionality of the proposed design confirmed with 0.35 μm CMOS process technology using ±0.75 V supply voltage. Results demonstrate the theoretical analysis and verify the efficiency of the proposed structure compared with previously reported designs. Around 96 linear-in-dB output current range is achieved with ±0.5 dB linearity error over normalized input range from -5.75 to 5.75. The maximum deviation in the output current is ±1.27 and ±3.35 dB due to 100 °C temperature variations and ±10% supply voltage fluctuation, respectively.
- Published
- 2014
20. Influence on the accuracy of Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters due to the recombination of multiple propagation paths
- Author
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Juan A. Chavez, Jordi Salazar, Oliver Millan-Blasco, M.J. Garcia-Hernandez, Antoni Turo, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GSS - Grup Sistemes Sensors
- Subjects
Materials science ,Aperture ,Acoustics ,education ,multiple propagation paths ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Wedge (geometry) ,Optics ,Flow meters ,2D ray tracing model ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Ultrasons ,Ultrasonics ,Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters ,010301 acoustics ,Common emitter ,mode conversion ,business.industry ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Ultrasonic testing ,Enginyeria electrònica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Linearity ,linearity error ,Transducer ,Amplitude ,Ultrasonic sensor ,business - Abstract
Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters geometry includes four different materials in the ultrasound propagation path: wedge, coupling material, pipe and liquid. In this case, oblique incidence ultrasonic beam generated by the emitter transducer is split into several paths caused by multiple reflections in pipe wall or because of propagation mode conversion at interfaces. These multiple paths are recombined at the reception transducer aperture, producing a single signal whose amplitude and phase depend on which proportion each path contributes. The objective of this paper is to quantify this phenomenon and analyses the implications it has on the accuracy of Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters as a function of the fluid that flows inside the pipe. According to simulations, based on 2D ray tracing model and experimental measurements, the variations in the recombination signal at the reception transducer produces a linearity error that in case of the installation under test, Z-mode transducers configuration on PVC pipe, could reach a value of 3.2%.
- Published
- 2017
21. The calibration of gain error for time amplifier embedded in time-to-digital converter
- Author
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Jung-Chin Lai and Frank Hsiao
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Linearity error ,Amplifier ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Interval (mathematics) ,01 natural sciences ,Time-to-digital converter ,Control theory ,Distortion ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Calibration ,Range (statistics) ,Point (geometry) ,Mathematics - Abstract
This paper presents a methodology of calibration to reduce the linearity error of gain in Time amplifier (TA). We divide the input range to several segments and calculate the average of maximum and minimum TA gain in each segment. We also have the checking points to check the width of input interval and decide which segment and corresponding TA gain is for the measured interval. The checking point is the maximum interval in each segment. The input range for each segment is 50 ps, that is, 0–50 ps is the first segment, 50–100 ps is the second segment, and so on. For the TA which the measured range is 700 ps, we divide the range to 14 segments and there is its corresponding TA gain in each segment. The gain error will be reduced from 0.82% to 0.33% and the distortion caused by gain error will be reduced from 5.74 ps to 0.51 ps.
- Published
- 2017
22. Linearity error in Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters due to the installation on pipes made of dispersive materials
- Author
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Antoni Turo, M.J. Garcia-Hernandez, Oliver Millan-Blasco, Juan A. Chavez, Jordi Salazar, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GSS - Grup Sistemes Sensors
- Subjects
Engineering ,Electronics -- Measurement ,business.industry ,Water flow ,Acoustics ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Ultrasonic testing ,Electrònica -- Mesuraments ,02 engineering and technology ,Flow measurement ,Transducer ,Dispersive materials ,Ultrasonic flow meter ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Calibration ,Plastic pipework ,Enginyeria electrònica::Instrumentació i mesura [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Ultrasonic sensor ,Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters ,business ,Linearity error ,Cross-correlation methods - Abstract
© 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. This article analyses and explains the implications that dispersive materials have over the linearity in flow measurement when a Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter is used. This is of capital importance because dispersive materials are commonly used in the manufacture of transducer wedges and pipes. The evaluation of this phenomenon has been tested by experimental measurement. The used setup consisted of a water flow calibration facility where a commercial Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter was installed on it and its flow measurement was compared with a reference flowmeter. Two experiments have been conducted. A first experiment was performed to evaluate only the effect produced by the fact that the transducer wedge is made of dispersive material. For this reason, an ultrasonic flowmeter was installed on a pipe made of non-dispersive material, in this case, an INOX pipe. Linearity error introduced by the wedge was below 1%. This error complies with the accuracy specification of the ultrasonic flowmeter given by the manufacturer (±1.5%). Finally, a second experiment consisted of installing the ultrasonic flowmeter on a dispersive pipe (PVC pipe) in order to measure the worst condition (both materials, wedge and pipe, were dispersive). Under this condition, the linearity error was increased until it reaches a value of 6.4%. Moreover, in case of a dispersive material pipe, the bigger the pipe thickness is, the bigger non-linearity error is reached.
- Published
- 2017
23. Splitting of the ultrasounic beam path in clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters due to propagation through dispersive materials
- Author
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Antoni Turo, Juan A. Chavez, Jordi Salazar, M.J. Garcia-Hernandez, Oliver Millan-Blasco, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GSS - Grup Sistemes Sensors
- Subjects
Diffraction ,Materials science ,Aperture ,Acoustics ,Transducers ,01 natural sciences ,Signal ,Optics ,Ultrasonic flow meter ,0103 physical sciences ,Dispersió (Física) ,Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters ,010301 acoustics ,010302 applied physics ,business.industry ,splitting of the ultrasonic beam ,Ultrasonic testing ,Enginyeria electrònica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Dispersion ,Transducer ,linearity error ,Ultrasonic sensor ,Transductors ,business ,dispersive materials ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
This article explains how a multi-frequency ultrasonic beam path is split due to passing through dispersive materials and the implications that it has in flow measurement using a Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter. The importance of knowing this phenomenon is because dispersive materials are commonly used in the manufacture of transducer wedges and plastic pipes. Splitting of the ultrasonic beam path occurs when the incident angle is not normal to the surface of the pipe and a coupling wedge is necessary. The diffraction angle is produced at the boundaries among materials with different propagation velocities (according to Snell’s law), and furthermore, in dispersive materials, the propagation speed depends on frequency. Therefore, when the excitation signal contains several frequential components, each frequency travels with a different velocity. Under this circumstance, different diffraction angles are produced for each frequency at the boundaries between materials. As a result of splitting the path, the ultrasonic beam widens and the reception transducer aperture becomes too small to receive all the frequential components contained in the ultrasonic beam. Thus, when the ultrasonic beam is carried by the liquid flowing inside the pipe, the reception transducer receives different frequential contributions, producing change in its spectral composition. As a consequence of the mixing of these frequencies, the reception signal is modulated in phase and amplitude. Moreover, modulation will change as a function of frequential composition that is combined at the reception transducer. This is the origin of the linearity error in Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters.
- Published
- 2017
24. Influence of Quality and Accuracy of Sensors to Characterize Surfaces Using Atomic Force Microscopy
- Author
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Vasile Bratu and Gheorghe I. Gheorghe
- Subjects
Materials science ,Quality (physics) ,Linearity error ,Atomic force microscopy ,business.industry ,System of measurement ,Capacitive sensing ,Optoelectronics ,Nanotechnology ,General Medicine ,business - Abstract
This paper explains and demonstrates how an atomic force microscope (AFM) is working and how can be improved the measurements realized with this system. At the begining of the paper is a complex presentation of AFM and its improvement with capacitive sensors. Starting from the obtained information, we studied the influence of quality and linearity error of sensors to characterize surfaces using atomic force microscopy. We used the device that had sensors with a linearity error of 0.1%. For another set of measurements we used sensors with linearity error of 0.01%. Experiments realized on CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V materials surfaces demonstrated that the accuracy of sensors, respectively, the linearity error, from the measurement system has an important influence.
- Published
- 2014
25. Theoretic Analysis on the Influence of the Press-Brake Manufacturing Precision on the Bending Precision of Sheet-Metal
- Author
-
Deng Lin Zhu, Qian Li, Gang He, Ying Ya Huang, and Ying Sun
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.product_category ,Linearity error ,Bending (metalworking) ,business.industry ,Mechanical engineering ,General Medicine ,Press brake ,Reliability (semiconductor) ,visual_art ,Calibration ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,business ,Sheet metal - Abstract
The bending sheet metal inevitably exist bending errors including angle error, linearity error and length error of sideline for reasons that the structure of press brake, the manufacturing precision of press brake and mould and the inhomogeneous characteristics of processed sheet metal. The processing errors of sheet metal can affect the assemblage, increasing subsequent repair to the mold and forming calibration, extending the product development cycle, restricting the further promotion and application of bending forming, especially on the forming high strength and high spring-back sheet metal. The PBH110-3100 CNC press brake in Jiangsu Yawei Co.Ltd. is studied to increase the bending precision of press brake in this study. The bending errors in press break are analyzed in depth according to the elastic mechanics theory, and the rule that the manufacturing precision of press brake affect the press precision is educed. The analysis results have real significance on improving the press precision and reliability of press brakes.
- Published
- 2014
26. Long Guide Straightness Error Measurement Based on Laser Interference
- Author
-
Ning Ye, Yong Qiang Li, Juan Gao, Peng Fu, He Ping Min, and Chang De Hu
- Subjects
Engineering ,Optics ,Interference (communication) ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,System of measurement ,Laser interference ,General Medicine ,business ,Displacement (vector) ,Laser beams ,Collimated light - Abstract
A new kind of straightness error measurement system based on laser interference is developed. High stability He-Ne laser beam which is collimated and broadened is cast on wedge-shaped glass plate, on which back and front the light reflects and interfere. The angle of the guide and target would be changed when the motion of the target is along the guide, if there is linearity error existing in the guide. So interference stripes would be moved by the changed angle of the guide and target. In this way the straightness error of the guide is transferred to the displacement of the interference stripes. Then interference stripes are tested by photoelectricity sensor and deviation of the laser beam is acquired. The comparison tests and repeated tests show that the straightness error is 623.103μm when the tested long guide is 50 meters long.
- Published
- 2014
27. A CMOS current-mode squaring circuit free of error resulting from carrier mobility reduction
- Author
-
Munir A. Al-Absi and Ibrahim A. As-Sabban
- Subjects
Electron mobility ,Engineering ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Electrical engineering ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,CMOS ,Hardware and Architecture ,Power consumption ,Signal Processing ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Current mode ,business ,Cmos process - Abstract
This paper presents a new current-mode squaring circuit. The design is based on MOSFETs translinear principle in strong inversion. A new compensation technique to minimize the second order effects caused by carrier mobility reduction in short channel MOSFETs is proposed. Tanner T-spice simulation tool is used to confirm the functionality of the proposed design in 0.18 µm CMOS process technology. Simulation results indicate that the maximum linearity error is 1.2 %; power consumption is 326 µW and bandwidth of 340 MHz.
- Published
- 2014
28. Laser Shearing-Interferometry for Measurement of Rail Straightness Accuracy and Error Analysis
- Author
-
Sen Li
- Subjects
Shearing (physics) ,Measurement method ,Engineering ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,System of measurement ,General Medicine ,Laser ,law.invention ,Interferometry ,Optics ,Error analysis ,law ,Error reduction ,business - Abstract
A long rail straightness measurement method is given for the portable laser alignment measurement system which is based on laser shearing interference fringes. Through theoretical derivation, mathematical model is set up between the laser phase differential linearity error and shearing interferometry. Large numbers of experiments have verified correctness of long rail straightness measurement method, analyzed the cause of error and provided ways for error reduction.
- Published
- 2013
29. Phase Algorithms for Reducing Axial Motion and Linearity Error in Indirect Time of Flight Cameras
- Author
-
Dale A. Carnegie, Benjamin M. M. Drayton, and Adrian A. Dorrington
- Subjects
Linearity error ,Computer science ,Linearity ,Phase detector ,Discrete Fourier transform ,Root mean square ,Time of flight ,Robustness (computer science) ,Modulation ,Harmonics ,High Energy Physics::Experiment ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Image sensor ,Instrumentation ,Algorithm - Abstract
Indirect time of flight cameras are increasingly being used in a variety of applications to provide real-time full field of view range measurements. Current generation cameras suffer from systematic linearity errors due to the influence of harmonics in the system and motion errors due to the requirement of taking multiple measurements. This paper demonstrates that replacing the standard phase detection algorithm with the windowed discrete Fourier transform can improve the root mean square (RMS) axial motion error with distance from 0.044±0.002 m to 0.009±0.004 m and the range from 0.112±0.007 m to 0.03±0.01 m for an object with a velocity of 2 m/s using a measurement time of 125 ms. This algorithm also improves the linearity of the camera by removing systematic errors due to harmonics, decreasing the RMS linearity error from 0.018±0.002 m to 0.003±0.001 m. This paper establishes the robustness of the windowed discrete Fourier transform, demonstrating that it effectively eliminates axial motion error over a variety of velocities and modulation frequencies. The potential for tailoring phase detection algorithms to specific applications is also demonstrated.
- Published
- 2013
30. A rail-to-rail differential quasi-digital converter for low-power applications
- Author
-
Belén Calvo, Nicolás Medrano, S. Celma, and C. Azcona
- Subjects
Engineering ,Linearity error ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Atmospheric temperature range ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Power (physics) ,Integrated injection logic ,CMOS ,Terminal (electronics) ,Power consumption ,Hardware and Architecture ,Signal Processing ,Electronic engineering ,Range (statistics) ,Common-mode signal ,Differential (infinitesimal) ,business ,Digital converter ,Sleep mode ,Voltage - Abstract
This paper presents an ultra low power differential voltage-to-frequency converter (dVFC) suitable to be used as a part of a multisensory interface in portable applications. The proposed dVFC has been designed in 1.2-V 0.18-μm CMOS technology, and it works properly over the whole differential input range (0.6 ± 0.6 V) providing an output frequency range of 0.0---0.9 MHz. The system has been tested for temperature variations from Â?40 to +120 °C and supply voltage variations of up to 30 %, being the maximum linearity error in the worse case of 0.017 %. Simulations against common mode voltage variations show a deviation in the output frequency of 0.4 %. This dVFC has power consumption below 60 μW, and it includes an enable terminal that sets the system in a sleep mode (180 nW) while no conversion is request. The dVFC occupies an active area of 250 μm A— 150 μm.
- Published
- 2013
31. Research and Practice of the Solution for the Linearity Error Using AGC
- Author
-
Hong Yan Wang and Hai Jiang Liu
- Subjects
Linearity error ,Computer science ,Calibration (statistics) ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Process (computing) ,Control engineering ,Pressure sensor ,Software ,Dispersion (optics) ,Measuring instrument ,Calibration ,Electronic engineering ,Statistical dispersion ,business - Abstract
For the dispersion problem of the widespread sensors in the R & D process of measuring instruments, this paper proposes a practical method for the automatic calibration of linearity error. Meanwhile, it takes the pressure sensor as an example to describe different calibration methods such as using the hardware, the combination of software and hardware, using the software.
- Published
- 2013
32. Sensitivity and Linearity Measuring of Micro-Gyroscope Based on Dynamic Analysis
- Author
-
Hai Gang Sun and Yong Zhou
- Subjects
Engineering ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Linearity ,Gyroscope ,General Medicine ,Function (mathematics) ,Single test ,law.invention ,Vibration ,Control theory ,law ,Electronic engineering ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
The operating performance of micro-gyroscope may be easily influenced by various factors, which changes the dynamic response accordingly. Generally, the influences can’t be quantified because of the complexity, and the accurate sensitivity and linearity measuring of micro-gyroscope meets enormous difficulties. In order to accomplish corresponding measuring and analysis accurately and efficiently, input excitation waves are designed based on mathematical analysis of the measuring principles and vibration response, and each measuring of sensitivity and linearity can be analyzed in a single test. In this way, the influences from manual operation and variation of measuring environment are well eliminated, and some key parameters of the dynamic response are obtained, such as sensitive voltage, response function, linearity error, etc. In addition, problems about imbalance in double drive vibration, design of the minimum excitation voltage and evaluation of the measuring error are also described. Therefore, some important references are provided for subsequent design, experiment and engineering application.
- Published
- 2013
33. Development of Signal Conditioning Circuit of a New Strain-Crack Detecting System
- Author
-
Hao Wang, Shen Fang Yuan, and Yi Shan Zhang
- Subjects
Wheatstone bridge ,Strain (chemistry) ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,engineering.material ,Stability (probability) ,law.invention ,Coating ,law ,engineering ,Electronic engineering ,Development (differential geometry) ,business ,Signal conditioning ,Strain gauge - Abstract
Crack and strain detecting is an important part of Structure Health Monitoring for aircrafts in fatigue environment. A signal conditioning circuit of a new strain-crack detecting system is developed in this paper. This circuit can deal with both intelligent coating sensor and strain gage, which have a great different original resistance between the two kinds of sensors. Comparing to the Wheatstone Bridge, when the strain is being detected, the new circuit gets rid of the influences of the lead-wires and decreases the wires’ number. The principle and the constitution of the circuit are introduced. And the circuit’s performances are demonstrated by a series of experiments. The linearity error is small and the stability is good.
- Published
- 2012
34. Bimanual force coordination in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy
- Author
-
Bouwien C. M. Smits-Engelsman, Hilde Feys, and Katrijn Klingels
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Lifting ,Adolescent ,Linearity error ,Hemiplegia ,Physical strength ,Models, Biological ,Cerebral palsy ,Magnetics ,Typically developing ,Child Development ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Spastic ,Humans ,Child ,Fourier Analysis ,Hand Strength ,Cerebral Palsy ,Hand ,medicine.disease ,body regions ,Lift (force) ,Clinical Psychology ,Motor Skills ,Child, Preschool ,Physical therapy ,Early adolescents ,Female ,Grip force ,Psychology ,human activities - Abstract
In this study bimanual grip-force coordination was quantified using a novel "Gripper" system that records grip forces produced while holding a lower and upper unit, in combination with the lift force necessary to separate these units. Children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) (aged 5-14 years, n=12) were compared to age matched typically developing (TD) children (n=23). Compared to TD, the CP-group is much slower and takes 50% more time to generate grip and lift forces with more fixating force before lifting the upper unit. In addition the coordination between forces in both hands is reduced. The CP-group increases the lift force in the upper hand 2.5 times more than the holding force when pulling the two units apart, while this is only 1.5 times in TD. Moreover, the correlation between forces generated in both hands in the CP-group is lower. The lack of fine tuning of the forces, measured by the linearity error is increased, especially when the magnet load keeping the unit together is low. The results indicate an impaired pull-hold synergy between upper and lower hand and the lift force. Bimanual tasks evaluating bimanual grip and lift forces in children with CP and can give us new insights in the underlying force control mechanisms of the spastic hand.
- Published
- 2011
35. A four-quadrant analog multiplier under a single power supply voltage
- Author
-
Tao Zhao, Xiaobing Tao, and Chao Liu
- Subjects
Engineering ,Total harmonic distortion ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Four quadrants ,Analog multiplier ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Power supply voltage ,Hardware and Architecture ,Signal Processing ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Voltage multiplier ,Multiplier (economics) ,Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
An analog multiplier driven by a single supply voltage is proposed. Some improvements are introduced so as to get a higher performance. The proposed analog multiplier can work precisely in four quadrants with a very small THD. An added OTA keeps the linearity error of the circuit smaller than 1%. The presented multiplier is designed on the 0.6 μm BCD process and the simulation results by HSPICE shows a perfect performance. It can be used in any system that requires a high performance analog multiplier.
- Published
- 2011
36. KAJIAN KINERJA KENDALI PWM PADA RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM EFISIENSI AIR WUDHU MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR INFRA-MERAH
- Author
-
Herman Hariyadi, Siswoko Siswoko, and Hariyadi Singgih
- Subjects
Tap water ,Linearity error ,Water source ,Process (computing) ,Environmental science ,Ultrasonic sensor ,General Medicine ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Pulse-width modulation ,Automotive engineering ,Water level - Abstract
The use of water for wudhu activities in general uses a manually tapped faucet so that water from the tank will come out. But performing wudhu in this way can result in waste of water in the reservoir. If the faucet continues to burn during the ablution process, there will be a time when water is not needed, that is when the process of washing the body part intended in ablution, so that at that time the water will be wasted. Another problem is if the supply of water sources is limited or in difficult terrain. Therefore it is necessary to make a tool that can improve the effectiveness of using ablution water using infrared sensor application that will activate the valve and open the tap water automatically only if there is a hand or body part detected by the sensor. The speed of the water being pumped will be further slowed by using the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) method according to the water level of the tank that is detected by the ultrasonic sensor. The results of the study have been done sensitivity of ultrasonic sensors to the PWM control linearity error of 2.02%. And Data Test results of faucet ablation water wudhu adjustable infrared sensor can detect the object distance as far as 5-30 cm. If the input object is more than 30 cm, then the water does not come out.
- Published
- 2018
37. Bridge resistance deviation-to-period converter with high linearity
- Author
-
Won-Sup Chung, Chang-Su Won, and Hoon Kim
- Subjects
Engineering ,Resistive sensors ,Offset (computer science) ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Linearity ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Schmitt trigger ,Interfacing ,Control theory ,Integrator ,Operational transconductance amplifier ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business - Abstract
A bridge resistance deviation-to-period (BRD-to-P) converter is presented for interfacing resistive sensor bridges. It consists of a linear operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and a current-controlled oscillator (CCO) formed by a current-tunable Schmitt trigger and an integrator. The free running period of the converter is 1.824ms when the bridge offset resistance is 1kΩ. The conversion sensitivity of the converter amounts to 3.814ms/Ω over the resistance deviation range of 0-1.2Ω. The linearity error of the conversion characteristic is less than ±0.004%.
- Published
- 2009
38. A Real-Time and On-Line Visual System for Seamless Steel Pipe Linearity Measurement
- Author
-
Xue You Yang, Changjie Liu, Ji Gui Zhu, and S.H. Ye
- Subjects
Engineering ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,System of measurement ,Coordinate system ,Mechanical engineering ,Linearity ,ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS ,Mechanics of Materials ,Line (geometry) ,Electronic engineering ,Calibration ,General Materials Science ,business - Abstract
Linearity is a very important parameter for seamless steel pipes. A real-time and on-line visual measurement system for seamless steel pipe linearity is presented. The system consists of several structured-light visual sensors. Each sensor can achieve the coordinate of the center of partial steel pipe in its local coordinate system. Through global calibration, all coordinates measured can be transformed into an integrated coordinate system. The linearity error of steel pipe can be assessed. This method can fulfill 100% on-line and real-time linearity measurement. A pair structure-light sensor is designed to improve accuracy and a suspension-wires method for sensor calibration and global calibration is used. Through experiments, it shows that the method not only meets the need of precise calibration but also significantly improves the efficiency and feasibility.
- Published
- 2005
39. Internal analysis of a transverse flux sensor
- Author
-
Guillaume Jay, J.-Paul Yonnet, Christian Foucher, and J.-Yves Voyant
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Physics ,Transverse flux ,Linearity error ,Computer simulation ,Acoustics ,Linearity ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Finite element method ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Magnetic study ,Transformer ,Rotary variable differential transformer - Abstract
Rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT) sensors are used for industrial applications and are appreciated for their frictionless operation, reliability, linearity and sensitivity. The sensor shown here derives from a classic RVDT and is based on a differential rotating transformer. The functioning principle is explained and experimental measurements are shown. The originality of the studied sensor lies in the transverse flux design which gives a linearity error less than 0.1% of the stroke. However, this transverse flux circulation has uncommon features for an electrotechnical system due to flux paths which are not enclosed in radial planes. Finite element and experimental analysis are used for the magnetic study. This study aims to enhance sensor performances and manufacturing easiness.
- Published
- 2005
40. INL and DNL Estimation Based on Noise for ADC Test
- Author
-
Altamiro Amadeu Susin, Md.G.C. Flores, Luigi Carro, and Marcelo Negreiros
- Subjects
Linearity error ,Noise (signal processing) ,Computer science ,Electronic engineering ,Linearity ,Overhead (computing) ,Spectral analysis ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,Signal - Abstract
This paper presents the linearity characterization of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The input signal is noise, which allows low analog area overhead for built-in self-test (BIST). The linearity error estimation is proposed based on the spectral analysis of only the output of the converter. This paper presents the underlying theory and practical results supporting the effectiveness of the proposed method.
- Published
- 2004
41. Confocal laser displacement sensor using a micro-machined varifocal mirror
- Author
-
Hiromasa Furuta, Toshikazu Kamiya, Kenta Nakazawa, Jiro Kamiya, Kazuhiro Hane, Hideki Sasaki, and Takashi Sasaki
- Subjects
Materials science ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Confocal ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Laser ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Displacement (vector) ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Optics ,Modulation ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Focal length ,Crystalline silicon ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Image sensor ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Engineering (miscellaneous) - Abstract
A confocal laser displacement sensor using a micro-machined varifocal mirror is reported. The focal length modulation is a key function of the confocal sensor. The mechanism of the focal length modulation determines the measurement speed and range. Here, we propose application of the micro-machined varifocal mirror for the modulation. The varifocal mirror can realize faster modulation, small size, and low energy consumption for the confocal displacement sensor. The electrostatically actuated varifocal mirror made by single crystalline silicon is used. The working distance of the sensor is designed to be 31 mm. The actuating range at 7 kHz is 310 μm. The linearity error in the actuating range is from -1.1% to 1.2%.
- Published
- 2017
42. Optimum boundary design for ultra-high speed interpolation and averaging ADC
- Author
-
Ke Liu, Ma Xiao, Zhankun Du, Fu Jian, Bi Jianpeng, and Li Shao
- Subjects
Ultra high speed ,Offset (computer science) ,Linearity error ,Current consumption ,Computer science ,Control theory ,Amplifier ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Flash ADC ,Activity-based costing ,Voltage - Abstract
An optimum boundary design method used in pre-amplifiers stage of interpolation and averaging flash ADC is demonstrated in this work. Without costing a large number of dummy amplifiers and consuming over-range voltage headroom, the proposed technique improves linearity error at the boundary of pre-amplifier offset averaging network. A prototype 8bit flash ADC achieves an 1GSPS sampling speed with a 430mA current consumption in 1.8V supply, the experimental result shows that this optimum method is suitable for high speed flash ADC with interpolation and averaging network.
- Published
- 2014
43. Design and analysis of a magnetic off-axis rotary position sensing device
- Author
-
Alexandros Soumelidis, István Gőzse, and Ádám Bakos
- Subjects
Engineering ,Observational error ,Linearity error ,Position (vector) ,business.industry ,Acoustics ,Electronic engineering ,business ,Position sensor ,Compensation (engineering) - Abstract
In the paper design and analysis of an off-axis absolute rotary position sensor setup is described that is intended to use in realizing accurate and reliable absolute angle measurement to be applied in precise control of electric (e.g. vehicle) drives. A solution of using magnetic position sensing elements in combination with two differently magnetized ferromagnetic rings is presented. By assuming a specific setup the algorithm of determining absolute position is given, as well by analyzing the measurement errors, a compensation scheme is elaborated. By using this scheme the linearity error of the sensor setup can significantly be reduced without applying any expensive equipment.
- Published
- 2014
44. A High-Precision Multi-Channel TAC and QAC Module for the Neutron Detection Wall
- Author
-
Qian Yi, Su Hong, She Qianshun, and Yu Yu-Hong
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Detector ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Time resolution ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,High Energy Physics - Experiment ,High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex) ,Optoelectronics ,Neutron detection ,business ,Instrumentation ,Energy (signal processing) ,Multi channel - Abstract
A single width NIM module that includes eight channels TAC (time-to-amplitude converter) and QAC (charge-to-amplitude converter) is introduced in the paper, which is designed for the large neutron wall detector to measure charge (energy) and time interval simultaneously [1]. The module mainly adopts a high precision gated integral circuit to realize TAC and QAC. The input range of TAC is from 30 ns to 1 us, and the input range of QAC is from 40 pC to 600 pC. The linearity error of TAC is lower than 1.28 %, and the time resolution of TAC is less than 0.871 %. The linearity error of QAC is lower than 0.81 %, and the resolution of QAC is better than 0.936 %.
- Published
- 2014
45. 0.75-V four-quadrant current multiplier using floating gate-MOS transistors
- Author
-
Jirasak Chanwutitum and Montree Kumngern
- Subjects
Total harmonic distortion ,Engineering ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Transistor ,Electrical engineering ,Analog multiplier ,law.invention ,Power consumption ,law ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Voltage multiplier ,Multiplier (economics) ,Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
This paper presents a new ultra-low-voltage current-mode four-quadrant analog multiplier. A floating-gate technique is used to provide operating at a supply voltage of 0.75 V for the proposed circuit. PSPICE simulators using 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS process are used to show the workability of the multiplier. Simulation results show that the circuit has a linearity error of 1.5 % for the input current 8 µA, total harmonic distortion of 0.96 % for the input current 8 µA peak and quiescent power consumption of 19.9 µW.
- Published
- 2014
46. A new current-mode squaring circuit with compensation for error resulting from carrier mobility reduction
- Author
-
Munir A. Al-Absi and Ibrahim A. As-Sabban
- Subjects
Electron mobility ,Engineering ,Linearity error ,CMOS ,Power consumption ,business.industry ,MOSFET ,Electronic engineering ,Inversion (meteorology) ,Current mode ,Cmos process ,business - Abstract
This paper presents a new current-mode squaring circuit. The design is based on MOSFETs translinear principle in strong inversion. A new compensation techniques to minimize the second order effects caused by carrier mobility reduction in short channel MOSFETs is proposed. Tanner T-spice simulation tool is used to confirm the functionality of the proposed design in 0.18μm CMOS process technology. Simulation results indicate that the maximum linearity error is 1.16 % and the power consumption is 331μW.
- Published
- 2013
47. Differential-type integrating GMI magnetic sensor based on orthogonal vector lock-in amplifier
- Author
-
Xinhua Nie and Zhongming Pan
- Subjects
Materials science ,Linearity error ,Acoustics ,Amplifier ,Lock-in amplifier ,Electronic engineering ,Giant magnetoresistance ,Giant magnetoimpedance ,Electrical impedance ,Amorphous solid ,Magnetic field - Abstract
A novel differential-type magnetic sensor based on the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect, integrating the impedance magnitude and phase characteristics of the amorphous wire due to varying the extern magnetic field, is presented in this paper. The sensor consists of a conditioning circuit based on orthogonal vector lock-in amplifier and differential-type amplifier, and a differential-type sensing head with double sensing elements. Besides, the characteristics of our amorphous wires and the construction of the sensing head are also described in this paper. Especially, a masterly and simple design for integrating the in-phase and quadrature output of orthogonal vector lock-in amplifier utilized in the conditioning circuit is described and analyzed in detail. Multiple measurements show that the sensitivity of the GMI magnetic sensor can achieve about 748 mV/Oe with the full measurement range of ±2.0 Oe, while the linearity error is about 0.92%FS.
- Published
- 2013
48. On the robustness of R-2R ladder DACs
- Author
-
Michael Peter Kennedy
- Subjects
Engineering ,Infinite number ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Mixed-signal circuits ,Mixed-signal integrated circuit ,Digital-to-analog converters ,Flash ADC ,Ladder networks ,law.invention ,Data converters ,Integrated circuits -- Testing ,Robustness (computer science) ,Control theory ,law ,Trimming ,Resistive ladders ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Resistor ,business - Abstract
A model of the linear R-2R ladder digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is developed in terms of the ratios of the effective resistances at the nodes of the ladder. This formulation demonstrates clearly why an infinite number of different sets of resistors can produce the same linearity error and shows how this error can be reduced by trimming. The relationship between the weights of the bits and the resistor ratios suggests appropriate trimming, design, and test strategies.
- Published
- 2000
49. Resistive mirror with the current-mode approach in bipolar technology
- Author
-
N. Tadic
- Subjects
Resistive touchscreen ,Signal processing ,Engineering ,Linearity error ,Dynamic range ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Analog multiplier ,law.invention ,law ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Resistor ,Reduction (mathematics) ,business ,Instrumentation ,Electronic circuit - Abstract
A design of the resistive mirror-based voltage-controlled resistor (VCR) in bipolar technology is presented. The resistive mirror has been designed using the current-mode signal processing. The modification of the translinear reduction of the "log-antilog" analog multiplier/divider working with currents has been used. Simulation results show the linearity error less than 0.4% in a wide operating range.
- Published
- 2000
50. [Untitled]
- Author
-
Xue Wu Zhang, Ming-Fu Li, and W. H. Lai
- Subjects
Physics ,Total harmonic distortion ,Linearity error ,business.industry ,Spice ,Electrical engineering ,Topology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Power (physics) ,CMOS ,Hardware and Architecture ,Signal Processing ,BSIM ,business ,Low voltage ,Voltage - Abstract
A novel voltage-tunable, low-voltage linear CMOS transconductor design is described. The design is based on the improvement of the cross-coupled pairs. SPICE simulation results show that using BSIM models, MOSIS 2-μm n-well process parameters and a power supply of ±2.5 V, the linearity error is less than 0.4% over a differential input voltage range of ±1.2 V. The THD for a differential input voltage of 1\,\hbox {\it V}_{\it {pp}} at 1 kHz is 1.3%.
- Published
- 2000
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