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The features of lending in Ukraine under martial law conditions are reflected. The preparation for the facilitation session on assessing the creditworthiness of a potential borrower was considered. Proposals were made to prepare the thematic discussion and improve the quality of its conduct. Discussed issues on the method of analyzing the counterparty's creditworthiness are highlighted, the solution of which will contribute to reaching a consensus by the participants in credit processes. Відображено особливості кредитування в Україні в умовах воєнного стану. Розглянуто підготовку до фасилітаційної сесії з оцінки кредитоспроможності потенційного позичальника. Зроблені пропозиції щодо підготовки тематичної дискусії та поліпшення її якості її проведення. Висвітлено дискусійні питання з методики аналізу кредитоспроможності контрагента, розв’язання яких сприятме досягненню консенсусу учасниками кредитних процесів.&nbsp

Nowadays enterprise information systems of banks provide modules for calculating creditworthiness of the business. Such systems are complex and it is difficult to maintain and develop them. Moreover, it requires the involvement of large teams. In addition, systems are complicated to change and update in accordance with changes in current legislation. From another point of view, demand for consumer loans is high, and creating a separate module for calculating the creditworthiness of an individual is appropriate in case of increasing the adaptability to changes and updates of the system. Calculating the creditworthiness of an individual is relevant not only for the banking system, but also for other spheres such as logistics and marketing.The work describes the created information system for calculating the creditworthiness of an individual, which calculates the class of the borrower based on data from credit history, credit rating, quality characteristics, financial indicators of the person and characteristics of the credit transaction.The use of the Asp.Net Core platform and the Vue.js framework to build a software module that can be used both independently and easily integrated into other corporate systems is demonstrated.In this work the major steps of designing and developing the system are described., У роботі описано створену інформаційну систему розрахунку кредитоспроможності фізичної особи, яка на основі даних із кредитних історій, кредитного рейтингу, якісних характеристик, фінансових показників особи та характеристик кредитної операції обчислює клас позичальника.Продемонстровано використання платформи Asp.Net Core та фреймворку Vue.js для побудови програмного модуля, що може як застосовуватися самостійно, так і просто інтегруватись в інші корпоративні системи.

The debt capacity calculator allows you to calculate the maximum loan value based on the specified debt capacity base. The algorithms for determining the maximum debt capacity implemented in the calculator were based on the loan repaid in the following forms: 1) in annuity installments (equal principal and interest installments), 2) in decreasing installments (equal principal installments with decreasing interest), 3) as part of a balloon installment (one-time repayment of principal and interest at the end of the loan period). The algorithms contained in the calculator can be used to determine the maximum debt capacity for enterprises as well as individuals (both for investment loans and in the case of overdraft/debt in the account). Debt capacity is an alternative category to the concept of a financial gap, it is not shown in the balance sheet, we will not find it in other financial statements of the company, it is a possible or expected value, it may have a weighted average cost of its use being a function of debt prices on the capital market, the cost of using debt capacity can be considered in terms of average or marginal cost. If there is a positive effect of financial leverage, it should be considered as the required value of debt maximizing the value of the enterprise. Determining the debt capacity is necessary in the process preceding the implementation of investment projects financed by debt, ensuring a positive rate of return on investment. For business owners, the debt capacity determines the value of a potential investment with an individual cost and risk., {"references":["Cirin, P. (2020). The Relationship between Debt Capacity Base and Structural Risk: Evidence from the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie, 988(4), 83-102.","Piotr Cirin, Strategie finansowania, podstawa pojemności zadłużeniowej i dźwignia finansowa wybranych spółek notowanych na giełdzie papierów wartościowych w Warszawie w okresie pandemii COVID-19, [w:] Teresa Pakulska, Patrycja Szczepańska (red.), Badania młdoych naukowców w zakresie nauk ekonomicznych - wyzwania gospodarcze w czasie pandemii, Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH - Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, 2021, s. 25-50, ISBN 978-83-8030-482-6."]}

Статья посвящена анализу финансового состояния свердловских компаний, важности разработке инструментов оценки платежеспособности компаний малого и среднего бизнеса (МСП), методу оценки финансовой автономии и его дальнейшего развития в условиях экономической уязвимости. The article is devoted to the analysis of Sverdlovsk region companies financial standing, the importance of developing tools for creditworthiness assessment of the small and medium-sized businesses (SME), to the financial autonomy assessment method and its further use in conditions of economic vulnerability.

It is well known that in the Croatian economy very little attention is paid to business analysis and business risk management. Also, incompetence and inadequate expertise of top management, as well as superficial and insufficiently professional supervision of business by companies' owners, continuously generate problems with liquidity, over-indebtedness, and losses within Croatian companies. Failure to (timely) address these problems is in essence the cause of a large number of bankruptcies and liquidations of business entities, which ultimately produces serious problems for the Croatian economy in general. In this paper, business analysis and the analysis of business risks of the Uljanik d.d. group. during the period from 2016. to 2017. will be evaluated in order to determine the creditworthiness of the company at that time, respectively before the announcement of the company's bankruptcy in 2019. This paper will try to determine whether the difficulties in business could be promptly identified and whether the company's management structure in the mentioned period could react faster and more decisively based on the assessment of the company's creditworthiness and the knowledge gained during the analysis. The optimal choice of financial and qualitative indicators was used in the evaluation of creditworthiness by which it is possible to make a more reliable assessment of creditworthiness taking into account internal and external factors that affect the company's operations. In the used credit score model, the final credit rating is determined by synthesis and common use of financial and qualitative indicators and provides comprehensive and credible information about the business entity and its business risks and in that way allows the correct business decisions to be taken on time.

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito e Informática, Em plena revolução digital, seria inconcebível que o crescendo na procura de crédito ao consumo não fosse acompanhado pela maior preponderância que mecanismos como o scoring baseado em téc nicas de Inteligência Artificial representa para uma mais e melhor avaliação da solvabilidade em sede de decisões automatizadas. Vislumbra-se o começo de um mundo novo em que a aceitação ou rejeição no pedido de empréstimo já não é tão-só conatural a decisões de puro julgamento dos analistas. E se, por um lado, a possível integração de megadados de crédito em modelos analíticos pode, até certo ponto, minorar o esforço das análises preditivas, em contramão, maiores serão os riscos de preterição do rango de tutela do bem jurídico proteção de dados, tal-qual prescrito no (ou pelo) Direito dos Livros. De facto, tópicas como esta exibem uma complexidade tal que é impossível olvidar debruçar-se sobre as mesmas tendo por base uma única lente jurígena, sem se ampliar o pendor multidisciplinar que a uma investiga ção desta índole deve subjazer. Como tal, principiara-se o presente ensaio com o discorrer da temática em contexto histórico e sociotécnico. E porque a concessão de crédito ao consumo é, no atual estado de arte scoring, não só comandada pelos modelos de exploração e aprendizagem automática, mas antes, e sobretudo, pela qualidade dos conjuntos de dados que os alimentam, ainda em contexto prolegómeno, epitomaram--se os elementos-chave que concorrerão para um scoring de crédito mais exato e, espera- -se, cada vez mais transparente. Foi, portanto, a partir destas premissas técnico-científicas que se abor dou a figura jurídica dos contratos de crédito ao consumo, com especial enfoque na contratação rápida em linha e nas diligências pré-contratuais concernentes à injuntividade da avaliação de solvabilidade. Em última instância, porquanto o objeto de estudo suscita uma energética (ou antes, idiossincrática) tutela sobre a proteção de dados pessoais, foi à luz do emaranhado axiológico-normativo do regime das deci sões individuais e exclusivamente automatizadas, incluindo a definição de perfis, bem como das quimé ricas salvaguardas adequadas (ou antes, ilusórias) consagradas e sugeridas pelo legislador europeu, tanto no Regulamento Geral sobre Proteção de Dados Pessoais, como na Proposta de Diretiva, relativa aos créditos aos consumidores, de 30 de junho de 2021, que se conclui a necessária adoção de políticas setoriais que primem por uma lhana infoliteracia financeira dos (ciber)consumidores., Amid the digital revolution, it would be inconceivable that the greater preponderance would not accompany the growth in demand for consumer credit that mechanisms such as scoring based on Artificial Intelligence represent for a more and better assessment of creditworthiness in the background of exclusive automated decisions. We are glimpsing the beginning of a new world in which the acceptance or rejection of a loan application is no longer only con-natural to the pure judgemental decisions of analysts. And if, on the one hand, the possible integration of credit big data in analytical models may, to a certain extent, lessen the effort of predictive analyses, on the other hand, the risks of undermining the protection of the legal value of data protection are more noteworthy, as commonly stated in (or by) the Law in Books. In fact, topics such as credit scoring exhibit such complexity that it is impossible to avoid dealing with it based on a single legal lens, that is, without broadening the multidisciplinary nature which should underlie an investigation of this nature. As a result, this dissertation will begin with a discussion of the subject in its historical and socio-technical framework. And because consumer credit scoring, in its current state-of-the-art, is not only governed by exploitation and machine learning models but also, and above all, by the quality of the data sets that feed them, the key elements that will contribute to more accurate and, it is hoped, increasingly transparent credit scoring have been identified. Therefore, based on these technical and scientific premises, the legal nature of consumer credit agreements was addressed, with a particular focus on online contracting and the pre-contractual stage concerning the injunctive nature of the solvency assessment. Ultimately, the object of study raises an energetic (or somewhat idiosyncratic) tutelage on the protection of personal data. Therefore, it was in the light of the axiological-normative framework of automated decision-making regime, including profiling, as well as the chimerical adequate (or rather, illusory) guarantees that the European legislator has enshrined and suggested - both in the General Data Protection Regulation and in the Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Credits, of 30 June 2021 - that the conclusion traduces the necessity to adopt policies that strive for a better financial info literacy of (cyber)consumers.

Tema ovog završnog rada je uređenje lovišta. Pod uređenje lovišta podrazumijevaju se sve one radnje u lovištu koje služe direktno ili indirektno uzgoju i zaštiti divljači. Lovište je točno određena cjelina koja prati lovnogospodarsku osnovu kao i zakone o lovstvu. Teme koje ćemo u daljnjem tekstu objasniti su sljedeće: lovnogospodarska osnova, prihrana i prehrana divljači, divljač u lovištu i štete od divljači, dobrobit divljači, lovnotehničke i lovnogospodarske objekte. Uzgajati divljač u lovištu znači omogućiti joj sve potrebno za njen opstanak i reprodukciju što će jamčiti njezinu brojnost, zdravstvenu kondiciju i kvalitetne trofeje. Kvalitetni trofej pokazuje kvalitetu lovišta i razinu lovnog gospodarenja., The topic of this thesis is the arrangement of hunting grounds. The arrangement of the hunting grounds means all those activities in the hunting grounds that directly or indirectly serve the breeding and protection of game. A hunting ground is a precisely defined entity that follows the hunting management basis as well as hunting laws. The topics that we will explain in the following text are the following: fundamentals of hunting management, feeding and nutrition of game, game in the hunting grounds and damage of game, well-being of game, hunting technical and hunting management facilities. Raising wild game in a hunting ground means providing it with everything necessary for its survival and reproduction, which will guarantee its abundance, health condition and quality trophies. A quality trophy shows the quality of the hunting grounds and the level of hunting management.

Although the predictive power of economic metrics to detect the creditworthiness of the customers is high, there is a rising interest in the integration of cognitive, psychological, behavioral, alternative, and demographic data into credit risk systems and processing the data through modern methods. The primary motivation for the rising interest is increased customer classification accuracy. In this research, customer creditworthiness was modeled through data consisting of personality, money attitudes, impulsivity, self-esteem, self-control, and material values and processed through artificial intelligence. The obtained findings have been evaluated as a reference point for the following research. © 2022 IEEE. 2-s2.0-85141877441

The study aims to identify the creditworthiness criterions and approval factors in providing financing facility to corporate and commercial clients of Islamic banks in Indonesia. It also explores the financing approval process in the Islamic bank for this segment. It employs qualitative study of in-depth and semi-structured interviews method via the available online tool. The study selects 3 (three) Islamic bank officers from the different banks as the respondents. The study finds that the 5Cs elements are all important by emphasizing in proper fixed asset collateral and sound capacity of the clients. There is a typical internal approval process with the timing is different between each bank. It highlights the importance of financial covenants and the requirement to use CASA products. The study also reveals that covid-19 pandemic has impacted the client’s business and its ability to repay the banks. The strategy is to conduct relaxation, reprofiling, and restructuring of the client’s facilities as per guideline from regulator.

Recent increase in peer-to-peer lending prompted for development of models to separate good and bad clients to mitigate risks both for lenders and for the platforms. The rapidly increasing body of literature provides several comparisons between various models. Among the most frequently employed ones are logistic regression, Support Vector Machines, neural networks and decision tree-based models. Among them, logistic regression has proved to be a strong candidate both because its good performance and due to its high explainability. The present paper aims to compare four pairs of models (for imbalanced and under-sampled data) meant to predict charged off clients by optimizing F1 score. We found that, if the data is balanced, Logistic Regression, both simple and with Stochastic Gradient Descent, outperforms LightGBM and K-Nearest Neighbors in optimizing F1 score. We chose this metric as it provides balance between the interests of the lenders and those of the platform. Loan term, debt-to-income ratio and number of accounts were found to be important positively related predictors of risk of charge off. At the other end of the spectrum, by far the strongest impact on charge off probability is that of the FICO score. The final number of features retained by the two models differs very much, because, although both models use Lasso for feature selection, Stochastic Gradient Descent Logistic Regression uses a stronger regularization. The analysis was performed using Python (numpy, pandas, sklearn and imblearn).

The article is aimed at developing a methodical approach to the integral assessment of the financial status of communal enterprises using the multidimensional statistical analysis method, since a comprehensive assessment of the activities of communal enterprises in the industry, which top the rating, will allow to use their achievements to solve the problems of enterprises-outsiders. It is concluded that the methods of calculating integral indicators presented in the Regulations developed by the NBU and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine do not adequately reflect the true financial status and level of creditworthiness of enterprises. An approach to the integral assessment of the financial status is proposed, which involves building up a model of an integral index of the financial status of the enterprise; introduction and improvement of the information system for monitoring the financial-economic activities of enterprise; organization of a continuous comprehensive assessment and monitoring the main indicators that characterize the enterprise’s financial potential. The main stages of building up an integral index model using the main component method are described. An integral index, which characterizes the financial status of communal enterprises, is calculated and an industry rating of water supplying communal enterprises is compiled, allowing to respond in a timely manner to the deterioration of financial potential in the development of anti-crisis management solutions for enterprises-outsiders. Further research suggests improving the model through repeated testing for communal enterprises in various industries. This will allow to determine the final set of indicators to form the integral index.

Municipal bonds are an option available to many cities to raise long-term financing to finance the infrastructure projects. This study aims to develop and find local measures of creditworthiness that are suitable and applicable for local government units in Palestine. Different variables are recognized to see the effect on the issuance of municipal bonds, macroeconomic variables measured by revenues and expenditures per capita, cost of capital, and unemployment rate. Municipal status variables have subgroup variables of municipality size, financial reporting quality, outstanding debt, and financial distress. Various financial ratios, comparative and cross-sectional analysis, horizontal and vertical analysis were used. These ratios and analysis have been used to determine the municipal status variable. The results of the study were limited to the largest 11 sample municipalities; each is the central local government unit at the governorates and was not generalized for all municipalities in Palestine. The study found that macroeconomic and municipality status affects the issuance of municipal revenue bonds. Based on the study results, municipal bonds are highly recommended. Also, instructions from the Ministry of Local Government need to be established and to enforce municipalities about the declaration date of publishing audited financial statements.

An intriguing aspect of many family businesses concerns their dynastic outlook. Popular television series like Dynasty and Succession capture the imagination of many viewers, and the business press often puts the spotlight on long-standing dynastic family firms, such as the 1,000-year old Japanese firm Ichiwa which recently featured in a New York Times piece. Yet, among scholars, one critical question has been surrounded by controversy: are business-families that have dynastic ambitions – and thus intend to transfer the firm to the next family generation – more or less inclined to pursue risky growth opportunities by making substantial investments in innovation? In other words, does dynasty boost or bust innovation?

Consumer loan Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the topic of consumer loans, specifically with the regulation of contracts in which a consumer loan is arranged, contained in the Consumer Credit Act, with aim to provide analysis of such regulation, identify its deficiencies and provide suggestions for eliminating these deficiencies. The first chapter deals with basic terms, the definition of which is necessary for further dealing with the issue of consumer loans. The chapter therefore contains definitions of terms credit, consumer, and consumer loan. Following the definition of these terms, this chapter also deals with credit contract, loan contract, consumer protection and P2P consumer loans. The second chapter deals with the special legal regulation of consumer loans represented by the CCD Directive, the MCD Directive and the Consumer Credit Act which transposes the said Directives. There is also mentioned the now repealed Directive 87/102/EEC and Act No. 321/2001 Coll., which transposed said Directive. The third chapter, together with the fourth chapter, represents the core of the whole thesis, when the third chapter contains an analysis of the regulation of the loan credit agreement. However, it does not focus only on Part Seven of the Consumer Credit Act, but also on the process of concluding a...

В современных условиях очень остро встает вопрос погашения кредита, большинство банков отмечают ухудшение качества кредитного портфеля. Нарушается один из основных принципов возвратного кредитования. Банк не получает прогнозируемого дохода и вынужден нести дополнительные расходы по обслуживанию проблемного кредита. В статье приведены показатели качества кредитных портфелей банков Кыргызстана, дана оценка объемов кредитования юридических и физических лиц, объема просроченных кредитов и их доли в общем кредитном портфеле. Особое внимание уделено способам обеспечения исполнения обязательств заемщика, определена доля каждого вида в размере обеспечения, сделан вывод о том, что в настоящее время предлагается широкий спектр альтернативных вариантов обеспечения., Заманбап шарттарда кредиттерди төлөө маселеси өтө олуттуу болуп калат: көпчүлүк банктар кредит портфелинин сапатынын начарлашын белгилешет. Мында кайтарымдуулук менен кредит берүүнүн негизги принциптеринин бири бузулган факты бар. Банк болжолдонгон кирешени албайт жана көйгөйлүү кредитти тейлөө үчүн кошумча чыгымдарды талап кылууга аргасыз. Макалада Кыргызстандагы банктардын кредит портфелдеринин сапатынын көрсөткүчтөрү келтирилип, юридикалык жана жеке жактарга кредиттөөнүн көлөмү, мөөнөтү өтүп кеткен кредиттердин көлөмү жана алардын жалпы кредит портфелиндеги үлүшү бааланат. Карыз алуучунун милдеттенмелерин аткарууну камсыз кылуу ыкмаларына өзгөчө көңүл бурулуп, күрөөнүн көлөмүндө ар бир түрдүн үлүшү белгиленип, учурда күрөөнүн альтернативдүү варианттарынын кеңири спектри сунушталып жаткандыгы жөнүндө тыянак негизделген., In modern conditions, the issue of loan repayment becomes very serious: most banks note the deterioration of the quality of the loan portfolio. There is a violation of one of the basic principles of repayable lending. The bank does not receive the projected income and has to incur additional costs to service the problem loan. The article provides indicators of the quality of loan portfolios of banks in Kyrgyzstan, assesses the volume of lending to legal entities and individuals, the volume of overdue loans and their share in the total loan portfolio. Special attention was paid to the methods of ensuring the fulfillment of the borrower's obligations, the share of each type in the amount of collateral was determined, and the conclusion was made that a wide range of alternative collateral options is currently offered., Вестник Кыргызcкого национального аграрного университета, Выпуск 2 (61) 2022, Pages 125-129

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Фальсификация отчетности ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¹ как предмет судебной финансово-кредитной экспертизы». Данная работа посвящена изучению специфики производства судебной финансово-кредитной экспертизы по делам, связанным с фальсификацией отчетности ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¹.Задачи, которые решались в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ исследования: Ð Ð°ÑÑÐ¼Ð¾Ñ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÂ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Â Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹Â Ð¾Ñ†ÐµÐ½ÐºÐ¸ финансового состояния, методик и Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¹ для оценки кредитоспособности заемщика. Исследование особенностей проведения судебной финансово-кредитной экспертизы при расследовании преступлений, ÑÐ²ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ фальсификацией отчетности ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¹. Разработка рекомендации по производству ÑÑƒÐ´ÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐºÑÐ¿ÐµÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ð· по делам, связанным с фальсификацией отчетности ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¹ для экспертов. В результате были определены особенности проведения судебной финансово-кредитной экспертизы; апробирована одна из методик банков по оценке кредитоспособности заемщика, выявлены достоинства и недостатки и эффективность ее применения в экспертной деятельности; разработаны рекомендации по производству ÑÑƒÐ´ÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐºÑÐ¿ÐµÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ð· по делам, связанным с фальсификацией отчетности ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¹ для экспертов., The subject of the graduate qualification work is «Falsification of financial statements of credit institutions in forensic financial and credit assessment». This work is devoted to the study of the specifics of the production of forensic financial and credit expertise in cases of falsification of financial statements of credit institutions. The tasks that were solved during the study:Consideration of the main provisions for assessing the financial condition, methods and indicators used to assess the creditworthiness of the borrower.Investigation of the peculiarities of the forensic financial and credit expertise in the investigation of falsification of financial statements of credit institutions. Development of recommendations for the production of forensic economic examinations in cases related to the falsification of reports of credit institutions for experts.As a result, the features of conducting a forensic financial and credit examination were determined; one of the methods of banks for assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower was tested, the advantages and disadvantages and effectiveness of its application in expert activities were identified; recommendations were developed for the production of forensic economic examinations in cases related to falsification of reports of credit institutions for experts.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Problematik eines über einen längeren Zeitraum bestehenden, negativen Gesellschafter-Verrechnungskontos und den sich daraus unter Umständen ergebenden ertragsteuerlichen und finanzstrafrechtlichen Konsequenzen. Anhand einer Analyse der Rechtsprechung des Verwaltungsgerichtshofes soll dabei herausgearbeitet werden, wie sich diese in den letzten Jahren geändert hat und unter welchen Voraussetzungen nach aktueller Rechtsprechung, bei Vorliegen eines negativen Gesellschafter-Verrechnungskontos, eine verdeckte Ausschüttung anzunehmen ist. Im Einleitungsteil wird die Problemstellung dargelegt und darauf Bezug genommen, warum dieses Thema von Interesse ist. Die restliche Arbeit gliedert sich im Wesentlichen in drei Abschnitte. Der erste Teil erörtert die Tatbestandsmerkmale, die für das Vorliegen einer verdeckten Ausschüttung grundsätzlich erfüllt sein müssen. Es werden außerdem die Erscheinungsformen und die ertragsteuerlichen Folgen von verdeckten Ausschüttungen beschrieben. Abschließend wird noch ein Blick darauf geworfen, welche Anforderungen erfüllt sein müssen, damit Vereinbarungen zwischen Gesellschafter und Gesellschaft steuerlich anzuerkennen sind. Im zweiten Teil, dem Hauptteil dieser Arbeit, wird der Frage nachgegangen, unter welchen Voraussetzungen ein über einen längeren Zeitraum bestehendes, negatives Gesellschafter-Verrechnungskonto zu einer verdeckten Ausschüttung führen kann und wie sich die Rechtsprechung des Verwaltungsgerichtshofes zu diesem Thema in den letzten Jahren entwickelt hat. Die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sollen dann noch am Ende dieses Abschnitts anhand eines praktischen Beispiels dargestellt werden. Der dritte und letzte Teil gibt noch einen kurzen Einblick in das Finanzstrafrecht und die finanzstrafrechtlichen Folgen von verdeckten Ausschüttungen negativer Gesellschafter-Verrechnungskonten. This thesis deals with problems that arise in cases of long term negative clearing accounts between a shareholder and the entity, with a focus on tax law and tax criminal law. In analyzing rulings of the administrative court, the tendency in these rulings over the years is elaborated and the requirements for determining a hidden distribution, as a result of a negative clearing account are investigated. Hidden distributions, as mentioned in the Austrian Corporation Tax Law, are constructive dividends occurring in smaller entities with ongoing interactions between the entity and the shareholder. In the introduction the problem is outlined and an explanation, why this topic is relevant, is given. The thesis contains three major parts. Part one reasons the criteria for identification of hidden distributions. The various forms of hidden distributions and the resulting tax impact is mentioned. Preconditions, that have to be met in order to accept agreements between the shareholder and the entity, are mentioned. Part two, the main part of the thesis, investigates the preconditions under which a long term negative clearing account towards a shareholder can lead to a hidden distribution as a tax consequence. The tendency in rulings of the administrative court in such cases is examined. Conclusions are drawn by means of a practical example. The third and last part gives a short insight in consequences of hidden distributions as far as the tax criminal law is concerned

The increasing role of the financial sector in the move toward a more sustainable economic model continues apace. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) shock shone a light on the need for all society to correct course, and the financial sector is responding. The pace of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) integration into investment decisions, which has become the prevalent form of sustainable finance, continues to accelerate. These developments reflect changing societal perspectives that challenge the traditionally ingrained investment approaches that have evolved over many decades. Against this backdrop, various financial sector stakeholders continue to evaluate how their role, products, and tools should adapt to this evolving landscape. This paper focuses on sovereign credit ratings and empirically assesses how broad sovereign ESG factors as well as the ESG factors specific to a country’s national wealth and management of risks and opportunities related to so-called stranded assets like fossil fuel resources are manifested in sovereign credit rating assessments.

The importance of improving the process of forming the structure and management of the bank 's consumer loan portfolio, minimizing credit risks and assessing the solvency of borrowers is substantiated. The expediency of forming an appropriate organizational structure, increasing the completeness of information support, scientific validity of analytical support of the lending process and risk management is argued. It is proposed to assess the borrower's solvency based on effective and resource approaches, which allows to analyze the actual financial burden, identify the level of solvency through an optimization model that reduces credit risk, improve loan portfolio quality and profitability of bank operations., Обгрунтовано важливість удосконалення процесу формування структури та управління портфелем споживчих кредитів банку, мінімізації кредитних ризиків і оцінювання платоспроможності позичальників. Аргументовано доцільність формування відповідної організаційної структури, підвищення повноти інформаційного забезпечення, наукової обґрунтованості аналітичної підтримки процесу кредитування та управління ризиками. Запропоновано оцінювання платоспроможності позичальника на основі результативного та ресурсного підходів, що дозволяє проаналізувати фактичне фінансове навантаження, виявити рівень платоспроможності завдяки оптимізаційної моделі, що сприяє зменшенню кредитних ризиків, підвищенню якості кредитного портфелю і дохідності кредитних операцій банку.

This article considered the problem of determining the creditworthiness of an enterprise operating in the field of trade and services. The assessment of the creditworthiness of borrowers, particularly small businesses, needs to be more careful: the level of development of small enterprises and their specific activities must be considered, as well as the uncertainty in obtaining any financial result. A method for assessing the creditworthiness of enterprises (trade and services) is proposed, based on the use of the mathematical apparatus of the theory of fuzzy sets. This article analyzes the indicators of industry and regional specifics, indicators of the activity of a small enterprise, and financial and economic indicators typical for the service sector and trade. The rules on the basis of which decisions are made are formed in the form of logical formulas containing parameters. In its most general form, one parameter is predicted, called the creditworthiness index, which varies from 0 to 1 and has a natural interpretation. On the basis of the proposed method, examples of calculating the assessment of the creditworthiness of enterprises operating in the field of trade and services are given. The proposed scientific approach can be used as a basis for creating expert decision support systems for lending to small businesses.

U ovom radu analizirane su i obrazložene procedure koje banke koriste prilikom procjene kreditne sposobnosti klijenata. Iznesene su teorijske postavke o kreditnoj politici, kreditnom riziku, kao i načini procjene kreditne sposobnosti. Nadalje, prikazan je cjelokupan proces kreditne aktivnosti banke, od zaprimanja obrasca kreditnog zahtjeva i ostale dokumentacije, do postupaka analize financijskih izvještaja putem pokazatelja, te donošenja odluke o odobravanju ili odbijanju kreditnog zahtjeva. Doneseni su zaključci kako se banke koriste formaliziranim pravilima i procedurama koje smanjuju rizik odobravanja po banku loših kredita. Utvrđeno je da su financijski pokazatelji temelj za donošenje pozitivne ili negativne odluke te da dugoročno dobri odnosi banke i klijenta predstavljaju vrlo bitan faktor kod donošenja odluke o kreditiranju., In this thesis, procedures used by banks upon the assessment of the creditworthiness of clients have been analysed and explained. Theoretical assumptions regarding credit policy and credit risk have been presented, as well as the multiple methods of the assessment of creditworthiness. Furthermore, the entire process of the bank lending has been shown, from the receiving of the loan application form and other documentation to the methods of analysis of financial statements by means of indicators, and the making of the decision on approving or rejecting the loan application. Conclusions were made about the bank using formalized rules and procedures which reduce the risk of granting loans which do not benefit the bank. It was found that the financial indicators form the basis for making a positive or negative decision and that good relations between a bank and a client represent a very important factor when making a decision on lending in the long term.

Državno subvencioniranje stambenih kredita putem Agencije za pravni promet i posredovanje nekretninama (APN) kao poticaj mladih obitelji na kupnju ili izgradnju svoje vlastite nekretnine sasvim zasigurno blagotvorno utječe na rješavanje problema stambenog zbrinjavanja s kojim se populacija kojoj je ovaj poticaj namijenjen susreće. Subvencioniranjem stambenih kredita potiče se, indirektno, demografska obnova društva, stvaraju preduvjeti za kvalitetniji život, a tako se smanjuje i trend odlaska mladih iz Republike Hrvatske. Postotak subvencioniranja korelira s indeksom razvijenosti grada ili općine u kojoj se nekretnina kupuje ili gradi, a duljina trajanja perioda subvencioniranja ovisi o broju rođena djece za vrijeme trajanja subvencije, broju maloljetne djeca u trenutku podnošenja zahtjeva i broju osoba s invaliditetom. Zakon o subvencioniranju stambenih kredita (NN 65/17, 61/18, 66/19, 146/20) definira koji su glavni uvjeti za ostvarenje prava na subvenciju za koju se već prvog dana otvaranja natječaja predaje skoro tisuću zahtjeva, no koliko je dobar protok cjelovitih i kvalitetnih informacija putem digitalnih platformi, koliko i kako financijska (ne)pismenost građana utječe na valjanu pripremu i kako se izračunava kreditna sposobnost istražiti će se i analizirati u ovom radu uz konkretan primjer korištenja pomoći financijskih posrednika u realizaciji subvencioniranog stambenog kredita. State subsidies for housing loans distributed through the Agency for Legal Transactions and Real Estate Brokerage (APN) as an incentive for young families to buy or build their own property certainly have a beneficial effect on solving the housing problem faced by the population for which this incentive is intended. Subsidizing housing loans indirectly encourages the demographic renewal of society, creates preconditions for a better quality of life, and thus reduces the trend of young people leaving the Republic of Croatia. The percentage of subsidy correlates with the development index of the city or municipality in which the property is purchased or built, and the length of the subsidy period depends on the number of children born during the subsidy, the number of minor children at the time of 2 application and the number of persons with disabilities. The Housing Loan Subsidy Act (OG 65/17, 61/18, 66/19, 146/20) defines the main conditions for exercising the right to a subsidy for which almost a thousand applications are submitted on the first day of the tender opening, but how good is it the flow of complete and quality information through digital platforms, how much and how the financial (il)literacy of citizens affects the proper preparation and how creditworthiness is calculated will be researched and analyzed in this paper with a concrete example of using the help of financial intermediaries in the realization of subsidized housing loans..

Finance and indebtedness remain major problems for most countries, especially developing countries it therefore requests to stand in front of them to reduce them and prevent their exacerbation, Global rating agencies are a reflection of the urgent need for investors and borrowers to identify factors affecting creditworthiness to bridge the existing information gap. Iraq was approved for the period 2004-2017 using a model (Toda Yamamota Causility) The desire to provide information on the level of risk before lending to the government or financial and banking institutions to assess the solvency and the desire to meet debts to meet current and future financial obligations in a timely manner, and the degree of rating is not an absolute fact, but expect to the current financial situation may err and may infect, However, creditworthiness indicators remain the most important criteria for assessing the likelihood of the borrower not repaying the loan amount. The researcher concluded that the most important variable affecting the sovereign creditworthiness of Iraq is debt service, especially in the short term On the other hand, the availability of liquidity gives great flexibility to Iraq in the payment of its obligations.

The article is devoted to the development of the methodology for assessing the creditworthiness of exporting enterprises based on the fuzzy logic method. The author studies the dominant foreign methods of creditworthiness complex analysis of potential bank borrowers. On its basis the stages of rapid analysis and the basic factors determining the creditworthiness of potential borrowers of the bank, the main for which are export activity, are distinguished. These factors include: FEA factor (term of export activity, share of profit from FEA in operating profit of enterprise, dynamics of profitable activity from FEA), borrower’s reputation (quality of management), borrower's financial condition (profit activity, solvency, net cash flow), loan collateralization (type and possibility of realization of collateral, method of credit risk insurance), loan repayment ability (essential terms of the loan agreement: purpose, term, loan amount, interest rate and fees, etc.). These factors allowed to create a model, the feature of which is the use of expert and analytical information to predict the level of creditworthiness of potential bank borrowers, the main one for which is export activity. The output parameter Z obtained in the model makes it possible to assess the creditworthiness of the exporting borrower as following: H - high level of creditworthiness, A – average (acceptable) creditworthiness, L – low level of creditworthiness. The loan officers must reject the borrower’s loan application in the case of obtaining a low level of creditworthiness during the express analysis. In case of assigning an average or high level of creditworthiness, a further in-depth analysis of the borrower’s creditworthiness is required. The use of express analysis makes it possible to avoid the loss of time and other resources for a detailed analysis of the creditworthiness of potentially insolvent borrowers.

Today, the main source of economic growth is the extraction of mineral oil, although in recent years there has been a significant increase in the role of consumer demand in the domestic market. In the con-text of globalization, the main indicator of the economy of oil-producing countries is oil prices. However, in a period of globalization, developing countries need not only energy, but also economic resources to develop their economic situation on the global market. Thus, establishing creditworthiness is the key to attracting foreign capital. The development of the stock market is not an indicator of the country’s stable creditworthiness. This study fills the required gap, verifying with the extent to which the development of the stock market can affect creditworthiness. Moreover, the following article has strong literature review in order to identify and summarize the main factors of the creditworthiness of oil-producing countries. Although, there is not strong empirical research, the study is based on the statistical world data.

The article analyzes the current state of the credit portfolio of domestic banks in the context of introduction of new approaches of the National Bank to assess the financial status of the debtor – a legal entity. Ukraine implements the recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision on Credit Risk Assessment, which recommends banks to develop their own internal models in order to properly assess their clients. However, the National Bank of Ukraine has chosen another concept for the settlement of this recommendation, in particular, it developed and obliged all domestic banks to use their own methodology for assessing the level of credit risk based on a specific econometric model. Even before the full implementation of the methodology of the National Bank in practice of domestic banks, it was critically evaluated by domestic scientists with the details of deficiencies. The conducted study allowed to analyze the relationship between the introduction of the new NBU methodology for assessing the level of credit risk on corporate loans and changes in the share of non-performing loans in loan portfolios of Ukrainian banks. The obtained results confirmed the low effectiveness of the NBU methodology for identifying insolvent borrowers, as in the background of the growth of lending to legal entities in 2018, the share of non-performing loans was almost unchanged, or insignificantly, indicating that the newly issued loans subsequently went to the category of unemployed. The study summarizes the shortcomings of the current methodology and proposes to differentiate the approaches of banks to assessing the level of credit risk, namely, to allow banks with a long-term functioning in the market to develop and approve in the NBU their own methods for assessing the level of credit risk of the borrower, and for newly created banks – to use the methodology of the NBU until the moment of accumulation of the necessary experience to develop their own methodology.

The article is devoted to the development of methodology for assessing the level of credit risk of borrowers-legal entities. The authors analysed the current methodology for determining the credit risk size under active banking operations used by Ukrainian banks. By analysing the statistical data on the share of problem loans in the loan portfolios of Ukrainian banks, it was established that the implementation of this methodology did not lead to a significant change in the share of problem loans in the banking system, and, consequently, needs further improvement. The article proposes the development of an approach to credit, which at the methodological level should be expressed through a set of interrelated quantitative and qualitative indicators, which in their unity determine the degree of creditworthiness of a potential borrower. The authors suggest taking into account the factor of foreign economic activity, as having a significant impact on the financial state of the enterprise, when calculating the integral indicator of the financial status of the debtor – a legal entity by including the indicator «the share of operating profit from foreign economic activities to depreciation in the total volume of sales». In addition, in the conditions of stable tendency of hryvnia devaluation, ranges of values of the debtor PD coefficient – the legal entity-exporter is proposed to be taken into account for the minimum values, and the legal entity-importer – for maximum values in determining the size of credit risk on an asset on an individual basis. The submitted offers will allow to adjust the level of credit risk of the borrower-legal entity that carries out foreign economic activity, depending on the importance of its impact on the financial result of the enterprise.

Although banks have been conducting credit lending activities for centuries by using traditional credit risk assessment methods, the scientific art of credit risk management has evolved over the last few years along with the Basel agreement. The risks to which banks are being exposed when they fund societies keen on creative accounting techniques are considerable, the misleading attempts and the "production" of financial statements for a successful image in front of the bank in order to convince with a view to obtaining funding are often common practice. The consequences are particularly severe for the financing institution that will mark losses on the transaction concluded on the basis of these glossed over economic realities. That is why it is very important to look beyond this picture, to compare the image presented by the client with images of other reporting periods in order to identify changes in the accounting records techniques. It is best to understand the film of the last 2 or 3 years to grasp the reality of a society and not just the image that it has been thoroughly prepared to be shown to the bank in order to get credits.

The main issue for all creditors in the Republic of Serbia is how to effectively lend to companies, with adequate increase of rate of return. Namely, domestic creditors are using traditional credit analysis methods, which are very slow and very expensive, or on the other hand using one of the world most developed models for assessing company's creditworthiness, which are still not adapted to the characteristics and performance of domestic companies. It is emphasized from a professional and practical standpoint, that the models for assessing company's creditworthiness developed for individual market, give significantly better results than other "standardized models", and this represents the basic assumption of this research. Financial statements of domestic companies, together with their analytical indicators, in best way reflect their characteristics. As such, they are the basis for developing a model for assessing companies' creditworthiness, which is the main goal of the research. The hypothesis of the paper is "Respecting the characteristics of domestic companies, it is possible to develop a creditworthiness analysis model for the Republic of Serbia, that will be more efficient than generally known models". The result of the research is a model that can be practically applied, which contributes to increasing efficiency in decision making, and which should represent "condition sine qua non" of each lender in Serbia.

The article is devoted to the approaches to analyze the solvency of companies debtors. The system of indicators and ratios is proposed to analyze the financial position of companies debtors.The subject of credit analysis is closely related to the problems of effective management of the company. Thequality of credit analysis depends on how close the relationship between a company and its stakeholders is. Mutually beneficial relationships ensure the control over the quality of products and the pricing process. Building relationships with customers implies the achievement of an acceptable level of customer satisfaction and increases the efficiency of client base management. The key to the success of credit analysis is the initial grouping of companies debtors to identify those objects of analysis relationship which differ from the pattern. The method of analysis of creditworthiness of debtors is presented in two versions: full (integrated) and abridged (express diagnostics). The author proposes to use the complex of measures to control the status of accounts receivable. Managers of the company face the problem of formalizing the debtor analysis procedures, regulating the work with receivables, including the possibility of their adaptation to the internal and external business environment changes.

Within the article, theoretical issues of the functioning of rating agencies in the credit services market, in particular, theessence of such categories as "rating", "credit rating" are considered. To do this, various concepts of studying the content ofsuch definitions were analyzed. The role of credit rating agencies in the development of the country's financial system wasalso defined and described, which was implemeneted through the separation and clarification of the functions of theseinstitutions. In addition, within the article, the importance of the development of credit rating agencies for the functioning ofbanking and other financial institutions, ensuring the stability of their work and the resilience of the economy to theemergence and development of crises in the country's financial system are substantiated., У статті розглянуті теоретичні питання функціонування рейтингових агентств на ринку кредитних послуг, зокрема, розглянуто сутність таких категорій, як «рейтинг», «кредитний рейтинг». Для цього було проаналізовано різні концепції дослідження змісту таких дефініцій. Також визначено та описано роль кредитних рейтингових агентств у розвитку фінансової системи країни, що було реалізовано через виокремлення та уточнення функцій цих установ. У статті також обґрунтовано важливість розвитку кредитних рейтингових агентств для функціонування банківських та інших фінансових установ, забезпечення стабільності їх роботи та стійкості економіки до виникнення і розвитку кризових ситуацій у фінансовій системі країни.

Положения научной новизны, изложенные в диссертации: - расширено содержание понятия «кредитоспособность» коммерческой организации, акцентируя внимание на необходимости периодической оценки менеджментом финансовых возможностей компании; - определена тенденция в формировании информационной базы оценки кредитоспособности в современных условиях и предложено дополнительное решение в подготовке наиболее полных данных о бизнесе; - разработан порядок определения долговой нагрузки по ключевым показателям, позволяющий оперативно представлять информацию для управления компанией. Практическая значимость работы заключается в разработке рекомендаций по совершенствованию управления привлечением и использованием заемного капитала, которые могут использоваться значительной частью коммерческих организаций. The provisions of scientific novelty set out in the dissertation: - the content of the concept of "creditworthiness" of a commercial organization has been expanded, focusing on the need for management to periodically assess the company's financial capabilities; - a tendency in the formation of an information base for assessing creditworthiness in modern conditions was determined and an additional solution was proposed in the preparation of the most complete data on business; - a procedure for determining the debt burden by key indicators has been developed, which makes it possible to promptly provide information for the management of the company. The practical significance of the work lies in the development of recommendations for improving the management of attracting and using debt capital, which can be used by a significant part of commercial organizations.

�� ���������������� ������������������������������-�������������������� ������������������������ ������������������������ ���������������������� �������������������������� ���������������� ������������������������, ������������������ ���������������������� �� ���������������� ��������. ������ ������ �������������� ���������������������� ���������������������������� �������������������� ��������������. �������������������� ���������������������� �������������� ������ ����������������������������, ������������������������ ������������������ ����������������, ���������������������� �������������� ������������������������������ �������������������� �������������� ���������������� ���������� ������ ������ ����������������, ������ �� ������ ������������������. ������������ ������������ ������������������������������������ �� �������������� �������������������������� ������������ �������������������� �� �������������������������� �������������������� ���������������������� ���������������� �������������������������� ������ �������� ����������������������. ���������� �������� ������������������������ ������������ ���������������������� ������������������ �������������� ���������������������� ������������ ���������������������� ���� �������������������� ������������������, �������������������� ������ ���������������� �������������� ������������������������������ ���������������� ��������������������., In the process of production and financial activities, commercial enterprises modernize means of production, expand their assortment and trade network. All this requires the attraction of additional financial resources. The lack of own funds for investment is compensated by credit funds, the attraction of which is characterized by a rather high degree of risk for both the borrower and the lender. The model for assessing creditworthiness using a certain set of absolute and relative financial indicators is universal for all organizations. In addition, the totality of these indicators makes it possible to identify the likelihood of an organization getting out of a crisis situation that arose when deciding to use borrowed funds.

�� ���������������������� ���������������� ������������������������ ���������������� ������������������ ������������ ���������������� ������������������������ �������������������� ���������������������������� ����������������, ������ �������������� �������������������� ������ ������������������ ���������������������� �� ����������������, ������ �� ������������. ���� �������� �������� ������������ ���������������������������� �������������������� �� �������������� ����������, �������� �������������� ������ ���������������������� �������������������������� ������������ ������������������ ���� ���������������� �������������� ������������. �� �������������� �������������� ���������������������� �� �������������������������� �������������������������� ����������, ������������������������ ���� ���������������� �������������� ������������������. �� ���������������������� �������������������� ���������������� ���������������������� ���������� �������������� ������������������������, ���������� ���������������������� ������������������ ������������ ������������������ ���������� ������������������, ������������������������ ���������������� ���������� ������������, �������������������� ���������� ���������� ������������������������, ���������������������� �������������� ������������������ ����������, ���������������������� �������������� �������������������� ��������, �������������������������������� �������������������� ���� ������������ �� ������������������. ���������������� ���� ������������ ������������������ ������������������������, ���������������������� ������ �������������������� ��������������. ������������������ ������������������������ �� ������������ ������������ ������������������ �������������� �������������������� ���������������������� �������������� ������ ������������ ������������������������������������ �������������������������� ������������������, ���������������������� ���� ���������������� ������������������������ �� ��������������������., In modern conditions of an unstable market economy, credit remains an essential source of economic development; it is actively used by both individual enterprises and citizens, and countries. Domestic and foreign loans are widespread throughout the world, and the share of credit as an instrument of spending is at a fairly high level. With the help of the loan, international economic ties are also strengthened, aimed at the development of the world economy. In modern Russian practice, a new system of lending is being formed, new relations are being created between the participants in a loan transaction, reflecting the interests of both parties, new forms of lending are emerging that allow reducing credit risks, the arsenal of bank loans is being updated, and the technology of their issuance and repayment is being improved. It is not only the lending procedures that are changing, the conceptual apparatus itself is being updated. The subject of this article is the application of scoring models for assessing the creditworthiness of potential borrowers, its main advantages and disadvantages are considered.

У статті досліджено теоретичні та практичні питання оцінки кредитоспроможності суб’єкта господарювання кредитними установами в Україні. З’ясовано економічну сутність кредитоспроможності суб’єкта господарювання. Визначено практичні проблемні аспекти оцінки кредитоспроможності позичальника кредитними установами в Україні. Наведено заходи щодо покращення процесу проведення оцінки кредитоспроможності позичальника на прикладі фінансово-кредитної компанії., The article examines the theoretical and practical problems of assessing the creditworthiness of business entity in Ukraine. The economic essence of the creditworthiness of business entity is clarified. Practical problematic aspects of assessing borrower's trustability by credit institutions in Ukraine are identified. Measures to improve the assessment of borrower's creditworthiness on the example of a financial and credit company are proposed.

Проведений аналіз сутності та значення кредитоспроможності підприємства. Досліджені методики оцінки кредитоспроможності. Ппроаналізовано фінансовий стан підприємства. Проведено оцінку рейтингу кредитоспроможності підприємства. Визначено оснівні недоліки оцінки кредитоспроможності. Розроблені рекомендації щодо вдосконалення методики оцінки кредитоспроможності підприємства.

As the use of AI in society is developing, the requirement of explainable algorithms has increased. A challenge with many modern machine learning algorithms is that they, due to their often complex structures, lack the ability to produce human-interpretable explanations. Research within explainable AI has resulted in methods that can be applied on top of non- interpretable models to motivate their decision bases. The aim of this thesis is to compare an unexplained machine learning model used in combination with an explanatory method, and a model that is explainable through its inherent structure. Random forest was the unexplained model in question and the explanatory method was SHAP. The explainable model was logistic regression, which is explanatory through its feature weights. The comparison was conducted within the area of creditworthiness and was based on predictive performance and explainability. Furthermore, the thesis intends to use these models to investigate what characterizes loan applicants who are likely to default. The comparison showed that no model performed significantly better than the other in terms of predictive performance. Characteristics of bad loan applicants differed between the two algorithms. Three important aspects were the applicant’s age, where they lived and whether they had a residential phone. Regarding explainability, several advantages with SHAP were observed. With SHAP, explanations on both a local and a global level can be produced. Also, SHAP offers a way to take advantage of the high performance in many modern machine learning algorithms, and at the same time fulfil today’s increased requirement of transparency. I takt med att AI används allt oftare för att fatta beslut i samhället, har kravet på förklarbarhet ökat. En utmaning med flera moderna maskininlärningsmodeller är att de, på grund av sina komplexa strukturer, sällan ger tillgång till mänskligt förståeliga motiveringar. Forskning inom förklarar AI har lett fram till metoder som kan appliceras ovanpå icke- förklarbara modeller för att tolka deras beslutsgrunder. Det här arbetet syftar till att jämföra en icke- förklarbar maskininlärningsmodell i kombination med en förklaringsmetod, och en modell som är förklarbar genom sin struktur. Den icke- förklarbara modellen var random forest och förklaringsmetoden som användes var SHAP. Den förklarbara modellen var logistisk regression, som är förklarande genom sina vikter. Jämförelsen utfördes inom området kreditvärdighet och grundades i prediktiv prestanda och förklarbarhet. Vidare användes dessa modeller för att undersöka vilka egenskaper som var kännetecknande för låntagare som inte förväntades kunna betala tillbaka sitt lån. Jämförelsen visade att ingen av de båda metoderna presterande signifikant mycket bättre än den andra sett till prediktiv prestanda. Kännetecknande särdrag för dåliga låntagare skiljde sig åt mellan metoderna. Tre viktiga aspekter var låntagarens °ålder, vart denna bodde och huruvida personen ägde en hemtelefon. Gällande förklarbarheten framträdde flera fördelar med SHAP, däribland möjligheten att kunna producera både lokala och globala förklaringar. Vidare konstaterades att SHAP gör det möjligt att dra fördel av den höga prestandan som många moderna maskininlärningsmetoder uppvisar och samtidigt uppfylla dagens ökade krav på transparens.

В статье изучены условия финансово-хозяйственной деятельности научно-исследовательских организаций нефтегазового сектора, их особенности и результаты деятельности. В статье дана оценка состояния финансового положения компаний, изучены структура и состав активов, источников формирования имущества. Исследованы изменения в деятельности научно-исследовательских организаций АО «ВНИИ НП», ОАО «ВНИПИНЕФТЬ», ОАО «ИГИРГИ» ПАО «Газпром». Выявленные негативные результаты деятельности требуют осуществления комплекса управленческих решений, направленных на достижение финансовой устойчивости и платежеспособности. Представлена динамика показателей оценки кредитоспособности организаций и рассчитаны уровни финансовой устойчивости, которые демонстрируют недостаточность финансирования за счет собственных средств. Наличие кредиторской задолженности у организаций требует увеличения оборачиваемости средств, ведения политики по снижению уровня дебиторской задолженности. Полученные средства от коммерческой деятельности необходимо направить на техническое перевооружение, на финансирование инновационных проектов, способных принести прибыль., The article studies the conditions of financial and economic activities of research organizations in the oil and gas sector, their features and performance results. The article provides an assessment of the state of the financial position of companies, studies the structure and composition of assets, sources of property formation. Changes in the activities of research organizations of JSC "VNII NP", JSC "VNI-PINEFT", JSC "IGIRGI", PJSC "Gazprom" are investigated. The revealed negative results of activities require the implementation of a set of management decisions aimed at achieving financial stability and solvency. The dynamics of indicators for assessing the creditworthiness of organizations is presented and the levels of financial stability are calculated, which demonstrate the lack of financing from their own funds. The presence of accounts payable from organizations requires an increase in the turnover of funds, a policy to reduce the level of accounts receivable. The funds received from commercial activities must be directed to technical re-equipment, to finance innovative projects that can bring a profit.

Статья посвящена анализу управления кредитным риском в коммерческом банке. Рассмотрено понятие и сущность банковских рисков и причины их возникновения. Кредитный риск является основным риском в банковской деятельности, поскольку затрагивает основной процесс банковской деятельности, и нивелирование всех остальных рисков, так или иначе, в конечном итоге направленно на нивелирование кредитных рисков. Управление кредитным риском происходит на каждом этапе кредитного процесса, учитывая все его составляющие Выявлена методика анализа и оценки кредитного риска в банке, рассмотрены и проанализированы основные методы снижения вероятности указанного банковского риска. Для анализа кредитного риска в банке используются следующие показатели: норматив текущей ликвидности Н3, норматив H6 в расчете на одного клиента, коэффициент достаточности совокупного капитала Н1, коэффициент достаточности капитала 1-го уровня., The article is devoted to the analysis of credit risk management in a commercial bank. The concept and essence of banking risks and their causes are considered. Credit risk is the main risk in banking activities, since it affects the main process of banking activities, and the leveling of all other risks, one way or another, is ultimately aimed at leveling credit risks. Credit risk management takes place at every stage of the credit process, taking into account all its components, the methodology of analysis and assessment of credit risk in the bank is identified, the main methods of reducing the probability of this bank risk are considered and analyzed. To analyze credit risk, the bank uses the following indicators: the current liquidity ratio H3, the standard H6 per customer, the total capital adequacy ratio H1, the capital adequacy ratio of the 1st level.

Актуальность темы выпускной квалификационной работы определяется тем, что важнейшим этапов кредитования коммерческими банками заемщиков является оценка кредитоспособности. Основными целями оценки кредитоспособности является определение способности заемщика вернуть денежные средства, оценка риска кредитования конкретного заемщика, а также определение оптимально возможного размера кредита. Значимость оценки кредитоспособности заемщика в процессе управления кредитным риском коммерческого банка проявляется и в проведении банком-кредитором мониторинга заемщика. Значение оперативного контроля за финансово-экономической деятельностью заемщиков со стороны ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑƒÑ‡Ñ€ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ в ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÐºÑ€Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ нестабильности и роста дефолтов, бесспорно, велико. Предмет исследования – кредитоспособность заемщика. Объектом выступает ПАО «ЛСРГРУПП». Цель выпускной квалификационной работы – изучить методику оценки кредитоспособности заемщика и ее совершенствование (на примере ПАО «ЛСРГРУПП»). Поставленная в работе цель определила следующие задачи исследования: - изучить теоретические аспекты оценки кредитоспособности заемщиков; - провести оценку кредитоспособности клиентов ÑŽÑ€Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñ† на примере ПАО «ЛСРГрупп»; - выявить пути совершенствование оценки кредитоспособности ПАО «ЛСРГрупп»., The relevance of the topic of the final qualification work is determined by the fact that the most important stage of lending by commercial banks to borrowers is the assessment of creditworthiness. The main objectives of the creditworthiness assessment are to determine the borrower's ability to return funds, to assess the risk of lending to a particular borrower, and to determine the optimal possible loan size. The importance of assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower in the process of managing the credit risk of a commercial bank is also evident in the monitoring of the borrower by the lender bank. The importance of operational control over the financial and economic activities of borrowers by credit institutions in the context of macroeconomic instability and the growth of defaults is undoubtedly great. The purpose of the final qualification work is to study the methodology for assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower and its improvement (on the example of PJSC "LSR GROUP"). The goal set in the work determined the following research objectives: - to study the theoretical aspects of assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers; - to assess the creditworthiness of clients of legal entities on the example of PJSC " LSR Group»; - identify ways to improve the assessment of the creditworthiness of PJSC "LSR Group". The subject of the study is the creditworthiness of the borrower. The object is PJSC "LSR GROUP".

Дипломна робота: 112 с., 12 рис., 7 табл., 16 джерел. Тема: «Cкорингові моделі в управлінні ризиками банківського кредитування» Об’єкт дослідження – скорингові системи на базових класифікаторах машинного навчання та стекінгових мета-моделях. Предмет дослідження – оцінка ймовірностей виникнення проблем із забогованістю за кредитами фізичним особам з використанням класифікаторів. Мета роботи – розробка системи для аналізу та оцінювання кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб на основі моделей логістичної регресії, байєсівської мережі, дерев, градієнтного бустінгу та ансамблевих моделей на їх базі. Методи дослідження – побудова, тренування та оцінка моделей, що розглядаються, на тестових наборах даних з використанням метрик точності передбачення та AUC. В роботі розглянуто актуальні моделі побудови класифікаторів засобами машинного навчання, використання ансамблевих моделей для передбачення виникнення проблем з поверненням позик фізичними особами. Проведено порівняльний аналіз ефективності базових та мета-моделей. Розроблено програмне забезпечення для оцінки моделей та їх комбінацій на тестових датасетах. Прогнозні припущення щодо подальшого розвитку об’єкта дослідження: створення алгоритму автоматичного підбору базових моделей в залежності від отриманих результатів оцінки. The diploma project: 112 p., 12 fig., 7 tabl., 16 sources. The theme: «Scoring models in bank’s credit risk management» The object of study – scoring models based on basic machine learning classifiers and stacking metamodels. The subject of study – the probability estimation of issues arising in relation to loan debts of individuals using classifiers. The purpose of research – development of a system for analysis and estimation of creditworthiness of individuals based on logistic regression models, Bayesian network, trees, gradient boosting and ensemble models on them. The research methods – creation, training and assessment of models on testing datasets using accuracy metrics and AUC. In the paper the current models of classifiers creation by means of machine learning, using ensemble models for predicting problems with loans repayment by individuals are considered. A comparative analysis of efficiency of basic and meta-models was conducted. The software for the assessment of models and their combination on testing datasets was developed. The assumptions about further development of the study object: creating the algorithm of automatic selection of basic models depending on the obtained evaluation results.

Организации малого и среднего бизнеса являются основой любой экономики. Когда внешний кризис ставит рынки под угрозу, малый и средний бизнес страдает первым. Например, недавняя вспышка КОВИД-19 негативно отразилась на многих организациях данного сегмента. Усугубляет ситуацию недостаток ресурсов у организаций малого и среднего бизнеса, которые могли бы служить подушкой безопасности в кризисное время. В данной статье рассматриваются исследования экономистов, связанные с влиянием кризисных явлений на малый и средний бизнес, и анализируются способы преодоления экономических спадов в финансовых сферах., Small and medium-sized businesses are the backbone of any economy. When an external crisis puts markets at risk, small and medium-sized businesses are the first to suffer. For example, the recent outbreak of COVID-19 has negatively impacted many organizations in this segment. The situation is aggravated by the lack of resources of small and medium-sized businesses that could serve as a safety cushion in times of crisis. This article examines the research of economists related to the impact of the crisis on small and medium-sized businesses, and analyzes ways to overcome economic downturns in the financial sectors.

Актуальность данной темы обуславливается понимания и ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ†ÐµÐ¿Ñ‚ÑƒÐ°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð² обеспечения экономической безопасности организации. Это связано с тем, что деятельность кредитной организации всегда связана с риском, утечкой ÑÐµÐºÑ€ÐµÑ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸, а также Ð²Ð½ÑƒÑ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ угроз. Цель выпускной квалификационной работы – провести анализ ÑÑ„Ñ„ÐµÐºÑ‚Ð¸Ð²Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² обеспечения возвратности кредита и разработка направлений Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÑ€ÑˆÐµÐ½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ. Ð˜ÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ñ поставленной цели, можно сформулировать следующие : - изучить сущность и понятие «обеспечение возвратности кредитов» ; - рассмотреть методы обеспечения возвратности кредитов - выделить особенности оценки обеспечения возвратности кредитов и ее роль в развитии экономики; - дать краткую организационно-экономическая Ñ Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐºÑ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÐºÑƒ Хабаровского филиала АКБ «Банк Китая (ЭЛОС)»; -провести оценку кредитоспособности Хабаровского филиала АКБ «Банк Китая (ЭЛОС)» и его кредитной репутации; -проанализировать проблемы обеспечения возвратности заимствований в деятельности банка; - разработать методы обеспечения возвратности кредита - оценить эффективность Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ‚Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² Объектом исследования является кредитная организация Хабаровский филиал АКБ «Банк Китая (ЭЛОС)». Предметом исследования является совокупность факторов и условий возвратности кредитов в Хабаровском филиале АКБ «Банк Китая (ЭЛОС)»., The relevance of this topic is determined by the re-need to understand and re-solve the conceptual issues of ensuring the economic security of a re-credit institution. This is due to the fact that the re activity of a credit institution is always re associated with risk, re possible leakage of secret company data, as well as the presence of internal and external threats. The purpose of the final qualification work is to analyze effective methods of ensuring the repayment of the loan and develop directions for their improvement. Based on the set goal, we can formulate the following re tasks of the re work: - to study the essence and concept of " ensuring the repayment of loans»; - review methods

Creditworthiness is acknowledged worldwide as focal point of debt processing. Credit Rate, an output of credit-rating process, reflects such creditworthiness. We reviewed literature on elements of credit rating, viz. Credit Rate, credit-rating agencies (CRAs) and credit-rating model. Credit Rating is an independent evaluation of creditworthiness. CRAs perform this evaluation to support financial institutions in processing debts. Literature added in credit-rating domain from January 2001 to November 2020 is analyzed to explore the opportunities for further research. Bibliometric analysis is used to comprehend the existing literature. Subsequently, through structured review theories, methodologies used by researchers and CRAs are explored. Further, a hybrid literature review is developed by integrating bibliometric and structured review of research papers from widely recognized databases. A sample of 153 papers is constructed and studied to identify gaps in credit-rating domain and to develop suitable remedy to fill such gaps. We found that most of the studies emerged as after-effects of financial crisis reported in 2008 and 2016. The review revealed that 48% studies focused on development of new credit-rating mechanism without evaluating existing structure in-depth. This paper contributes to existing literature by encouraging researchers and CRAs to develop a sector-specific credit-rating system by evaluating existing models and improvising them by adopting advanced techniques like Multiple Regression, Neural Networking and Artificial Intelligence. We have provided a feasible research agenda to further explore credit-rating domain. In this study we have identified that the factors determining creditworthiness are different for different sectors.

В статье приведено определение понятию кредитоспособности и значимость его оценки для банковских структур. С ускорением автоматизации технологического процесса все больше и больше устарелых методов анализа уступают место компьютерным программам. Это коснулось и анализа кредитоспособности клиентов., The article provides a definition of the concept of creditworthiness and the significance of its assessment for banking institutions. With the acceleration of process automation, more and more outdated methods of analysis are giving way to computer programs. Thisalsoaffectedtheanalysisofcreditworthinessofcustomers., №2 (2020)

Для современной экономической среды функционирования банков, особенно актуальной становится разработка оптимальной стратегии развития кредитной деятельности, в том числе и в направлении, формирования эффективного анализа платёжеспособности заемщика банка. В данной статье рассматривается значение и определяется место оценки платёжеспособности заемщика в процессе современного банковского кредитования. Для российских коммерческих банков важно развивать и оптимизировать процесс оценки платёжеспособности заемщика, как составную часть общей стратегии управления банковскими рисками в краткосрочный и долгосрочный период, For the modern economic environment of banks, it is particularly relevant to develop an optimal strategy for the development of credit activities, including in the direction of forming an effective analysis of the Banks borrowers solvency. This article examines the significance and place of assessing the borrowers ability to pay in the process of modern Bank lending. For Russian commercial banks, it is important to develop and optimize the process of assessing the borrowers solvency as an integral part of the overall strategy for managing Bank risks in the short and long term., №3 (2020)

Конкурентоспособность предприятия выступает актуальной задачей экономики, так как конкуренция внутри каждой отрасли усиливается, что несет за собой ряд вопросов для решения административным аппаратом предприятия. Предприятиям необходимо совершать жесткий контроль за соблюдением своих позиций на рынках. Данная ситуация актуализирует вопросы изучения и поиска путей решения систематизированной оценки факторов конкурентоспособности и выделения именно тех, которые будут иметь положительный результат в заданных условиях. Для решения проблем конкурентоспособности предприятия следует начинать с исследования теоретических аспектов данного термина, показателей оценки уровня конкурентоспособности предприятия и его факторов. Актуальность исследования подтверждается и тем, что на настоящий момент не существует общепринятой методики оценки кредитоспособности предприятий. Предмет исследования являются методические аспекты конкурентоспособности предприятия. Теоретико-методологической основой исследования являются работы отечественных и зарубежных авторов по проблемам экономики, конкуренции, конкурентоспособности и маркетинга, научные статьи в периодической печати, и материалы сети Интернет., The competitiveness of the enterprise is an urgent task of the economy, since competition within each industry is increasing, which entails a number of issues for the administrative staff of the enterprise to solve. Businesses need to make strict control over the observance of its positions in the markets. This situation actualizes the issues of studying and finding ways to solve the systematized assessment of competitiveness factors and identifying exactly those that will have a positive result in the given conditions. To solve the problems of enterprise competitiveness, it is necessary to start with the study of the theoretical aspects of this term, the indicators of assessing the level of enterprise competitiveness and its factors. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the fact that at the moment there is no generally accepted methodology for assessing the creditworthiness of enterprises. The subject of the research is the methodological aspects of the enterprises competitiveness. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the work of domestic and foreign authors on the problems of Economics, competition, competitiveness and marketing, scientific articles in periodicals, and Internet materials., №3 (2020)

This paper analyzes the factors that affect countries’ graduation from International Development Association (IDA) assistance and develops a statistical model of graduation. IDA provides concessional financing (credits, grants, and guarantees) to the world’s poorest countries to help reduce poverty and improve living standards. IDA’s eligibility criteria include (a) absence of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) creditworthiness and (b) gross national income (GNI) per capita below the IDA operational cutoff. Following several ‘reverse graduations’ during the 1990s, the set of factors affecting graduation decisions broadened to include an assessment of the country’s macroeconomic prospects, risk of debt distress, vulnerability to shocks, institutional constraints, and levels of poverty and social indicators. Through a pooled logit estimation using panel data covering IDA-eligible countries for 1987–2016, the authors determine the factors that influenced IDA graduation decision making for FY1989–FY2018. They find that throughout the sample the probability of being a graduate is positively and statistically significantly associated with income per capita, creditworthiness, and country size. They account for the shift of policy after 1998. Using an interaction dummy variable to capture the pre-FY1999 period, they find that life expectancy, reduced poverty, urbanization, and institutional development have been positive and significant predictors of graduation status in the later period.

В данной статье рассматривается сущность финансовой устойчивости организации как фактора повышения кредитоспособности предприятия; рассматриваются понятия кредитоспособности, платежеспособности, стабильности и финансового состояния компании; анализируются факторы, влияющие на финансовое состояние, и определяются критерии для оценки кредитоспособности организации. Финансовое состояние, определяющее позиции и конкурентоспособность компании на рынке, является важной характеристикой деловой активности и надежности организации. Целью данной статьи является определение важности стабильного финансового состояния для его кредитоспособности и всей деятельности в целом. В данной работе рассматриваются индикаторы и коэффициенты, используемые банками, кредиторами и другими кредитными аналитиками при оценки финансовой стабильности организации, определена важность точного определения уровня кредитоспособности и финансового состояния отдельной организации на экономику как отдельной кредитной коммерческой организации, так и экономики всей страны в целом., This article discusses the definition of the financial stability of an organization as a factor in increasing the creditworthiness of an enterprise the concepts of creditworthiness, solvency, stability and financial condition of the company are considered; The factors affecting the financial condition are analyzed, and the criteria for assessing the creditworthiness of an organization are determined. The financial condition that determines the position and competitiveness of the enterprise in the market is an important characteristic of the business activity and reliability of the organization. The goal of this article is to determine the importance of a stable financial condition for its creditworthiness and all activities in general. This article discusses indicators and ratios used by banks, lenders and other credit analysts in assessing the financial stability of an organization, determines the importance of accurately determining the level of creditworthiness and financial condition of an individual organization in the economy of both a separate commercial credit institution and the economy of the whole country., Наука: общество, экономика, право, Выпуск 3 2020

Объектом исследования является ПАО «ВТБ». Рассмотрены теоретические основы организации системы банковского кредитования субъектов малого бизнеса, сущность, функции и принципы банковского кредитования субъектов малого бизнеса. Определены виды и формы банковского кредитования малого бизнеса, а также современное состояние системы кредитования малого бизнеса в РФ. Проведён анализ эффективности кредитования малого бизнеса на примере ПАО «ВТБ», и организационно-экономическая Ñ Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐºÑ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÐºÐ° деятельности ПАО «ВТБ». Также рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с анализом кредитной политики банка и ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð´ÑƒÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð² для малого бизнеса. Предложены меры по совершенствованию кредитования малого бизнеса в ПАО «ВТБ». Выполнен расчет экономической эффективности внедрения Ð¿Ñ€ÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ñ‹Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ€Ð¾Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ð¹. С целью совершенствования кредитования малого бизнеса, было проведено исследование мнений Ð¿Ð¾Ñ‚ÐµÐ½Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð¾Ð² с помощью анкетирования относительно Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ñ‹Ñ ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð¹ кредитования. На основе результатов проведенного анкетирования и Ð²Ñ‹ÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ±Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹ предприятий малого бизнеса велась разработка Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð´ÑƒÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð² (старт-кредит, кредит на развитие, экспресс-кредит), условия ÐºÐ¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾ учитывают финансовые возможности и специфику бизнеса клиента. Наибольший интерес у респондентов вызвала кредитная программа «Экспресс - кредит». Был проведен расчет Ñ€ÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð¼Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ€Ð¾Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ð¹ для привлечения внимания малого бизнеса к новым кредитам и определен финансовый эффект от внедрения Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ‚Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð´ÑƒÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð² для ПАО «ВТБ». По данным прогноза, объем Ð²Ñ‹Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¾Ð² увеличится, что позволит получить дополнительную прибыль, при этом рентабельность ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð´ÑƒÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð² возрастет., The object of study is PJSC "VTB". The theoretical foundations of organizing a system of bank lending to small businesses, the nature, functions and principles of bank lending to small businesses are considered. The types and forms of bank lending to small businesses, as well as the current state of the small business lending system in the Russian Federation are determined. The analysis of the effectiveness of lending to small businesses on the example of PJSC "VTB", and the organizational and economic characteristics of the activities of PJSC "VTB". Issues related to the analysis of the bank’s credit policy and credit products for small businesses were also considered. Measures are proposed to improve lending to small businesses in "VTB" PJSC. The calculation of the economic efficiency of the implementation of the proposed activities. In order to improve lending to small businesses, a study was conducted of the opinions of potential customers using questionnaires regarding the desired loan conditions. Based on the results of the survey and the identified needs of small businesses, new credit products were developed (start credit, development credit, express credit), the conditions of which take into account the financial capabilities and specifics of the client’s business as much as possible. The greatest interest among the respondents was caused by the Express Credit loan program. The calculation of advertising events was carried out to attract the attention of small businesses to new loans and determined the financial effect of introducing the developed new loan products for "VTB" PJSC. According to the forecast, the volume of loans issued will increase, which will make it possible to get additional profit, while the profitability of credit products will increase.