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226 results on '"Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS)"'

1. Robust Variational-Based Kalman Filter for Outlier Rejection With Correlated Measurements

Author: Jordi Vila-Valls, Daniel Medina, Haoqing Li, Pau Closas, Northeastern University [Boston], German Aerospace Center (DLR), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), German Aerospace Center - DLR (GERMANY), Northeastern University (USA), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), and Chouzenoux, Emilie
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Noise measurement, Computer science, Gaussian, Correlated measurements, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 02 engineering and technology, Kalman filter, Robust filtering, Heavy-tailed noise, Nautische Systeme, Data modeling, Nonlinear system, symbols.namesake, Autre, Signal Processing, Outlier, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Task analysis, symbols, Outliers, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Variational Bayes, Algorithm
Abstract: International audience; State estimation is a fundamental task in many engineering fields, and therefore robust nonlinear filtering techniques able to cope with misspecified, uncertain and/or corrupted models must be designed for real-life applicability. In this contribution we explore nonlinear Gaussian filtering problems where measurements may be corrupted by outliers,and propose a new robust variational-based filtering methodology able to detect and mitigate their impact. This method generalizes previous contributions to the case of multiple outlier indicators for both independent and dependent observation models. An illustrative example is provided to support the discussion and show the performance improvement.
Published: 2021
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2. Multipath Mitigation for GNSS Positioning in an Urban Environment Using Sparse Estimation

Author: Julien Lesouple, Mohamed Sahmoudi, Jean-Yves Tourneret, Thierry Robert, Willy Vigneau, Télécommunications Spatiales et Aéronautiques - Telecommunications for Space ant Aeronautics (TéSA), Laboratoire de recherche coopératif dans les télécommunications spatiales et aéronautiques (TESA), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales - Direction Des Lanceurs. (CNES), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), CoMputational imagINg anD viSion (IRIT-MINDS), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), M3 Systems (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT2J (FRANCE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UT1 (FRANCE), Direction Générale de l’Aviation Civile - DGAC (FRANCE), Laboratoire de recherche en télécommunications spatiales et aéronautiques - TéSA (FRANCE), and Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: 050210 logistics & transportation, Multipath mitigation, GNSS, Estimation theory, Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, 05 social sciences, Clock drift, LASSO, Regularization (mathematics), Reweighted-l1 algorithm, Computer Science Applications, Overdetermined system, GNSS applications, Position (vector), 11. Sustainability, 0502 economics and business, Automotive Engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Sparse, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Algorithm, Multipath propagation
Abstract: Multipath (MP) remains the main source of error when using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in a constrained environment, leading to biased measurements and thus to inaccurate estimated positions. This paper formulates the GNSS navigation problem as the resolution of an overdetermined system whose unknowns are the receiver position and speed, clock bias and clock drift, and the potential biases affecting GNSS measurements. We assume that only a part of the satellites are affected by MP, i.e., that the unknown bias vector has several zero components, which allows sparse estimation theory to be exploited. The natural way of enforcing this sparsity is to introduce an $\ell _{1}$ regularization associated with the bias vector. This leads to a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator problem that is solved using a reweighted- $\ell _{1}$ algorithm. The weighting matrix of this algorithm is designed carefully as functions of the satellite carrier-to-noise density ratio ( $C/N_{0}$ ) and the satellite elevations. Experimental validation conducted with real GPS data show the effectiveness of the proposed method as long as the sparsity assumption is respected.
Published: 2019
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3. Cramér-Rao bound for a mixture of real- and integer-valued parameter vectors and its application to the linear regression model

Author: Jordi Vila-Valls, Daniel Medina, Eric Chaumette, François Vincent, Pau Closas, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), German Aerospace Center - DLR (GERMANY), DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation (GERMANY), Northeastern University (USA), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation [Neustrelitz], German Aerospace Center (DLR), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), and Northeastern University [Boston]
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Mean squared error, Mixed real-integer parameter vector estimation, Gaussian, 02 engineering and technology, Upper and lower bounds, symbols.namesake, Autre, Linear regression, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Applied mathematics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, McAulay-Seidman bound, Mathematics, GNSS, Covariance matrix, Estimator, Ambiguity resolution, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Expression (mathematics), Mixed real- integer parameter vector estimation, Control and Systems Engineering, Signal Processing, symbols, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, GNSS Ambiguity resolution, Cramér–Rao bound, Software, Cramér-Rao bound
Abstract: International audience; Performance lower bounds are known to be a fundamental design tool in parametric estimation theory. A plethora of deterministic bounds exist in the literature, ranging from the general Barankin bound to the well-known Cramér-Rao bound (CRB), the latter providing the optimal mean square error performance of locally unbiased estimators. In this contribution, we are interested in the estimation of mixed real- and integer-valued parameter vectors. We propose a closed-form lower bound expression leveraging on the general CRB formulation, being the limiting form of the McAulay-Seidman bound. Such formulation is the key point to take into account integer-valued parameters. As a particular case of the general form, we provide closed-form expressions for the Gaussian observation model. One noteworthy point is the as- sessment of the asymptotic efficiency of the maximum likelihood estimator for a linear regression model with mixed parameter vectors and known noise covariance matrix, thus complementing the rather rich literature on that topic. A representative carrier-phase based precise positioning example is provided to support the discussion and show the usefulness of the proposed lower bound.
Published: 2021
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4. A Stein’s approach to covariance matrix estimation using regularization of Cholesky factor and log-Cholesky metric

Author: François Vincent, Xavier Gendre, Olivier Besson, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), and Département d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Complexes (DISC)
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Covariance matrix, 010102 general mathematics, Covariance matrix estimation, Steins’s estimation, 01 natural sciences, Sample mean and sample covariance, Computer Science::Numerical Analysis, 010104 statistics & probability, Regularization (physics), Regularization, Computer Science::Mathematical Software, Applied mathematics, Traitement du signal et de l'image, 0101 mathematics, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Cholesky factor, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Mathematics, Cholesky decomposition
Abstract: International audience; We consider a Stein's approach to estimate a covariance matrix using regularization of the sample covariance matrix Cholesky factor. We propose a method to estimate accurately the regularization vector which minimizes the risk associated with the recently introduced log-Cholesky metric.
Published: 2020
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5. On the Recursive Joint Position and Attitude Determination in Multi-Antenna GNSS Platforms

Author: Medina, Daniel, Vilà-Valls, Jordi, Heßelbarth, Anja, Ziebold, Ralf, García, Jesús, Kovacevic, Milica, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid [Madrid] (UC3M), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), German Aerospace Center - DLR (GERMANY), Technische Universität Dresden - TUD (GERMANY), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid - UC3M (SPAIN), and Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: Informática, [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Autre, GNSS, quaternion rotation, Science, attitude determination, Attitude determination, RTK positioning, Kalman filtering, Quaternion rotation, Nautische Systeme
Abstract: International audience; Global Navigation Satellite Systems’ (GNSS) carrier phase observations are fundamental in the provision of precise navigation for modern applications in intelligent transport systems. Differential precise positioning requires the use of a base station nearby the vehicle location, while attitude determination requires the vehicle to be equipped with a setup of multiple GNSS antennas. In the GNSS context, positioning and attitude determination have been traditionally tackled in a separate manner, thus losing valuable correlated information, and for the latter only in batch form. The main goal of this contribution is to shed some light on the recursive joint estimation of position and attitude in multi-antenna GNSS platforms. We propose a new formulation for the joint positioning and attitude (JPA) determination using quaternion rotations. A Bayesian recursive formulation for JPA is proposed, for which we derive a Kalman filter-like solution. To support the discussion and assess the performance of the new JPA, the proposed methodology is compared to standard approaches with actual data collected from a dynamic scenario under the influence of severe multipath effects.
Published: 2020
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6. Simulation of Single Particle Displacement Damage in Silicon – Part I: Global Approach and Primary Interaction Simulation

Author: Nicolas Richard, Antoine Jay, Sylvain Girard, Philippe Paillet, Vincent Goiffon, Marc Gaillardin, Melanie Raine, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives - CEA (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université Jean Monnet - St Etienne (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Laboratoire Hubert Curien (LHC), and Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, Single-Particle Displacement Damage (SPDD)- Neutrons, Monte Carlo method, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Single-Particle Displacement Damage (SPDD), Annealing, CMOS Image Sensor (CIS), Monte Carlo simulations, Molecular dynamics, Autre, 0103 physical sciences, Atom, PKA, Neutron, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, NIEL, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Neutrons, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Active Pixel Sensor (APS), Particle displacement, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Computational physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Cascade, Dark current distribution, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, Dark current
Abstract: International audience; A comprehensive approach is developed for the simulation of Single Particle Displacement Damage in silicon, from the incident particle interaction in silicon, to the resulting electrical effect observed experimentally. The different steps of the global approach are described. The paper then focuses on the first step corresponding to Monte Carlo simulation of the primary interaction. The characteristics of the Primary Knock-On Atom (PKA) generated by neutron- or proton-silicon interactions for different energies are explored, analyzing in particular the PKA range in energies and species. This leads to the selection of 1 and 10 keV silicon atoms as good candidates to best represent the displacement cascades generated by all PKA. These PKA characteristics will be used as input in the following Molecular Dynamics simulation step, developed in a separate paper to simulate the displacement cascade generation and evolution. Monte Carlo simulations are also performed in a geometry representative of an image sensor, analyzing the distribution of non-ionizing deposited energy. The obtained distributions appear very similar for incident neutrons from 3 to 18 MeV and incident protons of 200 MeV, in agreement with similarities observed in experimentally measured dark current distributions in image sensors. The effect of geometric parameters on these distributions is finally explored.
Published: 2017
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7. Air Traffic Control Radar Interference Event in the Galileo E6 Band: Detection and Localization

Author: Javier Arribas, Jordi Vila-Valls, Antonio Ramos, Carles Fernandez-Prades, Pau Closas, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya - CTTC (SPAIN), Northeastern University (USA), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), and Northeastern University [Boston]
Subjects: Computer science, Frequency band, Real-time computing, interference, Aerospace Engineering, Jamming, DOA, 02 engineering and technology, Navigation systems, localization, law.invention, symbols.namesake, air traffic control radar, Interference (communication), law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Galileo (satellite navigation), Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Radar, Air traffic control radar, navigation systems, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Air traffic control, Radiolocation, GNSS applications, Localization, symbols, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Interference, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The Galileo E6 band operates at a nonprimary frequency band within the L‐band. This presents challenging situations in the vicinity of other, legitimate, radiolocation services. This is the case for Air Traffic Control (ATC) radar, which is seen as an in‐band–pulsed interference by a GNSS receiver. This paper provides a detailed study of the impact of such interference, as well as localization approaches. Particularly, the paper describes the ATC jamming event captured on a GNSS permanent station, its effects on a real receiver, and how it was tracked to localize the source of interference. An ultra low‐cost array‐based solution is prototyped, based on commercial off‐the‐shelf devices, that implements a two‐element array. Experimental results are shown and discussed using real data, validating the localization performance of the prototype.
Published: 2019
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8. Centralized dynamics multi‐frequency GNSS carrier synchronization

Author: Padma Bolla, Elena Simona Lohan, Pau Closas, Jordi Vila-Valls, Samara National Research University (RUSSIA), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Northeastern University [Boston], Tampere University of Technology [Tampere] (TUT), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Tampere University of Technology - TUT (FINLAND), Northeastern University (USA), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Tampere University, and Electrical Engineering
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, business.industry, Computer science, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Real-time computing, Aerospace Engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 02 engineering and technology, Kalman filter, Filter (signal processing), Multi-frequency GNSS tracking, Signal, 0203 mechanical engineering, Interference (communication), Autre, GNSS applications, Adaptive Kalman filter, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Global Positioning System, Sensitivity (control systems), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Interference, Multipath propagation
Abstract: In this article, we propose a new centralized multi-frequency carrier tracking architecture using an adaptive Kalman filter to enhance the loop sensitivity and reliability of individual signal tracking in challenging signal environments. The main task of the centralized dynamics-tracking filter is to effectively blend multiple frequency carrier phase observations in order to estimate the common geometric Doppler frequency of multiple-frequency received signals. Conventionally, multi-frequency signals are tracked independently with a fixed-loop noise bandwidth tracking approach, which is suboptimal in time-varying signal environments. A suitable collaboration in multiple-frequency signal tracking using a centralized dynamics-tracking loop enables robust carrier tracking even if some of the frequency channels are affected by ionospheric scintillation, carrier-phase multipath, or interference. Additionally, computational efficiency of the multiple-frequency tracking improves by using the proposed tracking loop architecture. Performance of the proposed multi-frequency tracking-loop architecture is verified with experiments using live multi-frequency satellite signals collected from GPS Block-IIF satellites under the influence of frequency-selective interference signals. acceptedVersion
Published: 2019
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9. Design of robust radar detectors through random perturbation of the target signature

Author: Giuseppe Ricci, Olivier Besson, Angelo Coluccia, Coluccia, Angelo, Ricci, Giuseppe, Besson, Olivier, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Università del Salento (ITALY), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Università del Salento [Lecce], Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)
Subjects: Signal Processing (eess.SP), Computer science, 02 engineering and technology, matched filter, Adaptive signal detection, law.invention, Radar detection, law, Robustness (computer science), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Radar, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing, Parametric statistics, Covariance matrix, adaptive signal detection, Matched filter, Detector, 020206 networking & telecommunications, direction-of-arrival estimation, Signal Processing, Direction-of-arrival estimation, Algorithm, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The paper addresses the problem of designing radar detectors more robust than Kelly's detector to possible mismatches of the assumed target signature, but with no performance degradation under matched conditions. The idea is to model the received signal under the signal-plus-noise hypothesis by adding a random component, parameterized via a design covariance matrix, that makes the hypothesis more plausible in presence of mismatches. Moreover, an unknown power of such component, to be estimated from the observables, can lead to no performance loss, under matched conditions. Derivation of the (one-step) GLRT is provided for two choices of the design matrix, obtaining detectors with different complexity and behavior. A third parametric detector is also obtained by an ad-hoc generalization of one of such GLRTs. The analysis shows that the proposed approach can cover a range of different robustness levels that is not achievable by state-of-the-art with the same performance of Kelly's detector under matched conditions.
Published: 2019
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10. Detecting, estimating and correcting multipath biases affecting GNSS signals using a marginalized likelihood ratio-based method

Author: Vincent Calmettes, Jean-Yves Tourneret, Cheng Cheng, Quan Pan, Northwestern Polytechnical University [Xi'an] (NPU), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), CoMputational imagINg anD viSion (IRIT-MINDS), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (CHINA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT2J (FRANCE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UT1 (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE)
Subjects: Computer science, Marginalized likelihood ratio test, 02 engineering and technology, Non-line-of-sight propagation, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, 0203 mechanical engineering, Statistics, Global navigation satellite systems, Computer Science::Networking and Internet Architecture, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Statistical hypothesis testing, Urban positioning, 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Multipath mitigation, Sampling (statistics), 020206 networking & telecommunications, Multiple model, Control and Systems Engineering, GNSS applications, Likelihood-ratio test, Signal Processing, Monte Carlo integration, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Algorithm, Software, Multipath propagation
Abstract: In urban canyons, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) multipath interferences affect position estimation based on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). This paper proposes to model the effects of NLOS multipath interferences as mean value jumps contaminating the GNSS pseudo-range measurements. The marginalized likelihood ratio test (MLRT) is then investigated to detect, identify and estimate the corresponding NLOS multipath biases. However, the MLRT test statistics is difficult to compute. In this work, we consider a Monte Carlo integration technique based on bias magnitude sampling. Jensen's inequality allows this Monte Carlo integration to be simplified. The multiple model algorithm is also used to update the prior information for each bias magnitude sample. Some strategies are designed for estimating and correcting the NLOS multipath biases. In order to demonstrate the performance of the MLRT, experiments allowing several localization methods to be compared are performed. Finally, results from a measurement campaign conducted in an urban canyon are presented in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm in a representative environment. HighlightsGNSS multipath bias detection, identification and estimation.The approximate marginalized likelihood ratio test based on a Monte Carlo integration technique.Jensen's inequality allows the Monte Carlo integration to be simplified.The multiple model algorithm is used to update the prior information for each bias magnitude sample.
Published: 2016
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11. Sub-pixel detection in hyperspectral imaging with elliptically contoured t-distributed background

Author: Olivier Besson, François Vincent, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), and Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS)
Subjects: Generalized likelihood ratio test, Signal Processing (eess.SP), Mixed model, Hyperspectral imaging, Gaussian, 02 engineering and technology, symbols.namesake, Robustness (computer science), FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physics, Spectral signature, Pixel, Covariance matrix, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Detection, Control and Systems Engineering, Likelihood-ratio test, Signal Processing, symbols, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Replacement model, Algorithm, Student distribution, Software
Abstract: International audience; Detection of a target with known spectral signature when this target may occupy only a fraction of the pixel is an important issue in hyperspectral imaging. We recently derived the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) for such sub-pixel targets, either for the so-called replacement model where the presence of a target induces a decrease of the background power, due to the sum of abundances equal to one, or for a mixed model which alleviates some of the limitations of the replacement model. In both cases, the background was assumed to be Gaussian distributed. The aim of this short communication is to extend these detectors to the broader class of elliptically contoured distributions, more precisely matrix-variate $t$-distributions with unknown mean and covariance matrix. We show that the generalized likelihood ratio tests in the $t$-distributed case coincide with their Gaussian counterparts, which confers the latter an increased generality for application. The performance as well as the robustness of these detectors are evaluated through numerical simulations.
Published: 2020
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12. Positioning Performance Limits of GNSS Meta-Signals and HO-BOC Signals

Author: Jordi Vila-Valls, Eric Chaumette, Daniel Medina, François Vincent, Lorenzo Ortega, Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile - ENAC (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Collins Aerospace (FRANCE), Thales (FRANCE), Télécom Paris (FRANCE), Direction Générale de l’Aviation Civile - DGAC (FRANCE), German Aerospace Center - DLR (GERMANY), DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation (GERMANY), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Télécommunications Spatiales et Aéronautiques - Telecommunications for Space ant Aeronautics (TéSA), Laboratoire de recherche coopératif dans les télécommunications spatiales et aéronautiques (TESA), DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation [Neustrelitz], German Aerospace Center (DLR), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), and Telecom ParisTech (FRANCE)
Subjects: High-order BOC signals, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Satellite constellation, 02 engineering and technology, time-delay and phase ML estimation, lcsh:Chemical technology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, precise positioning, Analytical Chemistry, symbols.namesake, SPP and RTK positioning, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Galileo (satellite navigation), Traitement du signal et de l'image, GNSS meta-signals, lcsh:TP1-1185, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Precise positioning, Instrumentation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Time-delay and phase ML estimation, SPP and RTKpositioning, GNSS, 020206 networking & telecommunications, high-order BOC signals, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Nautische Systeme, GNSS applications, Binary offset carrier modulation, Cramér–Rao bound, Baseband, symbols, Satellite, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Cramér-Rao bound
Abstract: Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are the main source of position, navigation, and timing (PNT) information and will be a key player in the next-generation intelligent transportation systems and safety-critical applications, but several limitations need to be overcome to meet the stringent performance requirements. One of the open issues is how to provide precise PNT solutions in harsh propagation environments. Under nominal conditions, the former is typically achieved by exploiting carrier phase information through precise positioning techniques, but these methods are very sensitive to the quality of phase observables. Another option that is gaining interest in the scientific community is the use of large bandwidth signals, which allow obtaining a better baseband resolution, and therefore more precise code-based observables. Two options may be considered: (i) high-order binary offset carrier (HO-BOC) modulations or (ii) the concept of GNSS meta-signals. In this contribution, we assess the time-delay and phase maximum likelihood (ML) estimation performance limits of such signals, together with the performance translation into the position domain, considering single point positioning (SPP) and RTK solutions, being an important missing point in the literature. A comprehensive discussion is provided on the estimators&rsquo, behavior, the corresponding ML threshold regions, the impact of good and bad satellite constellation geometries, and final conclusions on the best candidates, which may lead to precise solutions under harsh conditions. It is found that if the receiver is constrained by the receiver bandwidth, the best choices are the L1-M or E6-Public Regulated Service (PRS) signals. If the receiver is able to operate at 60 MHz, it is recommended to exploit the full-bandwidth Galileo E5 signal. In terms of robustness and performance, if the receiver can operate at 135 MHz, the best choice is to use the GNSS meta-signals E5 + E6 or B2 + B3, which provide the best overall performances regardless of the positioning method used, the satellite constellation geometry, or the propagation conditions.
Published: 2020
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13. PHYSICAL LAYER ABSTRACTION FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LEO SATELLITE SYSTEMS FOR IOT USING TIME-FREQUENCY ALOHA SCHEME

Author: Cedric Baudoin, Sylvain Cluzel, Daniela Dragomirescu, José Radzik, Sonia Cazalens, Mathieu Dervin, Télécommunications Spatiales et Aéronautiques - Telecommunications for Space ant Aeronautics (TéSA), Laboratoire de recherche coopératif dans les télécommunications spatiales et aéronautiques (TESA), Thales Alenia Space [Toulouse] (TAS), THALES [France], Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Équipe MIcro et Nanosystèmes pour les Communications sans fil (LAAS-MINC), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Thales Alenia Space (TAS), THALES, Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile - ENAC (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse - INSA (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Thales (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Direction Générale de l’Aviation Civile - DGAC (FRANCE), Laboratoire de recherche en télécommunications spatiales et aéronautiques - TéSA (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), and Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes - LAAS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: Computer science, Satellite constellation, 02 engineering and technology, LPWAN, NB-IoT, 0502 economics and business, Computer Science::Networking and Internet Architecture, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Computer Science::Information Theory, 05 social sciences, Physical layer, Time-Frequency Aloha, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Mutual information, Satellite, Wide area network, Aloha, Bit error rate, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Algorithm, 050203 business & management, Random access, Phase-shift keying
Abstract: International audience; One of the main issues in using a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation to extend a Low-Powered Wide Area Network is the frequency synchronization. Using a link based on random access solves this concern, but also prevents delivery guarantees, and implies less predictable performance. This paper concerns the estimation of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Packet Error Rate (PER) using physical layer abstractions under a time and frequency random scheme, namely Time and Frequency Aloha. We first derive a BERcalculation for noncoded QPSK transmission with one collision. Then, we use the 3GPP LTE NB-IoT coding scheme. We analyze the interference that could be induced by repetition coding scheme and propose an efficient summation to improve the decoder performance. Finally, to estimate a PER for any collided scenario, we propose a physical layer abstraction, which relies on an equivalent Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) calculation based on Mutual Information.
Published: 2018
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14. Influence of body waves, instrumentation resonances, and prior assumptions on Rayleigh wave ellipticity inversion for shallow structure at the InSight landing site

Author: Martin Knapmeyer, Balthasar Kenda, William B. Banerdt, Philippe Lognonné, Sharon Kedar, Lars Witte, Naomi Murdoch, Matthew P. Golombek, Nicolas Verdier, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), DLR Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), DLR Institute of Space Systems, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris - IPGP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Max Planck Society (GERMANY), California Institute of Technology - Caltech (USA), DLR Institute of Planetary Research (GERMANY), DLR Institute of Space Systems (GERMANY), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), and Jet Propulsion Laboratory - JPL (Pasadena, USA)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mars, Seismic noise, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Regolith, Spectral line, symbols.namesake, Interior, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, 0103 physical sciences, Rayleigh wave, Rayleigh waves, Automatique / Robotique, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Scaling, Seismology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight, Levelling, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Computational physics, Amplitude, Space and Planetary Science, symbols, Rayleigh Waves, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Based on an updated model of the regolith’s elastic properties, we simulate the ambient vibrations background wavefield recorded by InSight’s Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) on Mars to characterise the influence of the regolith and invert SEIS data for shallow subsurface structure. By approximately scaling the synthetics based on seismic signals of a terrestrial dust devil, we find that the high-frequency atmospheric background wavefield should be above the self-noise of SEIS’s SP sensors, even if the signals are not produced within 100–200 m of the station. We compare horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios and Rayleigh wave ellipticity curves for a surface-wave based simulation on the one hand with synthetics explicitly considering body waves on the other hand and do not find any striking differences. Inverting the data, we find that the results are insensitive to assumptions on density. By contrast, assumptions on the velocity range in the upper-most layer have a strong influence on the results also at larger depth. Wrong assumptions can lead to results far from the true model in this case. Additional information on the general shape of the curve, i.e. single or dual peak, could help to mitigate this effect, even if it cannot directly be included into the inversion. We find that the ellipticity curves can provide stronger constraints on the minimum thickness and velocity of the second layer of the model than on the maximum values. We also consider the effect of instrumentation resonances caused by the lander flexible modes, solar panels, and the SEIS levelling system. Both the levelling system resonances and the lander flexible modes occur at significantly higher frequencies than the expected structural response, i.e. above 35 Hz and 20 Hz, respectively. While the lander and solar panel resonances might be too weak in amplitude to be recorded by SEIS, the levelling system resonances will show up clearly in horizontal spectra, the H/V and ellipticity curves. They are not removed by trying to extract only Rayleigh-wave dominated parts of the data. However, they can be distinguished from any subsurface response by their exceptionally low damping ratios of 1% or less as determined by random decrement analysis. The same applies to lander-generated signals observed in actual data from a Moon analogue experiment, so we expect this analysis will be useful in identifying instrumentation resonances in SEIS data.
Published: 2018
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15. A bias-compensated MUSIC for small number of samples

Author: Franois Vincent, Frdric Pascal, Olivier Besson, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université Paris-Saclay (FRANCE), CentraleSupélec (FRANCE), Centre d'Etudes des discours, Images, Textes, Ecrits, Communications (CEDITEC), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes ( L2S ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal ( DEOS ), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace ( ISAE-SUPAERO )
Subjects: [ INFO.INFO-TS ] Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Mean squared error, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONINTERFACESANDPRESENTATION(e.g.,HCI), 020209 energy, Speech recognition, [ STAT.OT ] Statistics [stat]/Other Statistics [stat.ML], Sample (statistics), DOA estimation, 02 engineering and technology, [STAT.OT]Statistics [stat]/Other Statistics [stat.ML], Interpretation (model theory), MUSIC, Signal-to-noise ratio, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematics, [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], Small number, G-MUSIC finite sample analysis, [ STAT.AP ] Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], Direction of arrival, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Function (mathematics), Control and Systems Engineering, Computer Science::Sound, Signal Processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Algorithm, Software
Abstract: A high signal to noise ratio approximation of the G-MUSIC localization function.Providing a meaningful interpretation of G-MUSIC as a bias correction of the conventional MUSIC localization function in the finite sample case.The proposed algorithms is simpler than G-MUSIC for equivalent performances The multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method is known to be asymptotically efficient, yet with a small number of snapshots its performance degrades due to bias in MUSIC localization function. In this communication, starting from G-MUSIC which improves over MUSIC in low sample support, a high signal to noise ratio approximation of the G-MUSIC localization function is derived. This approximation results in closed-form expressions of the weights applied to each eigenvector of the sample covariance matrix. A new method which consists in minimizing this simplified G-MUSIC localization function is thus introduced, and referred to as sG-MUSIC. Interestingly enough, this sG-MUSIC criterion can be interpreted as a bias correction of the conventional MUSIC localization function. Numerical simulations indicate that sG-MUSIC incur only a marginal loss in terms of mean square error of the direction of arrival estimates, as compared to G-MUSIC, and performs better than MUSIC.
Published: 2017
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16. Robust Statistics for GNSS Positioning under Harsh Conditions: A Useful Tool?

Author: Haoqing Li, Jordi Vila-Valls, Pau Closas, Daniel Medina, DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation [Neustrelitz], German Aerospace Center (DLR), Northeastern University [Boston], Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), German Aerospace Center - DLR (GERMANY), Northeastern University (USA), and Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Gaussian, Robust statistics, 02 engineering and technology, single point positioning (SPP), computer.software_genre, Single point positioning, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, Analytical Chemistry, Robust regression, symbols.namesake, Multipath, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], GNSS, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Nautische Systeme, Noise, GNSS applications, Outlier, Parametric model, symbols, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), Satellite, Data mining, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, computer, Multipath propagation
Abstract: International audience; Navigation problems are generally solved applying least-squares (LS) adjustments. Techniques based on LS can be shown to perform optimally when the system noise is Gaussian distributed and the parametric model is accurately known. Unfortunately, real world problems usually contain unexpectedly large errors, so-called outliers, that violate the noise model assumption, leading to a spoiled solution estimation. In this work, the framework of robust statistics is explored to provide robust solutions to the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) single point positioning (SPP) problem. Considering that GNSS observables may be contaminated by erroneous measurements, we survey the most popular approaches for robust regression (M-, S-, and MM-estimators) and how they can be adapted into a general methodology for robust GNSS positioning. We provide both theoretical insights and validation over experimental datasets, which serves in discussing the robust methods in detail.
Published: 2019
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17. Theoretical study of the space radiation effects in an EDFA for an small satellite mission

Author: Lopez-Arreguin, Amenophis, Rissons, Angélique, Estepa-Avellaneda, Yuri, Lizy-Destrez, Stéphanie, Destic, Fabien, Fernandez, Arnaud, Gilard, Olivier, Département Conception et conduite des véhicules Aéronautiques et Spatiaux (DCAS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT2J (FRANCE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - INSA (FRANCE), Technische Universität Dresden - TUD (GERMANY), and Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: Microwave-Photonics, Noise Figure, [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Autre, Radiation Dose, NIMPH, Microwave-Photonics, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), Physics::Optics, NIMPH, Output Power, Gain
Abstract: International audience; NIMPH (Nanosatellite to Investigate Microwave Photonic Hardware) is a 3U Cube-Sat 1 project devoted to accomplish a qualification process of Microwave-Photonics (MWP) technology operating in space. With an advanced concept of MWP payload including an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), the nanosatellite will be launched in 2019 to measure at Low Earth Orbit(LEO) the effects of space radiation over the fiber, monitoring their critical performance parameters: gain, output power and noise figure (NF). Standing on a well verified model for the gain of an EDFA in radiative constraints, here we present a pre-study of the radiation effects in the amplifier within the context of NIMPH mission, when the fiber is operated in space at temperatures between 20 and 73 • C within a set of predefined orbits of 355-1447 km altitude, and pumped in copropagating configuration at 980 nm. Also, a simple model is proposed to estimate the NF growth of an EDFA in an ionizing environment, determining the possible variation of noise at typical space dose rates.
Published: 2016

18. A maximum likelihood-based unscented Kalman filter for multipath mitigation in a multi-correlator based GNSS receiver

Author: Jean-Yves Tourneret, Vincent Calmettes, Cheng Cheng, Quan Pan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (CHINA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT2J (FRANCE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UT1 (FRANCE), Laboratoire de recherche en télécommunications spatiales et aéronautiques - TéSA (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Northwestern Polytechnical University [Xi'an] (NPU), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), CoMputational imagINg anD viSion (IRIT-MINDS), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Télécommunications Spatiales et Aéronautiques - Telecommunications for Space ant Aeronautics (TéSA), Laboratoire de recherche coopératif dans les télécommunications spatiales et aéronautiques (TESA), and Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP)
Subjects: Computer science, 02 engineering and technology, Correlation function (quantum field theory), Maximum likelihood principle, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Physics::Geophysics, Traitement des images, Extended Kalman filter, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, 0203 mechanical engineering, Control theory, Global navigation satellite systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Synthèse d'image et réalité virtuelle, Computer Science::Information Theory, 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Multipath mitigation, [INFO.INFO-CV]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], 020206 networking & telecommunications, Statistical model, Vision par ordinateur et reconnaissance de formes, Kalman filter, Intelligence artificielle, [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Multi-correlator, GNSS applications, [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Un-scented Kalman filter, Satellite navigation, Algorithm, Multipath propagation
Abstract: International audience; In complex environments, the presence or absence of multipath signals not only depends on the relative motion between the GNSS receiver and navigation satellites, but also on the environment where the receiver is located. Thus it is difficult to use a specific propagation model to accurately capture the dynamics of multipath signal parameters when the GNSS receiver is moving in urban canyons or other severe obstructions. This paper introduces a statistical model for the line-of-sight and multipath signals received by a GNSS receiver. A multi-correlator based GNSS receiver is also exploited with the advantage to fully characterizing the impact of multipath signals on the correlation function by providing samples of the whole correlation function. Finally, a maximum likelihood-based unscented Kalman filter is investigated to estimate the line-of-sight and multipath signal parameters. Numerical simulations clearly validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Published: 2016
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19. A New GNSS Integrity Monitoring Based on Channels Joint Characterization

Author: Christophe Charbonnieras, Marion Aubault-Roudier, Lionel Ries, Jonathan Israel, Franck Barbiero, François Vincent, Guillaume Carrie, Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Office National d'Etudes et Recherches Aérospatiales - ONERA (FRANCE), Thales (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Toulouse], ONERA, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Thales Alenia Space (TAS), and THALES
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Engineering, Integrity, Exploit, Satellites, Real-time computing, 02 engineering and technology, Receiver, Autre, Position (vector), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Upstream (networking), GNSS, Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring, business.industry, RAIM, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Navigation, GNSS applications, DPE, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Satellite navigation, Joint (audio engineering), business, DRAIM, Communication channel
Abstract: Many GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites System) applications need high integrity performances. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM), or similar method, is commonly used. Initially developed for aeronautics, RAIM techniques may not be fully adapted for terrestrial navigation, especially in urban environments. Those techniques use basically the pseudoranges to derive an integrity criterion. In this paper, we introduce a new integrity criterion based on the correlation quality of each channel. This quality assessment is computed from the correlation levels for each channel, all based on a single position and speed. Hence, as the so-called Direct Position Estimation (DPE), we exploit the joint behaviour of all channels to detect any incoherence at an upstream step of the processing. This Direct RAIM (D-RAIM) allows detecting possible integrity problems before it can be seen on a classical RAIM scheme that only exploits the outputs of each channel.
Published: 2016

20. Recursive hybrid Cramer-Rao bound for discrete-time Markovian dynamic systems

Author: Pascal Larzabal, François Vincent, Jerome Galy, Chengfang Ren, Eric Chaumette, Alexandre Renaux, Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes ( L2S ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier ( LIRMM ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal ( DEOS ), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace ( ISAE-SUPAERO ), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie ( SATIE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ) -Université de Cergy Pontoise ( UCP ), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -École normale supérieure - Cachan ( ENS Cachan ) -Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux ( IFSTTAR ), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université de Montpellier 2 (FRANCE), Université Paris-Sud 11 (FRANCE), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - LIRMM (Montpellier, France), Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier (LIRMM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0209 industrial biotechnology, Mathematical optimization, [ INFO.INFO-TS ] Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Markov process, 02 engineering and technology, Upper and lower bounds, Electronic mail, symbols.namesake, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Autre, Dynamic Markovian systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Parameter estimation, Applied mathematics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Mathematics, Estimation theory, Applied Mathematics, estimation error lower bound, Estimation error lower bound, 020206 networking & telecommunications, dynamic Markovian systems, Discrete time and continuous time, Signal Processing, symbols, Cramér–Rao bound, Recursive Bayesian estimation, Statistical signal processing
Abstract: International audience; In statistical signal processing, hybrid parameter estimation refers to the case where the parameters vector to estimate contains both non-random and random parameters. As a contribution to the hybrid estimation framework, we introduce a recursive hybrid Cramér Rao lower bounds for discrete-time Markovian dynamic systems depending on unknown determinis-tic parameters. Additionnally, the regularity conditions required for its existence and its use are clarified.
Published: 2015
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21. Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean

Author: Jean-Marc Aury, Daniele Iudicone, Hiroyuki Ogata, Stéphane Audic, Frédéric Mahé, Fabrice Not, Johan Decelle, Gabriel Gorsky, Silvia G. Acinas, Pascal Hingamp, Sarah Romac, Noan Le Bescot, Matthieu Mulot, Sébastien Colin, Eleonora Scalco, Michael E. Sieracki, Marc Picheral, Tara Oceans Coordinators, Nicolas Henry, Stephane Pesant, Micah Dunthorn, Adriana Zingone, Sabrina Speich, Margaux Carmichael, Chris Bowler, Sarah Searson, Céline Dimier, Jeroen Raes, Gipsi Lima-Mendez, Shruti Malviya, Aleš Horák, Eric Karsenti, Ramiro Logares, Olga Flegontova, Julius Lukeš, Shinichi Sunagawa, Flora Vincent, Stefanie Kandels-Lewis, Enrique Lara, Raphael Morard, Stefan Engelen, Peer Bork, Patrick Wincker, Colomban de Vargas, Raffaele Siano, Ian Probert, Jean Weissenbach, Lars Stemmann, Cédric Berney, Samuel Chaffron, Olivier Jaillon, Lionel Guidi, Julie Poulain, Lucie Bittner, Nigel Grimsley, Diversité et Interactions au sein du Plancton Océanique (DIPO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Genoscope - Centre national de séquençage [Evry] (GENOSCOPE), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Evolution des Protistes et Ecosystèmes Pélagiques (EPEP), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génomique métabolique (UMR 8030), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of ecology, Universität Kaiserslautern, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [Lausanne] (SIB), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Immunobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Infections Parasitaires, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IFR113-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Informatics [Brno] (FI / MUNI), Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Pélagique (PELAGOS), Dynamiques des Écosystèmes Côtiers (DYNECO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Heidelberg] (EMBL), European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Grenoble] (EMBL), Biologie intégrative des organismes marins (BIOM), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Information génomique et structurale (IGS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kyoto University, Rega Institute - VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bioinformatics and (eco-)systems Biology Laboratory, Louvain, Belgique, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TU Kaiserslautern), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), CNRS [GDR3280], EMBL, Agency for Administration of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) [CONES 2010-0036], Veolia Environment Foundation, EBI [PRJEB402, PRJEB6610], Genoscope/CEA, Lorient Agglomeration, Illumina, UNIMIB, Electricite de France Foundation, Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite, Tara schooner, Fund for Scientific Research - The French Ministry of Research, French Government [ANR-11-BTBR-0008, ANR-10-INBS-09-08, ANR-10-LABX-54], French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UPMC, European Research Council [294823], VIB, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Rega Institute, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [26430184], KU Leuven, PSL* Research University [ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02], World Courier, ANR [POSEIDON/ANR-09-BLAN-0348, PROMETHEUS/ANR-09-PCS-GENM-217, PHYTBACK/ANR-2010-1709-01, TARA-GIRUS/ANR-09-PCS-GENM-218], EU FP7 [287589, IHMS/HEALTH-F4-2010-261376], Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [3790], Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [CGL2011-26848/BOS], Diversité et Interactions au sein du Plancton Océanique ( DIPO ), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin ( ADMM ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Genoscope - Centre national de séquençage [Evry] ( GENOSCOPE ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Evolution des Protistes et Ecosystèmes Pélagiques ( EPEP ), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) ( IBENS ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Génomique métabolique ( UMR 8030 ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne ( UEVE ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zürich [Zürich] ( UZH ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -IFR113-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche ( LOV ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Faculty of Informatics [Masaryk], Masaryk University, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, MARUM, Universität Bremen Postfach, Dynamiques de l'Environnement Côtier ( DYNECO ), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal ( DEOS ), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace ( ISAE-SUPAERO ), Stazione Zoologica Napoli, European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Heidelberg] ( EMBL ), European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ), Biologie intégrative des organismes marins ( BIOM ), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls ( OOB ), Information génomique et structurale ( IGS ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Kyoto University [Kyoto], Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Laboratoire de physique des océans ( LPO ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) ( LEMAR ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer ( IUEM ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Technische Universität Kaiserskautern, Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] ( ICM ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] ( CSGA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), UCL - SST/LIBST - Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamiques de l'Environnement Côtier (DYNECO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, biology, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Ecology, Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fungi, Rhizaria, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Ribosomal RNA, Plankton, biology.organism_classification, [ SDE ] Environmental Sciences, Phylogenetics, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, natural sciences, 14. Life underwater, Taxonomic rank, Ribosomal DNA
Abstract: Vargas, Colomban de ... et. al.-- 11 pages, 7 figures, supplementary materials www.sciencemag.org/content/348/6237/1261605/suppl/DC1, Marine plankton support global biological and geochemical processes. Surveys of their biodiversity have hitherto been geographically restricted and have not accounted for the full range of plankton size. We assessed eukaryotic diversity from 334 size-fractionated photic-zone plankton communities collected across tropical and temperate oceans during the circumglobal Tara Oceans expedition. We analyzed 18S ribosomal DNA sequences across the intermediate plankton-size spectrum from the smallest unicellular eukaryotes (protists, >0.8 micrometers) to small animals of a few millimeters. Eukaryotic ribosomal diversity saturated at ∼150,000 operational taxonomic units, about one-third of which could not be assigned to known eukaryotic groups. Diversity emerged at all taxonomic levels, both within the groups comprising the ∼11,200 cataloged morphospecies of eukaryotic plankton and among twice as many other deep-branching lineages of unappreciated importance in plankton ecology studies. Most eukaryotic plankton biodiversity belonged to heterotrophic protistan groups, particularly those known to be parasites or symbiotic hosts. © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved, We thank the following people and sponsors for their commitment: CNRS (in particular, the GDR3280); EMBL; Genoscope/CEA; UPMC; VIB; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; UNIMIB; Rega Institute; KU Leuven; Fund for Scientific Research – The French Ministry of Research, the French Government “Investissements d’Avenir” programmes OCEANOMICS (ANR-11-BTBR-0008), FRANCE GENOMIQUE (ANR-10-INBS-09-08), and MEMO LIFE (ANR-10-LABX-54); PSL* Research University (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02); ANR (projects POSEIDON/ANR-09-BLAN-0348, PROMETHEUS/ANR-09-PCSGENM-217, PHYTBACK/ANR-2010-1709-01, and TARA-GIRUS/ANR-09-PCS-GENM-218); EU FP7 (MicroB3/No.287589, IHMS/HEALTH-F4-2010-261376); European Research Council Advanced Grant Awards to C. Bowler (Diatomite:294823); Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant 3790 to M.B.S.; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grant CGL2011-26848/BOS MicroOcean PANGENOMICS and TANIT (CONES 2010-0036) grant from the Agency for Administration of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) to S.G.A.; and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grant 26430184 to H.O. We also thank the following for their support and commitment: A. Bourgois, E. Bourgois, R. Troublé, Région Bretagne, G. Ricono, the Veolia Environment Foundation, Lorient Agglomération, World Courier, Illumina, the Electricité de France Foundation, Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité, the Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, and the Tara schooner and its captains and crew. We thank MERCATORCORIOLIS and ACRI-ST for providing daily satellite data during the expedition. We are also grateful to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for supporting the expedition and to the countries who granted sampling permissions. Tara Oceans would not exist without continuous support from 23 institutes (http://oceans.taraexpeditions.org)
Published: 2015
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22. Atmospheric gravity waves due to the Tohoku-Oki tsunami observed in the thermosphere by GOCE

Author: Sean Bruinsma, Eelco Doornbos, Raphaël F. Garcia, Hélène Hébert, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives - CEA (FRANCE), Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IRD (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Delft University of Technology - TU Delft (NETHERLANDS), Météo France (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Space Geodesy Department (Toulouse, France), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Space Geodesy Department, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire de Détection et de Géophysique (CEA) (LDG), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Infragravity wave, GOCE mission, gravity waves, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Satellite drag, Océan, Atmosphère, Gravitational field, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Gravity wave, Atmospheric gravity waves, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, thermosphere, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, GOCE, Tsunami, Gravitational wave, Geophysics, Internal wave, Geodesy, Polarization (waves), ocean/atmosphere coupling, accelerometer data, Space and Planetary Science, Ionosphere, Thermosphere, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Oceanic tsunami waves couple with atmospheric gravity waves, as previously observedthrough ionospheric and airglow perturbations. Aerodynamic velocities and density variations are computed from Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) accelerometer and thruster data during Tohoku-Oki tsunami propagation. High-frequency perturbations of these parameters are observed during three expected crossings of the tsunami-generated gravity waves by the GOCE satellite. From theoretical relations between air density and vertical and horizontal velocities inside the gravity wave, we demonstrate that the measured perturbations are consistent with a gravity wave generated by the tsunami and provide a way to estimate the propagation azimuth of the gravity wave. Moreover, because GOCE measurements can constrain the wave polarization, a marker (noted C 3 ) of any gravity wave crossing by the GOCE satellite is constructed from correlation coefficients between the observed atmospheric state parameters. These observations validate a new observation tool of thermospheric gravity waves generated by tsunamis above the open ocean.
Published: 2014
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23. Analysis of Adaptive Detectors Robustness to Mismatches on Noise Mean Value

Author: Olivier Besson, Francois Vincent, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), and Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: Wishart matrices, Mismatch, Hyperspectral imaging, Signal Processing, Adaptive detection, Non zero mean noise, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Robustness analysis
Abstract: We consider the problem of detecting a signal of interest corrupted by Gaussian noise with unknown mean and covariance matrix when the training samples available have a different mean. We evaluate the robustness of well-known adaptive detectors designed under the assumption of a same mean. More precisely, statistical representations of the generalized likelihood ratio test, the adaptive matched filter and the adaptive coherence estimator are derived for both an additive model with an arbitrary mismatch between the means, and a replacement model which is widely used in hyperspectral imaging. The new representations are given in terms of simple $F$ distributions and are shown to depend in a simple way on the norm of the whitened mean difference and its angle with the whitened signal of interest signature, or on the replacement factor. These new representations allow to identify the key parameters that impact most the probability of false alarm and probability of detection. Numerical simulations illustrate the theoretical results.
Published: 2022

24. The MMX rover: performing in situ surface investigations on Phobos

Author: Michel, Patrick, Ulamec, Stephan, Böttger, Ute, Grott, Matthias, Murdoch, Naomi, Vernazza, Pierre, Sunday, Cecily, Zhang, Yun, Valette, Rudy, Castellani, Roman, Biele, Jens, Tardivel, Simon, Groussin, Olivier, Lorda, Laurent, Knollenberg, Jörg, Grundmann, Jan Thimo, Arrat, Denis, Pont, Gabriel, Mary, Stephane, Grebenstein, Markus, Miyamoto, Hirdy, Nakamura, Tomoki, Wada, Koji, Yoshikawa, Kent, Kuramoto, Kiyoshi, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Tohoku University [Sendai], Planetary Exploration Research Center [Chiba] (PERC), Chiba Institute of Technology (CIT), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Hokkaido University Hospital [Sapporo], and AcknowledgementsThe rover on the MMX mission of JAXA is a CNES-DLR cooperation. The authors would like to thank the whole MMX team at JAXA/ISAS for the unique opportunity to participate to this exciting mission.FundingThis work benefits from funding by CNES and DLR. CS acknowledges PhD thesis funding from ISAE-SUPAERO and CNES. YZ acknowledges funding from the Université Côte d’Azur 'Individual grants for young researchers' program of IDEX JEDI.
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 01 natural sciences, Regolith, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Phobos, 0103 physical sciences, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Rover, Regolith dynamics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Thermal inertia, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, QB275-343, QE1-996.5, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Raman spectrometer, Geology, [SPI.MECA.GEME]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanical engineering [physics.class-ph], Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Numerical modelling, Radiometer, Camera, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft], Geodesy
Abstract: The Japanese MMX sample return mission to Phobos by JAXA will carry a rover developed by CNES and DLR that will be deployed on Phobos to perform in situ analysis of the Martian moon’s surface properties. Past images of the surface of Phobos show that it is covered by a layer of regolith. However, the mechanical and compositional properties of this regolith are poorly constrained. In particular, from current remote images, very little is known regarding the particle sizes, their chemical composition, the packing density of the regolith as well as other parameters such as friction and cohesion that influence surface dynamics. Understanding the properties and dynamics of the regolith in the low-gravity environment of Phobos is important to trace back its history and surface evolution. Moreover, this information is also important to support the interpretation of data obtained by instruments onboard the main MMX spacecraft, and to minimize the risks involved in the spacecraft sampling operations. The instruments onboard the Rover are a Raman spectrometer (RAX), an infrared radiometer (miniRad), two forward-looking cameras for navigation and science purposes (NavCams), and two cameras observing the interactions of regolith and the rover wheels (WheelCams). The Rover will be deployed before the MMX spacecraft samples Phobos’ surface and will be the first rover to drive on the surface of a Martian moon and in a very low gravity environment.Graphic Abstract
Published: 2022
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25. Learning-Enhanced Adaptive Robust GNSS Navigation in Challenging Environments

Author: Yi Ding, Paul Chauchat, Gael Pages, Philippe Asseman, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Airbus Operation S.A.S., Airbus [France], Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Airbus SAS and ANRT, France, Cifre [2019/1073], Airbus (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), and CentraleSupélec (FRANCE)
Subjects: Control and Optimization, GNSS, Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science Applications, Human-Computer Interaction, Machine Learning, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Artificial Intelligence, Control and Systems Engineering, machine learning for robot control, Localization, probability and statistical methods, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Robust Statistics
Abstract: International audience; Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the widely used technology when it comes to outdoor positioning. But it has severe limitations with regard to safety-critical applications involving unmanned autonomous systems. Namely, the positioning performance degrades in harsh propagation environment such as urban canyons. In this letter we propose a new algorithm for GNSS navigation in challenging environments based on robust statistics. M-estimators showed promising results in this context, but are limited by some fixed hyper-parameters. Our main idea is to adapt this parameter, for the Huber cost function, to the current environment in a data-driven manner. Doing so, we also present a simple yet efficient way of learning with satellite data, whose number may vary over time. Focusing the learning problem on a single parameter enables to efficiently learn with a lightweight neural network. The generalization capability and the positioning performance of the proposed method are evaluated in multiple contexts scenarios (open-sky, trees, urban and urban canyon), with two distinct GNSS receivers, and in an airplane ground inspection scenario. The maximum positioning error is reduced by up to 68% with respect to M-estimators.
Published: 2022
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26. Motion estimation-based image enhancement in ultrasound imaging

Author: Adrian Basarab, Stephanie Bidon, Renaud Morin, Denis Kouame, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT2J (FRANCE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UT1 (FRANCE), University of Dundee (UNITED KINGDOM), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Traitement et Compréhension d’Images (IRIT-TCI), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Dundee, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE)
Subjects: Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Computer science, Iterative reconstruction, Imaging phantom, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Speckle pattern, Traitement des images, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Motion estimation, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Computer vision, Instrumentation (computer programming), Image resolution, Synthèse d'image et réalité virtuelle, Image registration, business.industry, Ultrasound, Resolution (electron density), [INFO.INFO-CV]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], Vision par ordinateur et reconnaissance de formes, Intelligence artificielle, [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Super-resolution, Image enhancement, Artificial intelligence, Medical imaging, business, Nuclear medicine
Abstract: International audience; High resolution medical ultrasound (US) imaging is an ongoing challenge in many diagnosis applications and can be achieved either by instrumentation or by post-processing. Though many works have considered the issue of resolution enhancement in optical imaging, very few works have investigated this issue in US imaging. In optics, several algorithms have been proposed to achieve super-resolution (SR) image reconstruction, which consists of merging several low resolution images to create a higher resolution image. However, the straightforward implementation of such techniques for US imaging is unsuccessful, due to the interaction of ultrasound with tissue and speckle. We show how to overcome the limit of SR in this framework by refining the registration part of common multiframe techniques. For this purpose, we investigate motion estimation methods adapted to US imaging. Performance of the proposed technique is evaluated on both realistic simulated US images (providing an estimated best-case performance) and real US sequences of phantom and in-vivo thyroid images. Compared to classical SR methods, our technique brings both quantitative and qualitative improvements. Resolution gain was found to be 1.41 for the phantom sequence and 1.12 for the thyroid sequence and a quantitative study using the phantom further confirmed the spatial resolution enhancement. Furthermore, the contrast-to-noise ratio was increased by 27% and 13% for simulated and experimental US images, respectively.
Published: 2013
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27. A new multipath mitigation method for GNSS receivers based on antenna array

Author: Lionel Ries, Michel Monnerat, Guillaume Carrie, François Vincent, Sébastien Rougerie, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Toulouse], ONERA, Thales Alenia Space - TAS (Toulouse, France), Thales (France), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Office National d'Etudes et Recherches Aérospatiales - ONERA (FRANCE), Thales (FRANCE), Département ElectroMagnétisme et Radar - DEMR (Toulouse, France), and Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Article Subject, Computer science, 02 engineering and technology, Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, Antenna array, Sage algorithm, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Multipath, Small antenna, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, ComputerSystemsOrganization_SPECIAL-PURPOSEANDAPPLICATION-BASEDSYSTEMS, Instrumentation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Computer Science::Information Theory, Multipath mitigation, Line-of-sight, GNSS, General Engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, GNSS applications, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cramér–Rao bound, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Array antenna
Abstract: The well-known Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation Maximisation (SAGE) algorithm has been recently considered for multipath mitigation in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. However, the implementation of SAGE in a GNSS receiver is a challenging issue due to the numerous number or parameters to be estimated and the important size of the data to be processed. A new implementation of the SAGE algorithm is proposed in this paper in order to reach the same efficiency with a reduced complexity. This paper focuses on the trade-off between complexity and performance thanks to the Cramer Rao bound derivation. Moreover, this paper shows how the proposed algorithm can be integrated with a classical GNSS tracking loop. This solution is thus a very promising approach for multipath mitigation.
Published: 2012
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28. Modeling The Impact of Temporal Decorrelation on Insar Ground Cancellation Techniques in the Frame of Tropical Forest Characterization at P Band

Author: Ferro-Famil, L., d'Alessandro, M. Mariotti, Tebaldini, S., Huang, Y., Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, and Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)
Subjects: [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]
Abstract: International audience; 3-D imaging using SAR tomography is a well-recognized technique for the characterization of forested areas. Studies revealed that the intensity of radar echoes originating from specific locations within the canopy of forest could be used to estimate its above ground biomass. Moreover, a recent work proposed an estimation technique using a pair of interferometric SAR images only. The images are combined in order to cancel contributions from the ground, and to roughly estimate the volume reflectivity. This paper proposes to study the influence of temporal decorrelation of this minimalist approach, which relies on the hypothesis of perfectly correlated signals. A model, based on second order statistics, is proposed and is used to predict the influence of temporal decorrelation of the relative error of the above ground biomass estimation over tropical forests measured at P band.
Published: 2022
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29. ESTIMATION OF THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF A TROPICAL FOREST USING BASIS FUNCTIONS AND PARAMETRIC SAR TOMOGRAPHY

Author: L. Ferro-Famil, Y. Huang, N. Ge, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), and Technische Universität München = Technical University of Munich (TUM)
Subjects: [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]
Abstract: International audience; SAR tomography represents a unique way to characterize forested areas from their 3-D density of reflectivity. As shown by numerous studies, coherent 2-D SAR images with intermediate horizontal resolution may be processed through spectral analysis techniques in order to focus 3-D cubes of reflectivity, and to provide an electromagnetic description of forets which is generally sufficient to estimates its main features, such as underlying ground topography, tree height and above-ground biomass. Nevertheless, a refined analysis of the vertical structure of a forest is usually highly limited by the vertical resolution and by the presence of side-lobes and focusing artifacts whose separation from the actual response may be problematic. As shown in this paper, direct deconvolution of the vertical impulse response using high-resolution techniques is an underdetermined inverse problem with an infinite number of plausible solutions. The use of basis functions, such as those proposed by Aguilera et al. [1], as well as a set of signal properties likely to be well adapted to the reflectivity of forested areas, allows to drastically reduce the size of the solution domain. This paper iuses an efficient iterative technique to estimate the intrinsic vertical reflectivity profile of forest measured at L and P bands
Published: 2022
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30. Survey on signal processing for GNSS under ionospheric scintillation: Detection, monitoring, and mitigation

Author: James T. Curran, Pau Closas, Jordi Vila-Valls, Fabio Dovis, Nicola Linty, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), Northeastern University [Boston], Politecnico di Torino = Polytechnic of Turin (Polito), European Commission, Joint Research Centre - JRC (IRELAND), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Finnish Geospatial Research Institute - FGI-NLS (FINLAND), Northeastern University (USA), and Politecnico di Torino (ITALY)
Subjects: Mitigation, Monitoring, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Aerospace Engineering, Carrier synchronization, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Synchronization, Physics::Geophysics, Interplanetary scintillation, 0203 mechanical engineering, Ionospheric scintillation, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Scintillation, Signal processing, GNSS, GNSS, ionospheric scintillation, detection, monitoring, mitigation, robust tracking, carrier synchronization, Emphasis (telecommunications), Detection, 13. Climate action, GNSS applications, Physics::Space Physics, Satellite, Robust tracking, carrier synchronization, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Radio wave
Abstract: International audience; Ionospheric scintillation is the physical phenomena affecting radio waves coming from the space through the ionosphere. Such disturbance is caused by ionospheric electron‐density irregularities and is a major threat in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). From a signal‐processing perspective, scintillation is one of the most challenging propagation scenarios, particularly affecting high‐precision GNSS receivers and safety critical applications where accuracy, availability, continuity, and integrity are mandatory. Under scintillation, GNSS signals are affected by amplitude and phase variations, which mainly compromise the synchronization stage of the receiver. To counteract these effects, one must resort to advanced signal‐processing techniques such as adaptive/robust methods, machine learning, or parameter estimation. This contribution reviews the signal‐processing landscape in GNSS receivers, with emphasis on different detection, monitoring, and mitigation problems. New results using real data are provided to support the discussion. To conclude, future perspectives of interest to the GNSS community are discussed.
Published: 2020
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31. The influence of gravity on granular impacts II. A gravity-scaled collision model for slow interactions

Author: Patrick Michel, Yun Zhang, M. Drilleau, N. Murdoch, A. Wilhelm, S. Tardivel, C. Sunday, Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - INSU (FRANCE), Université Côte d'Azur (FRANCE), and Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: Physics, Gravity (chemistry), Low-velocity impacts, Experimental methods, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mechanics, Astrophysics, Collision model, Regolith, Asteroids, Space and Planetary Science, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Numerical methods, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Context. Slow interactions on small body surfaces occur both naturally and through human intervention. The resettling of grains and boulders following a cratering event, as well as observations made during small body missions, can provide clues regarding the material properties and the physical evolution of a surface. In order to analyze such events, it is necessary to understand how gravity influences granular behavior. Aims. In this work, we study slow impacts into granular materials for different collision velocities and gravity levels. Our objectives are to develop a model that describes the penetration depth in terms of the dimensionless Froude number and to use this model to understand the relationship between collision behavior, collision velocity, and gravity. Methods. We used the soft-sphere discrete element method to simulate impacts into glass beads under gravitational accelerations ranging from 9.81 m s−2 to 0.001 m s−2. We quantified collision behavior using the peak acceleration, the penetration depth, and the collision duration of the projectile, and we compared the collision behavior for impacts within a Froude number range of 0–10. Results. The measured penetration depth and collision duration for low-velocity collisions are comparable when the impact parameters are scaled by the Froude number, and the presented model predicts the collision behavior well within the tested Froude number range. If the impact Froude number is low (0 < Fr < 1.5), the collision occurs in a regime that is dominated by a depth-dependent quasi-static friction force. If the impact Froude number is high enough (1.5 < Fr < 10), the collision enters a second regime that is dominated by inertial drag. Conclusions. The presented collision model can be used to constrain the properties of a granular surface material using the penetration depth measurement from a single impact event. If the projectile size, the collision velocity, the gravity level, and the final penetration depth are known and if the material density is estimated, then the internal friction angle of the material can be deduced.
Published: 2022

32. Automatic Detection and Correction of Random Telegraph Signal Artifacts in Earth Observation Images

Author: Sylvain Lucas, Thomas Oberlin, Vincent Goiffon, Fanny Le Mer, Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), NOVELTIS (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), and Département d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Complexes - DISC (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: Image restoration, SPOT-5, Infrared imaging, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Pléiades, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Push-broom image, Random telegraph signal (RTS), Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Total variation (TV), Image destriping
Abstract: Satellite optical and infrared images can be degraded by a piecewise-constant random artifact called random telegraph signal (RTS), which is caused by unstable semiconductor defects in the photodetector. In this letter, we aim at proposing new techniques to detect and correct such artifacts in the specific context of push-broom detectors, where some columns exhibit RTS that superimposes with the landscape. Our detector is based on a nonparametric statistical test that compares the distribution of each column to its neighbors. Concerning the RTS correction, we first propose a signal processing method that estimates the levels and jumps of the RTS. Then, we propose another method inspired by variational image destriping, which directly estimates the RTS through the use of total variation (TV). Experiments—on Pléiades images with synthetic RTS and on a real SPOT-5 image—show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
Published: 2022

33. Circularly Polarized Huygens Source Antenna Based on Two Stacked Dielectric Resonators

Author: Morales Peña, Carlos David, Araújo, José Bruno de, Morlaas, Christophe, Chabory, Alexandre, Pascaud, Romain, Grzeskowiak, Marjorie, Mazingue, Gautier, Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ENAC), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Équipe MIcro et Nanosystèmes pour les Communications sans fil (LAAS-MINC), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, ANYWAVES, Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile - ENAC (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Anywaves (FRANCE), Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), and Université de Toulouse (UT)
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Huygens source, Circular polarization, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Dielectric resonator antenna, Half-space radiation
Abstract: International audience; In this paper, a cross-shaped dielectric resonator antenna arranged in a stacked configuration is proposed to realize a Huygens source in circular polarization at 2.45 GHz ISM band. The antenna principle relies on the combination of two pairs of orthogonal electric and magnetic dipoles. The antenna is designed and optimized with numerical analysis using far-field simulations in Ansys HFSS. It finally has a radiation pattern oriented in one half-space without the use of a ground plane.
Published: 2021
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34. Target detection in hyperspectral imaging combining replacement and additive models

Author: François Vincent, Olivier Besson, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)
Subjects: Target detection, Hyperspectral imaging, GLRT, Computer science, 02 engineering and technology, Dimension (vector space), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Additive model, Complement (set theory), business.industry, Ratio test, Detector, Log likelihood, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Pattern recognition, Control and Systems Engineering, Signal Processing, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Artificial intelligence, business, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Replacement model, Software, Subspace topology
Abstract: International audience; In hyperspectral imaging the replacement model where a target, if present, partly replaces the distur- bance is often advocated. In this paper, we consider a somehow more realistic model where only the low-rank background is substituted for the target while a residual noise, which belongs to the orthogo- nal complement, is unaffected by the presence/absence of the target. A two-step generalized likelkihood ratio test is formulated for such a model. Furthermore we show that the log likelihood can be well ap- proximated by a weighted combination of the log likelihoods of the FTMF and the AMF, and that the dimension of the background subspace is the tuning parameter which enables to balance between these two well-known detectors. A comparison with standard techniques on real hyperspectral data reveals a good performance of the new detectors.
Published: 2021
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35. Anomaly detection for replacement model in hyperspectral imaging

Author: François Vincent, Stefania Matteoli, Olivier Besson, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR (ITALY), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: GLRT, Computer science, Detector, Hyperspectral imaging, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Anomaly detection, Power (physics), Control and Systems Engineering, Hyperspectral imagery, Signal Processing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Benchmark (computing), Traitement du signal et de l'image, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Additive model, Algorithm, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Replacement model, Software
Abstract: International audience; In this paper we consider Anomaly Detection in the hyperspectral context, and we extend the popular RX detector, initially designed under the standard additive model, to the replacement model case. Indeed, in this more realistic framework, the target, if present, is supposed to replace a part of the background. We show how to estimate this background power variation to improve the standard RX scheme. The obtained Replacement RX (RRX) is shown to be closed-form and outperforms the standard RX on a real data benchmark experiment.
Published: 2021
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36. On the general conditions of existence for linear MMSE filters: Wiener and Kalman

Author: Eric Chaumette, François Vincent, Jordi Vila-Valls, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)
Subjects: Rank (linear algebra), Conditions of existence, 02 engineering and technology, law.invention, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Applied mathematics, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Estimation theory, Mathematics, Wiener filters, Minimum mean square error, Covariance matrix, Estimator, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Kalman filter, Covariance, Invertible matrix, Control and Systems Engineering, Signal Processing, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Kalman filters, Software, State estimation
Abstract: International audience; State estimation is a fundamental task in a plethora of applications. Two important classes of linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimators are Wiener filters (WFs) and Kalman filters (KFs), the latter being the recursive form of the former for linear discrete state-space (LDSS) dynamic models. The minimum set of uncorrelation conditions regarding states and measurements which allows to formulate a general KF form has been recently introduced in the literature, but for both WFs and KFs a standard key assumption is that the measurement noise covariance is invertible. In this contribution we provide i) an alternative derivation of the WF in the case of a non-invertible measurement covariance matrix, and ii) the proof that under the minimum set of uncorrelation conditions lately released, the KF can always be formulated irrespective of the measurement covariance matrix rank. Notice that these results also apply for Kalman predictors and smoothers, linearly constrained WFs and minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) filters, therefore being a remarkable result of broad interest.
Published: 2021
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37. Radiation-Induced Leakage Current and Electric Field Enhancement in CMOS Image Sensor Sense Node Floating Diffusions

Author: Jean-Marc Belloir, Vincent Goiffon, Federico Pace, Alexandre Le Roch, Philippe Paillet, Pierre Magnan, Clementine Durnez, Cedric Virmontois, Serena Rizzolo, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives - CEA (FRANCE), Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Direction des applications militaires Ile de France - CEA/DAM DIF (Arpajon, France), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Charge Storage, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Sense Node, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Total Ionizing Dose, Radiation, Electric Field EnhancementRandom Telegraph SignalPinned PhotoDiodeGlobal ShutterTotal Ionizing DoseDisplacement Damage Dose, law.invention, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Hardware_GENERAL, law, Electric field, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Random Telegraph Signal, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Neutron, Dark Current, Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES, Leakage Current, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Particle radiation, Floating Diffusion, DarkCurrent, Leakage (electronics), Physics, CMOS Image Sensor, Computational physics, Photodiode, Pinned PhotoDiode, Global Shutter, Displacement Damage Dose, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Absorbed dose, Electric Field Enhancement, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Electric Field Enhancement Random Telegraph Signal Pinned PhotoDiode Global Shutter Total Ionizing Dose Displacement Damage Dose, Hardware_LOGICDESIGN, Dark current
Abstract: International audience; This study investigates the leakage currents as well as the leakage current random telegraph signals sources in sense node floating diffusions and their consequences on imaging performances specifically after exposure to high energy particle radiation. Atomic displacement damage and ionization effects are separately studied thanks to neutron and X-ray irradiations. Proton irradiations have been performed to simultaneously study displacement damage dose and total ionizing dose effects while being more representative of the space environment. The studied displacement damage doses range from 500 TeV.g-1 to 40 GeV.g-1 and the total ionizing dose ranges from 24 krad(SiO2) to 72 krad(SiO2). High magnitude electric field effects, such as transfer gate induced leakage current, are investigated to further understand the phenomena involved in floating diffusions while giving new insights on the electric field enhancement of the charge generation mechanisms. This work shows that floating diffusions are very sensitive to ionizing radiation because of the presence of depleted Si/SiO2 interfaces with high magnitude electric fields around the junction. On the other hand, displacement damage in the floating diffusions is a major source of high amplitude leakage current random telegraph signals and leakage current non-uniformity. Such radiation-induced degradations can prevent the use of CMOS image sensor with a long floating diffusion retention time (e.g. global shutter operating mode or burst imagers) in radiation environments.
Published: 2019
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38. Listening to laser sparks: a link between Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, acoustic measurements and crater morphology

Author: Agnes Cousin, Jean-François Fronton, M. Bassas-Portus, Anthony Sournac, Roger C. Wiens, Xavier Jacob, Pierre-Yves Meslin, Sylvestre Maurice, Olivier Gasnault, Naomi Murdoch, David Mimoun, Olivier Forni, Jérémie Lasue, Bruno Bousquet, Alexandre Cadu, B. Chide, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de mécanique des fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives - CEA (FRANCE), Centre National d'Études Spatiales - CNES (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Los Alamos National Laboratory - LANL (USA), Université de Bordeaux (FRANCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Materials science, Microphone, Shock-waves- Depth profile, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Analytical Chemistry, law.invention, Mars Microphone, Optics, Crater morphology, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, law, Ablated volume, 0103 physical sciences, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Emission spectrum, Acoustic, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, 010302 applied physics, LIBS, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Optique / photonique, Plasma, Mars Exploration Program, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, [PHYS.MECA.ACOU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], 0104 chemical sciences, SuperCam, 13. Climate action, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, business
Abstract: International audience; In preparation for the SuperCam/Mars Microphone scientific investigation, the acoustic signal associated with the plasma formation during Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) experiment is studied with regard to the shot-to-shot evolution of the laser induced crater morphology and plasma emission lines. A set of geological targets are depth profiled using a specifically designed LIBS setup coupled with acoustic test bench under ambient terrestrial atmosphere. Experiments confirm that the decrease of the acoustic energy as a function of the number of shots is well correlated with the target hardness/density and also demonstrate that the acoustic energy can be used as a remote tracer of the ablated volume of the target. Listening to LIBS sparks provides a new information relative to the ablation process that is independent from the LIBS spectrum.
Published: 2019
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39. Low-velocity impacts into granular material: application to small-body landing

Author: Yves Gourinat, Gautier Nguyen, Naomi Murdoch, Mélanie Drilleau, Florian Thuillet, Arnaud Wilhelm, Cecily Sunday, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Ecole nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux - IMT Mines Albi (FRANCE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse - INSA (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), and Université Côte d'Azur (FRANCE)
Subjects: Physics, Gravity (chemistry), Spacecraft, Projectile, business.industry, Minor planets, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Penetration (firestop), Mechanics, Granular material, 01 natural sciences, Regolith, Asteroids: general – Comets: general – Planets and satellites: surfaces, Space and Planetary Science, Drag, general – Comets: general – Planets and satellites: surfaces [Asteroids], 0103 physical sciences, Resistance force, Traitement du signal et de l'image, 010306 general physics, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: With the flourishing number of small body missions that involve surface interactions, understanding the mechanics of spacecraft – surface interactions is crucial for improving our knowledge about the landing phases of space missions, for preparing spacecraft operations, and for interpreting the results of measurements made during the surface interactions. Given their regolith-covered surfaces, the process of landing on a small body can be considered as an impact at low-velocity on to a granular material in reduced-gravity. In order to study the influence of the surface material, projectile shape, and gravity on the collision dynamics, we used two experimental configurations (one for terrestrial gravity experiments and one for reduced-gravity experiments) to perform low-velocity collisions into different types of granular materials: quartz sand, and two different sizes of glass beads (1.5 and 5 mm diameter). Both a spherical and a cubic projectile (with varying impact orientation) were used. The experimental data support a drag model for the impact dynamics composed of both a hydrodynamic drag force and quasi-static resistance force. The hydrodynamic and quasi-static contributions are related to the material frictional properties, the projectile geometry, and the gravity. The transition from a quasi-static to a hydrodynamical regime is shown to occur at lower impact velocities in reduced-gravity trials than in terrestrial gravity trials, indicating that regolith has a more fluid-like behaviour in low-gravity. The reduced quasi-static regime of a granular material under low-gravity conditions leads to a reduction in the strength, resulting in a decreased resistance to penetration and larger penetration depths.
Published: 2021
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40. Adaptive target detection in hyperspectral imaging from two sets of training samples with different means

Author: François Vincent, Olivier Besson, Stefania Matteoli, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering [Milano] (IEIIT-CNR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Torino] (CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR (ITALY), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), and Département d'Electronique, Optronique et Signal - DEOS (Toulouse, France)
Subjects: Generalized likelihood ratio test, Hyperspectral imaging, Gaussian, 02 engineering and technology, Constant false alarm rate, Set (abstract data type), symbols.namesake, adaptive algortihms, remote sensing, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Mathematics, Spectral signature, Pixel, business.industry, target detection, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Pattern recognition, Covariance, Detection, hyperspectral, Control and Systems Engineering, Likelihood-ratio test, Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Signal Processing, symbols, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Artificial intelligence, business, Software, Student distribution
Abstract: In this paper, we consider local detection of a target in hyperspectral imaging and we assume that the spectral signature of interest is buried in a background which follows an elliptically contoured distribution with unknown parameters. In order to infer the background parameters, two sets of training samples are available: one set, taken from pixels close to the pixel under test, shares the same mean and covariance while a second set of farther pixels shares the same covariance but has a different mean. When the whole data samples (pixel under test and training samples) follow a matrix-variate t distribution, the one-step generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is derived in closed-form. It is shown that this GLRT coincides with that obtained under a Gaussian assumption and that it guarantees a constant false alarm rate. We also present a two-step GLRT where the mean and covariance of the background are estimated from the training samples only and then plugged in the GLRT based on the pixel under test only.
Published: 2021
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41. A harmonic oscillator model to study the intensification of microwave radiation by a subwavelength uniform plasma discharge

Author: Laurent Liard, Olivier Pascal, Thierry Callegari, Jean-Pierre Adam, Romain Pascaud, Adrien Laffont, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives - CEA (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), GRAMAT (DAM/GRAMAT), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), LAboratoire PLasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Groupe de Recherche Energétique, Plasmas et Hors Equilibre (LAPLACE-GREPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Groupe de Recherche en Electromagnétisme (LAPLACE-GRE)
Subjects: Free electron model, Physics, Electron density, Mie scattering, Scattering theory, Harmonic oscillator, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, Microwave radiation, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Electrically small antenna, Electromagnetism, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Antennas, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Microwave, Plasma discharges
Abstract: International audience; A harmonic oscillator model is proposed to study the intensification of microwave radiation of an electrically small antenna when surrounded by a subwavelength plasma discharge. This model describes the oscillations of free electrons in a spherical plasma when it is excited by an incident electromagnetic wave. It shows that at resonance, these charge oscillations lead to a significant volume current, and thus to an enhancement of the radiation. Depending on the electron density of the plasma, this radiation enhancement may occur in the microwave range. The proposed model is compared with the Mie scattering theory with perfect agreement when the electrical size ka of the spherical plasma remains smaller than 0.1. Despite its apparent simplicity, this model unveils the main mechanism that stands behind the intensification of microwave radiation by a subwavelength plasma discharge.
Published: 2021
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42. Robust linearly constrained extended Kalman filter for mismatched nonlinear systems

Author: Emir Hrustic, Gael Pages, Jordi Vila-Valls, Damien Vivet, Rayen Ben Abdallah, Eric Chaumette, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)
Subjects: 0209 industrial biotechnology, Computer science, General Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, Extended Kalman filter, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Robust vehicle navigation, Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Linearly constrained EKF, Filter (signal processing), Robust filtering, Nonlinear system, Control and Systems Engineering, Parametric model, Model mismatch, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Performance improvement, Particle filter, Linear filter, State estimation
Abstract: International audience; Standard state estimation techniques, ranging from the linear Kalman filter (KF) to nonlinear extended KF (EKF), sigma‐point or particle filters, assume a perfectly known system model, that is, process and measurement functions and system noise statistics (both the distribution and its parameters). This is a strong assumption which may not hold in practice, reason why several approaches have been proposed for robust filtering, mainly because the filter performance is particularly sensitive to different model mismatches. In the context of linear filtering, a solution to cope with possible system matrices mismatch is to use linear constraints. In this contribution we further explore the extension and use of recent results on linearly constrained KF for robust nonlinear filtering under both process and measurement model mismatch. We first investigate how linear equality constraints can be incorporated within the EKF and derive a new linearly constrained extended KF (LCEKF). Then we detail its use to mitigate parametric modeling errors in the nonlinear process and measurement functions. Numerical results are provided to show the performance improvement of the new LCEKF for robust vehicle navigation.
Published: 2021
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43. Constraining Martian Regolith and Vortex Parameters From Combined Seismic and Meteorological Measurements

Author: Aymeric Spiga, William B. Banerdt, Ralph D. Lorenz, Naomi Murdoch, C. Perrin, R. Widmer-Schnidrig, Sebastien Rodriguez, David Mimoun, Nicolas Compaire, Nicholas H. Warner, Philippe Lognonné, Raphaël F. Garcia, Don Banfield, Cornell University (USA), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris - IPGP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Institut universitaire de France - IUF (FRANCE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT (GERMANY), Université Paris Sciences & Lettres - PSL (FRANCE), Universität Karlsruhe (GERMANY), Universität Stuttgart (GERMANY), Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory - APL (USA), California Institute of Technology - Caltech (USA), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris (FRANCE), State University of New York - SUNY (USA), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], State University of New York (SUNY), Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science (CCAPS), Cornell University [New York], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)
Subjects: Convection, Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, Regolith, law.invention, Physics::Geophysics, Autre, Mars atmosphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Dust devil, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight, Dust devils, Martian, Neurosciences, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Vortices, Vortex, Barometer, Space and Planetary Science, Elastic, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The InSight mission landed on Mars in November 2018 and has since observed multiple convective vortices with both the high performance barometer and the low-noise seismometer SEIS that has unprecedented sensitivity. Here, we present a new method that uses the simultaneous pressure and seismic measurements of convective vortices to place constraints on the elastic properties of the Martian subsurface and the Martian vortex properties, while also allowing a reconstruction of the convective vortex trajectories. From data filtered in the (0.02–0.3 Hz) frequency band, we estimate that the mean value of η (η = E/[1 − ν2], where E is the Young's modulus and ν is the Poisson's ratio) of the Martian ground in the region around SEIS is 239 ± 140 MPa. In addition, we suggest that the previously reported paucity of vortex seismic observations to the west of InSight may be due to the fact that the ground is harder to the west than to the east, consistent with geomorphological surface interpretations.
Published: 2021
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44. Experimental Wind Characterization with the SuperCam Microphone under a Simulated martian Atmosphere

Author: Naomi Murdoch, Jonathan Merrison, David Mimoun, J. J. Iversen, Anthony Sournac, Pierre-Yves Meslin, Roger C. Wiens, Ralph D. Lorenz, Xavier Jacob, Sylvestre Maurice, B. Chide, M. Bassas-Portus, Alexandre Cadu, Yannick Bury, Bruno Dubois, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Microphone, Acoustics, Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, SuperCam Instrument, Wind speed, Mars Microphone, 0103 physical sciences, Traitement du signal et de l'image, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Atmosphere, Wind orientation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmosphere of Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Wind direction, Azimuth, Sound recording and reproduction, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, Dynamic pressure, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: Located on top of the mast of the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, the SuperCam instrument suite includes a microphone to record audible sounds from 100 Hz to 10 kHz on the surface of Mars. It will support SuperCam’s Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy investigation by recording laser-induced shock-waves but it will also record aeroacoustic noise generated by wind flowing past the microphone. This experimental study was conducted in the Aarhus planetary wind-tunnel under low CO 2 pressure with wind generated at several velocities. It focused on understanding the wind-induced acoustic signal measured by microphones instrumented in a real scale model of the rover mast as a function of the wind speed and wind orientation. Acoustic spectra recorded under a wind flow show that the low-frequency range of the microphone signal is mainly influenced by the wind velocity. In contrast, the higher frequency range is seen to depend on the wind direction relative to the microphone. On the one hand, for the wind conditions tested inside the tunnel, it is shown that the Root Mean Square of the pressure, computed over the 100 Hz to 500 Hz frequency range, is proportional to the dynamic pressure. Therefore, the SuperCam microphone will be able to estimate the wind speed, considering an in situ cross-calibration with the Mars Environmental Dynamic Analyzer. On the other hand, for a given wind speed, it is observed that the root mean square of the pressure, computed over the 500 Hz to 2000 Hz frequency range, is at its minimum when the microphone is facing the wind whereas it is at its maximum when the microphone is pointing downwind. Hence, a full 360 ∘ rotation of the mast in azimuth in parallel with sound recording can be used to retrieve the wind direction. We demonstrate that the SuperCam Microphone has a priori the potential to determine both the speed and the direction of the wind on Mars, thus contributing to atmospheric science investigations.
Published: 2021
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45. A Review of Visual-LiDAR Fusion based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

Author: César Debeunne, Damien Vivet, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)
Subjects: 0209 industrial biotechnology, LiDAR, Computer science, ComputingMethodologies_SIMULATIONANDMODELING, GeneralLiterature_INTRODUCTORYANDSURVEY, Vision, Context (language use), Review, 02 engineering and technology, Simultaneous localization and mapping, lcsh:Chemical technology, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Traitement du signal et de l'image, lcsh:TP1-1185, Computer vision, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation, Hybridization, business.industry, Robotics, Sensor fusion, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Lidar, Mapping, Localization, SLAM, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Artificial intelligence, Camera, Focus (optics), business, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; Autonomous navigation requires both a precise and robust mapping and localization solution. In this context, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a very well-suited solution. SLAM is used for many applications including mobile robotics, self-driving cars, unmanned aerial vehicles, or autonomous underwater vehicles. In these domains, both visual and visual-IMU SLAM are well studied, and improvements are regularly proposed in the literature. However, LiDAR-SLAM techniques seem to be relatively the same as ten or twenty years ago. Moreover, few research works focus on vision-LiDAR approaches, whereas such a fusion would have many advantages. Indeed, hybridized solutions offer improvements in the performance of SLAM, especially with respect to aggressive motion, lack of light, or lack of visual features. This study provides a comprehensive survey on visual-LiDAR SLAM. After a summary of the basic idea of SLAM and its implementation, we give a complete review of the state-of-the-art of SLAM research, focusing on solutions using vision, LiDAR, and a sensor fusion of both modalities.
Published: 2021
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46. A Review of Environmental Context Detection for Navigation Based on Multiple Sensors

Author: Yoko Watanabe, Florent Feriol, Damien Vivet, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Office National d'Etudes et Recherches Aérospatiales - ONERA (FRANCE), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), ONERA / DTIS, Université de Toulouse [Toulouse], and ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Signal processing, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Unmanned ground vehicle, Computer science, Vision, Real-time computing, Image processing, 02 engineering and technology, Review, GNSS signal, lcsh:Chemical technology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Autre, Context detection, Robustness (computer science), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, lcsh:TP1-1185, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Scene analysis, Context-aware navigation, Navigation system, Aerial photography segmentation, Remote sensing, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Multiple sensors, Environmental context detection, GNSS applications, Sky extraction, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, UGV
Abstract: International audience; Current navigation systems use multi-sensor data to improve the localization accuracy, but often without certitude on the quality of those measurements in certain situations. The context detection will enable us to build an adaptive navigation system to improve the precision and the robustness of its localization solution by anticipating possible degradation in sensor signal quality (GNSS in urban canyons for instance or camera-based navigation in a non-textured environment). That is why context detection is considered the future of navigation systems. Thus, it is important firstly to define this concept of context for navigation and to find a way to extract it from available information. This paper overviews existing GNSS and on-board vision-based solutions of environmental context detection. This review shows that most of the state-of-the art research works focus on only one type of data. It confirms that the main perspective of this problem is to combine different indicators from multiple sensors.
Published: 2021
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47. Experimental and numerical studies of the plasmonic resonance of a low-pressure hemispherical plasma discharge in the upper VHF band

Author: Laffont, Adrien, Pascaud, Romain, Callegari, Thierry, Liard, Laurent, Pascal, Olivier, Adam, Jean-Pierre, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives - CEA (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), GRAMAT (DAM/GRAMAT), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Groupe de Recherche Energétique, Plasmas et Hors Equilibre (LAPLACE-GREPHE), LAboratoire PLasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), and Groupe de Recherche en Electromagnétisme (LAPLACE-GRE)
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Plasmons, Plasma measurements, Autre, Plasmas, Numerical models, Discharges
Abstract: International audience; This paper aims to present investigations of the plasmonic resonance of a hemispherical plasma discharge in the high VHF band. First, this plasmonic resonance is experimentally studied by illuminating the plasma discharge with an incident plane wave and by measuring its response using a coaxial probe located directly inside the plasma. In order to validate the experimental results, a numerical study is then proposed by coupling plasma and electromagnetic simulations.
Published: 2021
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48. Companion guide to the Marsquake catalog from InSight, sols 0–478: Data content and non-seismic events

Author: Clément Perrin, Nikolaj Dahmen, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Raphaël F. Garcia, Martin Schimmel, Simon Stähler, Maren Böse, William B. Banerdt, Anna Horleston, Alexander E. Stott, Sharon Kedar, Eléonore Stutzmann, Ralph D. Lorenz, Jan ten Pierick, K. Hurst, Don Banfield, John Clinton, Taichi Kawamura, Constantinos Charalambous, Fabian Euchner, Aymeric Spiga, Eric Beucler, Amir Khan, William T. Pike, Vincent Conejero, Philippe Lognonné, Savas Ceylan, Martin van Driel, Domenico Giardini, Mark P. Panning, Constanza Pardo, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, John-Robert Scholz, Swiss National Science Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, UK Space Agency, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), ETH Zurich, State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (Switzerland), Schimmel, Martin, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), and Schimmel, Martin [0000-0003-2601-4462]
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Mars, Data inventory, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Autre, Broadband, Data content, InSight mission, Non-seismic signals, Marsquakes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Scientific instrument, Martian, Payload, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Noise (video), Mars seismology, Geology, Seismology
Abstract: The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission landed on the surface of Mars on November 26, 2018. One of the scientific instruments in the payload that is essential to the mission is the SEIS package (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) which includes a very broadband and a short period seismometer. More than one year since the landing, SEIS continues to be fully operational and has been collecting an exceptional data set which contains not only the signals of seismic origins, but also noise and artifacts induced by the martian environment, the hardware on the ground that includes the seismic sensors, and the programmed operational activities of the lander. Many of these non-seismic signals will be unfamiliar to the scientific community. In addition, many of these signals have signatures that may resemble seismic events either or both in time and frequency domains. Here, we report our observations of common non-seismic signals as seen during the first 478 sols of the SEIS data, i.e. from landing until the end of March 2020. This manuscript is intended to provide a guide to scientists who use the data recorded on SEIS, detailing the general attributes of the most commonly observed non-seismic features. It will help to clarify the characteristics of the seismic dataset for future research, and to avoid misinterpretations when searching for marsquakes., We acknowledge NASA, CNES, their partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC, MPS-MPG) and the flight operations team at JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. We also acknowledge the funding by (1) Swiss National Science Foundation and French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SNF-ANR project “Seismology on Mars”, ANR-14-CE36-0012-02 and MAGIS, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08), (2) Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SEFRI project “MarsQuake Service-Preparatory Phase”), (3) ETH Research grant ETH-06 17-02 and, for French co-authors, (4) the French Space agency CNES. Additional support came from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) under project ID s922. AH is funded by UKSA through grant #ST/R002096/1. Visualizations were created using Matplotlib (Hunter, 2007). The data was processed with NumPy (Oliphant, 2006), Scipy (Jones et al., 2001), ObsPy (Krischer et al., 2015) and custom software developed by gempa GmbH. This paper is InSight Contribution Number 150.
Published: 2021
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49. Self-starting VCSEL-based optical frequency comb generator

Author: Christian Daniel Muñoz, Margarita Varón, Fabien Destic, Angélique Rissons, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Universidad Nacional de Colombia (COLOMBIA), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), and Universidad Nacional de Colombia [Bogotà] (UNAL)
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Optical fiber, Materials science, Flatness (systems theory), 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, VCSEL, Optical frequency combs, law.invention, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, Semiconductor laser theory, 010309 optics, Optics, Autre, law, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Direct modulation, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Gain-switching, Laser diode rate equations, Equivalent circuit, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: In this paper, we present the simulation and experimental results of the first closed-loop system based on a directly modulated VCSEL in a gain-switching condition to generate optical frequency combs (OFC). In order to simulate the self-starting VCSEL-based optical frequency comb generator (SVOFC), we applied an intrinsic parameter extraction process to a C-band VCSEL using laser rate equations, static and dynamic measurements, and equivalent circuit models. The widest (62 GHz) and flattest (0.8) simulated OFC is obtained when the repetition frequency f0 is 2.5 GHz. Implementation of the C-band SVOFC also shows that under constant electrical conditions, flatness higher than 0.85 and spectral widths of 50 GHz are obtained when f0 = 2.5 GHz. The lowest phase noise at 10 kHz from the extracted electrical carrier is -127 dBc/Hz and is obtained when the optical fiber length is 5 km and f0 = 1.25 GHz.
Published: 2020
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50. Doppler-aided positioning in GNSS receivers - A performance analysis

Author: Jordi Vila-Valls, Olivier Besson, François Vincent, Daniel Medina, Eric Chaumette, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation [Neustrelitz], German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), German Aerospace Center - DLR (GERMANY), and DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation (GERMANY)
Subjects: Computer science, Real-time computing, Fisher information matrix, 02 engineering and technology, symbols.namesake, Position (vector), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Waveform, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, GNSS Positioning, Cramér-Rao Bound, GNSS, Harsh Propagation conditions, Multilateration, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Fisher Information Matrix, High-sensitivity, Nautische Systeme, Control and Systems Engineering, GNSS applications, Signal Processing, symbols, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Satellite, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Harsh propagation conditions, Doppler effect, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Software, Positioning, Cramér-Rao bound
Abstract: International audience; The main objective of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is to precisely locate a receiver based on the reception of radio-frequency waveforms broadcasted by a set of satellites. Given delayed and Doppler shifted replicas of the known transmitted signals, the most widespread approach consists in a two-step algorithm. First, the delays and Doppler shifts from each satellite are estimated independently, and sub- sequently the user position and velocity are computed as the solution to a Weighted Least Squares (WLS) problem. This second step conventionally uses only delay measurements to determine the user position, although Doppler is also informative. The goal of this paper is to provide simple and meaningful ex- pressions of the positioning precision. These expressions are analysed with respect to the standard WLS algorithms, exploiting the Doppler information or not. We can then evaluate the performance improve- ment brought by a joint frequency and delay positioning procedure. Numerical simulations assess that using Doppler information is indeed effective when considering long observation times, and particularly useful in challenging scenarios such as urban canyons (constrained satellite visibility) or near indoor sit- uations (weak signal conditions which need long integration times), thus providing new insights for the design of robust and high-sensitivity receivers.
Published: 2020
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