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Digital transformation in health and social care is a fast-growing sector globally. Multidisciplinary professionals are needed in the development of digital health and social care services. This study aimed to evaluate the self-assessments of students participating in specialisation education on the importance of multidisciplinary digital competences, focusing on competence in the digitalisation of social and health care and how they assess their own competences at the beginning of their education. The purpose was to describe the multidisciplinary competences in this area at EQF level 6 by using a self-assessment tool. Data were collected from 274 specialised education students in the years 2021 and 2022 from 14 universities of applied sciences. The background information included participants’ years of work experience, professional education area and study credits. There were nine competence areas. The survey contains 61 Likert scale questions. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.962 (N=126). The paired t-test was used for statistical analyses to determine the relationship between the importance of a competence and students’ current levels of competence. For each pair, the arithmetic mean for the how important variable was higher than the current competence variable. The average means of all competences’ differences was 1.04 between how important the competence was to the students and their current understanding of their own level of the particular competence. Service design competences have both the highest average level of student competence and variance in competence. The second-largest variance was in online guiding competences, which is one of the clearest competences for students to understand the content. These results may be explained by expert bias, where a person with a lot of knowledge rates their own level of knowledge lower, while a person with less knowledge does the opposite. The gap between current competence level and the assessed importance of the particular competence shows that there is a need for specialisation education in multidisciplinary competences for developing digital health and social care services. The overall result is a self-assessment tool that can be used to assess the level of competences in different competence areas in specialisation education. It is important for health and social care organisations to manage the competences and continuing education of their professionals.

While digital servitization provides manufacturing companies with the potential to earn additional revenues in the transition process from physical to digital offerings, the implementation of adequate value-capturing mechanisms is a major hurdle. The literature discerns little on the factors that influence the choice of revenue models for digital services. To address this knowledge gap, we build on a case study approach involving two global manufacturing companies in the railway industry that have experience in offering diverse digital services. The analysis reveals specific features and characteristics of three major revenue models for digital services – namely, subscription, usage-based, and performance-based revenue models. In addition, we identify overarching factors influencing the choice of revenue models for digital services. They are related to a) customer digital readiness, b) digital service sophistication, and c) digital ecosystem partnerships. Building on these influencing factors, we propose a framework that recommends that companies evaluate revenue models in relation to specific digital services. We furnish several theoretical contributions to the digital servitization literature and provide managerial implications for practitioners to assist in the choice of revenue models for digital services. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-06-07 (hanlid);Funder: Vinnova; Swedish Energy Agency; The Research Council of Norway MCIN/AEI and ERDF (PID2021-129026NB-I00); MCIN/AEI and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (TED2021-130230B-I00)

The rise of public and other non-recreational digital services is based on the idea of catering to the daily needs of the citizens cost-efficiently and with ease. Previous research has approached the use of digital services mainly from the perspective of an individual, while the significance of shared practices of use has attracted only a little attention. In this article, we (1) examine the incentives and limitations associated with the use of non-recreational digital services, which either encourage or discourage older adults to use them. Based on the first question, we then ask (2) how older adults in this study manage those non-recreational digital services they have chosen to use. Our qualitative analysis is based on participant-induced elicitation (PIE) interviews (n = 21) carried out in Central Finland with older adults aged between 65 and 89. Our findings suggest that there are conflicting views about digital services – they simultaneously evoke both positive and negative associations among interviewees. The incentives and limitations of digital services are expressly heterogeneous among older adults and vary depending on the individual and shared digital repertoire of each user. We describe how participants in this study employed multiple strategies, such as sharing digital repertoires with warm experts, to actively manage using digital services in their daily lives. peerReviewed

В статье проанализирована деятельность спортивных организаций г. Москвы, в части формирование инвестиционных источников, рассмотрена европейская и американская модели финансирования. Проведена рейтинговая оценка регионов России по инвестиционному климату, которая показала, что г. Москва занимает лидирующие позиции по привлечению инвестиций в основной капитал. Сформулирован вывод, для дальнейшего развития отрасли физическая культура и спорт в московском регионе необходимо развивать государственно-частное партнерство, привлечение инвестиций из внебюджетных фондов и развитие цифровых сервисов., the article analyzes the activities of sports organizations in Moscow, in terms of the formation of investment sources, European and American financing models are considered. A rating assessment of the regions of Russia on the investment climate was carried out, which showed that Moscow occupies a leading position in attracting investments in fixed assets. The conclusion is formulated that for the further development of the physical culture and sports industry in the Moscow region, it is necessary to develop public-private partnerships, attract investments from extra-budgetary funds and develop digital services., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 11 (148) 2023, Pages 1139-1143

Одной из важных задач современного государства является ориентация на интересы и потребности своих граждан. Создание цифровых сервисов и информационных платформ, направленных на быстрое и качественное обслуживание в процессе предоставления государственных услуг, помогает эффективнее осуществлять государственное управление. В рамках данной статьи будут рассмотрены предпосылки цифровизации системы государственного управления и проанализированы востребованные виды электронных государственных услуг в рамках единого правительственного интернет-портала. One of the important tasks of a modern state is to focus on the interests and needs of its citizens. The creation of digital services and information platforms aimed at fast and high-quality service in the process of providing public services helps to carry out public administration more effectively. Within this article, the prerequisites for the digitalization of the public administration system will be considered and the types of electronic public services in demand within the framework of a single government Internet portal will be analyzed.

Sanayi devriminin 18. yüzyıldan günümüze gelen sürecinde insan yaşamında birçok değişiklik yaşanmış, özellikle internetin gelişen yapısıyla birlikte sınırlar ortadan kalkmış ve birçok ürün ve hizmete elektronik ortamdan ulaşım sağlanmıştır. Dijital hizmetlerin artması dolayısıyla e-ticaret ve satış uygulamaları da gelişmiş, insanlar geleneksel alışkanlıklarının birçoğunu çok daha kısa sürede ve daha az masrafla elektronik ortamda gerçekleştirmeye başlamışlardır. Bu nedenle dijital ekonominin de gücü artmış, ülkeler dijital ekonomide haksız kazanç ve rekabetin önüne geçmek adına önlemler almaya başlamışlardır. Bu önlemlerin başında da vergi hususu gelmektedir. Bu konudaki çalışmalar öncelikle OECD’nin düzenlediği konferanslar ve eylem planları ile başlamış, ardından ülkelerin yerel vergi mevzuatlarında düzenlenmiştir. Bu çalışma dijital hizmetlerin vergilendirilmesini konu edinmekte olup, Türkiye ve dünyadan bu hususta örnekler sunmayı amaçlamıştır. During the period of the industrial revolution from the 18th century to today, many changes have been experienced in human life, especially with the developing structure of the internet, the borders have disappeared and many products and services have been provided via electronic media. Due to the increase in digital services, e-commerce and sales practices have also developed and people have started to realize most of their traditional habits in electronic environment in a much shorter time and with less cost. Therefore, the power of digital economy has increased and countries have started to take measures to prevent unfair gain and competition in digital economy. Tax is also one of the most important measures. The studies on this issue started with the conferences and action plans organized by the OECD and were then regulated in the local tax legislation of the countries. The subject of this study is to learn the taxation of digital services in Turkey and aimed to provide examples from around the world in this regard.

En este trabajo analizaremos si la normativa europea de consumo se adecúa a las especificidades de los contenidos o servicios digitales generados por Inteligencia Artificial. De forma más concreta, evaluaremos cuál es la repercusión de la calidad como criterio de valoración de la satisfacción y las opciones de las que dispone el consumidor en caso de que dicho resultado generado por IA (bien sea un contenido, bien un servicio) no le satisfaga. Ello nos llevará a defender que la omisión de la calidad como un criterio de conformidad objetivo no resulta justificable y que debería interpretarse aplicable igualmente, toda vez que la IA es una tecnología en desarrollo y puede que no siempre conduzca a resultados satisfactorios. In this paper we will analyse whether European consumer law is adapted to the specificities of AI-generated digital content or digital services. More specifically, we will examine the impact of quality as a criterion for assessing satisfaction and the options available to the consumer in the event that the AI-generated content or AI-generated service does not satisfy him/her. This will lead us to argue that the omission of quality as an objective conformity criterion is not justifiable and should be applied anyway, as AI is a developing technology and may not always lead to satisfactory results.

The work aims to examine the curvature impressed by the current order of the market and of the "algorithmic" society, centered on social network platforms, on principles and categories of classical hereditary law, putting the system of mortis causa succession into reaction with the matter of relationships and personal rights developed on the web, marked by the changes that shake the European and internal legal framework. The study is organized according to a tripartite scheme, which distinguishes the succession in contracts for the supply of digital services, from the transmission of rights on user-generated content and on the personal data of the deceased. To then keep a unity in the construction of the dogmatic statute of the cd. digital succession, located within the pole of "qualified" vocations. It expresses the interpenetration of patrimonial and existential profiles in the new digital assets that make up the relictum, the configuration of a strictly inheritance mechanism concerning de cuius's persona data and the unprecedented latitudes that autonomy can explore online both on level of content and formal clothing. In this way, it is argued that the special model can trigger an evolutionary process of the general system of succession, awakening it from the "splendid isolation" that has historically made it refractory to the cultural tempers that have lashed the other fields of civil law.

The 2019 Digital Content Directive harmonizes the remedies of consumers in case of a lack of conformity of digital content or a digital service supplied to them by a professional party. Although the Directive is ‘without prejudice’ to intellectual property (IP), there are inherent overlaps with copyright in scenarios where consumers are entitled to terminate the contract. On the one hand, Art. 16(4) provides consumers with a restricted right at the time of termination to retrieve any nonpersonal content which was provided or created by them when using the digital content or service. It is argued that exercising that right can entail infringements of third-party copyright, depending on the circumstances, and that IP may often undermine the very regulatory concept and objectives of this ‘portability right’, particularly when cocreated content is involved. By contrast, traders should not be allowed to reject portability requests by waiving their own IP rights, as this would hamper the effectiveness of the consumer’s remedy. On the other hand, directive-based termination does not necessarily affect the fate of terms licensing or transferring IP rights in consumer content to traders, service providers or their (sub)licensees, because this is primarily a matter for national law. However, it is argued that traders, service providers and remaining service users can only keep relying on those licenses if their uses are within the scope of Art. 16(3) of the Directive, notwithstanding any deviating agreement to the detriment of the consumer.

Currently, most traditional banks provide digital services and the government encourages people to use cashless payments in their everyday life, particularly during the pandemic when the demand for avoiding physical encounters is getting higher. There is a growing trend in the development of digital-only banks, a fully virtual bank without individual physical branches where all banking activities operate through mobile applications. Fully virtual operations change how individuals experience the service, and subsequently, their consumption and financial habits. This research explores the experiential factors affecting digital-only banking services among the generation Y and Z. A mixed-method approach was applied using semi-structured interviews and empirical surveys. We interviewed 20 respondents to explore customers' experiences, followed by a survey to test the hypotheses developed from the proposed factors to 402 respondents aged 17-35 who used digital banking in the past six months. We analyzed the relationship of eight variables when using digital-only banking: economic value, ease of use, social influence, firm reputation, promotion, features, curiosity, and reward. Results show that all variables except curiosity and sales promotion significantly impact intention to use digital-only banking. Creating an attractive and simple digital banking interface is important to support an ease-of-use experience for customers. However, to ensure positive customer experiences, other factors must be applied, such as rewards, unique features, and positive word-of-mouth.

As e-commerce has increasingly gained traction in the retail market, many traditional “brick-and-mortar” retailers are innovating their business models and making the transition towards digital business models. While scholars have started to examine the influence of digitalization on various business model elements, they have so far paid little attention to its implications on the external relationships in which firms engage for value creation. Building on a qualitative analysis of seventeen interviews, this study develops a two-stage framework for the transition to digital business models. In Stage 1, retailers collaborate with specialized service providers to implement a digital business model. As firms from the retail ecosystem collaborate with firms from the digital-service ecosystem to create a value proposition for end-customers, a meta-ecosystem emerges. In Stage 2, firms (retailers) seek to differentiate themselves from their competitors in the meta-ecosystem. Physical interactions with the digital service providers, the product suppliers, and the customers are a primary means towards this end. Thus, digitalization does not make physical interactions and close personal ties obsolete. Our study has substantial implications for the academic literature and management practice.

Digitization of business has evolved business strategies and models. Companies have found new ways of value creation and consequently innovated monetization. A prominent area where this can be seen is within platform services, which lacks business-to-business research. Knowledge contribution in this area is therefore warranted. Aim – This study aims to investigate pricing strategies and contextual challenges and opportunities regarding platform services in the spirits industry. To enable this, the following research questions have been formulated: 1) What are important market dynamics to consider when developing a platform service in the spirits industry? 2) How will these market dynamics affect the pricing strategy of a business-to-business platform service? Method – Considering that theory testing and theory generation are both parts of this study, the methodological approach is abductive. Regarding the data collection, a literature review was paired with a case study. Semi-structured interviews with senior executives from the focal industry provides the source of primary data for this study. Thereafter, a thematical analysis method was applied to help answer the research questions. Findings – From the thematical analysis, this study identified five market dynamics affecting pricing strategies of business-to-business platform services in the spirits industry. Namely, adaptability, legislative barriers, locking effects, individualization of business relations, and digitization. Implications – This study contributes to the spirits industry and to business-to-business platform developers through the identification of market dynamics. Investigation into how pricing strategies of platform services are affected by the industry-specific market dynamics can contribute to strategic decision-making. In terms of theoretical significance, the aforementioned market dynamics add to the business-to-business discourse. Additionally, this study’s explorative nature is expected to pave the way for further research into business-to-business platforms, the spirits industry, market dynamics, and pricing strategy. Limitations – The work context is limited to digital platform services within the spirits industry. Moreover, albeit the literature review covers established theory regarding both business-to-consumer and business-to-business platform services, the empirical focus and consequently the ambition of the analysis is to generate new knowledge for the business-to-business environment specifically. Lastly, the interview respondents are limited to the case company’s network.

The 2019 Digital Content Directive harmonizes the remedies of consumers in case of a lack of conformity of digital content or a digital service supplied to them by a professional party. Although the Directive is ‘without prejudice’ to intellectual property (IP), there are inherent overlaps with copyright in scenarios where consumers are entitled to terminate the contract. On the one hand, Art. 16(4) provides consumers with a restricted right at the time of termination to retrieve any nonpersonal content which was provided or created by them when using the digital content or service. It is argued that exercising that right can entail infringements of third-party copyright, depending on the circumstances, and that IP may often undermine the very regulatory concept and objectives of this ‘portability right’, particularly when cocreated content is involved. By contrast, traders should not be allowed to reject portability requests by waiving their own IP rights, as this would hamper the effectiveness of the consumer’s remedy. On the other hand, directive-based termination does not necessarily affect the fate of terms licensing or transferring IP rights in consumer content to traders, service providers or their (sub)licensees, because this is primarily a matter for national law. However, it is argued that traders, service providers and remaining service users can only keep relying on those licenses if their uses are within the scope of Art. 16(3) of the Directive, notwithstanding any deviating agreement to the detriment of the consumer.

В диссертации были изучены особенности применения цифровых сервисов по управлению научной деятельностью образовательной организации. Рассмотрены возможности архитектурного подхода в разработке сервиса по управлению научной деятельностью. Осуществлен анализ текущего состояния научной деятельности ГОУ ВПО «Донецкого национального университета». Построена полная модель архитектуры ГОУ ВПО «Донецкий национальный университет». Разработан цифровой сервис «Scientific and information portal» с использованием веб-ориентированной среды Oracle APEX. Разработана и реализована имитационная модель управления затратами при внедрении цифрового сервиса в управление научной деятельностью образовательной организации. In the dissertation, the features of the use of digital services for the management of scientific activities of an educational organization were studied. The possibilities of an architectural approach in the development of a service for the management of scientific activities are considered. The analysis of the current state of scientific activity of the Donetsk National University is carried out. A complete model of the architecture of the State Educational Institution of Higher Education "Donetsk National University" has been built. The digital service "Scientific and information portal" has been developed using the Oracle APEX web-oriented environment. A simulation model of cost management has been developed and implemented when implementing a digital service in the management of scientific activities of an educational organization.

В последние годы все большее развитие получает интернет-маркетинг. Этому способствует научно-технический прогресс в области информационных технологий и электроники. Поэтому основой продвижения компаний должно быть продвижение в сети Интернет. А сама киноиндустрия является важной отраслью, способствующей развитию общества и обеспечивающей культурный досуг населению, следовательно, кинотеатры должны стремиться к постоянному повышению качества предоставляемых услуг, удовлетворяя потребности потребителей. В статье рассматриваются особенности продвижения компании NETFLIX в сети Интернет, сущность понятий «цифровой продукт» и «цифровая услуга», их особенности и различия с традиционными товарами. In recent years, Internet marketing has been increasingly developing. This is facilitated by scientifi c and technological progress in the fi eld of information technology and electronics. Therefore, the basis for the promotion of companies should be promotion on the Internet. the fi lm industry is an important industry that contributes to the development of society and provides cultural leisure to the population, and, therefore, cinemas should strive to constantly improve the quality of services provided, meeting the needs of consumers. The article considers the features of the promotion of NETFLIX on the Internet, the essence of the concept of «digital product» and «digital service», their features and diff erences with traditional goods.

В статье рассматриваются методические аспекты и практический опыт проектирования цифровых сервисов для образовательного рынка. Определены основные требования к созданию цифровых сервисов, их свойства и характеристики. На основе выполненного теоретического анализа доказано, что наиболее перспективным способом проектирования цифровых услуг, определяющим их конфигурацию и пользовательские возможности, является платформенный подход. Проведен анализ имеющихся образовательных платформ, выделены их преимущества и недостатки. Представлена авторская методика проектирования цифровых сервисов, в основу которой легли прогрессивные методологии Agile и Waterfall. Показан пример апробации разработанной методики на основе проекта платформы онлайн-обучения Citadel Education, ориентированной на реализацию адаптивных образовательных программ с возможностями выбора индивидуальных траекторий. Научная новизна исследования заключается, во-первых, в систематизации теоретических представлений о создании цифровых сервисов со специфическими товарными характеристиками, во-вторых, в развитии методической базы кастомизированных и технологичных образовательных услуг, отвечающих современным запросам пользователей. Результаты исследования представляют особый интерес в контексте ухода зарубежных образовательных платформ с отечественного рынка и могут быть полезны руководителям университетов для решения задач, связанных с повышением конкурентоспособности образовательных программ, реализацией гибридных моделей обучения и управлением портфелем учебных курсов. The article discusses methodological aspects and practical experience in designing digital services for the educational market. There are defined basic requirements for the creation of digital services, their properties and characteristics. Based on the theoretical analysis, it is proved that the most promising way of designing digital services, which determines their configuration and user capabilities, is the platform approach. The analysis of the available educational platforms is carried out, their advantages and disadvantages are shown. The authors present a digital services designing methodology of their own, worked out with the help of the progressive Agile and Waterfall methodologies. The paper gives an example of the developed methodology approbation within the project of the Citadel Education online learning platform, focused on the implementation of adaptive educational programs with the possibility of choosing individual trajectories. This research is brand new, as it systematizes theoretical ideas about the creation of digital services with specific product characteristics and develops a methodological base for the creation of customized and technological educational services that meet today’s user needs. The results of the study are of particular interest in the context of foreign educational platforms withdrawal from the Russian market and may be useful for university leaders, who solve the problems of improving educational programs competitiveness, implementing hybrid learning models, and managing the portfolio of training courses.

В статье рассмотрены возможные варианты адаптации бизнеса под изменяющееся поведение современных потребителей. Выявлены основные направления изменений потребностей нового поколения и факторы, оказывающие влияния на формирующиеся на рынке тенденции. Проанализированы две новые бизнес-модели, базирующиеся на прямом взаимодействии производителя с клиентом. Приведены примеры внедрения моделей в мировой практике. The article discusses possible options for adapting business to the changing behavior of modern consumers. It defines the main directions of changes in the needs of the new generation and the factors influencing the emerging trends in the market. Then two new business models based on direct interaction between the manufacturer and the customer are analyzed with examples of its implementation in world practice.

The establishment of the digital economy leads to significant changes in the relations in the sphere of material and immaterial production. A significant spatial differentiation, caused by the features of the implemented technological solutions, is observed in the field of digital services. This differentiation greatly impacts the material production’s development. A growing need to use the digital information technologies is transforming the basis of economic development. We hypothesise that the efficiency of production relations is determined not only by known factors, but alsoby the spatial features of the digital economy’s establishment. The study aims to identify the main characteristics, specific features and trends of production relations in the digital economy in the Russian Federation. For various purposes, we used different research methods. Firstly, we applied retrospective analysis for identifying trends in the development of production relations. Secondly, we conducted cluster and factor analysis for classifying the entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the level of the digital economy’s development. Thirdly, we used quantitative and comparative assessments for analysing the efficiency of production relations’ formation in the entities of the Russian Federation in the context of the digital economy. The empirical basis was data from the Federal State Statistics Service and various rating and analytical agencies, which characterise the development of the digital economy. In the study, we determined the features of the organisation of production relations in the context of the digital economy’s establishment. Information production is the most dynamically developing sphere of the Russian economic activity. At the same time, the growth rate of the market of the digital services’ producers exceeds the growth rates of the markets of consumers and digital services intermediaries in the Russian regions. We revealed that information production mostly concentrates in a limited number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including Moscow and the Moscow Region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. In this regard, it is necessary to establish an information and economic space in the entities of the Russian Federation to provide enterprises with access to digital products, services, and efficient development in the digital economy. Significant spatial differentiation in the level of the digital economy’s development in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (in the context of the market of intermediaries and consumers) greatly impacts production development. Additionally, it determines the existence of spatial imbalances in the development of the digital economy. The centres for the development of information production are significantly removed from the centres of industrial and agricultural production. Moreover, a large part of the population lives in entities with an average or low level of development of the digital economy. Information production was originally formed as an infrastructure sector of the economy in general and the sphere of material production in particular. Today it is becoming a separate significant element of the economy, while simultaneously performing infrastructure functions. The results of the study allow objective assessments of the features and trends of the formation of production relations in the context of the digital economy in the Russian Federation. The obtained conclusions can be used in the development and implementation of spatial development strategies of the Russian Federation in the context of the digital economy. In addition, the findings can be used by specialists and experts in conducting their own research.

Many digital service providers have adopted gamification to promote customer engagement. Critical questions, however, remain about the most effective way to enhance customer engagement and increase sales by applying gamification. With a research design that combines qualitative and quantitative methods, including the use of objective sales data from a large field study and replication of the findings across different contexts, this study explores how gamification fosters customer engagement. Both field study results and a simulation study reveal gamification principles (i.e., social interaction, sense of control, goals, progress tracking, rewards, and prompts) that promote hope and consequently increase customer engagement and digital sales. Furthermore, we find that hope is more strongly associated with customer engagement than the psychological condition of compulsion, which even exerts a negative impact. This research thus explores how gamification creates value for customers and provides actionable insights for managers to foster hope through gamification as opposed to get customers hooked.

The article about the problems of the digital service of the library of IAIN Curup aims to find the real problems in developing this service. The difference between the concepts by the experts and the phenomena that occurred in the library of IAIN Curup led the author to carry out this research. The problem raised is how digital service in college libraries, how digital service in the library of IAIN Curup is and what problems are found in the field. This research method was carried out by analyzing the data qualitatively then giving an interpretation related to the existing concept. Data managed by the authors was one of the results of field observations and direct interviews with librarians related to the digital service of the library of IAIN Curup. The results found that many elements must be fulfilled by the library of IAIN Curup to build digital service. The identification of the problems in this study is the answer to the purpose of this study.

In recent years, automated driving has become one of the most important research fields in the automotive industry. A key component for a successful substitution of human driving by vehicles is a real-time model of the current environment including the traffic situation, the guide-way, and the road itself. We propose a solution for measuring road conditions within the spring-damper system of the vehicle. In this paper, we utilize a Vehicle Level Sensor (VLS) and an Acceleration Sensor (AS), both of which are standard components in modern vehicles, for road condition monitoring. Our model-based approach therefore consists purely of additional software. We present a calculation of the Quarter Vehicle Model (QVM) for road elevation measurements to enable each connected vehicle to provide valid data for a potential crowd-sensing approach, where every vehicle contributes past data and consumes data for upcoming segments. The generated data are capable of providing the environment model with real-time data. Our calculations are first validated in a laboratory setup, representing a down-scaled Quarter-Vehicle. The knowledge gained it then applied to a real vehicle. For this purpose, the measurement setup is explained, the model-based calculation and the parameters are adjusted, and the results are compared.

Personuppgifter sprids idag relativt fritt via användning av digitala tjänster och plattformar. De används bland annat som handelsvara för företag, som underlag för verksamhetsutveckling av myndigheter och som empiri i forskningsstudier. Fördelarna med att samla stora mängder personuppgifter är många, både för individen och samhället. Samtidigt finns både potentiella och verkliga risker med spridningen och användningen av personuppgifter, som att de möjliggör diskriminering och integritetskränkande profilering. I den här studien undersöks intresset för att ha större insyn i och kontroll över personuppgifter som finns hos myndigheter och företag. Metoden som används är en enkätundersökning och ett antal djupintervjuer. I resultatet av undersökningen presenteras fem teman, som tillsammans beskriver en nutidsbild av intresset för insyn i och kontroll över personuppgifter och kontexten kring intresset. Dessa teman är: Stort intresse för insyn i och kontroll över personuppgifter, Kunskapen om personuppgifter behöver höjas, högre förtroende för myndigheters hantering av personuppgifter än för företags, vilja att få betalt för sina personuppgifter, och splittrad inställning till användning av personuppgifter inom forskning utan medgivande. Analysprocessen består av tre steg. I det första steget fördjupas förståelsen för resultatets teman genom att de relateras till tidigare forskning. I det andra steget relateras varje tema till modellen Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), och i det tredje steget formuleras förutsättningar för designen av en digital tjänst med syfte att ge större insyn i och kontroll över personuppgifter som finns hos olika aktörer.

The aim of this article is to showcase the Czech and EU law that regulates supply of digital content and services and assess its’ general usefulness with regards to contractual practice and consumer protection. This is achieved primarily by analysis of the present and upcoming law that regulates said topic and its’ comparison with contractual practice on the market.. The article concludes, that in the digital market, consumer has little control over the contracts he can enter into. Many of these contracts are consumer-unfriendly or even illegal. The law offers several ways the consumer can defend their rights on the market, but these are not cost-effective. Cílem tohoto článku je prezentovat české a evropské právo upravující poskytování digitálního obsahu a služeb, a posoudit jeho užitečnost s ohledem na smluvní praxi a ochranu spotřebitele. Toho je dosaženo především analýzou platného a připravovaného práva, které uvedené téma upravuje, a jeho srovnáním se smluvní praxí na trhu. Článek dochází k závěru, že na digitálním trhu má spotřebitel malou kontrolu nad smlouvami, které uzavírá. Mnohé z těchto smluv jsou spotřebitelsky nepřívětivé nebo přímo protizákonné. Zákon nabízí několik způsobů, jak může spotřebitel hájit svá práva na trhu, ty však nejsou efektivní vzhledem k nákladům.

This master thesis is about the garment jeans, as well as longevity and consumers’ thoughts and opinions about this. More specifically, this thesis will address consumers’ behavior and experiences towards this garment during the purchase of a new pair, during the use process, as well as at the end of life. The overall research question of this thesis is as follows; “How can a digital service help increase the lifespan of jeans?” To answer this research question a number of methods have been applied - such as qualitative interviews, web survey, as well as other design methods and tools. A digital workshop, user journeys, user scenarios, different types of analysis, testing of 3D-scan of a human body and context of experience are some of the creative methods that has been applied throughout this thesis. The findings show that the sizing of jeans is a significant problem area, and the purchase of the wrong size and fit is one of the reasons why the lifespan of jeans is cut short. For many, shopping for jeans can be a challenging and difficult process, and online-shopping for jeans, makes everything a bit harder. The pandemic has forced the world to digitalize, and after talking to consumers, the process of purchasing jeans online, has become a “shot in the dark”-experience. They choose the size they think fits, and betting that it is the right size. Many items must be returned because of the ordering of the wrong size and fit, which has led to a large increase in the fashion industry. AVA-Shop is an imagined concept for a service, that offers a new shopping experience. This service offers customers the opportunity to choose a model they prefer to see the products on, as well as a live-chat, where customers can reach out to employees, if they desire some help or guidance. AVA-Shop is a service that will be used in existing online stores, as an additional service. The idea is that this service can be used in several online stores, and that the customer can use the same avatar in every store. Think of a virtual shopping mall where your avatar is a digital mannequin who goes from store to store to try out garments. AVA-Shop offers the customers to make their own avatar, or a digital mannequin, that they can use to get a visual representation on how that specific jeans may look on them. The measurements on the avatar can calculate and estimate a size and notifies the user if the jeans may fit or not. In addition, the customer can filter out any desired aesthetical or material details and elements and share their avatar with the employee in the live-chat to get the help they need.

More and more companies are developing customer service by building Smart Community Service Brand Platforms (SCSBP). However, the impact of digital platform functions on sustainable brand relationships, and the mediating mechanism of customer’s emotional cognition are still unclear. The functional value of digital services in the property service industry focuses on three dimensions, including service efficiency, personalization, and social interaction. Regarding consumers’ emotional cognition aspect, we investigate value consistency and brand image. The empirical analysis findings suggest: (1) the functional value of smart community service has a significant positive impact on consumers’ emotional cognition and is positively related to the construction of sustainable brand relationships, (2) consumers’ emotional cognition of smart community service is positively related to the sustainable brand relationship, (3) consumers’ emotional cognition plays a complete mediating role between service efficiency and sustainable brand relationship, demonstrating a partial mediating role between personalization and social interaction aspects of functional value and sustainable brand relationship. This study contributes to the customer-based sustainable brand relationship theory in the digital service environment and provides a reference for companies to continuously improve the SCSBP and customer-based brand construction.

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Den nuvarande pandemin har begränsat mänskligheten och det digitala vaccinationspasset för covid-19 utlovar återgången till ett normalt liv. Studien syftar till att undersöka vilket handlingsutrymme ett vaccinationspass ger medborgare utifrån deras förväntningar och vaccinationspassets krav. Det digitala vaccinationspassets egenskaper och förutsättningar som digital artefakt undersöks i relation till affordance modellen. Forskningsstrategin för studien har varit en fallstudie av kvalitativ karaktär där datainsamlingen består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med medborgare i Sverige och en litteraturgenomgång som utgör den aktuella debatten i relaterade forskningen. Studien visar på hur medborgare uppfattar införandet av ett digitalt vaccinationspass för covid-19 och vill visa på rekommendationer i arbetet med tillgängliggörandet av det digitala vaccinationspasset för medborgarna. Studien grundar sig i att tillgängliggörandet av det digitala vaccinationspasset kommer att ske någonstans framöver och vi vill därför poängtera att resultatet inte kan fastslås utan kommer förändras beroende på förutsättningarna och tidsramen för undersökningen. Studien identifierar bristerna med förmedlingen av information samt myndigheternas globala ansvar vid införandet av ett digitalt vaccinationspass mot covid-19. För att hantera detta rekommenderar vi att en strategi bör utvecklas och även ett förtydligande av informationen gällande vaccinationspasset mot covid-19. Utifrån studien tolkas det att det digitala vaccinationspasset utformas för de rika och att covid-19 har påskyndat digitalisering av samhället. Vi anser att alla bör ha tillgång till vaccin och tillgång till digital teknik innan det digitala vaccinationspasset mot covid-19 införs. The current pandemic has limited humanity and the digital vaccination passport for covid-19 promises the return to a normal life. The study aims to investigate what room for maneuver a vaccination passport gives citizens based on their expectations and the requirements of the vaccination passport. The properties and conditions of the digital vaccination passport as a digital artifact are examined in relation to the affordance model. The research strategy for the study has been a case study of a qualitative nature where the data collection consists of semi-structured interviews with citizens in Sweden and a literature review that constitutes the current debate in related research. The study shows how citizens perceive the introduction of a digital vaccination passport for covid-19 and wants to show recommendations in the work of making the digital vaccination passport available to citizens. The study is based on the fact that the digital vaccination passport will be made available somewhere in the future and we therefore want to point out that the result can not be determined but will change depending on the conditions and time frame for the examination. The study identifies the shortcomings with the dissemination of information as well as the authorities' global responsibility in introducing a digital vaccination passport against covid-19. To deal with this, we recommend that a strategy should be developed and also a clarification of the information regarding the vaccination passport against covid-19. Based on the study, it is interpreted that the digital vaccination passport is designed for the rich and that covid-19 has accelerated digitization of society. We believe that everyone should have access to vaccines and access to digital technology before the digital vaccination passport against covid-19 is introduced.

The use of digital research services has brought a dramatic increase in efficiency and easiness in research for both authors and editors. The new frontier seems to be the use of Artificial Intelligence which could further improve the quality of the research process. This exploratory study employed a direct observation of academic and non-academic resources to orientate information and research to answer two simple but fundamental research questions. The first one is to provide a structured map of these research services; the second one is connected with the potential impacts on the academic community brought by these services, including AI, opening an agenda for further investigation. Therefore, after a first mapping of the current services available for authors and editors/publishers, we investigated both digital services currently used by researchers and potential AI applications still at the beginning of their development. Answering the two research questions, we aim to debate the effects, impacts, and consequences of using these digital services and AI for academic purposes.

У статті проведено порівняльний аналіз основних наукових підходів до визначення сутності традиційних та цифрових послуг. Обґрунтовано, що сутність послуги розкривається з позицій процесу, результату економічної діяльності, економічного блага чи вигоди, особливого товару, орієнтації на клієнта, комбінації різних характеристик послуги. Доведено, що фактором, який змінює поведінку споживачів, стимулюючи трансформацію змісту послуг, є розвиток та доступність цифрових технологій для широкого кола людей. У роботі визначено відмінності між цифровими та класичними послугами, які охоплюють: різні рівні взаємодії споживача і постачальника послуг; доступність послуг, методу, географії та середовища їх надання; можливість стандартизації, масштабування та автоматизації послуг; рівні використання цифрових технологій; потенціал до задоволення майбутнього попиту та формування спільноти; необхідність захисту прав інтелектуальної власності та протиправної діяльності третіх осіб; особливості формування витрат. В статье проведен сравнительный анализ основных научных подходов к определению сущности традиционных и цифровых услуг. Обосновано, что сущность услуги раскрывается с позиций процесса, результата экономической деятельности, экономического блага или выгоды, особого товара, ориентации на клиента, комбинации различных характеристик услуги. Доказано, что фактором, который изменяет поведение потребителей, стимулируя трансформацию сущности услуг, является развитие и доступность цифровых технологий для широкого круга людей. В работе определены различия между цифровыми и традиционными услугами, которые включают: различные уровни взаимодействия потребителя и поставщика услуг; доступность услуг, способ, географию и среду их предоставления; возможность стандартизации, масштабирования и автоматизации услуг; уровни использования цифровых технологий; потенциал в удовлетворении будущего спроса и формирования сообщества; необходимость защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности и противоправной деятельности третьих лиц; особенности формирования затрат. The article presents a comparative analysis of the leading scientific approaches to defining the essence of traditional and digital services. Based on the content analysis of the definition of “service”, it is proved that its essence is revealed from the standpoint of the process, the result of economic activity, economic good or benefit, unique product, customer focus, a combination of different service characteristics. Analysis of scientific approaches to defining the essence of the category “service” allowed to identify the characteristics of services. These include intangibility and inability to evaluate services, the intangibility of services, continuity of production and consumption of services, short life of services, variability of services, inelasticity of services, lack of ownership and urgency of services, individualization and subjectivity of service. It is determined that the specificity of the service as a commodity is manifested in its insensitivity to the moment of consumption, which involves direct or indirect interaction between the consumer and the service provider. The article proves that the factor that changes consumer behaviour, stimulating the transformation of services content, is the development of digital technologies and increasing their accessibility to a wide range of people. The essence of electronic services is substantiated, which are mainly considered in the context of such main characteristics as a technology of providing (transmission) of e-service, the information content of e-service, orientation on self-service. It is proved that there are many significant differences between digital services and services in their classical, traditional sense, which cover different levels of interaction between consumer and service provider, availability of services, method, geography and environment of their provision, standardization, scaling and automation of services, levels of digital technologies usage, the potential to meet future demand and community formation, the need to protect intellectual property rights and illegal activities of third parties, the peculiarities of cost formation.

Проведен анализ актуальных дефиниций контента «цифровой сервис в образовании», выделены наиболее значимые его характеристики. Акцентировано внимание на новых возможностях предоставления образовательных услуг населению благодаря внедрению цифрового сервиса. Сформулирован вывод о том, что интеграция цифрового сервиса в образование свидетельствует о зарождении новой образовательной парадигмы, It is known that the COVID-19 pandemic has seriously changed the process of organizing educational activities. Traditional format of education has been replaced by an online mode using distance learning technologies. The introduction of digital services into the education system made it possible to combine traditional education and training using ICT.After conducting the research, we have identified the most relevant definitions, one way or another concerning the content of digital service in education, which made it possible to highlight its main characteristics, such as adaptability to the needs of consumers, the ability to work remotely, versatility, functioning on any means and at any time, the ability to reconnect with the entire world space from any access point, etc. In our opinion, a promising result of digitalization of education can be a qualitative change in the content, role functions of the subjects of interaction, pedagogical technologies, monitoring, forms and methods of teaching, which allows us to assert the emergence of a new educational paradigm.

Digitalisation and servitisation are changing society in parallel, creating interest into digital service as a socio-techno-economical concept in the intersection of the two ongoing changes. This work studies digital service as a target of design via development and operation of autonomous Information Communication Computing Automation (ICCAT) Technology -based, software-intensive digital service offerings. The work focuses specifically on person-centric digital service provisioning, where a digital service is targeted towards individual persons as service users in a context-aware, personalised and adaptive fashion. The work studies how the design and architecture of person-centric digital service provisioning can be supported in the complex, multifaceted and continuously evolving technologically heterogeneous context. The work applies Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) in synthesising eight included research papers, published during 2003–2019. The results include a novel approach, with fundamental concepts and principles, for the design and architecture of person-centric digital service provisioning. Further, the results include a set of laboratory prototypes and instantiations on person-centric digital service provisioning, which suggest feasibility and generalisability of the approach and principles. The approach is targeted at supporting designers in requirements specification, design, architecting and managing the evolution of person-centric digital service offerings, independently of the rapidly changing and heterogeneous implementation technologies of ICCAT. As novelty and contribution, the proposed approach addresses the elements of person centricity in digital service, unifies phenomenological and artefact views of person-centric digital service, establishes an implementation-technology-independent design level for person-centric digital service offerings, and supports the re-use and systematic evolution of the implementation-technology-independent designs across multiple cases of person-centric digital service offerings. The theoretical implications of person-centric digital service as an emergent multiple-stakeholder information system, with governance boundaries influencing the design of the system, are discussed. As a practical implication, the relation of digital service engineering with software and technical systems engineering is discussed. Tiivistelmä Digitalisaatio ja palvelullistuminen muuttavat yhteiskuntaa rinnakkain luoden kiinnostusta digitaaliseen palveluun sosio-tekno-ekonomisena käsitteenä näiden muutosten leikkauspisteessä. Työ tutkii digitaalista palvelua suunnittelun kohteena, jossa autonomisilla ohjelmistointensiivisillä järjestelmillä muodostetaan digitaalisia palvelutarjoamia. Työ keskittyy erityisesti henkilökeskeiseen digitaaliseen palveluntarjontaan, jossa digitaalinen palvelu suunnataan henkilölle tämän konteksti huomioiden, personoidusti ja mukautuvasti. Työ tutkii, kuinka henkilökeskeisen digitaalisen palveluntarjonnan suunnittelua ja arkkitehtuuria voidaan tukea monimutkaisessa, monitahoisessa ja jatkuvasti kehittyvässä teknologisesti heterogeenisessä kontekstissa. Työ soveltaa suunnittelutieteen tutkimusmenetelmää (DSRM) kahdeksan sisällytetyn tutkimusjulkaisun synteesissä, jotka on julkaistu vuosina 2003–2019. Tulokset sisältävät uuden lähestymistavan peruskäsitteineen ja periaatteineen henkilökeskeisen digitaalisen palveluntarjonnan suunnitteluun ja arkkitehtuuriin. Lisäksi tulokset sisältävät joukon prototyyppejä ja instantiaatioita laboratorio-olosuhteissa, mikä viittaa lähestymistavan ja periaatteiden soveltuvuuteen ja yleistettävyyteen. Lähestymistapa on suunnattu henkilökeskeisten digitaalisten palvelutarjoamien suunnittelijoille tukemaan vaatimusmäärittelyä, suunnittelua ja evoluution hallintaa nopeasti muuttuvista ja heterogeenisistä informaatio-, viestintä-, tietotekniikka- ja automaatiojärjestelmien (ICCAT) toteutusteknologioista riippumattomasti. Uutuusarvona ja kontribuutiona lähestymistapa huomioi henkilökeskeisyyden digitaalisessa palvelussa, yhdistää ilmiö- ja artefaktinäkökulmat henkilökeskeisessä digitaalisessa palvelussa, luo toteutusteknologiariippumattoman tason henkilökeskeisten digitaalisten palvelutarjoamien suunnitteluun, sekä tukee toteutusteknologiariippumattoman suunnittelun uudelleenkäyttöä useiden henkilökeskeisen digitaalisen palveluntarjonnan suunnittelutapausten välillä. Työssä pohditaan henkilökeskeisen digitaalisen palvelun teoreettista merkitystä usean osapuolen välisenä käyttöhetkellä muodostuvana informaatiojärjestelmänä, joka sisältää suunnitteluun vaikuttavia osapuolten välisiä hallintorajoja. Lisäksi käytännön merkityksen osalta pohditaan digitaalisen palvelun suunnittelua suhteessa ohjelmistojen ja teknisten järjestelmien suunnitteluun.

Digitalisation and servitisation are changing society in parallel, creating interest into digital service as a socio-techno-economical concept in the intersection of the two ongoing changes. This work studies digital service as a target of design via development and operation of autonomous Information Communication Computing Automation (ICCAT) Technology -based, software-intensive digital service offerings. The work focuses specifically on person-centric digital service provisioning, where a digital service is targeted towards individual persons as service users in a context-aware, personalised and adaptive fashion. The work studies how the design and architecture of person-centric digital service provisioning can be supported in the complex, multifaceted and continuously evolving technologically heterogeneous context.The work applies Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) in synthesising eight included research papers, published during 2003–2019. The results include a novel approach, with fundamental concepts and principles, for the design and architecture of person-centric digital service provisioning. Further, the results include a set of laboratory prototypes and instantiations on person-centric digital service provisioning, which suggest feasibility and generalisability of the approach and principles. The approach is targeted at supporting designers in requirements specification, design, architecting and managing the evolution of person-centric digital service offerings, independently of the rapidly changing and heterogeneous implementation technologies of ICCAT.As novelty and contribution, the proposed approach addresses the elements of person centricity in digital service, unifies phenomenological and artefact views of person-centric digital service, establishes an implementation-technology-independent design level for person-centric digital service offerings, and supports the re-use and systematic evolution of the implementation-technology-independent designs across multiple cases of person-centric digital service offerings.The theoretical implications of person-centric digital service as an emergent multiple-stakeholder information system, with governance boundaries influencing the design of the system, are discussed. As a practical implication, the relation of digital service engineering with software and technical systems engineering is discussed.

Digitalisation and servitisation are changing society in parallel, creating interest into digital service as a socio-techno-economical concept in the intersection of the two ongoing changes. This work studies digital service as a target of design via development and operation of autonomous Information Communication Computing Automation (ICCAT) Technology -based, software-intensive digital service offerings. The work focuses specifically on person-centric digital service provisioning, where a digital service is targeted towards individual persons as service users in a context-aware, personalised and adaptive fashion. The work studies how the design and architecture of person-centric digital service provisioning can be supported in the complex, multifaceted and continuously evolving technologically heterogeneous context.The work applies Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) in synthesising eight included research papers, published during 2003–2019. The results include a novel approach, with fundamental concepts and principles, for the design and architecture of person-centric digital service provisioning. Further, the results include a set of laboratory prototypes and instantiations on person-centric digital service provisioning, which suggest feasibility and generalisability of the approach and principles. The approach is targeted at supporting designers in requirements specification, design, architecting and managing the evolution of person-centric digital service offerings, independently of the rapidly changing and heterogeneous implementation technologies of ICCAT.As novelty and contribution, the proposed approach addresses the elements of person centricity in digital service, unifies phenomenological and artefact views of person-centric digital service, establishes an implementation-technology-independent design level for person-centric digital service offerings, and supports the re-use and systematic evolution of the implementation-technology-independent designs across multiple cases of person-centric digital service offerings.The theoretical implications of person-centric digital service as an emergent multiple-stakeholder information system, with governance boundaries influencing the design of the system, are discussed. As a practical implication, the relation of digital service engineering with software and technical systems engineering is discussed.

Kowalik Kamila. The importance of chosen attributes of a digital postal service in shaping its quality in the opinion of customers at the age of 18-30. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(7):56-65. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.07.005 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.07.005 https://zenodo.org/record/3937851 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.06.2020. Revised: 26.06.2020. Accepted: 10.07.2020. The importance of chosen attributes of a digital postal service in shaping its quality in the opinion of customers at the age of 18-30 Kamila Kowalik ORCID iD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2808-0191 Politechnika Częstochowska, Wydział Zarządzania, Poland Abstract The purpose of the article is to present the importance of the chosen digital postal service’s attributes in shaping its quality in the opinion of young customers at the age of 18-30. The first part contains the theoretical framework of service quality, digital services, postal market and digital competences. Afterwards, the results of anonymous survey have been presented. The study has been conducted among fifty respondents at the indicated age and it consisted of assessing the meaning of nine chosen quality factors on a Likert scale of 1-5. The results contributed to the formulations of conclusions on the validity of chosen determinants of the digital postal service quality for customers at the age of 18-30. Key words: digital service; postal service; service quality

IFTTT is a neutral platform that offers easy and free ways to get all your apps and devices talking to each other. Millions of users worldwide have enabled more than 75 million Applets for over 600 services that already cooperate with the platform. Linden Tibbets, co-founder and CEO of IFTTT, explains that everything in the future will be a digital service. Connecting all these services is a tricky task and many companies are struggling with making these connections. Tibbets explains how the IFTTT platform tackles these interfaces and functions and how end users and companies can get more value from being able to connect just about everything with everything.

Recently, the issue of the development of automation systems in transport is again becoming topical. Note that the first developments in the field of automated control systems (ACS) date back to the mid-20th century, when cybernetics was developing in the USSR. Over time, automation elements have developed in aviation, road and rail transport. However, the level of development of scientific and technological progress allowed only after many years to return to this issue at a qualitatively new level. The next stage in the development of technologies involves the development of elements of artificial intelligence (digitalization) in many branches of the real sector of the economy. The evolution of information technologies allowed companies to put into practice the concept of a marketing (customer-oriented approach). At present, taking into account the opinion of consumers, providing a service of a qualitatively different level, the first factor of ensuring the competitiveness of the company, advantageously emphasizing its position in the market. The purpose of the study is to study the conditions for the formation of the system «digital» transport and logistics. The tasks that determined the course of scientific developments were: to determine the basic principles that are characteristic of the «digital economy» in freight forwarding and logistic services, to identify the main tasks and conditions for the formation of a system of «digital» transport and logistics. “ As the research results, the following provisions should be singled out: the authors specify the basic conditions for the digitization of transport and logistics, identify the necessary conditions, and determine the sufficient conditions for the functioning of this system, taking into account the territorial features of Russia. The authors revealed the main advantages of digital transport development for the participants of the transportation process. The article highlights the role of modern technologies in the process of implementing the principles of a client-oriented approach to transport, which contributes to the improvement of the quality of work of companies in the sphere of freight forwarding and logistics services.

Purpose This study aims to increase understanding about the co-creation of digital facilities management (FM) services with and for FM during a construction project. Design/methodology/approach The paper reports a case study on the co-creation of a digital facilities management service during the Mission Bay medical center construction project for the University of California, San Francisco. The sub-contractors and the FM team co-created a quick-response (QR) code system for valves on the project. This digital service is now used by the FM team for training purposes and in emergency situations when information on valves and their service areas is quickly needed. Researchers made on-site observations, conducted 84 interviews and reviewed archival data in 2012, 2014 and 2016. Findings The findings show that a successful co-creation process consists of three elements: a dialogue between the project parties, the creation of shared context between the project parties and the creation of shared understanding about the FM’s needs and the service providers’ ways of satisfying those needs. The study describes ways to promote these elements. Originality/value Previous studies emphasize the need for digital FM but few explain how FM teams can be involved in creating digital services for them. This paper describes how to co-create digital FM services with and for FM in the context of a construction project.

International audience; This paper is an extended version of the work published in [1]. We ex-tended our previous work by the proposed model representation and more experi-mental result. Almost every service in the current era are either managed or oper-ated with the help of digital services to manage their customer’s activities. So digital service providers are engaging in different ways with the users to know their feedback about the service. Traditional methods for understanding user satis-faction from their direct feedback or survey. Both of these methods might produce biased result due the limited user participations. Therefore, knowledge manage-ment of user activities with the digital service could be an alternative approach for identifying satisfied users. In the previous work [1], we have presented a data sci-ence model. In this paper, more result using the proposed data science model have been presented to prove that the proposed model is workable to measure success-ful digital services.

The article tackles the issue of protection of personal data of internet users through the usage of cookies by digital content and service providers. It analyses the European legislative framework and, in particular, the General Data Protection Regulation, the so called E-Privacy Directive and the new Directive concerning the supply of digital content and services. The contribution debates the role of individual consent in this field and the interaction with the rules and the remedies provided by European Consumer Law, such as the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, in order to protect user's personal data in the evolution of data-driven economy.

In the 20¬th century, most developed countries taxed and redistributed - either in money or in kind - part of their wealth. This was done by taxing economic activities, either on the production side or on the consumer side. The wave of globalization that emerged after World War II and, more importantly, since the early 1990s, has made it difficult in some countries to tax companies, as tax evasion or tax optimization have become easier. Even in the case of these cross-border activities, as long as most of the sold items came from the traditional brick companies, this was more of an implementation problem than of design. The development of the digital economy on the basis of increasing returns on scale and intangible assets is a more fundamental problem. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the pros and cons of applying the taxation of digital services and goods on economic transactions with these types of services or goods.

Recent research has advocated for a broader conception of evaluation for Sustainable HCI (SHCI), using interdisciplinary insights and methods. In this paper, we put this into practice to conduct an evaluation of Sustainable Interaction Design (SID) of digital services. We explore how SID can contribute to corporate greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction strategies. We show how a Digital Service Provider (DSP) might incorporate SID into their design process and quantitatively evaluate a specific SID intervention by combining user analytics data with environmental life cycle assessment. We illustrate this by considering YouTube. Replacing user analytics data with aggregate estimates from publicly available sources, we estimate emissions associated with the deployment of YouTube to be approximately 10MtCO2e p.a. We estimate emissions reductions enabled through the use of an SID intervention from prior literature to be approximately 300KtCO2e p.a., and demonstrate that this is significant when considered alongside other emissions reduction interventions used by DSPs.

Forskning och implementering av teknik och tjänster för navigering utomhus, såsom GPS, har kommit långt om man jämför med de alternativen som i dagsläget erbjuds för motparten för navigering inomhus. Användarvänliga wayfinding-lösningar för inomhusbruk är ett område som fortfarande har ett stort behov av mer forskning inriktad på rekommendationer och genomförbarhet av god praxis. Ett av våra mål under forskningsprocessen syftade till att undersöka och identifiera de mest lämpliga sätten att förmedla wayfinding-lösningar till slutanvändarna i olika situationer. För att vi skulle kunna undersöka denna uppgift använde vi oss av en benchmarking-process. Processen utfördes på ett urval av tjänster som erbjuder olika alternativ för wayfinding. Målet med denna process har varit att utreda vilka olika alternativ som finns tillgängliga i dagsläget, vad dessa tjänster erbjuder användarna i form av wayfinding stöd, och var potentiella problem kan uppstå utifrån användarens kognitiva beteende. Processen har även lyft fram områden som rör god praxis för wayfinding och de teknologiska begränsningar som tillhör valet av mobila enheter eller andra digitala plattformar. Vår forskning har visat att det finns flera olika lösningsalternativ som är tillgängliga för implementation i dagsläget. Dock har alla de alternativ som erbjuds sina egna specifika styrkor, svagheter och begränsningar kopplat till både den teknik som används, såväl som användbarheten för slutanvändarna. Det slutliga resultatet av vår forskning är en sammanställning av kvalitativa data och rekommendationer som hanterar både digitala och användar-fokuserade begränsningar som är sammanlänkade till vårt specifika fall. Det resultat som lyfts fram i vår forskning bör dock inte limiteras till endast vårt specifika fall. Istället bör det snarare ses som en referenspunkt för organisationer eller utvecklare som har ett intresse av att implementera wayfinding-lösningar, med syfte att hjälpa sina besökare för att navigera inomhus, eller för framtida forskning inom inomhusnavigering och wayfinding. Research and implementation of use when it comes to outdoor navigation and GPS systems have come quite far compared to their indoor alternatives. Pedestrian friendly wayfinding solutions for indoor use are still lagging behind, and even more so when it comes to recommendations on implementation of best practice. One of our goals during the research process was aimed at finding the most adequate ways of conveying wayfinding solutions to end-users in different situations. In order to perform this task, we used a benchmarking process on a selection of wayfinding alternatives. The goal of this process have been focused on finding out which solutions are available at this moment, what they offer the users in terms of wayfinding support, and where issues might arise based on cognitive user theory, wayfinding best practice and technological limitations concerning mobile devices or different digital platforms. During our research we found that there are several different solutions that are available for implementation, but that they all come with their own specific strengths and limitations on both the technological side and for the end-users concerning usability. The result of our research has been a collection of qualitative data, and recommendations concerning digital and user limitations connected to our specific case. However, the result of this research should not be limited to our case alone, but rather as a reference point for organizations or developers that wish to implement indoor solutions for users, or for future research within the area of indoor navigation and wayfinding.

Chronic diseases account for about 80\% of the total health care costs in Sweden, where the current health care system is designed according to the characteristics of acute diseases. Chronic care management is characterized by a long-term perspective and inclusion of multiple health care practitioners during the care process. New and more advanced digital health care solutions have emerged due to technology progress followed by increased use of consumer electronics. It creates opportunities to customize and advance health care services. Existing digital health care offerings include functions designed for acute symptoms, and single digital consultation sessions and treatments plans extending over a shorter period of time. There is a significant shortcoming of existing digital health care services for chronic patients, and research is lacking on how to construct such a service. The research was conducted with the digital health care provider Doktor24. The data for the study was both quantitatively and qualitatively collected through collection of existing statistical data and a patient survey, and interviews with patients and medical care personnel. Identified requirements indicate that asthma patients are not satisfied with the current physical asthma care process, where the process today is time-consuming and not particularly adjusted to benefit asthmatics. Patient preferences were summarized in three major aspects; accessibility and time efficiency, a dynamic customized treatment plan and independent self care. Determined functions were digital visits, digital spirometry, notifications and education and information. Together the functions form the basis for a digital chronic care solution for asthma patients. The thesis contributes to research by presenting a unique exploration on the existing opportunities with a patient-centric digital health care service for asthma patients. Kroniska sjukdomar motsvarar idag ungefär 80% av totala sjukvårdskostnaderna i Sverige, där det nuvarande sjukvårdssystemet är utformat utifrån akuta sjukdomar. Kronisk vårdhantering karakteriseras av ett långsiktigt perspektiv, samt av flertalet involverade vårdaktörer. Nya och mer avancerade digitala sjukvårdslösningar har uppstått som ett resultat av teknologiska framsteg samt ett ökat användande av digitala hjälpmedel. Det skapar möjligheter att skräddarsy och utveckla sjukvårdstjänster. Existerande digitala erbjudanden inkluderar funktioner och lösningar för akuta symtom och sjukdomar, och enstaka digitala konsultationer samt behandlingsplaner som sträcker sig över en kortare tidsperiod. Det finns idag en tydlig brist i utbudet av digitala sjukvårdstjänster för kroniskt sjuka. Studien utfördes i samarbete med den digitala sjukvårdsaktören Doktor24. Datainsamlingen inkluderade både kvantitativ och kvalitativ data, bestående av existerande statistik och en patientundersökning, samt utförda intervjuer med patienter och vårdpersonal. Identifierade krav indikerar att astmapatienter inte är nöjda med den existerande fysiska sjukvårdsprocessen, då processen idag är tidskrävande och inte speciellt anpassad för astmatiker. Patientpreferenserna sammanfattades i tre aspekter; tillgänglighet och tidseffektivitet, en dynamiskt anpassad behandlingsplan samt utbildning och information. Tillsammans utgör funktionerna grunden för en digital kronisk sjukvårdstjänst för astmatiker. Studien bidrar till forskning genom att presentera en unik undersökning av existerande möjligheter med en patient-centrerad digital sjukvårdstjänst för astmatiker.

The establishment of the digital economy leads to significant changes in the relations in the sphere of material and immaterial production. A significant spatial differentiation, caused by the features of the implemented technological solutions, is observed in the field of digital services. This differentiation greatly impacts the material production's development. A growing need to use the digital information technologies is transforming the basis of economic development. We hypothesise that the eficiency of produc tion relations is determined not only by known factors, but alsoby the spatial features of the digital economy's establishment. The study aims to identify the main characteristics, specific features and trends of production relations in the digital economy in the Russian Federation. For various purposes, we used different research methods. Firstly, we applied retrospective analysis for identifying trends in the development of production relations. Secondly, we conducted cluster and factor analysis for classifying the entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the level of the digital economy's development. Thirdly, we used quantitative and comparative assessments for analysing the eficiency of production relations' formation in the entities of the Russian Federation in the context of the digital economy. The empirical basis was data from the Federal State Statistics Service and various rating and analytical agencies, which characterise the development of the digital economy. In the study, we determined the features of the organisation of production relations in the context of the digital economy's establishment. Information production is the most dynamically developing sphere of the Russian economic activity. At the same time, the growth rate of the market of the digital services' producers exceeds the growth rates of the markets of consumers and digital services intermediaries in the Russian regions. We revealed that information production mostly concentrates in a limited number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including Moscow and the Moscow Region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. In this regard, it is necessary to establish an information and economic space in the entities of the Russian Federation to provide enterprises with access to digital products, services, and eficient development in the digital economy. Significant spatial differentiation in the level of the digital economy's development in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (in the context of the market of intermediaries and consumers) greatly impacts production development. Additionally, it determines the existence of spatial imbalances in the development of the digital economy. The centres for the development of information production are significantly removed from the centres of industrial and agricultural production. Moreover, a large part of the population lives in entities with an average or low level of development of the digital economy. Information production was originally formed as an infrastructure sector of the economy in general and the sphere of material production in particular. Today it is becoming a separate significant element of the economy, while simultaneously performing infrastructure functions. The results of the study allow objective assessments of the features and trends of the formation of production relations in the context of the digital economy in the Russian Federation. The obtained conclusions can be used in the development and implementation of spatial development strategies of the Russian Federation in the context of the digital economy. In addition, the findings can be used by specialists and experts in conducting their own research. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Рассмотрены основные характеристики, особенности и тенденции формирования производственных отношений в условиях цифровой экономики Российской Федерации. Дана оценка степени локализации и концентрации информационного производства. Представлена классификация субъектов Российской Федерации по уровню развития цифровой экономики.

Digital exclusion of elderly citizens is a main contributor for poor uptake of public e-service. The situation is alarming since elderly citizens are a major target for many upcoming services provided by governments, such as online health care services. Playing an important role in a sustainable society, governments should always strive towards increased efficiency and effectivity in order for publicly founded resources to be better used. However, sustainable development of public e-services is problematic if the intended receivers of such services are excluded from, or do not want to use them. In order to address this problematic situation we need to know more about elderly citizens’ perceptions of why they are digitally excluded. We add to existing research by providing a large sample of empirical data explaining elderly citizens’ own perceptions about why they are digitally excluded. Furthermore, we present how these perceptions can be categorised and also how they relate in between. Such findings may serve as a basis for how to deal with these problems in order to enhance digital inclusion of elderly citizens, which in the long run may enhance their uptake of public e-service. IIT2019kv2

Problemformulering: Den digitala marknaden är expansiv, att introducera en ny produkt på marknaden är därför kritisk, lanseringen är ett avgörande moment. Lanseringen är ofta påkostad, men delges inte tillräckligt med intresse. Marknadsintroduktion av gamifications fallerar vanligtvis av den orsak att förståelse för användaren är undermålig. Syfte: Studien syftar till att bidra med ökad förståelse för hur en lanseringsstrategi för en digital plattform, vilken grundas på en gamification, kan se ut på den svenska marknaden. Metod: Studien utgår från ett hermeneutistiskt synsätt, undersökningen behandlas induktivt med deduktiva inslag, den teoretiska referensramen bearbetades med avsikt att generera förförståelse och behandlas grundläggande för det empiriska materialet. Undersökningen grundar sig i kvalitativ metod, semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts i form av individuella intervjuer och fokusgrupper, med intervjuguide som underlag. Intervjuerna spelades in, varpå det empiriska materialet transkriberades. Insamlad data kodades och kategoriserades. Slutsats: Av studien framkom tre essentiella kategorier; Intresse, Kommunikation och Kontinuitet, som kom att formas till modellen User Desired Lifecycle. Ett intresse kan väckas hos målgruppen, om tjänsten uppfyller ett behov som underlättar användarens vardag. Då användare är snabba på att avfärda digitala lösningar, bör budskapets kontext innefatta användbarhet och användarvänlighet. Kommunikation via influencers påvisas att föredra. Vidare framkom att kontinuitet kan skapas om den digitala tjänsten ger belöningar till användaren, vilket resulterar i motivation till nyttja tjänsten igen. Vidare framkom att företag bör lyssna på användarnas åsikter, i syfte till att uppdatera tjänsten, vilket kan resultera i en mer målgruppsanpassad tjänst. Background: The digital market is expansive, therefore introducing a new product into the market is critical, launch is a crucial factor. The launch is often costly, but not enough interest is given to it. The market introduction of gamifications usually fails for the reason that the understanding of the user is inferior. Purpose: The aim of the study is to contribute to increased understanding of how a launching strategy for a digital platform, based on a gamification, can look in the swedish market. Method: The study is based on a hermeneutical approach, the study is dealt with inductively with deductive elements, the theoretical frame of reference was processed with the intention of generating understanding and being treated fundamentally for the empirical material. The survey is based on qualitative methodology, semistructured interviews have been conducted in the form of individual interviews and focus groups, with an interviewguide as basis. The interviews were recorded, after which the empirical material was transcribed. The collected data was encoded and categorized. Conclusion: The study revealed three essential categories; Interest, Communication and Continuity, which came to form the Model User Desired Lifecycle. An interest can be aroused by the target audience, if the service meets a need that facilitates the user's everyday life. As users are quick to discourage digital solutions, the context of the message should include usability and ease of use. Communication through influencers proves preferred. Furthermore, it emerged that continuity can be created if the digital service gives rewards to the user, resulting in motivation to use the service again. Furthermore, it was found that companies should listen to users' opinions in order to update the service, which could result in a more targeted service.

Background and purpose - Digitisation is connecting various business actors to create interconnected ecosystems through digital platforms. Meanwhile entrepreneurial ecosystems are offering various benefits for start-ups e.g. through support organisations that offer services for them. Currently, these start-up support organisations face the challenge of leveraging digital services to create value for their member start-ups. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the digital services offered in start-up support organisations create value for start-ups. Approach - From a theoretical perspective, the sociology of value and service dominant logic concepts such as value co-creation and service ecosystems are considered. Qualitative methods were used to conduct a pre-study and an in-depth case study with a start-up hub in Stockholm's entrepreneurial ecosystem. Data was collected using 18 semi-structured interviews with start-ups and other actors in the ecosystem and participant observations of 17 events. Findings - Needs and challenges for start-ups were identified and mapped against the digital services used by the start-ups. These services facilitate interaction between various actors in the start-up hub. Seven interconnected value types for the start-ups were identified emerging from the use of digital and non-digital services in the start-up hub. Moreover, many of the digital services are not provided by the start-up hub alone but in collaboration with other actors, connecting the start-up hub to other actors in the start-up ecosystem. Research limitations and implications - The findings contribute to the understanding of how start-up support organisations leverage digital services to support their member start-ups. The connection of digital service usage to the creation of various value types provides a theoretical concept to research about service ecosystem. As the study has been conducted with a limited number of respondents and events in Stockholm, further research in other ecosystems and using different methods is suggested to ensure generalisability of the findings of this study. Practical implications - A number of practical suggestions for start-up support organisations can be derived from the findings, including that start-up support organisations can benefit from establishing and moderating a digital community, involving several actors from the ecosystem and continuously adapting digital services to the changing environment and needs of start-ups. Originality - To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study to investigate digital services in entrepreneurial ecosystems from the perspective of value in service ecosystems. Bakgrund och syfte - Digitalisering förbinder olika affärsaktörer för att skapa sammankopplade ekosystem genom digitala plattformar. Samtidigt erbjuder start-up ekosystem olika fördelar för start-ups, till exempel genom stödorganisationer som erbjuder tjänster för start-ups. För tillfället möter dessa start-up stödorganisationer utmaningen att utnyttja digitala tjänster för att skapa värde för sina medlems start-ups. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur de digitala tjänster som erbjuds av stödorganisationerna skapar värde för start-ups. Tillvägagångssätt - Från ett teoretiskt perspektiv beaktas sociologin av värde och service dominerande logik begrepp som värde medskapande och serviceekosystem. Kvalitativa metoder användes för att genomföra en förstudie och en fördjupad fallstudie med ett start-up hub i Stockholms entreprenörsekosystem. Data samlades in med 18 halvstrukturerade intervjuer med start-ups och andra aktörer i ekosystemet och deltagarobservationer av 17 evenemang. Fynd - Behov och utmaningar för start-ups identifierades och mappades mot de digitala tjänster som start-ups använde. Dessa tjänster underlättar interaktion mellan olika aktörer i start-up hubben. Sju sammankopplade värdetyper för start-ups identifierades som en följd av användningen av digitala och icke-digitala tjänster i start-up hubben. Dessutom är många av de digitala tjänsterna inte tillhandahållen av start-uperna ensam men i samarbete med andra aktörer, som kopplar ihop start-up hubben till andra aktörer i start-up ekosystemet. Forskningsbegränsningar och konsekvenser - Fynden bidrar till att förstå hur start-up stödorganisationer utnyttjar digitala tjänster för att stöda sina medlemmar. Anslutningen av digital serviceanvändning till skapandet av olika värdetyper ger ett teoretiskt koncept för att undersöka serviceekosystemet. Eftersom studien har genomförts med ett begränsat antal respondenter och evenemang i Stockholm, föreslås ytterligare forskning i andra ekosystem och användande av olika metoder för att säkerställa generaliserbarhet av resultaten i denna studie. Praktiska konsekvenser - Ett antal praktiska förslag till start-up stödorganisationer kan härledas från resultaten, bland annat att de start-up stödorganisationerna kan dra nytta av att etablera och moderera ett digitalt samhälle, involvera flera aktörer från ekosystemet och kontinuerligt anpassa digitala tjänster till förändringen av miljön och behovet av start-ups. Originalitet – Till bästa kunskapen av författarna, är detta den första studien för att undersöka digitala tjänster i entreprenörsekosystem från perspektivet av värdet i service ekosystemen.