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International audience; Automatic image colorization is an old problem in image processing that has regained interest in the recent years with the emergence of deep-learning approaches with dramatic results. A careful examination shows that these methods often suffer from the so-called "color halos" or "color bleeding" effect: some colors are not well localized and may cross shape edges. This phenomenon is caused by the non-alignment of edges in the luminance and chrominance maps. We address this problem by regularizing the output of an efficient image colorization method with deep image prior and coupled total variation.

International audience; Industrial woven meshes are composed of metal material and are often used in construction, industrial and residential industries. The context of this work is defect detection in industrial fabrics in the quality control process. It is often performed with a manual method and could be quite tedious and time-consuming. We propose here a method to automatically detect defects in micrometric steel meshes using a Convolutional Neural Network. The database used for this work comes from the real problem of anomaly detection on micrometric woven meshes. This detection is performed through supervised classification with Convolutional Neural Network using a VGG19 architecture. To this aim, we propose a pipeline and a strategy to tackle the small amount of data. It includes i) augmenting the database with translation, rotation and symmetry, ii) using pre-trained weights and iii) checking the learning curve behaviour through cross-validation. The proposed method has been evaluated by automatically detecting if metallic fabrics has defects. Obtain results show that, despite the small size of our databases, detection accuracy of 96% was reached.

The detection of intracranial aneurysms from Magnetic Resonance Angiography images is a problem of rapidly growing clinical importance. In the last 3 years, the raise of deep convolutional neural networks has instigated a streak of methods that have shown promising performance. The major issue to address is the very severe class imbalance. Previous authors have focused their efforts on the network architecture and loss function. This paper tackles the data. A rough but fast annotation is considered: each aneurysm is approximated by a sphere defined by two points. Second, a small patch approach is taken so as to increase the number of samples. Third, samples are generated by a combination of data selection (negative patches are centered half on blood vessels and half on parenchyma) and data synthesis (patches containing an aneurysm are duplicated and deformed by a 3D spline transform). This strategy is applied to train a 3D U-net model, with a binary cross entropy loss, on a data set of 111 patients (155 aneurysms, mean size 3.86mm ± 2.39mm, min 1.23mm, max 19.63mm). A 5-fold cross-validation evaluation provides state of the art results (sensitivity 0.72, false positive count 0.14, as per ADAM challenge criteria). The study also reports a comparison with the focal loss, and Cohen's Kappa coefficient is shown to be a better metric than Dice for this highly unbalanced detection problem., La détection d'anévrismes intracrâniens à partir d'images d'angiographie par résonance magnétique est un problème d'une importance clinique croissante. Au cours des 3 dernières années, l'augmentation des réseaux de neurones convolutifs profonds a suscité une série de méthodes qui ont montré des performances prometteuses. Le problème majeur à résoudre est le très grave déséquilibre de classe. Les auteurs précédents ont concentré leurs efforts sur l'architecture du réseau et la fonction de perte. Cet article aborde les données. Une annotation grossière mais rapide est envisagée : chaque anévrisme est approché par une sphère définie par deux points. Deuxièmement, une approche par petits patches est adoptée afin d'augmenter le nombre d'échantillons. Troisièmement, les échantillons sont générés par une combinaison de sélection de données (les patches négatifs sont centrés à moitié sur les vaisseaux sanguins et à moitié sur le parenchyme) et la synthèse de données (les patches contenant un anévrisme sont dupliqués et déformés par une transformation spline 3D). Cette stratégie est appliquée pour former un modèle U-net 3D, avec une perte d'entropie croisée binaire, sur un ensemble de données de 111 patients (155 anévrismes, taille moyenne 3,86 mm ± 2,39 mm, min 1,23 mm, max 19,63 mm). Une évaluation de validation croisée 5 fois fournit des résultats de pointe (sensibilité 0,72, nombre de faux positifs 0,14, selon les critères de défi ADAM). L'étude rapporte également une comparaison avec la perte focale, et le coefficient Kappa de Cohen s'avère être une meilleure métrique que Dice pour ce problème de détection très déséquilibré.

International audience; In this paper, we propose a novel accelerated alternating optimization scheme to solve block-biconvex nonsmooth problems whose objectives can be split into smooth (separable) regularizers and simple coupling terms. The proposed method performs a Bregman distance based generalization of the well-known forward-backward splitting for each block, along with an inertial strategy which aims at getting empirical acceleration. We discuss the theoretical convergence of the proposed scheme and provide numerical experiments on image colorization.

International audience; Active contours (also known as snakes) have shown their ability to introduce regularity on image segmentation. In contrast with level-set approaches, the active contours techniques based on a contour parameterization are able to maintain the initial topology of the area of interest. For this reason, it has been used in recent medical research for diaphragm segmentation. Most of the on-line codes for 2D/3D segmentation, as well as built-in Matlab toolboxes are based on level-set methods. Moreover, in the literature, the implementation details of active contours methods with meshes in three dimensions are tight, making tedious any reproduction of these techniques. In this paper, we give some details of the implementation of active contours in 2D/3D with meshes, especially about the choice of the use of a 2D/3D mesh and its refinement. We also explore the choice of the parameters with a quantitative study of their influence on the segmentation results. The 3D segmentation method has been applied to CT scan images of the lungs.

A global health crisis has led countries to implement containment measures that affect the entire tourism chain. This study evaluates the prospects for the revival of travels to nature-based destinations through an assessment of international trends and analysis of local actors’ discourses. For international experts it is an urbanization of the planet and hyper-mobilities, in a scenario of climate change, which has triggered the current pandemic. They feel the recovery of the sector could be very slow. In the Region of Aysén, Chile, we observe that everyone hopes to soon be able to welcome a national urban clientele eager for unpolluted areas. However, when entrepreneurs hope to resume their activities, the local community prefers to withdraw, afraid of the risk of attending to visitors. For its part, the state has established health measures and plans to open up the region to visitors through strict safety protocols, but with subsidies that are too limited to prevent many businesses from closing. The pandemic could favour emerging natural destinations, but this requires the consolidation of the destination as a place to live and a qualitative and not quantitative tourism, less subject to international uncertainties, relevant to the regional community and respectful of the environment., Una crisis sanitaria mundial ha llevado a los países a implementar medidas de confinamiento que afecta a toda la cadena turística. Este estudio evalúa las pers-pectivas para su reactivación en destinos de naturaleza, mediante una evaluación de las tendencias internacionales y el análisis de discursos de actores locales. Para expertos internacionales es una urbanización del planeta y las hipermovilidades, en un escenario de cambio climático, que ha gatillado la actual pandemia y la recuperación del sector podría ser muy lenta. En la región de Aysén, Chile, se observa que todos esperan poder acoger pronto una clientela nacional urbana atraída por zonas naturales no contaminadas. Sin embargo, cuando los empresarios esperan poder retomar sus actividades, la comunidad local prefiere replegarse, asustada por el riesgo de atender a visitantes. Por su parte, el estado establece medidas sanitarias y plantea a futuro abrir la región a los visitantes mediante estrictos protocolos de seguridad pero con subsidios aún muy limitados para evitar el quiebre de muchas empresas hasta entonces. La pandemia podría favorecer destinos emergentes de naturaleza pero esto obliga a consolidar el destino como un lugar de vida en torno a un turismo cualitativo y no cuantitativo, menos sujeto a las incertidumbres internacionales, relevante para la comunidad regional y respetuosa con el medioambiente.

International audience; We propose to detect defects in old movies, as the first step of a larger framework of old movies restoration by inpainting techniques. The specificity of our work is to learn a film restorer's expertise from a pair of sequences, composed of a movie with defects, and the same movie which was semi-automatically restored with the help of a specialized software. In order to detect those defects with minimal human interaction and further reduce the time spent for a restoration, we feed a U-Net with consecutive defective frames as input to detect the unexpected variations of pixel intensity over space and time. Since the output of the network is a mask of defect location, we first have to create the dataset of mask frames on the basis of restored frames from the software used by the film restorer, instead of classical synthetic ground truth, which is not available. These masks are estimated by computing the absolute difference between restored frames and defectuous frames, combined with thresholding and morphological closing. Our network succeeds in automatically detecting real defects with more precision than the manual selection with an all-encompassing shape, including some the expert restorer could have missed for lack of time.

International audience; La Patagonie attire les voyageurs depuis plusieurs siècles. Aujourd'hui, le tourisme s'y développe rapidement avec des conséquences environnementales, culturelles et sociales qui menacent une nature sauvage et ses habitants. Quelle est la part d'imaginaire et de vérité autour du mythe de la Patagonie ? Quelle est cette nature que nous recherchons en y voyageant ? Que devient cette Patagonie à l'aune du boom touristique ? La Patagonie deviendra-t-elle ce que ses habitants et voyageurs veulent ? Un havre de paix écologique, un terrain de jeux et d'explorations, une plateforme pour de bonnes affaires ? Par une approche socio-géographique de confins touristiques de la nature, ce livre montre que les dynamiques territoriales sont le résultat de représentations du monde et de justifications socio-économiques opposées. Elles se traduisent par sept formes de développement touristique : étatique, industrielle, traditionaliste, entrepreneuriale, écologique, alternative et récréative. Chacun cherche à promouvoir son usage de la nature, « progressiste », pour le bien de l'humanité, « anthropocentrique », pour satisfaire nos besoins vitaux, ou « écologique », une nature dont nous sommes partie intégrante et à qui nous devons le respect. Il en résulte des affrontements idéologiques et culturels. Cependant, ils peuvent se fédérer autour d'un projet territorialisé, culturel plus que commercial, lorsqu'un médiateur facilite une approche collective, appropriée localement.

International audience; This paper aims to couple the powerful prediction of the convolutional neural network (CNN) to the accuracy at pixel scale of the variational methods. In this work, the limitations of the CNN-based image colorization approaches are described. We then focus on a CNN which is able to compute a statistical distribution of the colors for each pixel of the image based on a learning over a large color image database. After describing its limitation, the variational method of [17] is briefly recalled. This method is able to select a color candidate among a given set while performing a regularization of the result. By combining this approach with a CNN, we designed a fully automatic image coloriza-tion framework with an improved accuracy in comparison with CNN alone. Some numerical experiments demonstrate the increased accuracy performed by our method.

International audience; We propose a new video inpainting model for movies restoration application. Our model combines structural reconstruction with a diffusion-based method and textural reconstruction with a patch-based method. Both proposed energies (one for each method) are alternatively minimized in order to preserve the overall structure while adding textural refinement. While the structural reconstruction is obtained jointly with optical flow computation with several proximal approaches, the textural reconstruction is processed by a variational non-local approach. Preliminary results on different Middlebury frames show quality improvement in the reconstruction.

International audience; (2019): "El turismo científico y su influencia en la comunidad local: el estudio de caso de la red de turismo científico en Aysén, Chile", Revista Turydes: Turismo y Desarrollo, n. 26 (junio/junho 2019). En línea: https://www.eumed.net/rev/turydes/26/aysen-chile.html http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11763/turydes26aysen-chile RESUMEN Lugares emergentes como la región de Aysén al sur de Chile, son ejemplo de territorios que debido a su aislamiento geográfico, se han convertido en el escenario perfecto para plantear diferentes alternativas turísticas ante la creciente masificación global del turismo. El turismo es una de las actividades económicas preponderantes en la región, lo que socialmente ha incitado a algunos actores locales a (re)pensar y (re)estructurar prácticas turísticas que favorezcan y respondan de mejor forma a las necesidades y condiciones locales de Aysén. De la mano de alternativas como el llamado Turismo Científico, se discute como este tipo de propuestas buscan y exploran incentivar la organización social a través de un proyecto común que estrecha la relación entre la ciencia y los distintos actores involucrados con el turismo. Como parte del proyecto ECOS Sur C15H01 del Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CONICYT R10C1003), el presente estudio de caso, analiza un cumulo de entrevistas realizadas a actores locales relacionados con sectores como la investigación, la academia, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, las instituciones gubernamentales y el sector turístico; con el fin de obtener una mirada acerca de la influencia que representa la Red de TC entorno al aprovechamiento y protección de los recursos naturales y culturales en la región de Aysén. Palabras clave: Turismo científico, alternativa turística, masificación turística, organización social.

Territorial dynamics are the result of a games of actors within a given geographical area. Understanding them involves identifying the actors' strategies and their relationship to the territory. The gradual investment of at the frontier of civilization to the tourism economy induces significant socio-spatial changes. What are the socio-geographical logics that characterize the tourism transformation of the nature borderlands? The dynamics of tourism destinations are extensively studied but those of nature's borderlands are not. Marginal, peripheral or frontier places are strong in the traveler's imaginaries, they are exotic and constitute geographical objects of their own [part I]. In an ever more urbanized world, the lesser-known areas of nature, defined as Wilderness in the Anglo-Saxon culture, are attracting evermore tourists of all origins.The analysis of the physical particularities, statistical and cartographic data of Touristic Nature Borderland shows the spatial relevancy of the notion. A critical analysis of nature tourism actors' speeches shows their the social-cultural attributes and the imaginaries associated to them. Nature territories are social constructs, they result of a unique cultural organization. Different social representations, individual or collective, generate actor's speeches and actions. They build different Tourism Development Forms that have different logics; state, industrial, traditionalist, entrepreneurial, ecological, alternative or recreational [Part II].The appearance of a form depends on historical and cultural conditions of a territory. It is possible to identify them on a nature area by analyzing tourism actor's speeches and the spatial materiality which result from their actions. The dynamics at work in a recreational area are the result of the existing relationships between group of actors with different conceptions of development. Confrontations and agreements between Tourism Development Forms arise in time and space [part III]. Despite distinct representations of nature and economical justifications, they can unite against a threat to their interests. This is the case, for example, during environmental conflicts, around the industrial use of water resources. On the other hand, public policies wanting to promote the economic development of the territory tend to support only one form of development and thus favor ideological confrontations. The analysis of public and private projects in the region of Aysén in Chilean Patagonia, shows that these favor in partial manner certain actors of the territory. Only some projects, such as scientific tourism, manage to unite actors. This is made possible by empowering them trough a territorial project, cultural rather than commercial, based on the sharing of knowledges and the specification of the tourism resources. The work of a facilitator and mediator, in charge of territorial engineering, insures the collective initiative.A reading through the Tourism Development Forms proves particularly relevant for emerging systems. The study of the existing conflicts in Nature based Borderlands reveals processes that are characteristic of modern societies, tourism being at the heart of the contradictions of our civilization anchored in the metropolis.; Les dynamiques territoriales sont le résultat des jeux d'acteurs au sein d'un espace géographique déterminé. Les comprendre suppose de cerner les stratégies d'acteurs et leurs rapports au territoire. L'ancrage progressif d'un espace à la frontière de l'écoumène dans l'économie du tourisme induit des changements socio-spatiaux importants. Quelles logiques sociogéographiques caractérisent alors la mise en tourisme des confins de nature ? Les dynamiques des destinations touristiques sont abondamment étudiées, mais celles des confins de nature ne le sont pas. Lieux marginaux, périphériques ou frontaliers, ils sont omniprésents dans les imaginaires du voyage, car chargés d'altérité, et constituent des objets géographiques à part entière [partie I]. Dans un monde toujours plus urbanisé, les confins de nature les moins connus, qualifiés de Wilderness par les Anglo-saxons, attirent de plus en plus les touristes de toutes origines.L'analyse des spécificités physiques, des données statistiques et cartographiques des confins touristiques de nature montre la pertinence spatiale de la notion. L'interprétation des discours d'acteurs du tourisme de nature permet d'en préciser les attributs sociaux culturels et les imaginaires qui s'y rattachent. Les territoires de nature sont des construits sociaux, le produit d'une organisation culturelle singulière. Différentes représentations sociales, individuelles ou collectives, produisent des discours et des logiques d'acteurs. Il en résulte différentes formes de développements des espaces touristiques, qui sont étatiques, industrielles, traditionalistes, entrepreneuriales, écologiques, alternatives ou récréatives [partie II].L'apparition d'une forme dépend de conditions historiques et culturelles sur un territoire. Il est possible de les identifier sur un espace de nature grâce à l'analyse du discours des acteurs du tourisme et aux matérialités spatiales qui résultent de leurs actions. Les dynamiques à l'œuvre sur un territoire de pratiques récréatives sont tributaires des rapports qu'entretiennent des collectifs d'acteurs ayant des conceptions différenciées du développement. Des confrontations et des compromis entre des formes de développement touristique s'établissent dans le temps et dans l'espace [partie III]. Malgré des représentations de la nature et des justifications économiques distinctes, celles-ci peuvent s'unir face à une menace affectant leurs intérêts. C'est le cas, par exemple, lors des conflits environnementaux, autour de l'usage industriel des ressources hydriques. En revanche des politiques publiques voulant favoriser le développement économique du territoire tendent à n'appuyer qu'une forme de développement et attiser alors les affrontements idéologiques. L'analyse des projets publics et privés dans la région d'Aysén en Patagonie chilienne montre que les projets d'États favorisent de manière partiale certains acteurs du territoire. Seuls certains projets, tels que celui du tourisme scientifique, parviennent à fédérer les acteurs. Ceci est rendu possible par un processus de participation active à un projet territorialisé, culturel plus que commercial, basé sur le partage de connaissances et une spécification de la ressource touristique. L'action d'un animateur et médiateur, responsable de l'ingénierie territoriale, assure la mise en œuvre de l'initiative collective.Une lecture par les formes de développement touristique apparait comme particulièrement pertinente pour caractériser les systèmes émergents. L'étude des tensions à l'œuvre dans les confins de nature révèle des processus caractéristiques des sociétés contemporaines, le tourisme étant au cœur des contradictions de nos civilisations ancrées dans les métropoles.

International audience; This paper focuses on the denoising of chrominance channels of color images. We propose a variational framework involving TV reg-ularization that modifies the chrominance channel while preserving the input luminance of the image. The main issue of such a problem is to ensure that the denoised chrominance together with the original luminance belong to the RGB space after color format conversion. Standard methods of the literature simply truncate the converted RGB values, which lead to a change of hue in the denoised image. In order to tackle this issue, a " RGB compatible " chrominance range is defined on each pixel with respect to the input luminance. An algorithm to compute the orthogonal projection onto such a set is then introduced. Next, we propose to extend the CLEAR debiasing technique to avoid the loss of colourfulness produced by TV regularization. The benefits of our approach with respect to state-of-the-art methods are illustrated on several experiments.

Colorization of gray-scale images relies on prior color information. Exemplar-based methods use a color image as source of such information. Then the colors of the source image are transferred to the gray-scale target image. In the literature, this transfer is mainly guided by texture descriptors. Face images usually contain few texture so that the common approaches frequently fail. In this paper, we propose a new method taking the geometric structure of the images rather their texture into account such that it is more reliable for faces. Our approach is based on image morphing and relies on the YUV color space. First, a correspondence mapping between the luminance Y channel of the color source image and the gray-scale target image is computed. This mapping is based on the time discrete metamorphosis model suggested by Berkels, Effland and Rumpf. We provide a new finite difference approach for the numerical computation of the mapping. Then, the chrominance U,V channels of the source image are transferred via this correspondence map to the target image. A possible postprocessing step by a variational model is developed to further improve the results. To keep the contrast special attention is paid to make the postprocessing unbiased. Our numerical experiments show that our morphing based approach clearly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

International audience; This paper deals with the difficult problem of video colorization. Methods in the literature are generally based on spatio-temporal video blocks, or on frame to frame color propagation methods, each technique having its own advantages and drawbacks. In this paper , we present both a novel automatic frame-to-frame propagation approach and an interactive correction method within a variational framework. The proposed method propagates colors from an initial colorized frame to the whole grayscale video sequence. The automatic propagation results may be visually unsuitable in some cases. To overcome this limitation, a spatio-temporal functional with a user-guided correction is introduced. Two primal-dual algorithms are designed to solve the proposed variational models. Numerical results show the efficiency and the potentiality of the proposed approach in comparison with state-of-the-art methods.

International audience; The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we propose a new method for enhancing the contrast of gray-value images. We use the difference of the average local contrast measures between the original and the enhanced images within a variational framework. This enables the user to control the contrast level and the scale of the enhanced details intuitively. Moreover, our model avoids large modifications of the original image histogram. Thereby it preserves the global illumination of the scene and can cope with large areas having similar gray values. The minimizer of the proposed functional is computed by a gradient descent algorithm in connection with a polynomial approximation of the average local contrast measure. The polynomial approximation is done via Bernstein polynomials and leads to to a speed up of the algorithm by applying fast Fourier transforms. In the second part, the approach is extended to a variational enhancement method for color images. The model approximately preserves the hue of the original image and includes additionally a total variation term to correct possible noise. The method requires no post-or pre-processing. The minimization problem is solved with a hybrid primal-dual algorithm. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency and the flexibility of the proposed approaches in comparison with state-of-the-art methods.

International audience; This paper proposes a novel model for contrast enhancement of RGB images. The average local contrast measure is increased within a variational framework which preserves the hue of the original image by coupling the channels. The user is enabled to intuitively control the level of the contrast as well as the scale of the enhanced details. Moreover, our model avoids large modifications of the original image his-togram and thereby preserves the global illumination of the scene. The minimizer of the proposed functional is computed by a hybrid primal-dual algorithm. Numerical experiments show the reliability of the proposed approach in comparison with state-of-the-art methods.

With the advent of the microelectronics and the "smart-devices", the need for micro-sources of energy has risen. To meet these needs, a massive production of microbatteries is required in the next decades. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is the process commonly used to fabricate thin film all solid state microbatteries. Commercially, LiCoO2 and lithium are used respectively as positive and negative electrodes. LiPON is commonly used as solid electrolyte because of its good ionic conductivity, good thermal and electrochemical stability and also for its good interfacial stability with the electrodes. However, the PVD process requires very expensive deposition machineries, with a high energy cost, which impact consequently the price and the development of the microbatteries. Processes involving liquid step, such as ink jet printing or screen printing propose cheaper machinery and much higher production rate. Moreover, these techniques are precise enough to deposit any pattern either by located drop jetting or by use of specific mask fitting the desired shape. In this communication, we will report our efforts to develop all or partially printed microbatteries. We have worked on replacing LiPON by another solid electrolyte which could be deposited by printing. Ionogels are solid electrolyte in which an ionic liquid (IL) is confined within a solid host network. Although solid like electrolytes, ionogels are formed from a liquid precursor, and are thus appropriate materials for the purpose. The liquid precursor is obtained by mixing the IL with organic, inorganic or hybrid monomers that are then polymerized to build in-situ the confining network. Furthermore, ionogels show good ionic conductivity and also good thermal and electrochemical stability, thus making them attractive solid electrolyte for lithium batteries. The time required to form a fully solidified material can vary depending on the nature of the confining network and the polymerization process. By using photo-polymerization, which is very fast, the manufacturing time is lesser than an hour, while for LiPON it can last more than ten hours. We have identified a promising printable photo-polymerizable ionogel composition with high ionic conductivity, pressure-sensitive-adhesive character, low interface resistance with lithium electrode, which allows stable cycling of LiFePO4/lithium cells, at least up to 1200 cycles at ambient temperature, C/5 rate and for surface capacities typical of microbatteries, e.g. 0.15 mAh cm-2. This ionogel is based on short molecular weight monomers with high content of polymerizable functionalities (triacrylate and diacrylate) and ILs composed of fluorinated sulfonylimide anions combined with alkylated pyrrolidinium cations [1]. We have evaluated the feasibility of making all or partially printed microbatteries with this printable solid electrolyte, not starting from the ground but trying to fit in an existing industrial process that uses PVD for manufacturing microbatteries. Microbatteries assembled from a dense PVD made LiCoO2 layer, a printed photo-polymerized ionogel, and a lithium layer exhibit good performance. However, the photo-polymerized ionogel showed very low compatibility when the lithium electrode is directly deposited by PVD on the top of it. Thus the lithium electrode must be mechanically assembled with the ionogel electrolyte. Microbatteries assembled from a printed porous LiFePO4 composite layer [2], a printed photo-polymerized ionogel, and lithium layer (an already made foil or evaporated layer and mechanically pressed on the ionogel surface) also demonstrated good performance. Acknowledgements Financial funding from the project TOURS 2015 n° O12590-418393 (Programme d’Investissement d’Avenir – FSN – AAP Nanoélectronique n°1) is acknowledged. References [1] D. Aidoud, A. Etiemble, D. Guy-Bouyssou, E. Maire, J. Le Bideau, D. Guyomard, B. Lestriez, "Interfacial stability and electrochemical behavior of Li/LiFePO4 microbatteries using novel soft and weakly adhesive photo-ionogel electrolytes”, J. Power Sources, 330, 2016, 92-103. [2] P.-E. Delannoy, B. Riou, T. Brousse, J. Le Bideau, D. Guyomard, B. Lestriez, “Ink-jet printed porous composite LiFePO4 electrode from aqueous suspension for microbatteries”, J. Power Sources, 2015, 287, 261-268.

International audience

Since 2007 the Center for Research in Patagonian Ecosystems (Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, CIEP) has implemented Scientific Tourism (ST) to foster research programs, technology transfer and scientific mediation in order to strengthen a sustainable tourism development in remote and understudied areas of Chile. This participatory process where some 40 public and private entities of Chile, South America, USA and Europe collaboratehas supported research on cultural heritage and natural processes of southern mountainous areas.Scientific Tourism is defined as special interest tourism that generates and shares acquired knowledge. It can be considered as a niche such aslearning and experiential tourism, but has wider implications and benefits. In a previous research four forms of worldwide tourism practices have been described by Mao&Bourlon (2011): 1) Exploration and adventure Tourism with a scientific dimension, 2) Cultural Tourism based on scientific knowledge, 3) Scientific ecovolunteering and 4) Scientific research tourism.Through the analysis of Scientific Tourism activities in mountainous areas and surrounding rural and coastal zones, the present work studies how research programs, tourism dynamics and local empowerment can be used as management tool for remote areas. Tourism like industrial fishing, salmon farming and hydro-electrical or mining projects generated impacts on the ecosystem, yet Scientific Tourism seems to meet the challenge of improving socio-economic growth of the local communities and potentially improve the conservation of highly fragile ecosystems. Gathering and sharing knowledge of natural a cultural heritage is attractive to all actors, regardless of the potentially implications of the findings of these participatory research programs. Guided by the idea of “acquiring knowledge in order to value and protect” the “Scientific Tourism” network has united some 80 local operators and public and non-profit organizations since 2011. Researchers, tourism operators, volunteers, professors, students and independent travellers have taken part in multidisciplinary, participatory and co-constructed actions to value local understudied patrimony. Actors have shared views and knowledge to support scientific expeditions and dissemination of research results. The creation of a scientific travel guide, field observation tools and “scientific knowledge” maps with an online data base with spatial references to “hot spots” for scientific tourism and product brochure for travelers are some of the results produced by this scientific and non specialist collaboration.The tourism destination of Aysén is becoming the first international destination for scientific tourism, recognized both by Chilean authorities and social networks.Scientific Tourism in Aysén has strengthened awareness on the benefit of linking knowledge, conservation and socio-economical development with participatory research schemes and could be replicated to other territories., Depuis 2007, le Centre de recherche sur les écosystèmes de Patagonie (Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, CIEP) a mis en œuvre un Tourisme Scientifique (TS) pour favoriser les programmes de recherche, de transfert de technologie et de médiation scientifique, afin de renforcer le développement du tourisme durable dans des zones montagnardes reculées de Patagonie. Des institutions publiques et privées du Chili, d’Amérique du Sud, des Etats Unis et d’Europe ont participé à ce processus et appuyé de nouvelles recherches sur le patrimoine culturel et les processus naturels du sud chilien. Le Tourisme Scientifique peut-être défini comme une forme de tourisme d’intérêt spécifique qui génère et partage des connaissances acquises. Il peut être considéré comme une niche au même titre que le tourisme éducatif ou expérientiel, tout en ayant des répercussions et des retombées positives plus larges. Grâce à l’analyse de l’utilisation par le CIEP du tourisme scientifique pour favoriser la recherche, à travers de projets pilotes, ce document examine comment la science devient une ressource spécifique pour un développement socio-économique appropriée. Le tourisme scientifique semble relever le double défi de l’amélioration des conditions socio-économique des communautés locales et d’améliorer la mise en valeur et conservation d’écosystèmes fragiles.

International audience; This paper is concerned with a problem arising when editing color images, namely the Luminance-Hue Specification. This problem often occurs when converting an edited image in a given color-space to RGB. Indeed, the colors often get out of the standard range of the RGB space which is commonly used by most of display hardwares. Simple truncations lead to inconsistency in the hue and luminance of the edited image. We formalize and describe this problem from a geometrical point of view. A fast algorithm to solve the considered problem is given. We next focus on its application to image colorization in the RGB color-space while most of the methods use other ones. Using directly the three RGB channels, our model avoids artifact effects which appear with other color-spaces. Finally a variational model that regularizes color images while dealing with Luminance-Hue Specification problem is proposed.

International audience; La Patagonie depuis le XVe siècle attire les Européens. Cette attirance résulte de divers motifs avec une évolution dans le temps et dans l'espace. La Patagonie est un lieu propice aux utopies. Celle de la « Cité des Césars » (« Ciudad de los Cesares ») de la période coloniale, de « la Nouvelle Galle » du pasteur Jones, du royaume d'Araucanie d'Antoine Aurélie Premier, mais aussi celles des chercheurs d'or, des sociétés agricoles et industrielles, et celle des colons dans le cadre de ladite « Loi de Colonisation » de 1937. Alors qu'Aysén semble entrer lentement dans une ère de « modernité » apparaissent dès les années 1980 de nouvelles « utopies » individuelles, celles de « philanthropes verts », étrangers et chiliens, d'entrepreneurs verts « éco-touristiques », en même temps que le concept de « Aysén Reserva de Vida ». Quelles sont les incidences de ces nouveaux imaginaires dans un contexte de développement touristique ? S'agit-il des révolutions dans le mode de penser et de développer la Patagonie chilienne ? « Aysén Réserve de Vie » est-il simplement un mouvement cherchant à contrecarrer l'ultralibéralisme chilien et la globalisation industrielle à l'oeuvre en Patagonie ? S'agit-il d'une nouvelle utopie ?

This paper addresses the topic of image colorization that consists in converting a gray-scale image into a color one. In the literature, there exist two main types of approaches to tackle this problem. The first one is the manual methods where the color information is given by some scribbles drawn by the user on the image. The interest of these approaches comes from the interactions with the user that can put any color he wants. Nevertheless, when the scene is complex many scribbles must be drawn and the interactive process becomes tedious and time-consuming. The second category of approaches is the exemplar-based methods that require a color image as input. Once the example image is given, the colorization is generally fully automatic. A limitation of these methods is that the example image needs to contain all the desired colors in the final result. In this paper, we propose a new framework that unifies these two categories of approaches into a joint variational model. Our approach is able to take into account information coming from any colorization method among these two categories. Experiments and comparisons demonstrate that the proposed approach provides competitive colorization results compared to state-of-the-art methods.

International audience; This paper deals with the problem of image colorization. A model including total variation regularization is proposed. Our approach colorizes directly the three RGB channels, while most existing methods were only focusing on the two chrominance channels. By using the three channels, our approach is able to better preserve color consistency. Our model is non convex, but we propose an efficient primal-dual like algorithm to compute a local minimizer. Numerical examples illustrate the good behavior of our algorithm with respect to state-of-the-art methods.

International audience; This paper provides a new method to colorize gray-scale images. While the computation of the luminance channel is directly performed by a linear transformation, the colorization process is an ill-posed problem that requires some priors. In the literature two classes of approach exist. The first class includes manual methods that need the user to manually add colors on the image to colorize. The second class includes exemplar-based approaches where a color image, with a similar semantic content, is provided as input to the method. These two types of priors have their own advantages and drawbacks. In this paper, a new variational framework for exemplar-based colorization is proposed. A nonlocal approach is used to find relevant color in the source image in order to suggest colors on the gray-scale image. The spatial coherency of the result as well as the final color selection is provided by a nonconvex variational framework based on a total variation. An efficient primal-dual algorithm is provided, and a proof of its convergence is proposed. In this work, we also extend the proposed exemplar-based approach to combine both exemplar-based and manual methods. It provides a single framework that unifies advantages of both approaches. Finally, experiments and comparisons with state-of-the-art methods illustrate the efficiency of our proposal. 1. Introduction. The colorization of a gray-scale image consists of adding color information to it. It is useful in the entertainment industry to make old productions more attractive. The reverse operation is based on perceptual assumptions and is today an active research area [28], [13], [37]. Colorization can also be used to add information in order to help further analysis of the image by a user (e.g., sensor fusion [43]). It can also be used for art restoration ; see, e.g., [17] or [41]. It is an old subject that began with the ability of screens and devices to display colors. A seminal approach consists in mapping each level of gray into a color-space [18]. Nevertheless, all colors cannot be recovered without an additional prior. In the existing approaches, priors can be added in two ways: with a direct addition of color on

Oxidation catalysts play an important role in a variety of industrial processes. These include stain bleaching in detergent applications, the bleaching of raw cotton and wood pulp, defined chemical transformations in the bulk chemical industry, and the drying of alkyd-based paints. In order to lower the environmental footprint of these processes, the use of highly atom efficient oxidants such as dioxygen or hydrogen peroxide and the use of catalysts based on environmentally benign metals such as manganese or iron are preferred. The mechanistic studies on Mn-tacn- and Fe-bispidon-based catalysts (tacn: 1,4,7-triazacyclononane; bispidon: 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one) as well as their various oxidative application areas are reviewed in more detail, including discussion of the similarities of the fundamental chemistry involved in these different fields of application.

International audience

The aim of this study is to develop a new electrical insulating technique available for power devices and specific application devices. The classical process for the fabrication of insulating walls, consists in the diffusion of doping boron atoms from the surface of the wafer. An alternative way to perform this insulating structure is to create deep doping sources located in the region of the future insulating wall, to diffuse these doping atoms until the overlapping of the different diffusion zones and thus to achieve a continuous junction wall. These doping sources are realized by filling small adjacent deep trenches with doped material. This technique was applied on insulating boxes which were made by this way inside an n-type epitaxial layer grown on a p-type substrate. Trenches of 4 micrometers wide have been etched to a depth of approximately 50 micrometers by a high density low pressure helicon plasma reactor at an average rate of 5 micrometers /min. Process is based on an SF6/O2 mix as feed gas and a cryogenic chuck. Then these trenches are filled with in-situ boron doped polycrystalline silicon deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition technique using a gaseous mix of silane and diborane. The structures are then annealed in order to create a continuous wall between the adjacent filled trenches. These insulated boxes were electrically tested. The first results showed that it is possible to get a breakdown voltage higher than 200 Volts. This technique is thus promising.

International audience; Cet ouvrage explore les différentes façons dont s'associent les mondes du tourisme et de la science aux confins géographiques de la Patagonie chilienne. La notion de Tourisme Scientifique associe des formes diverses de tourisme articulées avec une dimension scientifique, telles que le tourisme culturel, l'écovolontariat, les expéditions sportives ou les pratiques aventureuses, et les recherches scientifiques au sens strict. Pensé comme une invitation au voyage, cet ouvrage est aussi une réflexion et une ouverture de l'ingénierie touristique vers des formes innovantes et alternatives de développement.

International audience; Color image enhancement is a challenging task in digital imaging with many applications. This paper contributes to image enhancement methods. We propose a new variational model for color improvement in the RGB space based on a desired target intensity image. Our model improves the visual quality of the color image while it preserves the range and takes the hue of the original, badly exposed image into account without amplifying its color artifacts. To approximate the hue of the original image we use the fact that affine transforms are hue preserving. To cope with the noise in the color channels we design a particular coupled TV regularization term. Since the target intensity of the image is unaltered our model respects important image structures. Numerical results demonstrate the very good performance of our method.

International audience; This article focuses on the notion of scientific tourism. It offers through a literary review to distinguish four distinct forms, practices and related tourism products, that involve, in different ways and to varying degrees, a scientific dimension. These are: 1) adventure and exploration tourism with a scientific dimension; 2) Cultural Tourism, such as ecotourism or industrial tourism; 3) scientific eco-volunteering; and 4) scientific research tourism. Following these definitions the article discusses ways and conditions for the appearance of the concept and its importance in contemporary tourism dynamics. The relationship between tourism and science is not an obvious issue for many authors and this article wishes to share ongoing debates and some opposed points of view on the matter.; Cet article s’intéresse à la notion de tourisme scientifique. Il propose par une revue de littérature de distinguer quatre formes distinctes de pratiques et de produits touristiques mobilisant de différentes manières et à divers degrés la dimension scientifique. Il s’agit : 1) du tourisme d’exploration et d’aventure à dimension scientifique ; 2) du tourisme culturel proche de l’écotourisme ou du tourisme industriel ; 3) de l’écovolontariat scientifique ; et 4) du tourisme de recherche scientifique.Il discute ensuite les conditions d’émergence de la notion et de sa pertinence dans les dynamiques du tourisme contemporain. Le lien entre tourisme et sciences n’allant pas de soi pour de nombreux auteurs, cette contribution tend à rendre compte des débats et des points de vue parfois contradictoires.

Territorial dynamics are the result of a games of actors within a given geographical area. Understanding them involves identifying the actors' strategies and their relationship to the territory. The gradual investment of at the frontier of civilization to the tourism economy induces significant socio-spatial changes. What are the socio-geographical logics that characterize the tourism transformation of the nature borderlands? The dynamics of tourism destinations are extensively studied but those of nature's borderlands are not. Marginal, peripheral or frontier places are strong in the traveler's imaginaries, they are exotic and constitute geographical objects of their own [part I]. In an ever more urbanized world, the lesser-known areas of nature, defined as Wilderness in the Anglo-Saxon culture, are attracting evermore tourists of all origins.The analysis of the physical particularities, statistical and cartographic data of Touristic Nature Borderland shows the spatial relevancy of the notion. A critical analysis of nature tourism actors' speeches shows their the social-cultural attributes and the imaginaries associated to them. Nature territories are social constructs, they result of a unique cultural organization. Different social representations, individual or collective, generate actor's speeches and actions. They build different Tourism Development Forms that have different logics; state, industrial, traditionalist, entrepreneurial, ecological, alternative or recreational [Part II].The appearance of a form depends on historical and cultural conditions of a territory. It is possible to identify them on a nature area by analyzing tourism actor's speeches and the spatial materiality which result from their actions. The dynamics at work in a recreational area are the result of the existing relationships between group of actors with different conceptions of development. Confrontations and agreements between Tourism Development Forms arise in time and space [part III]. Despite distinct representations of nature and economical justifications, they can unite against a threat to their interests. This is the case, for example, during environmental conflicts, around the industrial use of water resources. On the other hand, public policies wanting to promote the economic development of the territory tend to support only one form of development and thus favor ideological confrontations. The analysis of public and private projects in the region of Aysén in Chilean Patagonia, shows that these favor in partial manner certain actors of the territory. Only some projects, such as scientific tourism, manage to unite actors. This is made possible by empowering them trough a territorial project, cultural rather than commercial, based on the sharing of knowledges and the specification of the tourism resources. The work of a facilitator and mediator, in charge of territorial engineering, insures the collective initiative.An analysis through the lens of Tourism Development Forms proves particularly relevant for emerging systems. The study of the existing conflicts in nature based borderlands reveals processes that are characteristic of modern societies, tourism being at the heart of the contradictions of our civilization anchored in the metropolis.; Las dinámicas territoriales son el resultado de una interacción entre actores en un área geográfica determinada. Comprenderlos implica identificar las estrategias de estos actores y su relación con el territorio. El arraigo gradual de un espacio en la frontera del ecúmene a la economía del turismo, induce cambios socio-espaciales significativos. ¿Qué lógicas socio-geográficas caracterizan por ende la puesta en turismo de los confines de naturaleza? Las dinámicas de los destinos turísticos han sido ampliamente estudiadas, pero los confines de naturaleza no lo son. Lugares marginales, periféricos o fronterizos, están omnipresentes en el imaginario del viaje, cargados de alteridad y constituyen objetos geográficos pertinentes en sí [parte I]. En un mundo cada vez más urbanizado, las áreas naturales menos conocidas, llamadas Wilderness por los anglosajones, atraen cada vez a más a los turistas de todos los orígenes.El análisis de las características físicas, de los datos estadísticos y cartográficos de los Confines Turísticos de Naturaleza muestra la relevancia espacial de la noción. La interpretación de los discursos de los actores del turismo de naturaleza permite especificar los atributos socioculturales y los imaginarios asociados a ellos. Los territorios de la naturaleza son constructos sociales, producto de una organización cultural singular. Diferentes representaciones sociales, individuales o colectivas producen discursos y lógicas de actores. Nace de estas diferentes Formas de Desarrollo Turístico que son estatales, industriales, tradicionalistas, empresariales, ecológicas, alternativas o recreativas [Parte II].La aparición de una forma depende de las condiciones históricas y culturales en un territorio. Es posible identificarlos en un espacio de la naturaleza gracias al análisis los discursos de los actores del turismo y las materialidades espaciales que resultan de sus acciones. Las dinámicas existentes en un territorio de prácticas recreativas dependen de las relaciones que establecen los colectivos de actores con concepciones distintas del desarrollo. Confrontaciones y compromisos entre las Formas de Desarrollo Turístico se establecen en el tiempo y el espacio [parte III]. A pesar de tener representaciones de la naturaleza y justificaciones económicas disimiles estas pueden unirse frente a una amenaza a sus intereses. Este es el caso, por ejemplo, durante los conflictos ambientales vinculados a usos industriales de los recursos hídricos. Por otro lado, las políticas públicas, que quieren promover el desarrollo económico del territorio, suelen apoyar solo una forma de desarrollo y por ende incrementar los enfrentamientos ideológicos. El análisis de proyectos públicos y privados en la región de Aysén, en la Patagonia Chilena, muestra que los proyectos de estado favorecen de manera parcial a ciertos actores del territorio. Solo ciertos proyectos, como el de turismo científico, logran unir a los actores. Esto ha sido posible gracias a un proceso de participación real en un proyecto territorializado, más bien cultural que comercial, mediante el intercambio de conocimiento y la especificación del recurso turístico. La acción de un facilitador, o mediador, a cargo de la ingeniería. territorial, asegura la puesta en marcha de la iniciativa colectiva.Una lectura mediante las Formas de Desarrollo Turístico parece particularmente relevante para caracterizar las dinámicas de los sistemas emergentes. El estudio de las tensiones existentes en los confines de la Naturaleza revela procesos característicos de las sociedades contemporáneas por ser el turismo central en las contradicciones de nuestra civilización anclada a las metrópolis.; Les dynamiques territoriales sont le résultat des jeux d’acteurs au sein d'un espace géographique déterminé. Les comprendre suppose de cerner les stratégies d'acteurs et leurs rapports au territoire. L’ancrage progressif d’un espace à la frontière de l’écoumène dans l’économie du tourisme induit des changements socio-spatiaux importants. Quelles logiques sociogéographiques caractérisent alors la mise en tourisme des confins de nature ? Les dynamiques des destinations touristiques sont abondamment étudiées, mais celles des confins de nature ne le sont pas. Lieux marginaux, périphériques ou frontaliers, ils sont omniprésents dans les imaginaires du voyage, car chargés d'altérité, et constituent des objets géographiques à part entière [partie I]. Dans un monde toujours plus urbanisé, les confins de nature les moins connus, qualifiés de Wilderness par les Anglo-saxons, attirent de plus en plus les touristes de toutes origines.L'analyse des spécificités physiques, des données statistiques et cartographiques des confins touristiques de nature montre la pertinence spatiale de la notion. L'interprétation des discours d'acteurs du tourisme de nature permet d’en préciser les attributs sociaux culturels et les imaginaires qui s'y rattachent. Les territoires de nature sont des construits sociaux, le produit d’une organisation culturelle singulière. Différentes représentations sociales, individuelles ou collectives, produisent des discours et des logiques d’acteurs. Il en résulte différentes formes de développements des espaces touristiques, qui sont étatiques, industrielles, traditionalistes, entrepreneuriales, écologiques, alternatives ou récréatives [partie II]. L'apparition d'une forme dépend de conditions historiques et culturelles sur un territoire. Il est possible de les identifier sur un espace de nature grâce à l'analyse du discours des acteurs du tourisme et aux matérialités spatiales qui résultent de leurs actions. Les dynamiques à l’œuvre sur un territoire de pratiques récréatives sont tributaires des rapports qu'entretiennent des collectifs d'acteurs ayant des conceptions différenciées du développement. Des confrontations et des compromis entre des formes de développement touristique s'établissent dans le temps et dans l'espace [partie III]. Malgré des représentations de la nature et des justifications économiques distinctes, celles-ci peuvent s'unir face à une menace affectant leurs intérêts. C'est le cas, par exemple, lors des conflits environnementaux, autour de l'usage industriel des ressources hydriques. En revanche des politiques publiques voulant favoriser le développement économique du territoire tendent à n'appuyer qu'une forme de développement et attiser alors les affrontements idéologiques. L’analyse des projets publics et privés dans la région d'Aysén en Patagonie chilienne montre que les projets d'États favorisent de manière partiale certains acteurs du territoire. Seuls certains projets, tels que celui du tourisme scientifique, parviennent à fédérer les acteurs. Ceci est rendu possible par un processus de participation active à un projet territorialisé, culturel plus que commercial, basé sur le partage de connaissances et une spécification de la ressource touristique. L'action d'un animateur et médiateur, responsable de l'ingénierie territoriale, assure la mise en œuvre de l'initiative collective.Une lecture par les formes de développement touristique apparait comme particulièrement pertinente pour caractériser les systèmes émergents. L’étude des tensions à l’œuvre dans les confins de nature révèle des processus caractéristiques des sociétés contemporaines, le tourisme étant au cœur des contradictions de nos civilisations ancrées dans les métropoles.

Towards the end of the 1980s a new idealization of nature, the wilderness, changed Patagonia into a "must" to discover and to save from the pressure of industrial exploitation. Through a constructivist approach, that we choose to define as bio-geographic, this article analyses the effects of the eco-philanthropic utopia of Douglas Tompkins in Patagonia. He builds a new aesthetic, utopian and personal, that provokes debates, beyond the territorial and political challenges that the sole issue of conservation and creation of private parks carries. Books, films and graphic works in favor of ecology and against industrialization and technology, changes views actors have on this remote land. Eco activists and ecotourism actors praise his contribution to tackle socio-environmental issues. The rural world, entrepreneurs and defenders of the spirit of the pioneers, clearers of virgin lands, criticize his opposition to development and his lack of respect for their way of life. Nevertheless, they sell their land to rich westerners and Chileans who want to possess their own private parks. Later, these actors, now landless, hope that tourism, strengthened by the creation of parks and the promotion of a pure nature, will ensure their economic future. With the rapid increase of private parks, the promotion of the "last wilderness and the creation of the biggest network of national parks of South America, the development paradigm of Patagonia is changing. The austral lands have become a valuable green treasure for tourists and landowners. It is yet to be understood if his will effectively benefit biodiversity protection and the wellbeing of its inhabitants., Al final de los años 80, una nueva idealización de la naturaleza, el "wilderness", transforma a la Patagonia en un lugar para disfrutar turísticamente y preservar de las codicias industriales. Desde una perspectiva constructivista que se propone denominar bio-geográfica, esta comunicación analiza la incidencia socio-espacial de la utopía eco-filantrópica de Douglas Tompkins in Patagonia. Al incentivar el resguardo de las bellezas naturales de la Patagonia y salvarlas de las codicias industriales, el instala un nuevo imaginario cultural y turístico. Moldea una nueva estética, utópica y personal, que genera debates, más allá de los desafíos territoriales y políticos que conlleva la conservación y creación de parques privados. Escritos, películas y afiches a favor de la ecología y en contra de la industrialización y la tecnologización de la sociedad, cambian la mirada de los actores locales y visitantes de estén rincón del mundo. Los activistas verdes y los emprendedores eco-turísticos alaban su contribución en las luchas socio-ambientales y protección de la biodiversidad. El mundo rural, empresarios y defensores del espíritu de los colonos, critican su oposición a su cultura y forma de desarrollo. Sin embargo, ellos venden sus tierras a los ricos norteamericanos, europeos y chilenos, deseosos de poseer sus propios parques. Luego, estos actores ya despojados de sus tierras, esperan que el turismo, incrementado por la creación de parques y promoción de una naturaleza prístina, les asegure su futuro económico. Con la rapida multiplicación de parques privados, la promoción del "ultimo wilderness" y la creación de la red de parques nacionales mas grande de sud-america, esta cambiando el paradigma del desarrollo de la Patagonia. Las tierras australe se han transformadas en un preciado tesoro verde tanto para turistas y proprietarios. Aún esta por entenderse si esto beneficiará realmente a la proteccion de la biodiversiad y el bienestar de sus habitantes

International audience; Title : Douglas Tompkins' aesthetic geography, an eco-philanthropic utopia in Patagonia. Patagonia has long been considered a Terra Australis res Nillius: the lands of the south with no master. Since the Spanish Conquista this space has been the object of many collective utopias, those of discoverers, soldiers and missionaries, and individual ones, those of merchants and adventurers and sportsmen, eager for wealth and glory. Towards the end of the 1980s a new idealization of nature, the wilderness, changed Patagonia into a "must" to discover and then to safeguard against the pressure of industrial, agricultural, mining, forestry, hydroelectric, and fisheries exploitation. The eco-philanthropic utopia of the American millionaire Douglas Tompkins finds draws its origins from an expedition to Mount FitzRoy inin 1968 but is part of a North American tradition of the nineteenth century. Convinced of the imperious need to safeguard South American biodiversity, he proposes the “Next Economy”, based on the Deep Ecology ideals. He buys land for "the value of beauty and harmony" and shapes his parks for "the good of humanity" (Tompkins, 2012).Through a biogeographic approach, this article shows how an individual project hascreated a new imaginary, both cultural and touristic. The work of an artist defines a new geography, aesthetic, utopian and individualistic, that questions us, beyond the territorial and political issues associated with the conservation and creation of private parks. Books, films and graphic works in favor of ecology and against industrialization and technology, change views actors have on these remote lands. Eco activists and ecotourism actors praise his contribution to tackle socio-environmental issues. The rural world, entrepreneurs and defenders of the spirit of thepioneers, clearers of virgin lands, criticize his opposition to development and lack of respect for their way of life. Nevertheless they sell their land to rich westerners and Chileans who want to posses their own private parks at world’s end while hopping that tourism will ensure their future; La Patagonie a longtemps été considérée comme une Terra Australis res Nillius : les terres du sud sans maître. Depuis la Conquista espagnole cet espace a été l'objet de nombreuses utopies, collectives, celles des découvreurs, des militaires et des missionnaires, et individuelles, celles des marchands et des aventuriers et sportifs, avides de richesses et de gloires. Vers la fin des années 1980 une nouvelle idéalisation de la nature, le wilderness, fait de la Patagonie un « must » à découvrir puis à sauvegarder, face à la pression des usages industriels, agricoles, miniers, forestiers, hydro-électriques, et halieutiques. L'utopie éco-philanthropique du milliardaire étasunien Douglas Tompkins puise ses origines dans une expédition au Fitzroy en 1968 mais s'inscrit dans une tradition nord-américaine du XIXe siècle. Convaincue de l'impérieuse nécessité de sauvegarder la biodiversité sud-américaine, il propose une Nouvelle Economie, basée sur les principes de la Deep Ecology. Il achète des terres pour « la valeur de la beauté et de l'harmonie » et façonne ses parcs pour « le bien de l'humanité » (Tompkins, 2012). Par une approche biogéographique cet article montre comment un parcours individuel a instauré un nouvel imaginaire, culturel et touristique. Une oeuvre dessine une nouvelle géographie, esthétique, utopique et individualiste qui fait débat, au-delà des enjeux territoriaux et politiques liés à la conservation et à la création de parcs privés. Ecrits, films et affiches en faveur de l'écologie et contre l'industrialisation et la technologie, changent le regard des acteurs sur ces terres de confins. Les activistes verts et acteurs éco-touristiques louent son apport aux luttes socio-environnementales. Le monde rural, les entrepreneurs et les défenseurs de l'esprit des pionniers, défricheurs de terres vierges, critiquent son opposition au développement et son manque de respect pour leur mode de vie. Mais ils vendent leurs terres aux riches occidentaux et chiliens, qui veulent posséder leurs propres parcs du bout du monde et espère que le tourisme leur assurera leur futur.