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今回レモン果皮を用いた水を常用したことで出血傾向を繰り返したと考えられる症例を経験したため報告する。症例は61歳女性で、僧帽弁狭窄症に対して11年前と4年前に僧帽弁形成術を施行された。発作性心房細動再発および軽度僧帽弁狭窄症に対してワルファリンおよびアミオダロンを処方し外来加療を続けていた。1年前に腹痛、下痢、血便、皮下出血を主訴に近隣病院の救急外来を受診され、感染性腸炎の診断で入院加療を受けた。入院時の血液検査でプロトロンビン時間 国際標準比(PT-INR)が 6.35と異常な延長を認めていた。退院後は当科外来へ通院再開したが、PT-INRの延長傾向が１ヶ月ほど続いた。今回、腹痛、下痢、血便、皮下出血が再発し当科外来を受診となった。血液検査にてPT-INR 4.14と延長を再度認めた。健康食品や嗜好品、生活習慣を含む生活歴を聴取したところ、1年前から初夏にレモン果皮を用いて飲用水を作成し頻回に飲んでいることが判明した。PT-INRが異常延長していた時期とレモン果皮が含まれる飲用水を常用していた時期が同じであったため、レモン果皮を用いた飲用水の常用によりPT-INRが異常延長し、出血傾向となったと考えられた。直ちにレモン果皮が含まれる水の飲用を中止させ、PT-INRは約1ヶ月のうちに治療域で安定した。以後PT-INRの異常延長および出血傾向は認められなくなった。, We report a case of repeated bleeding tendencies due to regular use of lemon peel water. A 61-year-old woman underwent mitral valvuloplasty 11 and 4 years ago for mitral stenosis. She had recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and mild mitral stenosis after second surgery, and been administered with warfarin and amiodarone and continued outpatient treatment. One year ago, she visited the emergency department of a nearby hospital with chief complaints of abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stools, and subcutaneous bleeding, and she was hospitalized with a diagnosis of infectious enteritis. A blood test revealed the extremely elevated PT-INR value of 6.35. After she was discharged from the hospital, she returned to our outpatient clinic. The PT-INR prolongation trend had been continued for a month. This year, she visited our outpatient clinic because of recurrence of abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stools, and subcutaneous bleeding. A blood test showed the elevated PT-INR value of 4.14. Her social history was revealed that she had started to make water containing lemon peel and drunk it frequently in early summer for about one year. Since the time of extremely elevated PT-INR value and the time when she had started to drink the water with lemon peel frequently was the same, it was suspected that there was a causal relationship between them. After we stopped her from drinking the water with lemon peel immediately, the PT-INR value was normalized within in a month. Since then the extremely elevated PT-INR value has never been observed.

Lemon peel is the major by-product of lemon juice processing and is currently underutilized. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using lemon peel as a raw material for making vinegar. Lemon peel was homogenized, treated with pectinase (30,000 U/g, 0.1%) at 50 °C for 4 h, and then filtered. The obtained lemon peel juice was first subjected to alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. FX10, and then acetic fermentation by an acid tolerant Acetobacter malorum, OQY-1, which was isolated from the lemon peels. The juice yield of the lemon peel was 62.5%. The alcoholic fermentation yielded a lemon peel wine with an alcoholic content of 5.16%, and the acetic acid fermentation produced a vinegar with a total acid content of 5.04 g/100 mL. A total of 36 volatile compounds were identified from the lemon vinegar, with some compounds such as esters and some alcohols that increased significantly during alcoholic fermentation while alcohols, terpenoids, and some esters decreased significantly during the fermentations. E-nose and E-tongue analyses coupled with principal component and discriminant factor analyses (PCA and DFA) were able to discriminate the samples at different fermentation stages. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential to transform lemon peel into a valuable product, thus reducing the waste of lemon processing and adding value to the industry.

Essential oil from peels of lemon (Citrus Lumion) fruit had been evaluated for its physiochemical, phytochemical compositions and application in skin-care product. Lemon peel oil, which is one of the under-utilized essential oil was isolated from the matured fruits peel using petroleum ether by soxhlet extraction method. The percentage yield of 3.7 %, for air-dried peels and 2.30 %, for fresh peels are acceptable for most plants essential oils. The ash content of both the dried and fresh peels were 1.42 ± 0.001 and 4.007±0.003. Some phytochemicals like, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, carbohydrates, tannins, were determined using standard methods. The lemon-peel-oil skin-lotion formulation was carried out by mixing 5 ml of the peel oil sample with corresponding mass of basic lotion compositions, in water base-tank, and homogenously mixed in oil base-tank under 700 C. The pH range(6.30), viscosity, spreadability, and properties of the lotion were compared to the non-lemon-oil lotion and to a commercial grade skin lotion.

Xylanase is an enzyme that acts on xylan and degrades it into xylose. Xylanase may be produced by several different microbes such as bacteria and fungi. Xylanase has significant applications in food industries for improving dough handling and improving the quality of baked products in the extraction of starch, coffee, and plant oils. Xylanase, along with pectinase and cellulose, has enormous application in the clarification of fruit juices. In the present study, xylanase was produced by solid-state fermentation using lemon peel as substrates. Aspergillus Niger was induced to produce xylanase by frequent sub-culturing on a medium containing 2% xylan. OFAT was analyzed by using several fermentation parameters such as moisture content, particle size, incubation period, incubation temperature, peptone concentration, and pH of the extraction buffer. Under optimized conditions, the maximum xylanase activity was found for particle size of 1.7mm, moisture content of 80%, peptone concentration in nutrient solution at 0.3%, and extraction pH of 7.0. Hence, xylanase can be further subjected to down streaming processes and therefore for various applications.

The presence of pectin in the apple peel creates undesirable turbidity and sediment in the final juice and hence clarification is a necessary step for producing consumer-friendly apple juice. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of lemon peel powder as a source of reusable pectinase enzyme in the clarification of apple juice. In this study, optimization of the amount of lemon peel powder addition and incubation time was carried out to produce an apple juice of acceptable clarity. Lemon peel powder as an enzyme source having an activity of 2804.4 U/g could be successfully used up to 5 cycles of pectin hydrolysis. Pectinase enzyme in the lemon peel powder had greater stability at 4 °C with an 11.11% decrease in enzyme activity on 60th day of storage. Treatment with 0.5% w/v lemon peel powder at an incubation time of 90 min was found to be optimum as it produced a clarified apple juice with good sensory acceptability. Lemon peel powder as a naturally immobilized pectinase source was found to be effective in producing clear apple juice. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05270-7.

Preparation of biscuit incorporating lemon peel powder can be a new approach in formulating fortified fast food. This investigation was made to evaluate quality of prepared biscuits with lemon peel powder. The effect of temperature on drying time and physiochemical properties of lemon peel powder and their effects on biscuits were also examined. Two drying temperatures (650C and 750C) were employed for both blanched and unblanched lemon peel. The formulated biscuit samples incorporating 1 % lemon peel powder were compared with control biscuits which were prepared with 100% wheat flour. It took longer time (18 hr) for drying of blanched sample at 65 0C whereas shorter time (8 hr) was required for that of blanched sample at 750C. There was a significant decrease in the physiochemical properties of lemon peel powder with the increase of temperature except protein and fibre content. In addition, moisture content of the unblanched sample was found to be lower than the blanched sample at the same temperature. Significantly higher ascorbic acid was obtained by the unblanched samples. Protein and fibre content for both unblanched and blanched sample at the same temperature were found to be higher. All the samples were significantly different at 5% level of significance for overall acceptability. Biscuits prepared with unblanched dried lemon peel powder (at 650C) sample secured the highest score in case of all the sensory parameters. Therefore, quality fortified biscuit can be prepared commercially by incorporating 1 % lemon peel powder in wheat flour for the fast food consumer.

Jun Wang,1,2 Yulin Zhai,1 Mingguang Ou,3 Yunfeng Bian,4 Chenglong Tang,5 Wanchao Zhang,6– 8 Yujiao Cheng,1,2 Guijie Li1,2 1Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Guang’an Nongfeng Agricultural Development Co., Ltd, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 4Guang’an Zheng Wang Agriculture Co., Ltd, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 5Yuanyang Hongtu Grapefruit Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 6Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 7National Patent Navigation Project (Chongqing) Research and Promotion Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 8Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wanchao Zhang Tel +86-13072382527Email boystory@163.comGuijie Li 15# Ganjucun, Xiema, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-17388209637Email liguijie@cric.cnAim: Lemon peel, a traditional Chinese medicine, was tested in this study for its novel application in inhibiting cellular oxidative stress, and the effect of lemon peel extract (LPE) on protecting H9c2 rat heart cells from oxidative stress was investigated.Methods: The scavenging effects of LPE on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals were measured in extracellular experiments. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolinyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-h-tetrazolylammonium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect the cell survival rate. The cell supernatant and intracellular oxidation-related indicators were detected by a kit, and the mRNA expression in H9c2 cells was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The chemical substances of LPE were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: The results showed that LPE exhibited better DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging abilities than vitamin C. Compared with the cells in the normal state (control group), the cell survival rate in the model group decreased, and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) decreased, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Compared with the control group, the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the model group was increased, and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was reduced. Compared with the model group, LPE treatment improved the cell survival rate, reduced the levels of LDH and MDA, increased the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH, downregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2 and HO-1, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. The composition analysis showed that LPE contained catechin, rutin, naringin, quercetin, and hesperidin.Conclusion: The results indicated that LPE could protect H9c2 cells from oxidative stress through five active components. LPE has the potential to be developed into natural medicine or health food for the inhibition of cell oxidative damage.Keywords: lemon peel, oxidative stress, H9c2 rat heart cell, mRNA expression, HPLC

Jun Wang,1,2 Yulin Zhai,1 Mingguang Ou,3 Yunfeng Bian,4 Chenglong Tang,5 Wanchao Zhang,6– 8 Yujiao Cheng,1,2 Guijie Li1,2 1Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Guang’an Nongfeng Agricultural Development Co., Ltd, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 4Guang’an Zheng Wang Agriculture Co., Ltd, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 5Yuanyang Hongtu Grapefruit Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 6Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 7National Patent Navigation Project (Chongqing) Research and Promotion Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 8Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wanchao Zhang Tel +86-13072382527Email boystory@163.comGuijie Li 15# Ganjucun, Xiema, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-17388209637Email liguijie@cric.cnAim: Lemon peel, a traditional Chinese medicine, was tested in this study for its novel application in inhibiting cellular oxidative stress, and the effect of lemon peel extract (LPE) on protecting H9c2 rat heart cells from oxidative stress was investigated.Methods: The scavenging effects of LPE on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals were measured in extracellular experiments. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolinyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-h-tetrazolylammonium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect the cell survival rate. The cell supernatant and intracellular oxidation-related indicators were detected by a kit, and the mRNA expression in H9c2 cells was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The chemical substances of LPE were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: The results showed that LPE exhibited better DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging abilities than vitamin C. Compared with the cells in the normal state (control group), the cell survival rate in the model group decreased, and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) decreased, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Compared with the control group, the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the model group was increased, and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was reduced. Compared with the model group, LPE treatment improved the cell survival rate, reduced the levels of LDH and MDA, increased the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH, downregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2 and HO-1, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. The composition analysis showed that LPE contained catechin, rutin, naringin, quercetin, and hesperidin.Conclusion: The results indicated that LPE could protect H9c2 cells from oxidative stress through five active components. LPE has the potential to be developed into natural medicine or health food for the inhibition of cell oxidative damage.Keywords: lemon peel, oxidative stress, H9c2 rat heart cell, mRNA expression, HPLC

The ohmic heating process is known as homogeneous, efficient, and rapid heating. In the present study, it was aimed to analyze the extraction of pectin from lemon peel using ohmic heating, to evaluate the specific pectin production coefficient (SPPC, mg/kJ) and compared it with traditional pectin production (TPP). The extraction process was carried out at 3 different temperatures (70–90 °C), 3 different solid:liquid ratios (1:30, 1:40, 1:50 g/ml), 3 different extraction holding times (0–30 min), and a constant pH (pH 2 that adjusted with citric acid). From the results, extraction conditions affected the pectin yield. As the temperature and extraction holding time increased, the pectin yields increased. In general, the 30-min pectin yields of the ohmic heating-assisted extraction (OHAE) process were similar to the pectin yields obtained from the TPP under the same conditions. Performance evaluation of pectin production was made for 90 °C, and energy efficiency was found to be over 69% for 3 different solid to liquid ratios. It has been stated that as an alternative to the TPP method, the OHAE process can be applied.

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The aim of this study was to prepare a biodegradable film of sour lemon peel waste. The film of lemon peel powder (LPP) was modified with xanthan gum (XG) and TiO2–Ag nanoparticles (LPP/XG/TiO2–Ag). For this purpose, a central composite design was used to investigate the effect of xanthan gum and TiO2–Ag nanoparticles on the physicochemical and structural properties of the produced film. The results showed that the addition of xanthan gum led to an increase in thickness, moisture and index a of the samples and on the other hand a decrease in moisture and index a was observed with the addition of TiO2–Ag. With increasing xanthan gum, index b decreased slightly and with increasing TiO2–Ag, the amount of yellowness increased. With the addition of gum and nanoparticles, the antioxidant properties were slightly increased. With the addition of xanthan gum and TiO2–Ag, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the film significantly increased and the solubility and WVP decreased (P

Thirty one samples of gum swabs were collected from patients with tooth caries (5-30 years old) from the College of Science (Biology department )- University of Baghdad- Iraq for the period from October 2018 to December 2018. , The samples were transported, after inoculation in a transport media (nutrient broth), to the laboratory of the College of Science and then cultured on mannitol salt agar and blood agar). The isolates belonging to Staphylococcus spp. were identified by biochemical tests and Vitek 2 compact system, while the more antibiotic resistant isolates were identified by using Polymerase Chain Reaction(ï´¾PCR) and sequencing of 16SrRNA . The results showed sharp UV absorption peaks at 330 - 340nm and AFM at 56 nm. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) results showed that lemon silver nanoparticles (NPs) are spherical in shape. The results also demonstrated that the silver NPs have a higher antibacterial activity with a diameter of inhibition zone that reached 16mm as compared with the common three mouthwash and toothpaste brands (Colgate, Crest and Close up) that had inhibition zone values of 5-8mm.

Background: Lemon peel powder was used as a natural catalyst for the synthesis of biscoumarins and 3,4-dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives. The catalyst is natural, biodegradable, environmentally benign and thus contributes a valuable addition to the existing sustainable methods for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. Objective: Development of Green synthesis and use of Natural catalyst. Methods: Lemon peel powder was used as a natural, biodegradable, environmentally benign heterogenous catalyst for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. Results: Natural lemon peel powder was successfully used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of coumarin based heterocyclic compounds. Conclusion: In conclusion, an environmentally benign, green and one-pot multicomponent protocol has been developed for the synthesis of biscoumarins and 3,4-dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives using lemon peel powder as a natural and biodegradable catalyst. Lemon peel being natural, the present approach is sustainable and will highlight the emerging applications of natural resources for synthetic organic transformations. This protocol offers several advantages such as high yields, clean reaction conditions, and no pollution threat to the environment making it a useful and attractive process for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives.

The citrus juice industry produces a significant amount of peel residues; it can represent between 18 and 30% of the total weight of the fruit. In recent years, there has been an increase in its use as a source of fiber. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Tahiti lemon peel flour (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) as a fat mimetic (10, 20 and 30%) in a cake. The chemical and nutritional characterization of the lemon peel, the determination of the drying conditions to obtain the flour of the lemon peel, and the physical, chemical, and nutritional characterization of the lemon peel flour and cake was evaluated. A high content of dietary fiber for Tahiti lemon peel (89.15 ± 0.00 g/100 g) and flour (85.30 ± 0.06 g/100 g) was obtained. For the drying conditions to obtain the lemon peel flour, a temperature of 60 °C during 16 h was selected. The cake with greater acceptability had a 10% fat replacement with lemon peel flour, which presented a reduction of 19.16% in the fat content and an approximately double increase in the dietary fiber content. This study suggests that the flour obtained from Tahiti lemon flavedo can be used as a mimetic of fat in cakes, contributing to the nutritional characteristics of the food in which it is included.

Bu çalışmada, hamsi yağına eklenen narenciye kabuğu esansiyel yağlarının (portakal, limon, mandalina ve greyfurt) sprey kurutma yoluyla mikroenkapsüle edilmesi sonucu elde edilen balık yağı tozlarının oda sıcaklığında (24±1oC) 12 haftalık depolama süresi boyunca rengi ve duyusal kalitesi üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Mikroenkapsülasyon sonrası örneklerin renk parlaklığı (L*) değerinin 76.46 - 81.51, a* değerinin (-2.50) - (-0.52) ve b* değerinin 7.41 - 19.39 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Genel olarak, L*, renk beyazlığı (Whiteness) ve renk tonu (Hue) değerleri depolama süresiyle birlikte azalırken, a *, b * ve renk berrraklık (Croma) değerleri dalgalanma göstermiştir. Gruplar arasında en fazla renk değişimi (∆E) kontrol grubunda (8.04), en az değişim ise mandalina kabuğu esansiyel yağ grubunda (4.55) gözlenmiştir. ME balık yağı tozları koku, görünüm ve partikül çapları bakımından birbirlerinden farklılık göstermiştir. Görsel gözlemler, ME balık yağı tozları kontrol grubunun renginin beyaz, ME portakal ve limon kabuğu EO gruplarının soluk beyaz, ME mandalina kabuğu EO grubunun sarımsı ve ME greyfurt kabuğu EO grubunun şampanya renginde olduğunu göstermiştir. Tüm grupların kuru toz örnekleri ince ve pürüzsüz olmasına rağmen, özellikle kontrol grubunda depolama sonlarına doğru kümelenme- topaklaşma gözlenmiştir. Panelistler tarafından kontrol grubunda gözlenen balık kokusunun, eklenen esansiyel yağlar ile baskılandığı tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda kullanılan esansiyel yağların depolamanın sonlarına doğru kontrol grubunda gözlenen acılaşma kokusunu bastırdığı ve renk sonuçları ile de uyumlu olarak yağların acılaşmasını önlediği dolayısıyla oksidasyonu önlediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

The microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from sweet lemon peel (SLP) was optimized using Box-Behnken design. The highest pectin yield (25.31%) was observed under optimal condition (microwave power of 700 W, irradiation time of 3 min and pH of 1.5). The physicochemical, structural and some bioactivity of the SLP pectin isolated at optimum condition was evaluated. The SLP pectin was rich in galacturonic acid and galactose (87.2 mol%), high in molecular weight (615.836 kDa) and low in degree of esterification (1.2-35.1%). Furthermore, the SLP pectin was composed of 55.7% linear region (homogalacturonan) and 42.2% hairy region (rhamnogalacturonan-I). Also, the FT-IR and H-NMR results confirm the major presence of low methylated galacturonic acid rich structure in the isolated samples. In addition, SLP pectin showed good emulsifying and antioxidant properties. A pseudoplastic flow behavior was observed for SLP pectin solution at higher concentrations (1% w/v). These results represent an inexpensive source for pectin extraction with high pectin yield and good properties.

Tez No : 749934 Bu çalışmada besleyici değeri yüksek olan elma ile siyah havucun pestil yapımına oldukça elverişli meyveler olmasına karşın, ıskarta elma ile siyah havuç şıra ve posaların farklı oranlarındaki (%100/0, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 40/60, 30/70, 20/80 ve 0/100) karışımlarından elde edilen pestiller duyusal, fiziksel ve kimyasal analizlere tabi tutulmuş ve bu analiz sonucu başarılı bulunan %80 elma + %20 siyah havuç karışımı pestil örneklerine fonksiyonel özellikler kazandırmak için nar çekirdeği, limon kabuğu ve üzüm çekirdeği tozunun farklı oranları ile zenginleştirilerek şekersiz ve antioksidant düzeyi yüksek fonksiyonel pestil ürünü elde edilmiştir. Pestillerin nem değeri %9,15- 12,07, pH değeri 3,85- 4,26, aw (su aktivitesi) değeri 0,40- 0,58, briks değeri 4,05– 5,95, kül değeri %1,39- 2,19, hmf değeri 0,19- 13,81mg/L, toplam fenolik madde miktarı 25,50- 745,92 mg GAE/kg, antioksidant değeri %22,44- 87,15, toplam şeker değeri %3,55- 16,05 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, %80 elma %20 siyah havuç pestil şıra ve posa pestillerinin nar çekirdeği, limon kabuğu ve üzüm çekirdeği tozlarının farklı oranları fenolik bileşikler ve antioksidant bakımından oldukça zengin kaynaklar olduğu ve fonksiyonel gıdalar olarak kullanılabileceğini saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada tüm deneme parametreleri değerlendirildiğinde, kontrol şıra pestili ile üzüm çekirdeği katılmış posa ve şıraların benzer tüketici beğenisine sahip olduklarına rağmen, üzüm çekirdeği katılan pestillerin yüksek fonksiyonel özelliğinden ve şeker içeriklerinin düşük olması nedeni ile tüketici için cazip bir alternatif ürün olacağı ortaya çıkmıştır. In this study, although apples and black carrots with high nutritional value are quite suitable for production of fruit sheets,varying mixtures of must and pomace obtained from the off-grade apple and black carrot (100/0, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 40/60, 30/70 %, 20/80 and 0/100) were tested to produce fruit sheets. All the fruits sheet were subjected to sensory, physical and chemical analyzes to find the best mixture suitable for fruit sheet prodcution. We found that a mixture of 80/20% of apple and black carrot must and pomace are the best mixture to obtain suitable fruit sheets. Therefore, these mixture were enriched with different dosages of lemon peels, grape seeds, and pomegranate seeds to obtain functional fruit sheet product with sugar-free and increased antioxidant level. All the fruit sheets had a moisture content of 9.15-12.07%, pH of 3.85-4.26, aw value of 0.40- 0.58, brix value of 4.05-5.95, ash value of 1.39- 2,19%, HMF value of 0.19-13.81mg/L, total phenolic content of 25.50-745,92 mg GAE/kg, antioxidant value of %22.44- 87.15, total sugar value of 3.55-16,05%. The results of the study showed that all the fruit sheets were eniched with appropirate amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidants and can therefore be used as functional foods. Having statistically evaluated all the paremeters, although the fruit sheets of control must and the fruit sheets of must and pomace added with grape seedhad similar consumer satisfaction, the fruit sheet added with grape seeds would be an attractive alternative product for the consumer due to their high functional properties and low sugar content.

Bu çalışmada, limon kabuğu örneklerinin mikrodalga, sıcak hava ve mikrodalga ile sıcak havanın kombinasyonlarıyla gerçekleştirilen kurutma işlemlerinin kuruma performansları araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada üç farklı sıcaklık değeri (40, 50 ve 60°C) ve üç farklı mikrodalga gücü (90, 180 ve 360 W) kullanılmıştır. Kurutma koşullarının kuruma hızı ile kuruma süresine etkileri tespit edilmiştir. Limon kabuklarının kuruma kinetiğini en iyi ifade eden modellerin Page ve Modifiye Page modelleri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sıcaklık ve mikrodalga gücünün artışıyla birlikte örneklerin kuruma hızı artarken, kuruma süreleri azalmıştır. 60°C sıcak hava ile 360 W mikrodalga kombinasyonuyla yapılan kurutma işleminin en yüksek kuruma hızına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bu koşul 24 dakika ile en kısa kuruma süresine sahip kurutma işlemi olmuştur. Kurutma işlemlerinin limon kabuklarının rengine olan etkisi L*, a*, b*, Hue açısı, Kroma ve ∆E* değerleri belirlenerek taze ve kuru örnekler arasındaki renk farklılıkları incelenmiştir. Yüksek mikrodalga gücünün örneklerin renginde kararmalara neden olmasından dolayı limon kabuklarının kurutulmasında 90 ve 180 W kullanılmasının daha uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Yapılan tüm kurutma işlemlerinin sonucunda taze örneklere göre kuru örneklerde toplam fenolik madde miktarının arttığı, antioksidan aktivitenin ise azaldığı saptanmıştır. Kuruma süresi en uzun olan 40°C sıcak havada yapılan kurutmada antioksidan aktivitedeki azalma %85.54 ile en fazladır. 60°C sıcak hava ile 360 W mikrodalga kombinasyonu ile yapılan kurutma işlemi, toplam fenolik maddenin %186.11 ile en fazla artış olduğu kurutma koşul olarak saptanmıştır, In this study, the drying performance of lemon peel samples was investigated by drying processes with microwave, hot air and their combinations. Three different temperatures (40, 50 and 60°C) and three different microwave powers (90, 180 and 360 W) were used. Effects of drying conditions on drying rate and drying time were determined. Page and Modified Page models were found to be the best expressing models of the drying kinetics of lemon peels. With the increase in temperature and microwave power, the drying rate increased, while the drying time decreased. It was observed that the drying process performed with the combination of 60°C hot air and 360 W microwave had the highest drying rate with the shortest drying time of 24 minutes. The effect of drying processes on the color of lemon peels was determined by determining the L*, a*, b*, Hue angle, Chroma and ∆E* values and the color differences between fresh and dry samples. Due to the darkening of the samples under high microwave power, it was concluded that the use of 90 and 180 W is more suitable than 360 W. Total amount of phenolic substances increased in the dried samples compared to the fresh samples, while the antioxidant activity decreased. At 40°C, which has the longest drying time, the decrease in antioxidant activity was the highest with 85.54%. The drying process performed with the combination of 60°C and 360 W was the drying condition in which the total phenolic content increased the most with 186.11%.

The pyrolysis of LPW was carried out in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor at final temperature of 300°C, 400°C and 500°C with an incremental heating rate of 10°C/min, under N2 atmosphere. The maximum yields of bio-oil, biochar and gas were 16.66 wt.% (at 400°C), 66.89 wt.% (300°C) and 54.6 wt.% (500°C), respectively. The recovered biochar FTIR characterization reveals that it is a promising precursor to produce carbon materials, biofertilizer and for solid fuel applications. The bio-oil chemical characterization (GC-MS and FTIR analyzes) shows its richness with innovative compounds such as squalene, d-limonene, ß-Sitosterol and phenol, suitable for applications agriculture, biochemical and pharmaceutical industries. The pyrolytic oil presents also good properties, suitable for its use as an engine fuel or as a potential source for synthetic fuels. The recovered pyrolytic gas has a maximum calorific value around 12 MJ/kg with an average composition of CO (up to 75.87 vol.%), of CH4 (up to 5.25 vol.%) and of CnHm (up to 1.48 vol.%). The results could be applied by citrus farmers and agri-food industrials for large scale application to ensure a sustainable waste management of their citrus by-products and to guarantee economic benefits.

Iron nanoparticles has attracted more attention than other nanomaterials for its small particle size, high magnetism, low toxicity, surface properties and its extensive applications in science. Plant extracts, microorganisms and agricultural waste products are used for the green synthesis of these nanoparticles. Green synthesis uses metabolites obtained from plants and microorganisms as reducing and covering agents. In addition, it provides an advantage over other synthesis methods because it does not contain harsh chemicals, uses non-toxic reagents, is biocompatible and environmentally friendly. In this study, iron-iron oxide (Fe-Fe3O4) nanoparticles (LP- Fe NPs) were synthesized using lemon peel extract and optimum Fe:Lemon peel extract (Fe: LP exract) ratio was determined. Nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV-vis Spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The UV-vis absorption spectrum of iron nanoparticles showed a peak in the 250-350 nm range. XRD analysis results confirmed that the product is a Fe-Fe3O4 mixture. According to SEM analysis results, the largest particle size according to the 1:2 ratio was recorded as 159 nm. The smallest particle size was recorded as 66.68 nm. It has been observed that the increased lemon peel extract causes agglomeration. As a result, green synthesis of lemon peel, which is agricultural waste; It creates low-cost, environmentally friendly products., Demir nanopartiküller; küçük partikül boyutu, yüzey özellikleri, düşük toksisitesi, yüksek manyetizması ve bilimdeki kapsamlı uygulamaları nedeniyle diğer nanomalzemelere göre daha fazla ilgi çekmiştir. Bu nanopartiküllerin yeşil sentezi için bitki özleri, mikroorganizmalar ve tarımsal atık ürünler kullanılmaktadır. Yeşil sentez, bitkilerden ve mikroorganizmalardan elde edilen metabolitleri indirgeyici ve kapatıcı ajanlar olarak kullanır. Ayrıca sert kimyasallar içermemesi, toksik olmayan reaktiflerin kullanılması, biyouyumlu ve çevre dostu olması nedeniyle diğer sentez yöntemlerine göre avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, demir-demir oksit (Fe-Fe3O4) nanopartikülleri limon ekstratı kullanılarak sentezlenmiş ve optimum Fe:Ekstrakt oranı belirlenmiştir. Nanopartiküller, X-ışını difraktometresi (XRD) , UV-vis Spektrofotometre ve Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ile karakterize edilmiştir. Demir nanopartiküllerinin UV-vis absorpsiyon spektrumu 250-350 nm aralığında bir tepe göstermiştir. XRD analiz sonuçları, ürünün bir Fe-Fe3O4 karışımı olduğunu doğrulamıştır. SEM analizi sonuçlarına göre 1: 2 (Fe:Ekstrat) oranında en büyük partikül boyutu 159 nm olduğu görülürken, en küçük partikül boyutu 66.68 nm olarak kaydedilmiştir. Artan limon özünün topaklaşmaya neden olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, tarımsal atık olan limon kabuğunun yeşil sentezi düşük maliyetli, çevre dostu ürünler oluşturmaktadır.

Pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation in water only from waste lemon peel and further isolated via freeze drying displays significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram positive pathogen which easily contaminates food. The antibacterial effect of the new IntegroPectin is largely superior to that of commercial citrus pectin, opening the way to advanced applications of a new bioproduct now obtainable in large amounts and at low cost from citrus juice industry's waste., Bacteria vs. lemons! Pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation in water only from waste lemon peel and further isolated via freeze drying displays significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram positive pathogen which easily contaminates food.

Dehydrated lemon peel (DLP) at two levels (1.5% and 3%) was included for 30days in the diet of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and after 15 and 30days the serum and skin mucus of fish were analysed. In serum, both experimental diets led to an initial decrease in glucose and lactate after which the levels became comparable to the control. Dietary DLP modulated the activity of transaminases, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. The total antioxidant status showed a progressive increase in relation to levels of inclusion of DLP and time of administration (p'.05). In skin mucus, some biomolecular markers related to general stress, oxidative stress and apoptosis exhibited variations that suggest an adaptive response of fish to the new metabolic situation, resulting from the experimental diet. The inclusion of DLP in the diet seems to positively modulate the central metabolism and welfare of gilthead seabream.

This study was carried out to clear the effect of addition of pomegranate and lemonpeel extracts as natural antioxidant on Feta like cheese quality. These extracts were added to cheeseduring manufacture at a rate of 0.25 and 0.50% of each extract. Cheese treatments were analyzed forchemical analysis, oxidative stability, microbiological examination and organoleptic properties, whenfresh and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at refrigerator temperature. Results showed that theseextracts have a high content of phenolic compounds, and gave high antioxidant activity. As well as theaddition of these extracts to cheese did not significantly affect the chemical composition but affectedthe oxidative stability, bacteriological and organoleptic properties of cheese samples. A clear reductionin peroxide and acid values of cheese samples containing natural extracts during storage period thancontrol cheese samples where observed. As well as total bacterial, coliform, as well as yeast andmould counts of cheese samples contain natural extracts did not detected during storage comparedwith control cheese samples. Also, results showed that organoleptic properties of all cheese treatmentsimproved by progressed of storage period until the end of storage. Cheese containing lemon peelsextracts showed lowest flavour intensity and body characteristics than other cheese. From the previousresults, it could be recommended the use of some natural extracts in feta like cheese manufacture suchas pomegranate and lemon peel extracts at a rate of 0.5%, where it improved the sensory andbacteriological characteristics of cheese samples and increased stability against oxidation.

Lemon peel was examined in this work as innovative inexpensive biosorption material for cyanide (CN−) removal from aqueous solution. The influence of adsorbent amount, feed flow rate, CN− concentra...

Reverse micellar systems of nonionic surfactant Span 80/isooctane/n-hexane is used for the extraction of pectinesterase from crude aqueous extract of lemon peel waste. The effect of extract...

To provide stable and low-cost naturally derived yellow pigments, a variety of food byproducts were evaluated and the constituents of lemon peel have emerged yielding a highly promising natural product with applications as a food dye. Here we report a new, highly stable and water soluble food dye called yellow #15 from the ethanol extract of the zest of Citrus limon. The structure of lemon yellow #15 was carefully assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration was established by comparison of the experimental CD with calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectral data. CIELAB values and Delta CIELAB were measured and revealed this new water-soluble pigment has superior light stability relative to other natural products used as food dyes.

Objective: This study was planned to synthesizea novel green Zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs), fromlemon/and lemon peel with zirconium salt and test its bioactivity against free radicals, and certain cancer celllines (MCF-7).Materials and Method: Lemon/peel extracts were prepared, mixedwith water and heated to80 °C, and filtered. The zirconium nanoparticles were synthesized using (ZrCl3) solution which was addedto the filtrate (juice and peel) in 1:1 proportion, and UV-Visible was taken. Different concentrations wereprepared to study their activity. DPPH assay against free radicals and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell linewere measured. Results: UV-Visible absorbance of lemon peel/and lemon NPs was carried out and it wasfound that NPs gave peaks at 457 and 478 nm, while lemon NPs gave peak at 217, and 270 nm. antioxidantactivity of all the solutions were carried out, it was found that the peel and juice nanoparticles gave thehighest scavenging activity % in all concentrations at 800, 600, 400, and 200 µg/ml which were 93, 78, 57,and 20% respectively. The activity against MCF-7 cancer cell line, the highest inhibition percentage effect(95.16) showed by NPs + Peel, while the lowest effect was 18.42.Conclusion: Novel NPs were synthesized form ZrCl3 and lemon extract/and lemon peel, it was found thatthe last one is more active against free radical and MCF-7 cell line.

[ES] Los cítricos son fuente de múltiples beneficios para los seres humanos, sin embargo, en la industria agroalimentaria, donde se utiliza el limón para la extracción de la pulpa, se obtiene un residuo, que es la corteza del limón. Este residuo, como tal debe ser gestionado constituyendo un coste extra para el proceso. De la corteza del limón se pueden obtener productos de valor como aceites esenciales o polifenoles. Estos últimos son de especial interés por su actividad biológica y sus funciones en la industria farmacéutica, cosmética y alimentaria. Por ejemplo, los productos nutracéuticos sirven para la prevención de enfermedades causadas por estrés oxidativo. En este Trabajo Fin de Grado, se propone en un primer paso, la extracción de los polifenoles de la corteza del limón para posteriormente diseñar una planta piloto que trate un caudal de 2000 L/d de extracto, donde se concentren mediante técnicas de membranas (Ultrafiltración y Nanofiltración), los polifenoles procedentes de un residuo de 2,5 toneladas de corteza de limón. Se utilizarán los procesos de membranas, ya que son adecuados por su alta eficacia en la separación, su bajo consumo energético, bajo coste y alta calidad del producto. Para el diseño de la instalación se tendrá en cuenta que la primera parte del proceso consistirá en un acondicionamiento de los residuos, seguido de un proceso de extracción. Ya en una segunda etapa, se emplearán distintas técnicas de membranas para concentrar polifenoles contenidos en el extracto. Se realizará una ultrafiltración para la eliminación de los sólidos en suspensión, seguida de una nanofiltración para la eliminación de agua, azúcares y minerales, con el fin de obtener una corriente con los polifenoles concentrados. Finalmente se realizará el presupuesto de toda la instalación., [CA] Els cítrics son font de múltiples beneficis per als sers humans, no obstant, en la indústria agroalimentària, on s'utilitza la llima per a l’extracció de la polpa, s’obté un residu, que és l’escorça de la llima. Aquest residu, com a tal ha de ser gestionat formant un cost extra per al procés. De l’escorça de la llima es poden obtenir productes de valor com olis essencials o polifenols. Aquests darrers són d’especial interès per la seua activitat biològica i les seues funcions en la industria farmacèutica, cosmètica i alimentària. Per exemple, els productes nutricèutics serveixen per a la prevenció de malalties causades per l’estrès oxidatiu . En aquest Treball Fi de Grau es proposa, en un primer lloc, l’extracció dels polifenols de l’escorça de la llima per a posteriorment dissenyar una planta pilot que tracte un cabal de 2000 L/d d’extracte, on es concentren mitjançant tècniques de membranes (Ultrafiltració i Nanofiltració), els polifenols procedents d’un residu de 2,5 tones d’escorça de llima. S’utilitzaran els processos de membranes, ja que són adequats per l’alta eficàcia en la separació, el baix consum energètic, baix cost i l’alta qualitat del producte. Per al disseny de la instal·lació es tindrà en compte que la primera part del procés consistirà en un condicionament dels residus, seguit d’un procés d’extracció. En una segona etapa, s’utilitzaran diferents tècniques de membranes per a concentrar polifenols continguts en l’extracte. Es realitzarà una ultrafiltració per a l’eliminació dels sòlids en suspensió, seguida d’una nanofiltració per a l’eliminació d’aigua, sucres i minerals, amb la finalitat d’obtenir una corrent amb els polifenols concentrats. Finalment, es realitzarà el pressupost de tota la instal·lació, [EN] Citrus are a source of lots of benefits for the human beings, however, in the agri-food industry, where lemon is used for the extraction of its pulp, a waste is obtained, which is the lemon peel. This residue, should be managed, implying an extra cost. Valuable products can be obtained from the lemon peel, such as essential oils and polyphenols. These are of special interest for being bio active substances and with potential interest as raw materials in cosmetic, natural additives in food products and/or applications in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors. This Final Degree Project suggest the extraction of polyphenols from the lemon peel waste, to later design a small concentration pilot plant from 2,5 tons of lemon peel waste that treats a flow rate of 2000L/d of extract, using membrane techniques (Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration). These techniques where chosen because of their low operating energy and material costs, easy control and high selective separations. The approach of this design throws into consideration that the first part of the process will be the residue conditioning, followed by a process extraction. In a second step, different membrane techniques will be used for concentrating the extract. First, an ultrafiltration membrane clarifies the residue and afterwards the permeate stream is concentrated by using a nanofiltration membrane. Finally, the pilot plant is budgeted to assess the expenses of the installation.

Lemon peel can be used as traditional Chinese medicine. Flavonoids are the most important components in lemon peel, which can be developed as natural medicine without side effects. This study investigated the protective effect of lemon peel polyphenols (LPP) on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells under oxidative stress. The active components of LPP were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The abilities of LPP to scavenge DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals were studied for detection of antioxidation in vitro. Cell survival rates were determined by MTT assay. The antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant index of cells were determined using kit. The mRNA and protein expression of cells were determined by qPCR and western blot. The ability of LPP to scavenge DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals were stronger than those of vitamin C (Vc) at the same concentration. As expected, compared with the normal group of cells, the model group had decreased cell survival, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. qPCR and western blot results indicated that the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax), caspases-3, erythroid-derived nuclear factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were decreased and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was increased in the model group, compared with the normal group. LPP treatment improved cell survival rate, reduced intracellular LDH and MDA levels, increased intracellular SOD, CAT, GSH levels, down-regulated Bax, caspases-3, Nrf2, HO-1 expression, and up-regulated Bcl-2 expression. Component analyses found that LPP contains gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, (−)-Catechin gallate, isochlorogenic acid A, rosmarinic acid, and protocatechuic acid. LPP was found to regulate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway through 8 active substances to protect HaCaT cells against oxidative stress in vitro.

This study aimed to evaluate the significant extraction factors in achieving higher recovery yield of total polyphenols, phenolic acids and flavonoids content from Citrus limon peel using two-level factorial design. The effect of five independent factors including drying temperature (40–60 °C), methanol concentration (20–60%), extraction temperature (28–60 °C), extraction time (30–60 min) and storage duration (0–14 days) were evaluated. Among all the examined factors, results showed that drying temperature, storage duration and extraction temperature were the most significant and contributing factors affecting the total polyphenols, phenolic acids and flavonoids content of lemon peel at P

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey Departments of Medical Laboratory Tecniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul Gelisim University, 34310 Istanbul, Turkey E-mail: nurcihantan@gmail.com Manuscript received online 19 October 2020, revised and accepted 21 November 2020 The aim of this study was to model ultrasound-assissted extraction (UAE) of antioxidants from lemon peels using an experi­mental design coupled with multi-response desirability function. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of sonication time (2, 6, 10 min), ratio of acetone in extraction solvent (0, 50, 100%) and volume of solvent (10, 15, 20 mL) on antioxidant capacity of the peel. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hidrazil (DPPH·), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-­6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine dihydrocholide (DMPD+) radical scavenging activity, β-caroten bleaching and reducing power antioxidant assays were responses in the optimization process. It was found that the optimum UAE parameters were extraction time of 6 min, 80% acetone, volume of 12 mL as extraction solvent. Under these optimum UAE conditions, maximum antioxidant capacity of lemon peel was obtained. By this rapid, easy and efficient process, extrac­tion of valuable antioxidants in by-products such as lemon peels can be conducted.

A brief technical and economic insight into producing the water-soluble yellow colorant limocitrol 3-O-6&Prime, [3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl)])-&beta, d-glucopyranoside from waste lemon peel via simple solid&ndash, liquid extraction in aqueous ethanol or via hydrodynamic cavitation of waste lemon peel in water shows that the biocolorant can be obtained with multiple technical and economic advantages. Coupled with the simplicity and sustainability of the extraction processes suggested, the high chemical and physical stability of this polymethoxylated flavonol and the health benefits of citrus flavonoids support industrialization of this new bioeconomy production.

This paper examines the efficiency of lemon peel adsorbents for removal of dyes, and cassava peel biochar for removal of iron from synthetic wastewater under laboratory conditions. These are the eco-friendly and economical adsorbents. Experiments were conducted to find out the effects of initial concentration and pH. The biochar was prepared by pyrolysis of cassava peel at 5000 C for 4 h. The removal of total iron was found to be dependent on adsorbate initial concentration and pH. Percentage removal increased with increase in initial concentration of adsorbate. Optimum pH for removal was found to be 5. Optimum removal efficiency of 89.84% by cassava peel biochar on iron adsorption was obtained from the batch study. The removal efficiency of dyes was found to be dependent on pH for lemon peel adsorbent. The optimum pH was obtained to be 2 and 4 for Acid Violet 17 and Remazol Brilliant Blue R respectively. The optimum initial dye concentration was 40 mg/L. The efficiency of dye removal increased with the increase in initial dye concentrations, and then decreased after the optimum value. An optimum Iron removal efficiency of 89.84% by cassava peel biochar was obtained from the batch study, but decreased in column studies (73.09%).

— Of all the materials used as adsorbents, activated charcoal is the most popular as it is excellent for reducing/eliminating a wide variety of contaminants. This capacity is mainly due to its structural characteristics that give it a large surface area. However, it has several disadvantages. The most important are that the adsorbent material is quite expensive as is its regeneration. For this reason, more economical absorbents have been sought, highlighting the study of adsorption phenomena in some types of biomass as adsorbents. Bioadsorption is considered a viable alternative to the physical-chemical methods currently used for the recovery or removal of heavy metals dissolved in liquid effluents. Its main attraction, from an industrial point of view, is its low cost due to the great abundance, easy to obtain and low price of the bioadsorbent material. Bioadsorption is very effective in treating metal concentrations below 100 mg/L, where the application of physical-chemical methods is neither technically nor economically feasible. One of these materials of interest is citrus peels, because, due to their abundance as a waste product of the food industries, they are hardly reused and currently have little economic value. However, these residues have a low adsorption capacity, so both physical and chemical modifications are required to increase their adsorption properties. This study compares the characteristics of orange and lemon peels undergoing a physical-chemical treatment with ultrasonic radiation assistance and the optimization of experimental conditions to obtain useful bioadsorbents in discontinuous processes (batch).

Citrus limon (L.) Burm is an important crop that grows between latitudes 30&deg, North and 30&deg, South, the main producers being China, the USA, Mexico, India, Brazil, and Spain. In Spain, lemon grows mainly in Mediterranean areas such as Murcia, Valencia, and Andaluc&iacute, a. The most cultivated varieties are &ldquo, Fino&rdquo, and &ldquo, Verna&rdquo, In this study, five varieties of lemon, &ldquo, &ldquo, B&eacute, tera&rdquo, Eureka&rdquo, Fino 49&rdquo, Fino 95&rdquo, were evaluated on different rootstocks: three new Forner-Alcaide (&ldquo, FA13&rdquo, FA5&rdquo, FA517&rdquo, ), Citrus macrophylla, Wester, and Citrus aurantium L. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain essential oil from fresh peels and then the volatile profile was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 26 volatile compounds were identified, limonene being the main one followed by &beta, pinene, &gamma, terpinene, sabinene, and &alpha, pinene. The results revealed that Forner-Alcaide rootstocks (&ldquo, &gt, ) proved to be the best rootstocks for the aroma quality as they led to high volatile contents, followed by C. aurantium and C. macrophylla. Among the other varieties, the most aromatic one was &ldquo, The whole trend was as follows (in decreasing order): &ldquo

The valorization of agricultural wastes as biosorbent represents a promising circular economy strategy: a waste is applied for the treatment of wastewater containing contaminants. This work is focused on the removal of Ni and Cd encountered in aquatic systems, such as industrial effluents from battery manufacturing, electroplating and mine drainage. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

Pb(II) adsorption from the water using adsorbents such as acid and/or base activated walnut shell and lemon peel was carried out in a continuous stirring batch system. The original and activated adsorbents were characterized by SEM-EDS and FTIR analyses. SEM photographs of both adsorbents showed that while the presence of irregularly shaped and layered structures were observed before activation, more porous and curved surfaces were observed after activation. Adsorption studies showed that the activation was effective for increasing the adsorption efficiency and while more than 50% of the lead ions were removed at the first 10 min, the equilibrium was reached at 180 min. Furthermore, they showed that the adsorption rate was determined by a pseudo second order kinetic model. Additionally, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were investigated for Pb(II) adsorption on WS-NaOH and LP-HNO3 adsorbents and it was found that the equilibrium data were more suitable for Freundlich model.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of material type (artichoke leave, lemon peel, flaxseed meal), extraction temperature (50, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 °C) and static extraction time (5, 15, 30, 45 min) on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) formation during subcritical water extraction. 5-HMF content of artichoke leave and lemon peel extracts increased 7.2 and 26.1 times with the rise of extraction temperature from 160 to 180 °C for 5 min during subcritical water extraction, respectively. Besides, 5-HMF content of artichoke leave, lemon peel and flaxseed meal extracts increased 1.4, 2.0 and 4.5 times as static extraction time increased from 15 to 45 min at 180 °C during subcritical water extraction, respectively. The highest 5-HMF content of artichoke leave and lemon peel extracts were obtained as 58.83 and 231.21 mg/L at 180 °C and 45 min, respectively. However, for flaxseed meal, the highest 5-HMF content (222.94 mg/L) was obtained at 200 °C and 15 min during subcritical water extraction.

Carbon quantum dots(CQDs) with a quantum yield of 11% were synthesized via a simple, low-cost and green hydrothermal treatment using dried lemon peel as carbon source. The obtained CQDs showed a strong emission at the wavelength of 505 nm with an optimum excitation of 425 nm. Carmine with maximum absorption wavelength at 508 nm could selectively quench the fluorescence of CQDs. Based on this principle, a fluorescence probe was developed for carmine determination. The quenching mechanism of CQDs was elucidated. A linear relationship was found in the carmine concentration range of 0.20—30.00 mg/L with the detection limit(3σ/k) of 0.16 mg/L. Satisfactory results were achieved when the method was applied for the determination of carmine in soft drinks.

The main purpose of the agriculture circular economy is waste recycling with the intended goal of economic efficiency and environmental protection. In this study, the potential use of lemon peel, an agricultural waste, as a functional feed additive in aquafeed was evaluated by estimating the effects of fermented lemon peel (FLP) supplementation in diet on the growth, immune responses, and intestinal morphology of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Lemon peel was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum. Basal diet was supplemented with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% FLP. Four experimental diets were each fed in triplicate to juvenile Asian sea bass (initial weight: 11.42 ± 0.39 g) in a recirculation rearing system for 8 weeks. Final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and survival were similar (p > 0.05) among all dietary treatments. Plasma lysozyme activity was higher in fish fed the diet with 3% FLP than that in fish fed the diet with 5% FLP. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values were lower in fish fed diets with ≤3% FLP than that in fish fed the diet with 5% FLP. Fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP showed a tight lamina propria (LP) in microvilli compared with fish fed diets with 0% and 5% FLP. The microvilli area/height ratio was higher in fish fed diets with 0% and 5% FLP than that in fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP. The minimum level obtained from the second-order polynomial regression model were 0.26 % for microvilli area and area/height ratio. Results indicate that diets supplemented with 1 %–3 % fermented lemon peel can improve intestinal health for Asian sea bass. However, 5% FLP supplementation may lead to low immune response and high oxidative stress.

The antibacterial effect of citrus peel lemon against the bacterial strains obtained from the filters of air conditioners have been selected based on the presence most in these filters such as Streptococcus, Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas, E coli. agar well diffusion method used to evaluate antibacterial activity of citrus peels water extract. through the results became clear to us that the cold aqueous extract of lemon peel showed a significant effect on the growth of bacterial species through the diameters of inhibition zone that appeared in all concentrations of the extract (125, 250, 500, 1000) mg/ml. Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus spp were the most affected Where the diameters of inhibition zone (18, 15, 12, 0, 0) mm respectively, while The Gram-negative bacteria E coli least affected. The results obtained in this study indicate that citrus lemon peel can be used in the treatment of diseases caused by organisms for the purposes of the pharmaceutical.