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On 8 April 8, 2021 the Grand Chamber of European Court of Human Rights delivered an eagerly awaited judgment in the case of Vavřička and Oothers v The Czech Republic. It addressed the question of mandatory vaccination in the light of the right to respect for private life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

On 8 April 8, 2021 the Grand Chamber of European Court of Human Rights delivered an eagerly awaited judgment in the case of Vavřička and Oothers v The Czech Republic. It addressed the question of mandatory vaccination in the light of the right to respect for private life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

Nella pronuncia del 26 gennaio 2022, n. 9691, la Corte di cassazione ha affrontato alcuni de-gli snodi tematici più rilevanti inerenti ai provvedimenti sulla responsabilità genitoriale. Pur muovendo da una singola vicenda giudiziaria e dalle sue specificità, la Corte ha sviluppato argomentazioni di ampio respiro, che coinvolgono non soltanto i presupposti normativi dei provvedimenti finalizzati alla tutela del minore in contesti familiari ad elevata conflittualità, ma anche le esigenze di cooperazione interdisciplinare tra operatori giuridici ed esperti delle scienze psicologiche, al fine di conferire a tali provvedimenti un rigoroso fondamento giusti-ficativo. Nella decisione è dedicata attenzione al dibattito inerente alla PAS (Parental Aliena-tion Syndrome), categoria psicologica controversa e nondimeno frequentemente richiamata nei procedimenti giudiziari inerenti all'affidamento dei minori. Da questa recente pronuncia della Corte di legittimità, che si esprime in termini critici circa l'attendibilità scientifica di tale sindrome, proviene una sollecitazione ad una riflessione comune circa le argomentazioni scientifiche fornite nel processo e recepite a giustificazione delle decisioni che riguardano mi-nori; dalla medesima decisione emerge, altresì, un richiamo ad una valutazione concreta del migliore interesse del minore coinvolto in dinamiche familiari conflittuali, attuabile attraverso il suo ascolto.

The legal culture can offer one of the most accurate characterization of the legal system nowadays in the conditions of legal pluralism and globalization, but also in migrational conditions as well. In this direction one of the most important aspects may be the best interest of the child. In recent years, legislatures of many Muslim countries have revised the conventional Islamic rules on child custody. Whereas in the past, rules were oriented on fixed age brackets and the gender of the parent and child, they have increasingly been formulated in favour of the principle of the best interests of the child and/or in favour of the mother through an extension of the custodial time period afforded to her as a matter of law. I the following study I was only underlining the importance and the relevance of the legal culture on this aspect of best interest of the child, as well as the influence of the general/religious culture on some of the laws in Egypt. The material contains a historical perspective on the evolution of domestic rules on parental care and on the introduction and development of the notion of the best interests of the child. Further, it considers social and cultural factors and discuss the particular characteristics in Egypt before analysing the policies and agendas of national legislature and other stakeholders which have led them to amend law in a specific direction. Finally, significant attention has been given to legal practice and the role of the judiciary in interpreting the principle of the best interests of the child.&nbsp

The trial of the case before the court represents a distinct stage of the entire criminal process. The importance of the trial of the case is determined by the fact that the side of the prosecution becomes equal to the side of the defense and the court becomes that arbitrator who is called to ensure the exercise of procedural rights by the parties on an equal measure. This study provides a through analysis of the particularities of the trial of criminal cases in which minors are victims of online sexual exploitation crimes and the procedural mechanisms for ensuring the best interests of the child. Furthermore, we aim to identify those good practices of the courts in order to ensure the uniform application of the provisions of the criminal procedure in cases regarding the online sexual exploitation of minors., {"references":["1.\tConstituția Republicii Moldova, adoptată la 29 iulie 1994. În: Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, 1994.","2.\tConvenția Internațională nr. 52 din 20 noiembrie 1989, Cu privire la Drepturile copilului. Adoptată de Adoptarea generală a Națiunilor Unite la 20 noiembrie 1989. Intrat în vigoare la 20 septembrie 1990. Publicat : 30-12-1998 în Tratate Internaționale, Nr.1 art.52. [Accesat: 29.10.2022] Disponibil: https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=115568&lang=ro","3.\tCodul de procedură penală al Republicii Moldova. Nr. 122 din 14 martie 2003. În: Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, 2003, nr. 104-110.","4.\tManualul judecătorului pentru cauze penale, aut. Mihai Poalelungi ș.a., Chișinău, 2013, pag. 275.","5.\tDecizia Curții Constituționale nr. 120 din 15 decembrie 2017, de inadmisibilitate a sesizării nr. 155g/2017 privind excepția de neconstituționalitate a unor prevederi din articolul 95 alineatul (2) din Codul de procedură penală al Republicii Moldova (admisibilitatea probelor). [Accesat: 27.10.2022] Disponibil: https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=98430&lang=ro","6.\tHotărârea Plenului Curții Supreme de Justiție, despre practica judiciară din categoria infracțiunilor privind viața sexuală, Nr. 17 din 07.11.2005.","7.\tSentința Judecătoriei Chișinău sediul Centru din 25 februarie 2020. Dosar nr. 1-69/2017. [Accesat: 28.10.2022] Disponibil: https://jc.instante.justice.md/ro/pigd_integration/pdf/6b94ecb2-2166-4802-b7c6-791d408abe50","8.\tCauza Dragotoniu și Militaru-Pidhorni vs. România, CtEDO, (Cererile nr. 77.193/01 şi 77.196/01), pronunțată la 24 mai 2007. [Accesat: 29.10.2022] Disponibil: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-122714%22","9.\tCodul penal al Republicii Moldova. Nr. 985 din 18 aprilie 2002. În: Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, 2002, nr. 128-129.","10.\tCauza S.N. împotriva Suediei (cerea nr.34209/96), pronunțată la 02 iulie 2002.[Accesat: 29.10.2022] Disponibil: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-60564%22","11.\tComentariu aplicativ al Codului de procedură penală al Republicii Moldova, aut. Igor Dolea, Chișinău 2016, Ed. Cartea Juridică, pag. 299.","12. Sentința Judecătoriei Cahul sediul Central din 18 martie 2019 2020. Dosar nr. 1-205/2018. [Accesat: 29.10.2022] Disponibil: file:///D:/sentin%C8%9Be%20175/sentin%C8%9Ba%20nr.%2023.pdf"]}

Kinderarmut ist sowohl im politischen Diskurs auch bei kinderrechtlichen Debatten ein Schwerpunktthema. Laut der letzten EU-SILC-Analyse leben mehr als 100.000 Kinder in Österreich in materieller Deprivation und können sich nicht die wichtigen Güter des alltäglichen Bedarfs leisten. Besonders Alleinerziehende und ihre Kinder sind armuts- und ausgrenzungsgefährdet. Kinder, die getrennt von einem Elternteil leben, haben – unter Erfüllung kumulativer Voraussetzungen – Anspruch auf Unterhaltsvorschüsse, sollte die unterhaltspflichtige Person ihren Zahlungen nicht nachkommen. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, inwieweit der Unterhaltsvorschuss, trotz der vorgesehenen rechtlichen Einschränkungen zur Reduktion der materiellen Kinderarmut beitragen kann. Ferner ist Teil der Untersuchung, inwieweit die Einschränkungen gerechtfertigt sind und welche Alternativen zum Unterhaltsvorschuss bestehen. Die systematische Untersuchung der jeweiligen Rechtsgebiete und Judikatur erfolgte anhand der traditionellen Interpretationsmethoden der Rechtsdogmatik. Da nur eingeschränkt wissenschaftliche Literatur zu der Thematik zu finden war, wurden theoriengenerierende Expert*innen-Interviews geführt. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte anhand induktiver Kategorienbildung nach der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring. Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass der Unterhaltsvorschuss eine eingeschränkte armutsbekämpfende Wirkung entfaltet. Hinsichtlich der Einschränkungen wurde festgestellt, dass sie im Sinne des Gleichheitssatzes sachlich gerechtfertigt sind. Alternativen zum Unterhaltsvorschuss wurden, abgesehen von der Mindestsicherung, nicht gefunden. Zusätzlich zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass bei kinderrechtlichen Ansprüchen ein mehrdimensionales Spannungsfeld besteht. Obwohl zu Beginn der Untersuchung der Fokus nur auf dem Unterhaltsvorschuss lag, wurde nach Auswertung der Ergebnisse klar, dass kinderrechtliche Interessen in einem Konflikt mit anderen Interessen – politisch, elterliche bzw. staatlich – stehen. Child poverty is a key issue in political discourse and child rights debates. According to the latest EU-SILC analysis, more than 100,000 children are living in material deprivation in Austria and are unable to afford the essential goods of everyday life. Single parents and their children are particularly at risk of poverty and exclusion. Children, who are living separately from one parent, are entitled – under fulfilment of cumulative conditions – to receive advance alimony payments by the state, in cases where the other parent is not paying alimony. This paper examines the extent to which the advance alimony payments can contribute to reducing material child poverty despite the legal restrictions provided. It also examines to what extent the restrictions are justified and what alternatives to the advance alimony payment exist. The systematic review of the respective legal fields and case law is conducted by using the traditional methods of interpretation of legal dogmatics. Since there was only limited scientific literature on the topic available, theory-generating interviews with experts were conducted. Data analysis was carried out by using inductive category formation based on a qualitative content analysis following Mayring's approach. The results show that advance alimony payments have limited impact on combating poverty. Regarding the restrictions, it was found that they are justified according to the principle of equality. Apart from social assistance, no alternatives to advance alimony payments were found. In addition, the results show that there is a multidimensional field of tension in child rights claims. Although the initial focus of the study was solely on advance alimony payments, after evaluating the results it became evident that child rights interests are in in conflict with other interests – political, parental or state interests.

This paper examines how a group of preschool teachers describe their work with transitions in preschool, between departments, from the best interest of the child. The study uses semi-structured interviews, conventional qualitative content analysis, and the hermeneutic spiral. The selection consists of preschool teachers from various preschools in Sweden working on departments with children aged 1-4 years, 1-3 years, and 1-2 years. The purpose is to demonstrate how preschool teachers within the same preschool can create continuity in children's development and learning from one department to another. Results show that group size and resources sometimes conflict with what teachers perceive as quality and individual children's needs. In the selection process, the most crucial factor was the child's social development and maturity, as well as maintaining friendships. In cases where children needed to move to another department due to logistics, teachers evaluated if the child was "ready." However, it was clear that some children who were not ready still had to move due to the number of children. The study also shows that the preschool teachers had different time frames for transitions and planning. While some had a specific time of the year for transitions, others had them throughout the year. The conditions for transitions varied depending on how the operations were structured. Finally, the study concludes that preschool teachers need more time to plan, prepare, and execute well-planned transition visits to avoid frustration. Overall, this paper highlights how preschool teachers work with transitions, the factors affecting the decision-making process, and the challenges of creating continuity in children's development and learning. Despite practical challenges and limitations, teachers strove to make decisions in the best interest of both the children and the preschool. Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur en grupp förskollärare beskriver sitt arbete med övergångar i förskolan, mellan avdelningar, utifrån barnets bästa. Studien använder sig av semistrukturerade intervjuer, konventionell kvalitativ innehållsanalys och den hermeneutiska spiralen. Urvalet består av förskollärare från olika förskolor i Sverige som arbetar på avdelningar med barn i åldrarna 1-4 år, 1-3 år, och 1-2 år. Syftet är att visa hur förskollärare inom samma förskola kan skapa kontinuitet i barns utveckling och lärande från en avdelning till en annan. Resultaten visar att gruppstorlek och resurser ibland strider mot vad lärare uppfattar som kvalitet och individuella barns behov. I urvalsprocessen var den mest avgörande faktorn barnets sociala utveckling och mognad, samt att upprätthålla vänskap. I de fall barn behövde flytta till en annan avdelning på grund av logistik, utvärderade lärare om barnet var "färdigt". Det stod dock klart att en del barn som inte var redo ändå måste flytta på grund av antalet barn. Studien visar också att förskollärarna hade olika tidsramar för övergångar och planering. Medan vissa hade en specifik tid på året för övergångar, hade andra det under hela året. Förutsättningarna för övergångar varierade beroende på hur verksamheten var uppbyggd. Slutligen drar studien slutsatsen att förskollärare behöver mer tid för att planera, förbereda och genomföra välplanerade övergångsbesök för att undvika frustration. Sammantaget belyser denna uppsats hur förskollärare arbetar med övergångar, de faktorer som påverkar beslutsprocessen och utmaningarna med att skapa kontinuitet i barns utveckling och lärande. Trots praktiska utmaningar och begränsningar strävade lärare efter att fatta beslut i både barnens och förskolans bästa intresse.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa dokumentstudie har varit att studera hur barnets bästa framställs i förvaltningsrättens domar av upphörande av vård enligt lagen med särskilda bestämmelser om vård av unga, samt att analysera hur socialnämnd, förvaltningsrätt, föräldrar och barnet själv argumenterar för barnets bästa. Studien syftar även till att undersöka hur föräldraförmåga sätts i relation till barnets bästa. I vår studie har 43 domar granskats med hjälp av tematisk analys. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt har varit barndomssociologi samt Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska teori. Resultatet visar att barnets bästa inte framställs begreppsligt, utan i relation till den goda barndomen och det goda föräldraskapet. Den goda barndomen innefattar i det här sammanhanget att barn ska växa upp under trygga förhållanden som präglas av stabilitet, kontinuitet och känslomässig omsorg. Det goda föräldraskapet kännetecknas av insikt, samarbete och mottaglighet för förändring. Ett gott föräldraskap kännetecknas också av föräldrar som har förmågan att tillgodose barnets behov och kan sätta barnets behov i första hand. Föräldrar i domarna konstrueras av socialnämnd och förvaltningsrätt som föräldrar som saknar föräldraförmåga, och därmed inte har förmåga att tillgodose barnets bästa. Föräldrar argumenterar ifrån att föräldrarna själva erhåller ett gott föräldraskap. Både barn och föräldrar påtalar återföreningsprincipen och framför vikten av att barnet bor med sin biologiska familj. Barnets uppfattning av vad som är bäst för barnet kopplas till känslor av trygghet till barnets omsorgspersoner.

År 2021 trädde en ny lag om barnfridsbrott i kraft, vilket innebär att det är straffbart att barn bevittnar brott i nära relationer. Studiens syfte var att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelser och erfarenheter av hur barnfridsbrottslagen påverkat det praktiska arbetet med barn som har bevittnat våld i nära relationer. För att uppnå syftet valdes en kvalitativ ansats och sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialsekreterare genomfördes. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt för analysen valdes organisationsteori ur ett Human Resource-perspektiv samt begreppen “barnperspektivet” och “barnets bästa”. Resultatet tolkades även mot bakgrund av tidigare forskning om barnfridsbrottslagen och socialtjänstens praktiska arbete med barn som upplevt våld. Resultatet visade att ett fåtal av socialsekreterarna upplevde sig ha tillräckligt med kunskap om lagstiftningen och majoriteten önskade mer kunskap. De mest påtagliga förändringarna i arbetet efter införandet av lagen var att socialsekreterare bör överväga om polisanmälan ska göras, det blir tydligare i kommunikation med föräldrar att det är brottsligt för barn att bevittna våld samt att lagen möjliggör att kunna bryta det våldsamma mönstret. De mest framträdande utmaningarna var att det krävs ett grundbrott, att det är svårt att närma sig våldsproblematiken med både föräldrar och barn samt att polisförhör tenderar att dröja. Förbättringsmöjligheter som socialsekreterare önskade var tydligare beskrivningar på; centrala begrepp och ansvarsfördelningar mellan olika professioner. Slutsatsen var att socialsekreterare är i behov av mer stöd och resurser för att kunna arbeta med barnfridsbrottslagen på bästa sätt och för att de ska kunna ha en samsyn kring arbetet. In Sweden, since 2021, it is illegal to let children witness domestic violence. In this qualitative study, we investigate social workers’ experiences regarding the question of how the respective law affects their work with children and adolescents. We conducted seven semi-structured interviews with social workers. The data was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The theoretical starting point of the analysis was organization theory from a Human Resource-perspective and the concepts “child perspective” and “best interest of the child”. We also refer to previous research on the new law and the practical work of the social services. The results of the study show that a few social workers feel that they have enough knowledge of the legislation and the majority wish for more knowledge. The most obvious change is that social workers need to consider filing a police report, that it can be clearly communicated that it is criminalized to let children witness domestic violence and a possibility to break the violent pattern. Challenges with the law was that a fundamental crime is required, to approach the problem of violence with parents and children and that police interrogation tends to be delayed. Suggestions for improvements are clearer descriptions of central concepts and distribution of responsibilities between different professions. The conclusion was that social workers need additional support and resources to be able to work with the new law in the best way to be able to have a consensus regarding the work.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare på barn- och ungdomsenheten inom olika socialtjänster i ett län i Mellansverige arbetar utifrån barnets bästa. Målet med uppsatsen var att öka förståelsen för hur socialsekreterare kan förstå begreppet barnets bästa och hur det kan användas i arbetet med barn. Empirin samlades in genom kvalitativa intervjuer där sju socialsekreterare intervjuades för att besvara våra forskningsfrågor. Det insamlade materialet bearbetades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet har genomgående analyserats med hjälp av Lipskys gräsrotsbyråkrati och handlingsutrymme samt med en socialkonstruktivistisk ansats. Resultatet visade på att socialsekreterare inte har en specifik, fastställd definition av vad barnets bästa innebär, då det skiljer sig från individ till individ. Resultatet visade även på att socialsekreterare använder sig av barnets bästa genomgående i utredningen, genom att göra barnet delaktig. Vidare framkom att socialsekreterare har erfarenheter av att arbeta fram risk- och skyddsfaktorer under utredningen som leder fram till bedömningar om barnets bästa. Diskussion fördes om att tidsbrist inom organisationen påverkar socialsekreterarnas möjligheter att utföra sitt arbete utifrån barnets bästa. Diskussionen innehöll även reflektioner om hur kommunernas möjligheter att erbjuda olika insatser påverkar socialsekreterarnas beslut. En slutsats blev att socialsekreterare kontinuerligt arbetar utifrån barnets bästa i sina utredningar och bedömningar. En annan slutsats åskådliggjorde att socialsekreterare behöver använda sitt handlingsutrymme för att se klientens enskilda situation och kunna ta beslut med hänsyn till klienten och ramarna för organisationen. Our main aim with this essay was to investigate how social workers at the child and youth unit within various social services in a county in Central Sweden work with the best interests of the child. The goal of the essay was to increase the understanding of how social workers can understand the concept of the best interests of the child and how it can be used in their work with children. The data was collected through qualitative interviews where seven social workers were interviewed to answer our research questions. The collected material was processed in the form of a qualitative content analysis. The result has been analysed with the help of Lipsky's theoretical understanding of ’street level bureaucrats’ and ’discretion’, and this analysis was conducted with a social constructivist approach. The results showed that social workers do not have a specific, unitary definition of what the best interest of the child stands for, as it differs depending on the individual. The results also showed that social workers pay attention to the concept of the child's best interests throughout their investigations, by involving the child. Furthermore, it emerged that social workers have experience from working out risk and protection factors that produce assessments about the best interests of the child. Another factor that was discussed in the data is the lack of time within the organization affecting the social workers' ability to carry out their work based in the child's best interest. This discussion also included reflections on how the municipalities' abilities to offer different interventions affect the social workers’ decisions. The conclusions were that social workers continuously work with the concept of the best interests of the child in their investigations and assessments. Social workers need to use their discretion to see the client's individual situation and be able to make decisions with regards to the client about the framework for the organization.

Cilj ovog završnog rada je predstaviti međunarodno posvojenje, njegove specifičnosti i izazove s kojima se susreću potencijalni posvojitelji kada se odluče na takav korak. S obzirom na to da međunarodno posvojenje nije tema koja se često spominje u Republici Hrvatskoj, predstavit će se i uvjeti koji moraju biti ispunjeni da bi se dijete dalo na posvajanje u drugu državu kao i postupak posvajanja djece iz drugih država te statistički podaci međunarodno posvojene djece. Osobe koje odluče posvojiti dijete izvan granica države u kojoj žive često ne znaju od kuda krenuti i kome se obratiti, a proces i kriteriji koje moraju zadovoljiti znaju biti dugotrajni i iscrpljujući. Djeca se, s druge strane, za to vrijeme nalaze u ustanovama socijalne skrbi ili udomiteljskim obiteljima. Kako se pri zasnivanju posvojenja u prvi plan mora staviti najbolji interes djeteta, postavlja se pitanje kakve posljedice dugotrajnost postupka može ostaviti na djecu i njihova prava. Ključne riječi: međunarodno posvojenje, djeca, posvojitelji, najbolji interes djeteta, The aim of this paper is to present international adoption, its specificities and the challenges that potential adoptive parents face when they decide to take such a step. Considering that international adoption is not a topic that is often mentioned in Croatia, the conditions that must be met in order to put a child up for adoption in another country, as well as the procedure for adopting children from other countries and statistical data on internationally adopted children, will be presented. People who decide to adopt a child outside the borders of the country where they live, often do not know where to go and who to turn to, and the process and criteria they must fullfil can be long and exhausting. Children, on the other hand, are in social welfare institutions or foster families during that time.When establishing an adoption, the best interest of the child must be put first. Thus, the question arises as to what consequences the length of the procedure can have on children and their rights. .

Çocuk teslimi ve çocukla kişisel ilişki kurulmasına dair mahkeme kararlarının yerine getirilmesi, Türk yasa koyucusunun getirmiş olduğu yeni değişiklikler nedeniyle oldukça güncel bir konudur. Çocuk teslimi ve çocukla kişisel ilişki kurulmasına ilişkin mahkeme kararlarının yerine getirilmesine ilişkin sistem 7343 sayılı Kanunla değişmiştir. İcra İflas Kanunu hükümleri çerçevesindeki, uzun zamandır yoğun eleştirilere uğrayan uygulama sona ermiş; Çocuk Koruma Kanunu’na ve Türk Medeni Kanunu’na eklenen yeni hükümler uyarınca çocuğun üstün yararını daha iyi gözetmesi hedeflenen yeni bir sistem geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmamızda mevzuat değişikliğine duyulan ihtiyacın gerekçesi ve yeni sistemin ortaya çıkış süreci ele alınmıştır. Türk hukukunda geliştirilen sisteme ışık tutması amacıyla, yabancı hukuklarda konunun yasal düzenlemeler ve uygulama bağlamında nasıl ele alındığına; ülkeden ülkeye çeşitlilik arz etmekle birlikte, öngörülen tedbir ve yaptırım mekanizmalarına yer verilmiştir. Son olarak 7343 sayılı Kanunun getirdiği değişiklikler ele alınmıştır. Yeni sistemin genel itibarıyla olumlu yönleri olmakla birlikte, sistemin çocuğun üstün yararının korunmasında ne derece etkin olabileceğinin ancak gelişen uygulamayla sağlıklı değerlendirilebileceği düşünülmektedir., The enforcement of court decisions regarding custody and establishing apersonal relationship with the child (contact order) is a very current issue dueto the new changes introduced by the Turkish legislator. The system regardingenforcement of custody and contact orders has been amended with Codeno:7343. The practice within the framework of the provisions of theEnforcement and Bankruptcy Code, which has been heavily criticized for along time, has come to an end. In accordance with the new provisions addedto Child Protection Code and Turkish Civil Code, a new system has beendeveloped that aims to better protect the best interests of the child. In ourstudy, the reason for the need for legislative changes and the emergence of thenew system are discussed. In order to shed light on the system developed inTurkish law, how the issue is handled in foreign laws, the foreseen measureand sanction mechanisms are included. Finally, it is thought that, although thefundamental innovations brought by the Law No.7343 have positive aspectsin general, how effective the system can be in protecting the best interests ofthe child can only be evaluated most conveniently with the developingpractice.

Over the last few decades an increasingly pressing social demand for access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has emerged. Alongside the use of reproductive technologies, relevant bioethical and biolegal issues arise, such as the claim of a “right” to have a child, the so-called “reproductive rights”, of the prospective parents and the rights of children. This paper explores these and further challenges, both old and new, calling for a transformation of parenthood and filiation, from the perspective of the different theories of the contemporary pluralistic debate, with a descriptive and critical analysis of the recent Report on ART of the Unesco International Bioethics Committee, the first global document on these topics.

Disertacija obravnava civilnoprocesni vidik mednarodnega mehanizma, vzpostavljenega za spoprijemanje s situacijami, ko v primeru razhodov družin pride do protipravnega ravnanja enega od staršev, ki odpelje otroka v drugo državo, morda še preden je sodišče sploh odločilo o vzgoji in varstvu otroka oziroma je že odločilo in eden od staršev te odločitve ni mogel sprejeti. Mehanizem je sestavljen iz treh ravni. Na mednarodni ravni je Konvencija o civilnopravnih vidikih mednarodne ugrabitve otroka kot protipravno ravnanje določila kršitev upravičenčeve pravice do izvajanja starševske skrbi, pridobljene na podlagi zakona ali odločbe. Ta konvencija mednarodnega zasebnega prava je bila na prostoru Evropske unije (druga raven) vključena in nadgrajena v Uredbi št. 2201/2003 (poznana kot Bruselj II bis), ki na podlagi vzajemnega zaupanja stremi k tesnejšemu pravosodnemu sodelovanju med državami članicami. Tretjo raven predstavlja nacionalna raven, kjer nacionalna sodišča uporabljajo določbe navedenih dokumentov. Disertacija najprej predstavi normativno ureditev s pripadajočo sodno prakso na mednarodni, evropski ter nacionalni ravni. Nadalje z empirično raziskavo slovenske sodne prakse izpostavi elemente, ki omogočijo ovrednotenje učinkovitosti mehanizma v slovenskem pravnem sistemu. Na podlagi teh ugotovitev disertacija ponudi predloge za vzdrževanje oziroma izboljšavo učinkovitosti mednarodnega mehanizma v slovenskem pravnem prostoru. Uvodno poglavje predstavi »mednarodni mehanizem« tako, da pojasni namen, strukturo, postavljeno hipotezo in njene elemente ter osvetli terminološke izzive. V drugem poglavju je predstavljen razvoj civilnoprocesnega sistema obravnavanja mednarodne ugrabitve otroka, ki se začne z osnovnim dokumentom, Konvencijo o civilnopravnih vidikih mednarodne ugrabitve otroka (oziroma po spremembi uradnega prevoda: Konvencijo o civilnopravnih vidikih mednarodnega protipravnega odvzema otroka), leta 1980 podpisane v Haagu pod okriljem Haaške konference za mednarodno zasebno pravo. Nadaljuje s Konvencijo ZN o otrokovih pravicah iz leta 1989, ki je postavila pravni standard največje otrokove koristi in določila obveznost omogočanja izjave otroka, ko se odloča o njegovih koristih. Sledi razvoj obravnavanega področja na regionalni ravni. To pomeni predstavitev sodne prakse Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice (ESČP), ki presoja o primerni urejenosti sodnega sistema v državah članicah Sveta Evrope na področju obravnave te disertacije, in sicer v okviru pristojnosti odločanja o poštenem in predvsem hitrem postopku (6. člen EKČP) ter v okviru pravice posameznika do družinskega življenja (8. člen EKČP). Nadalje je obravnavana vzpostavitev sistema ter njegovega nadzora tudi na ravni EU. Razvoj pristojnosti EU v smeri, da so tudi družinske teme (sicer le s čezmejnim elementom) lahko predmet urejanja, je osvetljen tako z vidika sprejemanja zakonodaje – Uredbe št. 2001/2003 – kot tudi z vidika nadzora, torej sodne prakse Sodišča Evropske unije v Luksemburgu. Kot zadnji del »sestavljanke« je predstavljen nacionalni okvir, in sicer tako pravne podlage kot tudi sodna praksa sodišč Republike Slovenije. Tretje poglavje obravnava vprašanje pristojnosti sodišč. Predstavljene so značilnosti mednarodnega zasebnega prava glede mednarodne pristojnosti sodišč ter norme o mednarodni pristojnosti, določene v Konvenciji in v Uredbi št. 2201/2003. Analizirano je tudi vprašanje določitve »običajnega prebivališča«, ki je navezna okoliščina za opredelitev mednarodne pristojnosti v naštetih dokumentih tako na nacionalnih kot tudi regionalnih sodiščih. Četrto poglavje odgovarja na vprašanje uporabe prava Konvencije in Uredbe št. 2201/2003 v postopkih mednarodne ugrabitve. V poglavju so predstavljene vse tri možne situacije: če bodisi država običajnega prebivališča bodisi država ugrabitve nista državi pogodbenici Konvencije če sta obe državi pogodbenici a le ena država članica EU če sta obe državi članici EU. Peto poglavje poudarja najbolj pereče vprašanje v pravu EU, in sicer izvrševanje odločb. Ker se postopek po določbah Konvencije vodi v državi premestitve in se tudi izvršba opravlja v državi premestitve, se izvršba v veliki večini primerov opravi v skladu z nacionalno zakonodajo države premestitve. Na regionalni ravni je vprašanje izvršitve odločbe bolj problematično. Zaradi mehanizma prevladujoče odločbe iz 11. člena Uredbe št. 2201/2003, ki zagotavlja ohranitev pristojnosti v državi običajnega prebivališča, lahko ob poznejši odločbi o vrnitvi otroka pride do potrebe po čezmejni izvršitvi oziroma izvršitvi tuje odločbe. V tem primeru imajo stranke dve možnosti. Neposredno izvršitev, ki izključuje eksekvaturo, ter posredno, ki zahteva postopek priznanja odločbe in njene izvršljivosti. Šesto poglavje podrobneje obravnava vprašanje, kdaj je omogočanje pridobitve mnenja otroka obvezna, in sicer kateri dokumenti so pravna podlaga za to obveznost, v katerih postopkih in v katerih fazah postopka obstaja ter koliko je uporabljena in upoštevana. V sedmem poglavju disertacije je predstavljena slovenska nacionalna ureditev. Poudarjeno je dejstvo, da na področju mednarodne ugrabitve otroka Republika Slovenija na nacionalni ravni nima posebnega procesnega predpisa. Posledično se sodišča opirajo na 8. člen Ustave RS oziroma pravo EU ter opravijo vpogled v sodno prakso, ki sicer še ni obsežna, vendar število primerov narašča. Na podlagi analize empirične raziskave sta obravnavani tudi področji organizacije sodišč in vidika normodajne dejavnosti ter so podani predlogi, ki bi omogočali zaželen napredek, da se ustrezno zagotovi učinek Konvencije in Uredbe št. 2001/2003 oziroma Uredbe št. 1111/2019 tudi v prihodnje. V zaključnem, osmem poglavju disertacije so predstavljene sklepne ugotovitve. Potrjena je hipoteza, da je učinkovitost vzpostavljenega sistema pravic civilnega procesnega prava v primerih mednarodne ugrabitve otroka trenutno zadovoljiva, vendar je še prostor za izboljšave, ki bodo v bližnji prihodnosti neizogibne, tako zaradi mednarodnega trenda na tem področju kot tudi zaradi uporabe Uredbe št. 1111/2019. The dissertation addresses the civil procedural law aspect of the international mechanism set up to deal with situations of family separations, where an unlawful conduct of one of the parents who relocates the child to another country occurs, perhaps even prior to the Court’s ruling on the custody of the child or after the Court’s ruling on the matter, but where one of the parents has been unable to accept that decision. The mechanism consists of three levels. At international level, the Convention on Civil Law Aspects of International Child Abduction identifies an infringement of the beneficiary’s right to exercise parental responsibility obtained by virtue of a law or decision as a wrongful act. The Convention, as an instrument of private international law, has been incorporated and upgraded in the European Union legal area (second level) through Regulation No. 2201/2003 (known as Brussels II bis Regulation) which aims to ensure a closer judicial cooperation between Member States on basis of mutual trust. The third level is the national level, where the provisions of those acts are applied by national courts. The dissertation consists, first of all, of presenting the regulatory framework, including the relevant case-law, at international, European and national levels. Secondly, it highlights, by means of an empirical examination of Slovenian case-law, the elements that enable an evaluation of the effectiveness of the mechanism within the Slovenian legal system. It is on the basis of those considerations that the dissertation provides suggestions regarding the maintenance or improvement of the effectiveness of the international mechanism in the Slovenian legal area. The introductory chapter presents the „international mechanism“ by specifying its intended purpose and structure, in addition to identifying the hypothesis set and its elements, as well as shedding light on terminological issues. The second chapter sets forth the evolution of the civil procedure system for the treatment of international child abduction, with its origins in the basic act, i.e. the Convention on Civil Law Aspects of International Child Abduction, signed in The Hague in 1980 under the auspices of the Hague Conference on Private International Law. In its continuation, the dissertation presents the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which established the legal standard of „best interest of the child“ and laid down the obligation to enable the child to express his or her views when decisions are made regarding the child’s best interests. Another aspect this dissertation dwells on is the development of the area in question at regional level. It presents the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) which assesses the adequacy of judicial systems in the Council of Europe’s Member States in the area dealt with by this dissertation, both in the context of the competence to rule on a fair and, most of all, fast trial (Article 6 of the ECHR) and in the context of an individual’s right to family life (Article 8 of the ECHR). The next matter that the dissertation addresses is the establishment of the system and the supervision thereof at EU level. The development of the competence of the European Union, in the sense that family matters (albeit only those with a cross-border element) may also be subject to regulation, is elucidated both from the perspective of the adoption of legislation — namely, Regulation No 2001/2003 — as well as the point of view of oversight, i.e. the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg. As the final piece of the „puzzle“, the national framework is presented, both the legal bases and the case-law of the courts of the Republic of Slovenia. The third chapter concerns the question of the jurisdiction of the courts, throwing light on the characteristics of private international law regarding the international jurisdiction of courts and the norms of international jurisdiction provided for in the Convention, as well as in Regulation No 2201/2003. It also analyses the question of determining the „habitual residence“, which in the acts listed constitutes the connecting factor for the purposes of determining international jurisdiction, both in national and regional courts. The fourth chapter answers the question of the applicable law of the Convention and Regulation No 2201/2003 to international child abduction procedures. The chapter examines all three possible situations: where either the country of habitual residence or the country of abduction is not party to the Convention where both the countries are party to the Convention, but only one of them is a Member State of the European Union where both countries are Member States of the European Union. Chapter 5 highlights the EU law’s most pressing issue, namely the enforcement of decisions. Since the procedure provided for in the provisions of the Convention is conducted in the country of relocation and enforcement is also pursued in the country of relocation, the enforcement takes place, in the vast majority of cases, in accordance with the national legislation of the country of relocation. At regional level, the question of decision enforcement is more problematic. Due to the re-evaluation mechanism provided for in Article 11 of Regulation No 2201/2003, which ensures that jurisdiction is maintained in the Member State of habitual residence, a subsequent decision ordering the return of the child may create a need for cross-border enforcement or the enforcement of a foreign decision. In that case, the parties have two possibilities: direct enforcement, which excludes exequatur, and indirect enforcement requiring a procedure for recognition of the decision and its enforceability. The sixth chapter deals more specifically with the question of when enabling to acquire the child’s opinion is mandatory, namely which acts constitute the legal basis for that obligation, in which procedures and stages thereof the obligation exists, and the extent to which it is applied and considered. The seventh chapter of the dissertation presents the Slovenian national regulation. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the area of international child abduction, the Republic of Slovenia does not have a specific procedural rule at national level. Consequently, the courts rely on Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, as well as on EU law, and inspect the case-law which, although not yet extensive, is increasing. Based on the analysis of an empirical research, the area of organization of courts and the aspect of legislative activity are also addressed, and suggestions are put forward that would allow for the desired progress to materialize and hence duly ensure the effect of the Convention and Regulation No 2001/2003, as well as Regulation No 1111/2019 also in the future. In the final, eighth chapter of the dissertation, conclusions are laid out. They confirm the hypothesis that the effectiveness of the system of rights put in place within civil procedural law in cases of international child abduction is currently satisfactory, but there is still room for improvements, and these will be inevitable in the near future, both because of international developments in this field and the application of Regulation No 1111/2019.

Les droits de l’enfant constituent un domaine juridique relativement récent et toujours en construction. Ils sont aujourd’hui souvent déclinés dans une perspective dichotomique se balançant entre les droits-protection, qui visent à secourir l’enfant vulnérable, et les droits-libertés, qui s’appuient sur son besoin grandissant d’autonomie. Face à cette tension théorique, les décideurs, notamment les juges, se prêtent à un jeu continuel de mise en balance des droits et intérêts dans un équilibre variant à la lumière des contextes. À partir du constat de la dualité de l’approche moderne des droits de l’enfant, nous effectuerons un détour du côté de l’étude de la régulation sociojuridique, et ce, afin d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur notre champ d’études. Nous étudierons alors l’évolution du phénomène régulatoire depuis le régime moderne vers le régime dit « post-moderne ». À la faveur d’un glissement épistémologique dans l’appréhension des phénomènes vers l’étude dialectique de leurs interactions, le régime de régulation sociojuridique post-moderne est associé à une figure réseautique s’articulant autour du droit réflexif, de l’État propulsif, du juge équilibriste et du justiciable, nouvel acteur de la scène régulatoire. De la présentation de ces différents pôles, nous dégagerons cinq composantes qui constituent, selon nous, la nouvelle matrice des interactions régulatoires : la négociation, la flexibilité, le pluralisme, la complexité et l’incertitude. Finalement, ce régime de régulation sociojuridique post-moderne constituera la grille d’analyse à travers laquelle nous reviendrons sur les droits de l’enfant. Disposant de nos nouveaux outils d’analyse, nous entendons, dans notre dernière partie, approfondir les traits fondamentaux des droits de l’enfant, peut-être en découvrir d’autres, tenter d’apporter un regard différent sur ce champ juridique et explorer les perspectives d’ouverture qui se dessineront avec lui. Pour ce faire, nous reviendrons tout d’abord sur les principes fondateurs de l’intérêt de l’enfant, puis de sa participation aux décisions qui le concernent, afin de les décliner sous l’angle des interactions post-modernes. Enfin, nous terminerons en nous arrêtant sur un champ plus spécifique des droits de l’enfant, la protection de la jeunesse, et userons de notre grille d’analyse dégagée du régime de la régulation post-moderne et de la matrice qui caractérise ses interactions, pour en proposer des recommandations., Children’s rights are a relatively recent legal field, which is still under construction. They are often presented in a dichotomous perspective, oscillating between protection-based rights, which aim to help vulnerable children, and freedoms-based rights, which are based on their growing need for autonomy. Faced with this theoretical tension, decision-makers, especially judges, lend themselves to a continuous game of balancing rights and interests with results varying in the light of the contexts. Based on the observation of the duality of the modern approach to children’s rights, we will study socio-legal regulation in order to shed new light on our field of study. Moreover, we will study the evolution of the regulatory phenomenon from the modern regime to the so-called "postmodern" regime. Thanks to an epistemological shift in the apprehension of phenomena towards the dialectical study of their interactions, the post-modern socio-legal regulation regime is associated with a network structure articulated around reflexive law, the propulsive state, the balancing judge and the citizen. From the presentation of these different poles, we will identify five components which constitute, in our opinion, the new matrix of regulatory interactions: negotiation, flexibility, pluralism, complexity and uncertainty. Finally, once this postmodern socio-legal regulatory regime is established, we will use it as the analytical grid through which we will return to our study of children’s rights. With our new analytical tools in hands, we intend, in our last part, to deepen the fundamental features of the rights of the child, perhaps to discover others, to bring a different perspective to this legal field and to explore opening avenues that will emerge with it. To do this, we will first come back to the founding principles of the best interests of the child, then of his participation in decisions that concern him, in order to decline them under the angle of post-modern interactions. Finally, we will conclude by focusing on a more specific field of the rights of the child, the youth protection, and will use our analytical grid drawn from the regime of post-modern regulation and the matrix that characterizes its interactions, to offer recommendations.

Los efectos que el encarcelamiento de la persona encargada del cuidado de menores, y, en especial, de la madre, causa en aquellos suelen ser devastadores. Por esa razón, es preciso abogar por un sistema de justicia penal que garantice el respeto y la efectiva implementación de todos los derechos del niño. A tal fin, se hace necesario introducir en el penal aquellas medidas que puedan, al menos, minimizar los perniciosos efectos que la prisión del cuidador pueda ocasionar. Consecuentemente, a partir de la normativa vigente en España y de diversas propuestas de lege ferenda, este trabajo analizará las medidas que se podrían adoptar desde el inicio del proceso penal contra el cuidador principal hasta el cumplimiento, en su caso, de la pena impuesta de la manera más acorde a los intereses de los menores a su cargo. The effects that the imprisonment of the children’s main caretaker, especially if their mother is incarcerated, are usually devastating. However, we must ensure a justice system which guarantees the respect and the effective implementation of all children’s rights. Therefore, it becomes necessary to intro­duce in our Criminal justice system all the measures that can, at least, minimise the harmful effects that the imprisonment of the mother may cause on children. Consequently, this paper analyses, taking into account the Spanish legislation, the potential measures to be taken against the mother or the primary caregiver of a child, from the beginning of the Criminal proceedings to, if necessary, the enforcement of the sentence.

[EU]Lan honek aldez aurretik eratutako froga eta bere oinarria aztertzea du helburu nagusi. Biktima den adingabearen egoera zaurgarria eta bera babesteko obligazioa hartuko da abiapuntutzat oinarri hori ikertzerako orduan. Froga mota honen ezaugarri eta berezitasunak landuko dira prozesuan froga-balioa eskuratzeko bete beharreko baldintzak eta errespetatu beharreko bermeak identifikatuz, bera arautzen duten lege eta jurisprudentziari erreferentzia eginez. Froga mota honek prozesu penalean eragiten duen interesen gatazkan sakonduko da, biktima nahiz akusatuaren interesei erreparatuz. Azterketa honen xedea aldez aurretik eratutako frogak zuzenbidean duen euskarriaren arrazoiak bilatzea izango da, ordenamenduaren segurtasun juridikoa kolokan jartzen duen arren. [ES]El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar la prueba preconstituida y su fundamento. Se partirá de la situación vulnerable del menor víctima y la obligación de proteger a este para estudiar esa base. Se examinarán las características y particularidades de este tipo de prueba identificando las condiciones y las garantías que debería respetar para alcanzar el valor probatorio en el proceso, haciendo referencia a las leyes y la jurisprudencia que la regulan. Se profundizará en el conflicto de intereses que genera la prueba preconstituida en el proceso penal, observando los intereses tanto de la víctima como del acusado. La finalidad de este estudio es buscar las razones del apoyo en el derecho que tiene la prueba preconstituida a pesar de que ponga en duda la seguridad jurídica del ordenamiento jurídico. [EN]This study aims to analyze the pre-constituted evidence and its basis departing from the vulnerable situation of the minor victim and the obligation of protecting her or him. The characteristics and singularities of this kind of evidence will be studied identifying the conditions and guarantees that it must respect to achieve the evidentiary value inside the process, mentioning the laws and legal precedents that regule it. The conflict of interests that the pre-constituted evidence causes on the criminal proceedings will be analyzed in more detail, examining the interests of the victim and the accused. The objective of this study is to seek the reasons of the support that the pre-constituted evidence has in the law, although it questions the legal certainty of the legal code.

El TEDH está contribuyendo al reconocimiento de la Gestación por subrogación. El tribunal ha venido afirmando criterios sólidos para proteger el interés superior del menor y reconocer la filiación de los padres cuando hay algún vínculo biológico, y además se hayan desarrollado en el tiempo lazos afectivos como los lazos propios de una convivencia familiar entre los padres de intención y el niño. Aquí mostramos la línea de actuación del TEDH hasta los últimos casos en marzo y abril de 2022. ECHR is contributing to the recognition of surrogacy. The Court has been affirming solid criteria to protect the best interests of the minor and recognize the filiation of the parents when there is some biological link, and in addition affective ties have been developed over time, such as the ties of a family coexistence between the intended parents and the child. In this paper, we show the line of action of the ECHR until the last cases in March and April 2022. Programa Consolider "El tiempo de los derechos" (HURI-AGE)

Background: In the Swiss child protection system, when child well-being is endangered, social workers are often assigned to the family both to assist the family in improving the situation and to monitor the best interests of the child. We examined how caregivers and adolescents perceived these “child guardianships” in terms of participation, fairness, and impact. Methods: A client survey was combined with in-depth case studies. The survey included 213 caregivers (31 % fathers) and 86 adolescents (51 % girls). In the case studies, 19 caregivers and 10 adolescents were interviewed. Findings: A minority of caregivers had strong reservations about the fairness and efficacy of the guardianships. Fathers and German native-speaking caregivers perceived the guardian-ships as significantly less fair than did mothers and non-native speakers, respectively. More than half of adolescents reported they did not fully understand the objectives of the guardianship, and a majority said the support was not generally effective in improving their own situation or their family’s. In the interviews, adolescents often seemed to trust the social worker to be assisting the parent in some way, but they rarely saw the social worker as any help to themselves. Conclusions: The study examines a key challenge to child protection practice: how to directly include children and adolescents in support processes that are occasioned by perceived problems in the parents’ actions towards their children. Our findings reveal that under present circumstances in Switzerland, adolescents often feel detached. We conclude by considering cases that seemed to defy that rule.

La loi du 5 mars 2007 réformant la Protection de l’enfance en France, ainsi que d’autres dispositions législatives, invitent à la prise en compte de l’enfant comme un sujet à part entière. L’enfant doit être informé et peut s’exprimer sur les orientations le concernant. Protégé par l’institution qui décide de la mesure et prend en charge l’enfant dans son quotidien sous l’autorité parentale de sa famille d’origine, de quelles marges de manœuvre dispose réellement l’enfant alors que les rôles des uns et des autres peuvent être de l’ordre de la substitution, de la complémentarité ou de l’opposition ? Deux objets complémentaires sont appréhendés dans ce chapitre : la construction du parcours de placement dans sa dimension la plus objective en fonction des règles formelles du système et l’élaboration du sens de ce parcours à partir de l’expérience subjective de l’enfant. The child welfare: the interest of the child versus the interests defended by children. The law of 5 March 2007 reforming the Child Welfare in France, as well as other legal dispositions, urge to take into account the perspective of children, who are to be considered as subjects in their own rights. Accordingly, the child has to be informed regarding all issues concerning him and must be given the opportunity to express his opinion. Taking this into consideration, the article examines the agency of children who are under the protection of institutions and under parental authority. In its analysis, it takes into consideration that the various caretakers occupy roles which may be considered as substitutive, complementary or opposite. Two complementary dimensions of the construction of life path are explored: an objective one, which is based on formal rules of the system — and another subjective dimension, which is based on the child discourses about his experience.

The society that we are living in has a responsibility to make sure that no children suffer from violence or any type of neglect. All authorities in society, as well as the social services and decision-making agencies have an obligation to protect and prioritize the best interests of the child in all types of decisions concerning children. In cases where children are at a tangible risk of harm due to circumstances at home, children can be involuntarily removed from their parents by law. In such circumstances, the child's parents do not consent to the child being taken care of according to law based on voluntariness. This requires a court care order according to LVU. In recent years, the public debate in Sweden has increased regarding when it is safe for a child who has been removed from its parents to move back home. Due to this societal debate, this study aims to define which factors affect as well as being most significant in the court's decision-making regarding when it is appropriate or not for a child to either stay in the foster family or to reunite with its parents. Furthermore, the study also aims to provide a deeper understanding on how the court considers on one hand the best interest of the child and on the other hand the parental perspective in their basis of verdict. The conflict of interest stands between whether the care of the child should cease or continue. The purpose of this study has been enabled through a qualitative review of 12 court decision orders which have been made between the years 2021-2022. The result shows that all 12 court orders decide that the compulsory care of the children should continue. The main reason in the courts basis for decision is that the circumstances that caused the care has not yet improved enough. In the review of the court decisions several significant themes occurred. One of the most significant themes were lack of lasting change among the parents. Moreover, another major theme was that the parents could not show insight in the situation. Lastly, the parents had a lack of ability to meet the children's needs, which in some cases were extensive. The result shows that the court considers the best interest of the child before the parental perspective. This appears while the court highlights each individual child and its needs. Meanwhile, the court also listens to the children who are old enough to express their feelings and opinions to a relatively large extent. Nevertheless, the court also shows understanding for the parents' will and desire to bring back their children. The court emphasizes what further needs to be achieved for the parents to reach a cessation of the compulsory care of their children.

L’analisi degli orientamenti giurisprudenziali consolidati in materia di assegnazione della casa familiare pone in rilievo l’esigenza di una lettura del diritto vivente che, superando i paradigmi tradizionali, individui un adeguato bilanciamento tra l’interesse del minore e le esigenze economiche della famiglia, anche alla luce delle delicate questioni generate dalla formazione di nuclei familiari successivamente alla separazione ed al divorzio. The analysis of the consolidated case law on the assignment of the matrimonial home highlights the need to overcome the traditional paradigms and to find an adequate balance between the interests of the child and the economic needs of the family, also in light of the complex issues connected with the formation of new families after separation and divorce.

This essay takes aim on the issue that the concept of the best interest of the child has no distinct legal definition. This essay means to explore how the concept is constructed by the social workers in investigations about custody, accommodation and contact. Furthermore, previous research suggests that social norms have an influence on the construction of the concept. Therefore, this essay also aims to understand if this is the case and to what extent norms have an influence on the construction of the best interest of the child. Finally, the goal is also to understand how legal certainty is affected by the influence of social norms. This essay uses a content analysis of investigations that are presented in the court’s legal documents. The content analysis uses the theoretical framework from Håkan Hydéns norm model. The results show that social workers mainly use circumstances in the individual case to create meaning of what is and what is not the best interest of the child. Social workers also use their own knowledge and experience, as well as scientific knowledge. Lastly, social workers sometimes use their own interpretations, opinions and values to give meaning to what the best interest of the child means. The results also show that there is room for norms to influence the assessment of what is in the best interest of the child, but at the same time the result can’t explain to what extent social norms have an influence. Furthermore, the results show that the influence of norms may affect the legal certainty of children negatively.

El presente trabajo, consistente en la elaboración de un dictamen jurídico, tiene como objeto el análisis de un supuesto de hecho ficticio planteado sobre la comisión de una sustracción internacional de menores. De esta manera, se plantea una propuesta de resolución a las cuestiones que nos plantea el Derecho Internacional Privado y el Derecho Nacional. En el presente dictamen, entre la materia que va a ser analizada, se encuentran: el marco jurídico regulador de dicho conflicto, la competencia judicial internacional y el régimen de reconocimiento y ejecución de resoluciones extranjeras. Asimismo, se analizarán los mecanismos nacionales e internacionales encaminados a la restitución de los menores de edad y los adecuados para el referido supuesto de hecho., The purpose of this paper, consisting of the drafting of a legal opinion, is to analyse a fictitious factual assumption of the commission of an international child abduction. Accordingly, it proposes a solution to the questions posed by Private International Law and National Law. In this report, among the matters to be analysed are: the legal framework regulating this conflict, international jurisdiction and the system of recognition and enforcement of foreign resolutions. Moreover, the national and international mechanisms designed towards the return of minors and those appropriate for the aforementioned case will also be analysed., Departamento de Derecho Mercantil, Derecho del Trabajo e Internacional Privado, Máster en Abogacía

En las últimas décadas han surgido nuevas realidades que habían permanecido ocultas y silenciadas por la sociedad, con el amparo del Derecho, también español. Este es el caso de niños, niñas, niñes y adolescentes trans*, víctimas de la interseccionalidad de dos sistemas de opresión que han determinado el modelo de tratamiento y reconocimiento de sus derechos: el proteccionismo y el cisheteropatriarcado. Es necesario dejar atrás el prisma de la patología y la incapacidad, avanzando a aquel de la diversidad y la autonomía, visibilizando las realidades y experiencias de las personas menores de edad cuyas identidades no entran en los límites de la normatividad ficticia. Es por ello que en esta investigación de fin de máster se analizarán los presupuestos teóricos que nos han llevado a la situación de desprotección de sus derechos humanos en el Ordenamiento jurídico español, y se abogará por un auténtico cambio de paradigma, hacia un modelo que sea verdaderamente efectivo y adecuado a sus necesidades específicas. In recent decades, new realities have emerged that had remained hidden and silenced by society, under the support of the Law, also in Spain. This is the case of trans* children and adolescents, victims of the intersectionality of two systems of oppression that have determined the model of treatment and recognition of their rights: protectionism and cisheteropatriarchy. It is necessary to leave behind the prism of pathology and incapacity, advancing to that of diversity and autonomy, making visible the realities and experiences of minors whose identities do not fall within the limits of fictitious normativity. That is why this master's thesis will analyze the theoretical assumptions that have led us to the situation of lack of protection of their human rights in the Spanish legal system, and will advocate for a real paradigm shift towards a model that is truly effective and appropriate to their specific needs. Máster Oficial en Estudios Avanzados en Derechos Humanos Presidente: María del Carmen Barranco.- Secretaria: Patricia Cuenca

It's a misconception that those who leave a violent relationship are safer than those who stay. For those who have children with their perpetrator there is an increased risk for post-separation violence (Fleury, Sullivan & Bybee, 2000). The aim of this study has been to examine the child rights perspective through how the court judges and resonates in custody disputes with information regarding violence and therefore a possible risk for post-separation violence. Data was retrieved in the form of 34 custody cases from the court of appeal. In order to fulfil the purpose of the study a multi-method investigation has been used, both a quantitative content analysis and a discourse analysis. The results showed that the parent who was mainly referred to as the perpetrator was assigned visitation rights in 64.4 % of the cases, joint custody in 46.6 % and housing in 20 %. The main result showed that the courts ruled the child’s right to close and good contact with both parents outweighs the risk of post-separation abuse, either towards the other parent or the child himself. Children should be allowed to grow up with both parents. However, one could question at what price.

Resumé This thesis discusses the problematics of third person presence alongside a patient in a healthcare facility. Despite this subject having been relevant for tens of years, it has only recently been brought to public attention due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In practice, the right to third person presence in accordance with the provisions of Article 28(3e) of the Health Services Act is commonly misinterpreted as the right to receiving visitors in accordance with the provisions of Article 28(3i) of the Health Services Act. Due in part to this fact, the main goal of this thesis is establishing legal clarity in this domain of healthcare law. The bulk of this paper consists of introduction and analysis of legislation, notably the Health Services Act, in light of international pacts and laws of the Czech Republic, on constitutional level but not limited to it. The most crucial, however, is Chapter 3, which discusses specific provisions of the Healthcare Services Act concerning the right to presence, specifically the provisions of Article 28 of this Act. Furthermore, qualitative research has been conducted among 73 Czech healthcare workers. The sample comprises respondents aged 22 to 77 with a broad spectrum of specialization and aims to present to the reader the point of view of physicians and other...

Denna uppsats handlar om föräldrar till barn som vårdas enligt 2 § LVU och syftade till att undersöka hur socialtjänsten konstruerar föräldrar i de utredningar som skrivs vid begäran om vårdens upphörande enligt 21 § LVU. Syftet var även att undersöka hur dessa konstruktioner kan förstås i relation till principen om barnets bästa. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av sju utredningar har gjorts, vilket resulterat i att olika teman kring hur föräldrar konstrueras har identifierats. Vi har även kunnat urskilja att konstruktioner skapas på ett flertal olika sätt. De teman som identifierats är Arbetsallians, Förmåga/oförmåga, Barnperspektiv, Våld samt Riskfaktorer kring föräldrarna. De två första temana av hur föräldrarna konstrueras relaterar till huruvida de har lyckats förändra de aspekter som föranledde omhändertagandet av barnen, eller om brister fortfarande föreligger. Dessa två teman kan förstås utifrån syftet med utredningarna, som är att utreda om en förändring har skett eller ej. I resterande tre teman, barnperspektiv, våld samt riskfaktorer kring föräldrarna, konstrueras föräldrarna snarare utifrån beskrivningar av deras karaktär, relaterat till deras bakgrund och sätt att vara. Denna typ av konstruktioner och sätt att beskriva föräldrarna relaterar inte direkt till syftet med utredningarna, utan kan istället förstås som ett sätt för socialtjänsten att framhålla varför en hemflytt eventuellt inte vore förenligt med barnets bästa. Vi konstaterar därtill att föräldrars arbetsallians konstrueras som något som kan förändras eller förbättras, medan föräldrars karaktär och förmåga/oförmåga ofta konstrueras som mer statiska förhållanden.

The position held by the Italian case law concerning public policy in transnational family law matters has recently experienced some interesting developments, showing an enduring ambiguity between two different notions of public policy for the purposes of private international law, between a “truly international” conception of public policy, whereby it should be considered as purely limited to internationally shared legal principles, concerning especially the protection of fundamental rights, and a more traditional notion. According to the latter notion, public policy for the purposes of private international law shall be considered as embodying mostly national principles, identifying the fundamental attitude of the country at the relevant time, as reflected non only by its constitutional rules, but also by the rules embodied in domestic legislation, insofar as these translate into concrete rules the general principles embodied in the national constitution. Some recent judgments by the Italian Court of Cassation and Constitutional Court concerning topical issues of family law, with particular regard to surrogate motherhood, full adoption by same-sex couples, and repudiation, are particularly telling of this state of affairs. As the author proposes, the dichotomy between the said two notions of public policy for the purposes of private international law is likely to be overcome by suggesting a more flexible reading of the traditional notion, likely to encompass within its scope also those internationally shared legal principles concerning fundamental rights, embodied in the different notion mentioned above, with particular regard to the protection of the best interest of the child, as well as of gender equality.

While human rights treaties provide a formidable set of principles on education and values, domestic Courts often tend to adjudicate claims in terms of local arguments for or against each particular educational practice. This article explores how international human rights law could inspire the interpretation of domestic law and educational practice, without neglecting specific cultural aspects. Firstly, the article reviews the sociological debate on values in education and shows its importance for the legal discussion. Secondly, some critical contestations of international cultural human rights are outlined, as well as certain arguments to justify the importance of this model. The study of international law follows: the UN, the European Court of Human Rights, and three relevant African Charters, as well as every reference to education made by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and by the African Court is examined. Lastly, a comparative section reveals a certain cultural commonality inspired by the UN treaties, but also reflects some cultural and institutional differences between the European and the African regional systems.

The theme of this Thesis arose in the context of a visit to the Barreiro Court, to the Family and Minors Section, which I accompanied Mr. Judge António Fialho and Mrs. Judge Ana Chambel throughout the proceedings that were scheduled for that day. Through assistance to these steps, many were the questions that came, which allowed me to look back on how the rights of children and adolescent would be safeguarded when they are called into question by their own parents, guardians, teachers, between others. I.e, by the people to whom their care is delivered and entrusted. Downstream, there was an interest in studying this theme applied to cases of sexual abuse of dependent children and adolescent, because I ended up realizing that there were many inconsistencies in the System regarding the pursuit of the Best Interest of the Child and the pursuit of Promotion and Protection of children and adolescent who are subject to this dangerous situation. As such, I found it essential to make some considerations about the evolution of the Promotion and Protection of Children and Youth, especially when it comes to a crime of sexual abuse of dependent children or youth, about the process, the consents, the different actions and the effective pursuit of the protection of the child or young person. I also considered it crucial to study the articulation of the civil tutelary process and the criminal process, and how the inconsistencies between the different fields of Law result in the affectation of the rights of Children and Youth who find themselves in these dangerous situations. O tema desta Dissertação surgiu no contexto de uma visita ao Tribunal do Barreiro, à Secção de Família e Menores, na qual acompanhei o Sr. Dr. Juiz António Fialho e a Sra. Dra. Juíza Ana Chambel ao longo das diligências que se encontravam agendadas para esse mesmo dia. Através da assistência a estas diligências, muitas foram as questões que me foram surgindo, o que me permitiu fazer uma retrospetiva acerca de como seriam salvaguardados os direitos das crianças e jovens quando os mesmos são colocados em causa pelos seus próprios pais, tutores, professores, entre outros. Ou seja, pelas pessoas a quem são entregues e confiados os seus cuidados. A jusante surgiu o interesse em estudar esta temática aplicada aos casos de abuso sexual de crianças ou jovens dependentes pois, acabei por me aperceber de que muitas eram as inconsistências do sistema no que diz respeito à prossecução do Superior Interesse da Criança e à prossecução da Promoção e Proteção das crianças e jovens que se encontra sujeitas a esta situação de perigo. Como tal, achei fundamental tecer algumas considerações acerca da evolução da Promoção e Proteção das Crianças e Jovens no que respeita ao processo, aos consentimentos, às diferentes atuações e a efetiva prossecução da proteção da criança ou jovem, em especial quando se trata de um crime de abuso sexual de crianças ou jovens dependentes. Considerei ainda fulcral estudar a articulação do processo tutelar cível e do processo-crime e, em como as inconsistências entre os diferentes campos do Direito resultam na afetação dos direitos das Crianças e dos Jovens que se encontram nestas situações de perigo.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio es poner en tela de juicio las funciones desempeñadas por el actual Departamento de Niñez y Adolescencia de la Defensoría del Pueblo de Paraguay y subrayar la necesidad de crear una nueva institución autónoma de defensa de los derechos humanos de la infancia y la adolescencia. En ese contexto, se incorporan las recomendaciones consideradas como esenciales para que esta figura cuente con funciones reales de garantía de los derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en Paraguay. ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to question the functions performed by the current Department of Children and Adolescents of the Ombudsman of Paraguay and to highlight the need to create a new autonomous institution for the defense of the human rights of children. In this context, it will conclude with the recommendations considered essential so that figure has real functions to guarantee the rights of children and adolescents in Paraguay.

This paper analyzes the special character of the maternal assistant labor contract regarding the actual legislation and the jurisprudence in this matter. By trying to find a balance between the regulations of the Labor Code regarding the individual employment contract and the special regulations regarding labor contract of the maternal assistant, we notice that the institution of the maternal assistant is governed, first of all, by the principle of the best interest of the child. So, because we have to consider this an axiom, the maternal assistant is, in fact, a genuine replacement of a parent for the child who is in placement or in custody. That’s why the content of this labor contract is all about the growth, care and the education of the child, without a strict connotation to the specific elements of the common labor contract, as the work program, the time to work and time to rest and even the subordination relationship with the employer. In this context, the common stipulations of la labor Code regarding the individual labor contract are only the general frame in which the work of the maternal assistant is taking place, because the content of his work is much more, legally and morally, that the norm.

The Chinese regulatory framework on access to assisted reproduction technologies (hereafter ART) is relatively restrictive, limiting ART exclusively to heterosexual married couples as a medical treatment for infertility. ART clinics across China are prohibited from providing ART services for single women. This creates significant regulatory barrier for single women to exercise their procreative rights. The restriction finds its root in the population and family planning law under which reproduction is tied to marriage and childbirth outside marriage are deemed as illegitimate with punishing consequences. It essentially denies the procreative rights of single women which are recognized by Chinese law. A welcoming development is that in seven out of 10 cases the court is willing to grant exceptions by allowing posthumous implantation procedure for widowed women after the sudden and unexpected death of the husband.

The purpose of the study is to make preschool teachers’ experiences of the preschool's activities in relation to the best interests of the child visible. The study is based on the method of semi-structured interviews of a total of five preschool teachers. The results of the study show how the preschool teachers express the experience that the child should experience safety when they come to and stay in preschool. The preschool teachers describe how the attitude and sensitivity affect the child's opportunities for participation and influence. They express the importance of being present for the child to have influence, to be involved but also to have the opportunity to develop. At the same time, the results show how the preschool teachers expresses that it can be challenging to be sensitive to the child's expressions and feelings and not what the guardian thinks is the child's best interest in preschool. Furthermore, the results show how the reflection time varied among the preschool teachers and their experiences of more and less reflection time. What is prominent in the result is the preschool teachers' attitude towards the youngest preschool children. Some of the preschool teachers express the experience of working in a young children's department and how it includes that the youngest children have a harder time expressing themselves and having their own opinion. Studiens syfte är att synliggöra förskollärarens upplevelser kring förskolans verksamhet i förhållande till barnets bästa. Till grund för studien ligger metoden semistrukturerade intervjuer av totalt fem förskollärare. Studiens resultat visar hur förskollärarna uttrycker upplevelser av att barnet ska uppleva tryggheten när de kommer till och vistas i förskolan. Förskollärarna beskriver hur förhållningssättet och lyhördheten påverkar barnets möjligheter till delaktighet och inflytande. De uttrycker vikten av att vara närvarande för att barnet ska få inflytande, vara delaktig men också för att få möjlighet att utvecklas. Samtidigt visar resultatet hur förskollärarna uttrycker att det kan vara utmanande att vara lyhörd för barnets uttryck och känslor och inte vad vårdnadshavaren menar är barnets bästa i förskolan. Vidare visar resultatet hur reflektionstiden varierade bland förskollärarna och deras erfarenheter av mer eller mindre reflektionstid. Det som är framträdande i resultatet är förskollärarnas förhållningssätt till de yngsta förskolebarnen. Enstaka förskollärare uttrycker erfarenheten av att arbeta på yngrebarnsavdelning och hur det innefattar att de yngsta barnen har svårare att uttrycka sig och ha en egen åsikt.

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Máster se centra en la elaboración de un dictamen jurídico que dé respuesta a las cuestiones planteadas ante un caso ficticio de sustracción internacional de menores en el ámbito comunitario. Entre la materia que va a ser analizada, se tratarán los tres grandes elementos que estructuran el Derecho Internacional Privado: la competencia judicial internacional, la ley aplicable y el régimen de reconocimiento y ejecución de una resolución extranjera. De la misma manera, van a ser estudiadas las vías para procurar la restitución de los menores y los procedimientos complementarios que puedan derivar de la infracción del derecho de custodia que se ha producido. This Master’s dissertation focuses on the elaboration of a legal opinion which answers the questions raised in a fictional case of international child abduction taken place between European Union countries. Among the subjects to analyze, the three main elements of the Private International Law will be solved: international jurisdiction, applicable law and recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions. Moreover, ways to ensure the return of the child will be studied together with the complementary procedures that may derive from the violation of the right of custody. Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155)

The purpose of this essay is to create an understanding of how social workers work to ensure that the best interest of the child is achieved in custody disputes. The essay is based on seven semi-structured interviews with practicing social workers working with family law. The gathered material was analyzed using a thematic analysis method. The results of the study show that working with the best interest of the child in mind, using a child´s perspective, is complex and difficult. One of the reasons why it is difficult is that there is no exact definition of what “the best interest of the child” is and how it should be realised by the social worker since the concept should be assessed and applied individually every single time. All of the respondents states that the investigation is imbued by the wellbeing of them say that ultimately the child´s best interest is not what is valued the most in the investigation. The material shows that all the respondents are aware that the children’s perspective should be prominent during the entirety of the investigation. It is a common goal amongst the respondents to always work with the children’s perspective in mind, to ensure the best interest of the child.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos de los últimos diez años en torno al principio del interés superior del menor aplicado al colectivo de los menores extranjeros no acompañados. Estos niños suponen el grupo social más vulnerable de un Estado, por lo que su protección tiene que ser verdaderamente efectiva, no solo positivamente, sino que también se traduzca esta en la práctica. Es un hecho que a medida que han ido pasando los años el Tribunal ha tenido que hacer frente a este nuevo fenómeno migratorio, dejando constancia de como este colectivo no tiene garantizada una verdadera protección en determinadas ocasiones, debido a una legislación y una práctica administrativa que no da respuesta a este fenómeno o porque los Estados no parecen primar el interés superior del menor sobre sus políticas migratorias. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que esta jurisprudencia ha evolucionado en una dirección extensiva de este principio, cercana a la configuración de la Convención de Derechos del Niño, para garantizar los derechos humanos de este colectivo y servir de ayuda para el Proyecto Ödos y el asesoramiento legal que presta a estos menores. The aim of this assignment is to analyse the case law of the European Court of Human Rights over the last ten years on the principle of the best interests of the child as applied to the group of unaccompanied foreign minors. These children represent the most vulnerable social group in a State, and therefore their protection must be truly effective, not only positively, but also translated into practice. It is a fact that, as the years have gone by, the Court has had to face this new migratory phenomenon, leaving evidence of how this group is not guaranteed real protection on certain occasions, due to legislation and administrative practice that does not respond to this phenomenon or because the States do not seem to prioritise the best interests of the child over their migratory policies. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that this jurisprudence has evolved in an extensive direction of this principle, close to the configuration of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in order to guarantee the human rights of this group and to serve as an aid for the Ödos Project and the legal advice it provides to these minors. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Derecho

In Italy all forms of surrogacy are forbidden, whether it be traditional or gestational, commercial or altruistic. Act n. 40 of 19/2/2004, entitled “Rules about medically-assisted reproduction”, introduces a prohibition on employing gametes from donors, and specifically incriminates not only intermediary agencies and clinics practising surrogacy, but also the intended parents and the surrogate mother too. Other penal consequences are provided by the Criminal Code about the registration of a birth certificate where parents are the intended ones, as provided by the lex loci actus (art. 567 of the Italian Criminal Code, concerning the false representation or concealment of status). Apart from the mentioned criminal problems, several aspects of private international law are involved. In the cases where national rules forbid the transcription of birth certificates for public policy reasons, specifically the prohibition of surrogacy, Italian Judges often seek solutions to enforce the status filiationis, in view of the fundamental principle of the “best interest of the Child”. Focusing on the recent evolution of the notion of international public policy, in some cases the inherent adoptive parental status acquired by a homogenitorial couple is not contrary to international public policy, when the effects of the act from which this status derives are not incompatible with the limits that cannot be exceeded constituted by the founding principles of the relational choices between intended parents and child (Article 2 of the Constitution, Article 8 ECHR), by the Best interest of the child as codified in the Italian Law 219/2012, by the principle of non-discrimination, by the principle of solidarity that is the basis of social parenting. Splitting the problem of the surrogacy, sometimes the adoption is the remedy suggested in the Italian case-law to enforce the status filiationis. Many private international law problems are highlighted by this paper, above all considering the interesting insights elaborated by the Italian Constitutional Court, in the recent Judgments n.32/2021 and n.33/2021, despite the declared inadmissibility of the question of constitutional legitimacy of art. 12, paragraph 6 l. 40/2004, art. 64 letter. g l. 218/95, art. 18 d.P.R. 396/2000 (by contrast through art. 117 of the Constitution of articles 2,3,7,8, 9, 18 Conv. on the rights of the child and art. 24 Charter of fundamental rights, and art. 2,3, 30 and 31 of the Constitution).

This paper analyzes the “New Pact on Migration and Asylum” and the attached legislative proposals with a view to the protection of migrant children. In particular, after briefly recalling the meaning and scope of the “best interest of the child” principle, we examine the provisions of the reform package of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) which should promote greater protection of rights and the interests of minors, especially unaccompanied foreign minors, right from the identification stage, highlighting some relevant critical issues.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap kring hur diskurser konkurrerar om vad som är barns bästa och hur dessa styr tingsrättens beslut vid vårdnadstvister när det finns uppgifter om pappans våld mot mamma och eventuellt barn. Det empiriska materialet utgick ifrån 14 domar där det fanns uppgifter om pappans våld inom familjen. Tingsrätten hade som uppgift att döma huruvida vårdnaden skulle vara gemensam eller ensam för föräldrarnas gemensamma barn. Studien är kvalitativ och Norman Faircloughs diskursanalys används både som teori och metod tillsammans med socialkonstruktionism, med betoning på genus som social konstruktion. Resultatet i studien visar på två diskurser som tingsrätten motiverar sina beslut utifrån, där båda syftar till att argumentera eller göra trovärdigt vad som är för barnets bästa. I ”behovsdiskursen” betonas vikten av en god och nära relation till båda föräldrarna, emedan ”riskdiskursen” betonar risken för att barnet kan fara illa. Dessa två diskurser påverkar domstolens syn på föräldrarnas samarbete, vilket i sin tur påverkar tingsrättens beslut om gemensam respektive ensam vårdnad. Även på vilket sätt tingsrätten tar upp våldet och benämner våldet påverkas också utifrån vilken av de två diskurserna som råder. Inom behovsdiskursen bedömdes samarbetet som tillräckligt bra vid minsta möjliga tecken på att föräldrarna kunde enas i olika gemensamma beslut rörande barnet, vilket resulterade i gemensam vårdnad. Uppgifter om våld från pappan omformulerades eller omnämndes aldrig, vilket gjorde att våldet inom behovsdiskursen förminskades och fick en underordnad betydelse. Inom riskdiskursen bedömdes det svåra samarbetet mellan föräldrarna utgöra en risk för att barnet skulle fara illa, vilket gjorde att utfallet här blev ensam vårdnad. Inom riskdiskursen synliggjordes och problematiserades våldet i mycket högre grad. The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge about how discourses compete for what is in the best interests of the child and how these govern the district court's decisions in custody disputes when there is information about the father's violence against the mother and any children. The empirical material was based on 14 judgments where there was information about the father's violence within the family. The district court's task was to judge whether custody should be joint or single for the parents' common children. The study is qualitative and Norman Fairclough's discourse analysis is used both as a theory and method together with social constructionism with emphasis on a gender perspective as an additional theory. The results of the study show two discourses from which the district court justifies its decisions, there both aim to argue or make credible what is in the best interests of the child. The “Discourse of needs” emphasizes the importance of a good and close relationship with both parents, while the “Discourse of risk” emphasizes the risk that the child may be harmed. The court's reasoning regarding the parents' cooperation is affected by which of the two discourses prevails. The way in which they address the violence and denominates it violence is also affected on the basis of the discourse on which the court is based. Violence tended to be deminished in both discourses, however, it became clear within the discourse of needs.

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Máster se centra en la elaboración de un dictamen jurídico que dé respuesta a las cuestiones planteadas ante un caso ficticio de sustracción internacional de menores en el ámbito comunitario. Entre la materia que va a ser analizada, se tratarán los tres grandes elementos que estructuran el Derecho Internacional Privado: la competencia judicial internacional, la ley aplicable y el régimen de reconocimiento y ejecución de una resolución extranjera. De la misma manera, van a ser estudiadas las vías para procurar la restitución de los menores y los procedimientos complementarios que puedan derivar de la infracción del derecho de custodia que se ha producido., This Master’s dissertation focuses on the elaboration of a legal opinion which answers the questions raised in a fictional case of international child abduction taken place between European Union countries. Among the subjects to analyze, the three main elements of the Private International Law will be solved: international jurisdiction, applicable law and recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions. Moreover, ways to ensure the return of the child will be studied together with the complementary procedures that may derive from the violation of the right of custody., Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155)