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Neste ensaio teórico refletiremos sobre o material didático mais usado nas escolas: o livro didático que auxilia o professor a planejar e desenvolver as oportunidades e situações de aprendizagem de maneira a atender as singularidades de seus estudantes. Este texto orienta-se pelo objetivo de apresentar uma perspectiva sobre o que constitui um Livro Didático, as diferentes variáveis que o caracterizam e as diversas funções deste material. Partiremos de uma breve história do livro, mencionando as transformações e inovações que ocorreram ao longo do tempo. Além disso, analisaremos as diferentes características que distinguem esse material de outros tipos de livros. Entre essas características, podemos destacar: a intencionalidade, a sequencialidade, a adequação, a presença de recursos didáticos, a regulamentação dos conteúdos e a intervenção administrativa e política do Estado. Assim, entendemos que podemos compreender o Livro Didático como um produto histórico e social, que expressa valores, ideologias e representações sociais e que dialoga com os contextos em que é produzido e utilizado., In this theoretical essay we will reflect on the most used teaching material in schools: the textbook that helps teachers plan and develop learning opportunities and situations in order to address the uniqueness of their students. Our objective in this text is to present a perspective on what constitutes a Textbook, the different variables that characterize it and the different functions of this material. We will begin with a brief history of the book, mentioning the transformations and innovations that have occurred over time. In addition, we will analyze the different characteristics that distinguish this material from other types of books. Among these characteristics we can highlight: intentionality, sequentiality, adequacy, presence of teaching resources, content regulation and administrative and political intervention by the State. Thus, we understand that we can understand the Textbook as a historical and social product, which expresses values, ideologies and social representations and which dialogues with the contexts in which it is produced and used., En este ensayo teórico reflexionaremos sobre el material didáctico más utilizado en las escuelas: el libro de texto que ayuda al docente a planificar y desarrollar oportunidades y situaciones de aprendizaje con el fin de atender las singularidades de sus alumnos. Nuestro objetivo en este texto es presentar una perspectiva sobre lo que constituye un Libro de Texto, las diferentes variables que lo caracterizan y las diferentes funciones de este material. Comenzaremos con una breve historia del libro, mencionando las transformaciones e innovaciones que se han producido a lo largo del tiempo. Además, analizaremos las diferentes características que distinguen este material de otro tipo de libros. Entre estas características podemos destacar: intencionalidad, secuencialidad, adecuación, presencia de recursos didácticos, regulación de contenidos e intervención administrativa y política por parte del Estado. Así, entendemos que podemos entender el Libro de Texto como un producto histórico y social, que expresa valores, ideologías y representaciones sociales y que dialoga con los contextos en los que se produce y utiliza.

El presente artículo pretende mostrar la evidencia que confirma cuál de las dos primeras ediciones de la Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España de Bernal Díaz del Castillo es, en realidad, la primera. Las dos tienen pies de imprenta muy parecidos -Madrid, Imprenta del Reino- y ambas llevan la fecha de 1632, o bien en la portada o en la suma de la tasa. A través de la evidencia bibliográfica comprobamos que la edición con la portada calcográfica es la primera edición, y la edición con la portada tipográfica es una edición contrahecha posterior. [ABSTRACT]The following article uses bibliographical evidence to prove which of the two first editions of Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España by Bernal Díaz del Castillo is the true first edition and which is a posterior illegal edition. Both have the date 1632 either in their imprint or in their legal preliminaries, but this article will show that the illegal edition was printed at a later date. This article is the result of research carried out during the course of investigation related to the Master's Thesis "Crónicas americanas en la Biblioteca Histórica "Marques de Valdecilla": Aproximación a un repertorio tipobibliográfico" presented in June 2011 in the Facultad de Ciencias de Documentación at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and directed by Dr. Mercedes Fernández Valladares., Biblioteca Histórica Marqués de Valdecilla, UCM. Biblioteca, TRUE, pub

This work is a case study on the production and circulation of sermonaries attributed to priest António Vieira that were printed in the 1660s in Valencia, Zaragoza, Madrid and Rome. It seeks to observe the flows of the book trade and how the interpersonal relationships between readers and the agents involved in the production and sale of books was related to these flows., Este trabalho é um estudo de caso sobre a produção e a circulação dos sermonários atribuídos ao padre António Vieira, que foram impressos na década de 1660 em Valência, Saragoça, Madri e Roma. Busca-se observar os fluxos do comércio livreiro e como a circulação dos impressos estava relacionada às relações interpessoais cultivadas entre os leitores e os agentes envolvidos na produção e na venda dos livros.

Objective: This article studies the library inspection activity in Argentina during its initial phase (1914-1924). Methodology: Based on the interpretation of reports prepared by the inspector Manuel Borton, among other documents, it analyzes: 1) the bureaucratic organization of the inspection and its difficulties in relation to the library knowledge of the time; and 2) the quantitative and qualitative results left by the extensive tour that Borton undertook during 1921 in the province of Buenos Aires and the north of the country (Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Salta and Jujuy). Originality: This is a topic that has been little explored in academic literature. We examine new sources from a perspective that favors an anthropological approach, without renouncing an understanding of the inspection system as a whole. Conclusions: Borton formed an inspection methodology characterized by low technical significance and a high level of interpretation of the Argentinean library reality., Objetivo: o objetivo do artigo é estudar a atividade de inspeção de bibliotecas na Argentina durante sua fase inicial (1914-1924), com base na interpretação dos relatórios elaborados pelo inspetor Manuel Borton. Metodologia: dois pontos de análise estruturam o ensaio: 1) a organização burocrática da inspeção e suas dificuldades em relação ao conhecimento da biblioteca da época; e 2) os resultados quantitativos e qualitativos da extensa viagem que Borton empreendeu durante 1921 na província de Buenos Aires e no norte do país (Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Salta e Jujuy). Originalidade: este é um assunto pouco explorado na literatura acadêmica. Fontes anteriormente não consultadas são examinadas sob uma perspectiva que favorece uma abordagem antropológica, sem renunciar a uma compreensão do sistema de inspeção como um todo. Conclusões: Borton formou uma metodologia de inspeção caracterizada por um baixo significado técnico e um alto nível de conteúdo interpretativo da realidade da biblioteca argentina., Objetivo: este artículo se propone estudiar la actividad de inspección bibliotecaria en Argentina durante su fase inicial (1914-1924), a partir de la interpretación de los informes confeccionados por el inspector Manuel Borton. Metodología: dos puntos de análisis estructuran el ensayo: 1) la organización burocrática de la inspección y sus dificultades con relación a los saberes bibliotecarios de la época; y 2) los resultados cuantitativos y cualitativos que dejó la extensa gira que Borton emprendió durante 1921 en la provincia de Buenos Aires y el norte del país (Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Salta y Jujuy). Originalidad: se trata de un tema escasamente explorado por la bibliografía académica. Se examinan fuentes no consultadas con anterioridad desde una perspectiva que privilegia el abordaje antropológico, sin renunciar a la comprensión del sistema de inspección en su conjunto. Conclusiones: se considera que Borton formó una incipiente metodología de inspección, caracterizada por una escasa significación técnica y un alto nivel interpretativo de la realidad bibliotecaria argentina.

In this article the author presents a study of the activities carried out by a group of teachers to found and manage a library in the town of Lobos (Argentina), between 1912 and 1927. Three aspects constitute the main analysis variables: a) the way the library was managed; b) the books acquired; c) the meaning that the institution had for these women. It is concluded that the teachers found in the organization of the library a space of new freedoms, even considering the social, cultural, and political restrictions that at the time weighed on women., En este artículo se estudian las actividades realizadas por un grupo de maestras para fundar y administrar una biblioteca en el pueblo de Lobos (Argentina), entre 1912 y 1927. A partir de la interpretación de diferentes documentos, se busca comprender el modo en que gestionaron la biblioteca, el horizonte de lecturas que escogieron y la significación que tuvo la institución para este conjunto de mujeres. Se concluye que las maestras encontraron en la organización de la biblioteca un espacio de nuevas libertades, aun considerando las restricciones sociales, culturales y políticas que en la época pesaban sobre las mujeres.

In this article the author presents a study of the activities carried out by a group of teachers to found and manage a library in the town of Lobos (Argentina), between 1912 and 1927. Three aspects constitute the main analysis variables: a) the way the library was managed; b) the books acquired; c) the meaning that the institution had for these women. It is concluded that the teachers found in the organization of the library a space of new freedoms, even considering the social, cultural, and political restrictions that at the time weighed on women., En este artículo se estudian las actividades realizadas por un grupo de maestras para fundar y administrar una biblioteca en el pueblo de Lobos (Argentina), entre 1912 y 1927. A partir de la interpretación de diferentes documentos, se busca comprender el modo en que gestionaron la biblioteca, el horizonte de lecturas que escogieron y la significación que tuvo la institución para este conjunto de mujeres. Se concluye que las maestras encontraron en la organización de la biblioteca un espacio de nuevas libertades, aun considerando las restricciones sociales, culturales y políticas que en la época pesaban sobre las mujeres.

“Front Matter: Reading and Writing the Forehead in Early Modern Literature” explores sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English views of the body as a text that, when read correctly, could yield diverse knowledges about people. In early modern England, the part of the body most commonly treated as a text was the forehead, which was a site of surprising interest: churchgoers listened to biblical sermons about God sealing the righteous in their foreheads while Satan would mark wicked foreheads; people joked about cuckolded husbands sprouting horns from their foreheads; women followed racial and gendered beauty standards through plucking and cosmetics to make their foreheads high and white; the government branded religious dissenters in the forehead; and physiognomers wrote books about reading one’s destiny in forehead lines. Showing how bodies—especially foreheads—operated as texts, my research aims to change how scholars have understood histories of reading and books. Much has been written about how animal skins were made into books, but I consider how human skin could be a legible text while still on the living body. The skin of the forehead was privileged as an expressive text because its movements were seen as traces of emotion: as a “blank” skin that could wrinkle itself into lines, the forehead was imagined as a self-writing text. The connection between wrinkled skin and underlying emotion anchored other significations to the forehead, such as race, gender, class, sexuality, and religion. Yet although treating the forehead as a text allowed practitioners of forehead-reading to claim specialized knowledge about decoding its meaning, it also made the forehead—like all texts—open to misreading and illegibility. This openness of textual interpretation was also occasionally manipulated by people who strategically marked, read, wrote, and interpreted themselves into texts of their own making. Chapter One, “The Anatomical Book-Body: Reading the Materiality of the Flesh

The margins of medieval manuscripts served as space not only for textual marginalia but also for annotation symbols. Two of the most common early medieval annotation symbols are the nota monogram, used to mark passages of interest, and the require siglum, used to mark passages the require re-checking, typically because they contain errors. While annotation symbols were used from at least the third century BCE, neither nota nor require can be found in the Greek and Latin papyri excavated in Egypt. They appear in the Latin manuscript evidence from the fifth century onwards. They may have been coined as specific late antique Western variants of older Greek sigla known from the ancient papyri. While in Late Antiquity, they represented only two of many conventions in use for marking passages of interest and errors, by the end of the eighth century, nota and require became the preferred forms of the annotation and the correction signs respectively in the Latin West.

We are witnessing a dangerous departure from the history of the book towards sociology, of the bibliography towards the information sciences. Instead, the two disciplines must reclaim their identity. How can they do it? Reconnecting, each in its own way, to the materiality of the book. Intellectual production, in fact, is expressed through the creation of articulated objects (books) which, on paper or through bits (sometimes both together), themselves dictate the conditions for their access.

“Front Matter: Reading and Writing the Forehead in Early Modern Literature” explores sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English views of the body as a text that, when read correctly, could yield diverse knowledges about people. In early modern England, the part of the body most commonly treated as a text was the forehead, which was a site of surprising interest: churchgoers listened to biblical sermons about God sealing the righteous in their foreheads while Satan would mark wicked foreheads; people joked about cuckolded husbands sprouting horns from their foreheads; women followed racial and gendered beauty standards through plucking and cosmetics to make their foreheads high and white; the government branded religious dissenters in the forehead; and physiognomers wrote books about reading one’s destiny in forehead lines. Showing how bodies—especially foreheads—operated as texts, my research aims to change how scholars have understood histories of reading and books. Much has been written about how animal skins were made into books, but I consider how human skin could be a legible text while still on the living body. The skin of the forehead was privileged as an expressive text because its movements were seen as traces of emotion: as a “blank” skin that could wrinkle itself into lines, the forehead was imagined as a self-writing text. The connection between wrinkled skin and underlying emotion anchored other significations to the forehead, such as race, gender, class, sexuality, and religion. Yet although treating the forehead as a text allowed practitioners of forehead-reading to claim specialized knowledge about decoding its meaning, it also made the forehead—like all texts—open to misreading and illegibility. This openness of textual interpretation was also occasionally manipulated by people who strategically marked, read, wrote, and interpreted themselves into texts of their own making. Chapter One, “The Anatomical Book-Body: Reading the Materiality of the Flesh

The margins of medieval manuscripts served as space not only for textual marginalia but also for annotation symbols. Two of the most common early medieval annotation symbols are the nota monogram, used to mark passages of interest, and the require siglum, used to mark passages the require re-checking, typically because they contain errors. While annotation symbols were used from at least the third century BCE, neither nota nor require can be found in the Greek and Latin papyri excavated in Egypt. They appear in the Latin manuscript evidence from the fifth century onwards. They may have been coined as specific late antique Western variants of older Greek sigla known from the ancient papyri. While in Late Antiquity, they represented only two of many conventions in use for marking passages of interest and errors, by the end of the eighth century, nota and require became the preferred forms of the annotation and the correction signs respectively in the Latin West.

We are witnessing a dangerous departure from the history of the book towards sociology, of the bibliography towards the information sciences. Instead, the two disciplines must reclaim their identity. How can they do it? Reconnecting, each in its own way, to the materiality of the book. Intellectual production, in fact, is expressed through the creation of articulated objects (books) which, on paper or through bits (sometimes both together), themselves dictate the conditions for their access.

As American publishing conglomerates and institutions have come to play an increasingly dominant role in world literature, dominant critical discourses tend to equate the "Americanization" of world literature with a process of aesthetic diminishment and devernacularization. This essay nuances and complements such accounts by focusing on the role of American independent publishers as curators of world literature. The "world literary vernacular" through which these presses construct world literary value contains five key elements: an insistence on modernist literary genealogies; an emphasis on regional (or at least subnational) attachments; an investment in oeuvres rather than in individual works or personal charisma as salient units of literary value; a decidedly unironic rhetoric that connects literature to a putative world republic of letters; and finally an emphasis on translatedness and the creative values of translation. The essay situates independent publishers as crucial participants in the contemporary world literature ecology.

The book industry is an important social, cultural, and economic institution whose records deserve to be preserved for the public good. Books.Files was an exploratory project funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation aimed at assessing the archival value of digital assets in the contemporary publishing industry for stakeholders in the cultural heritage sector (libraries, archives, and academia) as well as in the industry itself. The report addresses the changing technological and organizational circumstances in the creation and collecting of publishers' archives, with an emphasis on the enumeration of the types and variety of digital assets that may form the primary basis for such archives in the future. It emphasizes the extent to which every book published (not just ebooks as such) is in fact "born-digital," and the implications of this shift for future historical and bibliographical scholarship. It concludes with a set of recommendations.

Theories of Reading from Nineteenth-Century American Fiction proceeds from the claim that when we read nineteenth-century American literature, we read about reading. From characters depicted with books in hand, to citations of newspapers within novels, nineteenth-century texts teem with depictions of overt and implied reading. While diverse scenes of reading are everywhere in nineteenth-century American literature, the stories Americanist critics tell about reading in this period are surprisingly limited. Though literature does not depict reading solely (or even usually) as a means to cultivate subjectivity, Americanist criticism seems unable to resist framing all modes of reading as a mechanism for cultivating liberal subjects and spurring participation in the public sphere. The question that drives Theories of Reading from Nineteenth-Century American Fiction is: what else could we say about reading if we suspended our belief that to read is always to participate in an enlightenment project?This dissertation mines scenes of reading from five key texts to articulate multiple and competing theories of reading that are not bound up with discussions of liberal subject formation or debates about the public sphere. I define a “scene of reading” as a tableau in which there is a prior, potential, or present relationship between a witness and a text. This capacious definition collects an array of representations that imply, reference, or contain the possibility for reading under a single heading. Across four chapters and an epilogue, I explicate theories of reading as an activity that affects one’s perception of the world in The Sketch-Book (1820); registers in the feeling body in Wieland (1798); intervenes in social relations in Hope Leslie (1827); is irreducibly material and ideologically changeable in Clotel (1853); and proves the limits of our ability to textualize bodies of knowledge in Moby-Dick (1851). I examine interpolated letters, reprinted poems, moments of newsp

Ignacio Boix y Blay was a bookseller, printer and editor who displayed an intense activity during the second third of the 19th Century, mainly in Spain, but also in some strategic points of its overseas territories and Europe. Boix is a paradigmatic exponent of the modern Spanish publishing and typographic market, in a transitional stage between the ancient guild practices of the Old Regime and the creation of the new modern literary market. In fact, he is present in almost any exploration on the 19th Century book publishing and printing; however, no comprehensive study on the topic has been conducted so far and the scattered information available about him is insufficient to understand the scope of this figure. To fill that gap, a journey through the biographical, editorial and investing trajectory of Boix is offered through hemerographic, archival and bibliographical research. The aim of this study is to place Boix on the map of the 19th Century Hispanic edition, Ignacio Boix y Blay fue un librero, impresor y editor que desplegó una intensa actividad durante el segundo tercio del siglo XIX, fundamentalmente en Madrid, pero también en otros puntos estratégicos de la península, Europa y Ultramar. Exponente paradigmático del mercado editorial y tipográfico español moderno en una etapa de transición entre las antiguas prácticas gremiales del Antiguo Régimen y la conformación del nuevo mercado literario moderno, Boix está presente en casi cualquier exploración sobre el libro, la imprenta o la edición decimonónicos; sin embargo, hasta ahora no ha suscitado un estudio detenido y la información dispersa que sobre él se tiene es insuficiente para comprender el alcance de su figura. Para cubrir ese vacío, a través de la investigación hemerográfica, archivística y bibliográfica se ofrece un recorrido por su trayectoria biográfica, editorial y empresarial con el objetivo de ubicar a Boix en el mapa de la edición hispánica decimonónica

Ignacio Boix y Blay was a bookseller, printer and editor who displayed an intense activity during the second third of the 19th Century, mainly in Spain, but also in some strategic points of its overseas territories and Europe. Boix is a paradigmatic exponent of the modern Spanish publishing and typographic market, in a transitional stage between the ancient guild practices of the Old Regime and the creation of the new modern literary market. In fact, he is present in almost any exploration on the 19th Century book publishing and printing; however, no comprehensive study on the topic has been conducted so far and the scattered information available about him is insufficient to understand the scope of this figure. To fill that gap, a journey through the biographical, editorial and investing trajectory of Boix is offered through hemerographic, archival and bibliographical research. The aim of this study is to place Boix on the map of the 19th Century Hispanic edition, Ignacio Boix y Blay fue un librero, impresor y editor que desplegó una intensa actividad durante el segundo tercio del siglo XIX, fundamentalmente en Madrid, pero también en otros puntos estratégicos de la península, Europa y Ultramar. Exponente paradigmático del mercado editorial y tipográfico español moderno en una etapa de transición entre las antiguas prácticas gremiales del Antiguo Régimen y la conformación del nuevo mercado literario moderno, Boix está presente en casi cualquier exploración sobre el libro, la imprenta o la edición decimonónicos; sin embargo, hasta ahora no ha suscitado un estudio detenido y la información dispersa que sobre él se tiene es insuficiente para comprender el alcance de su figura. Para cubrir ese vacío, a través de la investigación hemerográfica, archivística y bibliográfica se ofrece un recorrido por su trayectoria biográfica, editorial y empresarial con el objetivo de ubicar a Boix en el mapa de la edición hispánica decimonónica

Printed advertisements and lists of books for sales were used by publishers and booksellers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries respectively to promote and increase the sale of books in distant markets. This article proposes an overall interpretation of the uses of these catalogues in the trade in books, the purposes they were designed to fulfil, and the reading public(s) they aimed to reach. Specific attention is paid to the book prices which are found in about 30% of the surviving printed catalogues. These represent a reliable testimony to the pricing policies some of the most important publishing firms, and the segments of the market they intended to serve. The catalogues are therefore among the main sources for our understanding of the mechanisms of the early modern book trade and its economic structure., Gli annunci pubblicitari e i cataloghi dei libri in commercio venivano stampati da editori e librai nel XV e XVI secolo rispettivamente per promuovere e incrementare la vendita dei libri, specialmente su mercati distanti. Questo articolo propone un'interpretazione generale degli usi di tali strumenti nel commercio di libri, degli scopi per i quali venivano prodotti e del pubblico che intendevano raggiungere. Un'attenzione specifica è rivolta ai prezzi dei libri che si trovano nel 30% circa dei cataloghi stampati sopravvissuti. Questi ultimi cataloghi rappresentano una testimonianza attendibile della politica dei prezzi operata dalle principali case editrici e del segmento di mercato a cui miravano. Essi risultano perciò tra le principali fonti per la nostra comprensione dei meccanismi del commercio librario nell’età moderna e delle sue strutture economiche.

The difficulties associated with the creation of a large database of book prices include giving effective answers to questionssuch as how prices were formed during the various steps of the production process (sedimentation of production costs, costsrelated to the sale) or what the nature of the assigned value is (estimated in the case of used books, or of stock inventories,or the result of special conditions offered to specific customers, etc.). But first it is necessary to reflect on the interpretationgiven to the figures provided by the heterogeneous documentation which supports the creation of such a database. Themany reference currencies in which these prices are expressed, depending on the monetary area of action of the economicoperators (printers, booksellers, customers) are likely to confuse and mislead if their exact meaning is not clearly understood.This problem becomes even more urgent when, for example, the primary sources are the private notes of a collector whorecorded how much he had paid for a book, or when two different currencies in place or in time have the same name. Thisaspect is also crucial in comparing different places and markets. Was the price expressed in money of account or in coinedmoney? In domestic or foreign currency? Is it possible to relate two prices expressed in different currencies?The purpose of this paper is therefore to explore in greater depth some of the economic-monetary aspects of RenaissanceEurope in order to help clarify any doubts or misreadings by building a reliable picture of the various types of currency usedin Europe between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This is an essential step to subsequently address the possibilityof comparing prices expressed in different currencies as they emerged on different markets., Le difficoltà legate alla creazione di una banca dati dei prezzi dei libri comprendono la possibilità di offrire risposte efficaci a domande quali le modalità della formazione del prezzo durante le varie fasi del processo produttivo (sedimentazione dei costi di produzione, costi relativi alla vendita) o la natura del valore assegnato (stimato nel caso di libri usati, di scorte di magazzino, o a seguito di condizioni speciali offerte a specifici clienti, ecc). Ma prima di tutto è necessario riflettere sull'interpretazione da dare alle cifre fornite dall’eterogenea documentazione che permette la creazione di tale banca dati. Le numerose valute di riferimento in cui i prezzi sono espressi, a seconda dell’area monetaria in cui si muovevano i diversi operatori economici (editori, commercianti, clienti), rischiano di confondere e fuorviare se il loro esatto significato non è chiaramente compreso. Questo problema diventa ancora più urgente quando, ad esempio, le fonti primarie sono le note private di un collezionista riguardo al prezzo d’acquisto di un libro, o quando due valute diverse nello spazio o nel tempo hanno lo stesso nome. Questo aspetto è cruciale anche per confrontare i diversi luoghi e mercati. Il prezzo era espresso in moneta di conto o in moneta coniata? In valuta nazionale o estera? È possibile rapportare due prezzi espressi in valute diverse?Lo scopo del presente contributo è quindi quello di approfondire alcuni aspetti economico-monetari dell’Europa rinascimentale per contribuire a chiarire eventuali dubbi o fraintendimenti, costruendo un quadro attendibile dei vari tipi di moneta utilizzati in Europa tra il XVI e il XVII secolo. Si tratta di un passo essenziale per affrontare successivamente il confronto di prezzi espressi in più valute poiché emersi su mercati differenti.

This article illustrates an early modern sales list of books, the Libri spirituali di stampa of the Venetian Giolito publishing house. This printed list, kept in the Biblioteca Comunale Augusta in Perugia, includes the descriptions of 81 devotional and religious sixteenth century books with their prices expressed in Venetian lire (an account money). The aim of the research is to illustrate the price policy of the Giolito firm between 1587 and 1592, and the segment of the market they intended to serve. For this purpose, on the basis of the books priced, the list has been dated and placed in chronological relation with other already known Giolito sales catalogues. In the second part of the article, average prices per printing sheet are calculated and the relationships between prices and dates, languages and formats are taken into consideration. In the end, the reasons why some few editions were proposed on the market at a higher price are discussed. The list is published in the Appendix, L’articolo presenta il catalogo di vendita Libri spirituali di stampa dell’editore veneziano Giolito. Si tratta di un foglio a stampa, di cui è nota una sola copia conservata alla Biblioteca Augusta di Perugia, che descrive 81 edizioni di argomento religioso e devozionale indicandone i prezzi in lire veneziane, una moneta di conto. Lo scopo della ricerca è illustrare la politica dei prezzi dell’editore Giolito tra il 1587 e il 1592, con qualche accenno al segmento di mercato cui si rivolgeva. Il catalogo è datato sulla base delle edizioni che vi sono elencate e viene posto in relazione cronologica con gli altri cataloghi di vendita già noti dello stesso editore. Nella seconda parte dell’articolo sono calcolati i prezzi medi per foglio di stampa e sono prese in considerazione le relazioni tra prezzo e data, prezzo e lingua, e prezzo e formato delle singole edizioni. Infine si discutono le ragioni per cui alcune edizioni vennero proposte sul mercato a un prezzo superiore alla media. Il catalogo è pubblicato integralmente in Appendice.

In the final period of the Portuguese Ancien Regime, the censorship structure established during the reignof Dom José I served as a direct and fundamental agent in defining the scholarly rules governing the Portuguese language. Throughout the last decades of the eighteenth century, the censors regulated texts that were printed or circulated within the Empire,and also corrected and defined spelling rules, literary styles, grammar, and, in particular, the use of “foreign” words. Having been widely documented in the written opinions expressed by the censors themselves, the effects of this normative action are especially visible in the texts translated into Portuguese at the time, No período final do Antigo Regime português, o aparato censório montado no reinado de D. José I foi um agente direto e fundamental na definição da regra culta do vernáculo lusitano. A atuação dos censores ao longo dessas décadas regulou os textos impressos ou que circulavam pelos domínios do Império, mas também ocorreu no sentido de corrigir, regular e definir normas de ortografia, regência, estilo literário e, particularmente, a importação de vocábulos “estrangeiros.” Fartamente documentada nos pareceres escritos pelos próprios censores, esta atuação normatizadora é especialmente visível noque diz respeito aos textos traduzidos para a língua portuguesa no período.

Ignacio Boix y Blay was a bookseller, printer and editor who displayed an intense activity during the second third of the 19th Century, mainly in Spain, but also in some strategic points of its overseas territories and Europe. Boix is a paradigmatic exponent of the modern Spanish publishing and typographic market, in a transitional stage between the ancient guild practices of the Old Regime and the creation of the new modern literary market. In fact, he is present in almost any exploration on the 19th Century book publishing and printing; however, no comprehensive study on the topic has been conducted so far and the scattered information available about him is insufficient to understand the scope of this figure. To fill that gap, a journey through the biographical, editorial and investing trajectory of Boix is offered through hemerographic, archival and bibliographical research. The aim of this study is to place Boix on the map of the 19th Century Hispanic edition, Ignacio Boix y Blay fue un librero, impresor y editor que desplegó una intensa actividad durante el segundo tercio del siglo XIX, fundamentalmente en Madrid, pero también en otros puntos estratégicos de la península, Europa y Ultramar. Exponente paradigmático del mercado editorial y tipográfico español moderno en una etapa de transición entre las antiguas prácticas gremiales del Antiguo Régimen y la conformación del nuevo mercado literario moderno, Boix está presente en casi cualquier exploración sobre el libro, la imprenta o la edición decimonónicos; sin embargo, hasta ahora no ha suscitado un estudio detenido y la información dispersa que sobre él se tiene es insuficiente para comprender el alcance de su figura. Para cubrir ese vacío, a través de la investigación hemerográfica, archivística y bibliográfica se ofrece un recorrido por su trayectoria biográfica, editorial y empresarial con el objetivo de ubicar a Boix en el mapa de la edición hispánica decimonónica

In the final period of the Portuguese Ancien Regime, the censorship structure established during the reignof Dom José I served as a direct and fundamental agent in defining the scholarly rules governing the Portuguese language. Throughout the last decades of the eighteenth century, the censors regulated texts that were printed or circulated within the Empire,and also corrected and defined spelling rules, literary styles, grammar, and, in particular, the use of “foreign” words. Having been widely documented in the written opinions expressed by the censors themselves, the effects of this normative action are especially visible in the texts translated into Portuguese at the time, No período final do Antigo Regime português, o aparato censório montado no reinado de D. José I foi um agente direto e fundamental na definição da regra culta do vernáculo lusitano. A atuação dos censores ao longo dessas décadas regulou os textos impressos ou que circulavam pelos domínios do Império, mas também ocorreu no sentido de corrigir, regular e definir normas de ortografia, regência, estilo literário e, particularmente, a importação de vocábulos “estrangeiros.” Fartamente documentada nos pareceres escritos pelos próprios censores, esta atuação normatizadora é especialmente visível noque diz respeito aos textos traduzidos para a língua portuguesa no período.

Ignacio Boix y Blay was a bookseller, printer and editor who displayed an intense activity during the second third of the 19th Century, mainly in Spain, but also in some strategic points of its overseas territories and Europe. Boix is a paradigmatic exponent of the modern Spanish publishing and typographic market, in a transitional stage between the ancient guild practices of the Old Regime and the creation of the new modern literary market. In fact, he is present in almost any exploration on the 19th Century book publishing and printing; however, no comprehensive study on the topic has been conducted so far and the scattered information available about him is insufficient to understand the scope of this figure. To fill that gap, a journey through the biographical, editorial and investing trajectory of Boix is offered through hemerographic, archival and bibliographical research. The aim of this study is to place Boix on the map of the 19th Century Hispanic edition, Ignacio Boix y Blay fue un librero, impresor y editor que desplegó una intensa actividad durante el segundo tercio del siglo XIX, fundamentalmente en Madrid, pero también en otros puntos estratégicos de la península, Europa y Ultramar. Exponente paradigmático del mercado editorial y tipográfico español moderno en una etapa de transición entre las antiguas prácticas gremiales del Antiguo Régimen y la conformación del nuevo mercado literario moderno, Boix está presente en casi cualquier exploración sobre el libro, la imprenta o la edición decimonónicos; sin embargo, hasta ahora no ha suscitado un estudio detenido y la información dispersa que sobre él se tiene es insuficiente para comprender el alcance de su figura. Para cubrir ese vacío, a través de la investigación hemerográfica, archivística y bibliográfica se ofrece un recorrido por su trayectoria biográfica, editorial y empresarial con el objetivo de ubicar a Boix en el mapa de la edición hispánica decimonónica

This article illustrates an early modern sales list of books, the Libri spirituali di stampa of the Venetian Giolito publishing house. This printed list, kept in the Biblioteca Comunale Augusta in Perugia, includes the descriptions of 81 devotional and religious sixteenth century books with their prices expressed in Venetian lire (an account money). The aim of the research is to illustrate the price policy of the Giolito firm between 1587 and 1592, and the segment of the market they intended to serve. For this purpose, on the basis of the books priced, the list has been dated and placed in chronological relation with other already known Giolito sales catalogues. In the second part of the article, average prices per printing sheet are calculated and the relationships between prices and dates, languages and formats are taken into consideration. In the end, the reasons why some few editions were proposed on the market at a higher price are discussed. The list is published in the Appendix, L’articolo presenta il catalogo di vendita Libri spirituali di stampa dell’editore veneziano Giolito. Si tratta di un foglio a stampa, di cui è nota una sola copia conservata alla Biblioteca Augusta di Perugia, che descrive 81 edizioni di argomento religioso e devozionale indicandone i prezzi in lire veneziane, una moneta di conto. Lo scopo della ricerca è illustrare la politica dei prezzi dell’editore Giolito tra il 1587 e il 1592, con qualche accenno al segmento di mercato cui si rivolgeva. Il catalogo è datato sulla base delle edizioni che vi sono elencate e viene posto in relazione cronologica con gli altri cataloghi di vendita già noti dello stesso editore. Nella seconda parte dell’articolo sono calcolati i prezzi medi per foglio di stampa e sono prese in considerazione le relazioni tra prezzo e data, prezzo e lingua, e prezzo e formato delle singole edizioni. Infine si discutono le ragioni per cui alcune edizioni vennero proposte sul mercato a un prezzo superiore alla media. Il catalogo è pubblicato integralmente in Appendice.

Printed advertisements and lists of books for sales were used by publishers and booksellers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries respectively to promote and increase the sale of books in distant markets. This article proposes an overall interpretation of the uses of these catalogues in the trade in books, the purposes they were designed to fulfil, and the reading public(s) they aimed to reach. Specific attention is paid to the book prices which are found in about 30% of the surviving printed catalogues. These represent a reliable testimony to the pricing policies some of the most important publishing firms, and the segments of the market they intended to serve. The catalogues are therefore among the main sources for our understanding of the mechanisms of the early modern book trade and its economic structure., Gli annunci pubblicitari e i cataloghi dei libri in commercio venivano stampati da editori e librai nel XV e XVI secolo rispettivamente per promuovere e incrementare la vendita dei libri, specialmente su mercati distanti. Questo articolo propone un'interpretazione generale degli usi di tali strumenti nel commercio di libri, degli scopi per i quali venivano prodotti e del pubblico che intendevano raggiungere. Un'attenzione specifica è rivolta ai prezzi dei libri che si trovano nel 30% circa dei cataloghi stampati sopravvissuti. Questi ultimi cataloghi rappresentano una testimonianza attendibile della politica dei prezzi operata dalle principali case editrici e del segmento di mercato a cui miravano. Essi risultano perciò tra le principali fonti per la nostra comprensione dei meccanismi del commercio librario nell’età moderna e delle sue strutture economiche.

The difficulties associated with the creation of a large database of book prices include giving effective answers to questionssuch as how prices were formed during the various steps of the production process (sedimentation of production costs, costsrelated to the sale) or what the nature of the assigned value is (estimated in the case of used books, or of stock inventories,or the result of special conditions offered to specific customers, etc.). But first it is necessary to reflect on the interpretationgiven to the figures provided by the heterogeneous documentation which supports the creation of such a database. Themany reference currencies in which these prices are expressed, depending on the monetary area of action of the economicoperators (printers, booksellers, customers) are likely to confuse and mislead if their exact meaning is not clearly understood.This problem becomes even more urgent when, for example, the primary sources are the private notes of a collector whorecorded how much he had paid for a book, or when two different currencies in place or in time have the same name. Thisaspect is also crucial in comparing different places and markets. Was the price expressed in money of account or in coinedmoney? In domestic or foreign currency? Is it possible to relate two prices expressed in different currencies?The purpose of this paper is therefore to explore in greater depth some of the economic-monetary aspects of RenaissanceEurope in order to help clarify any doubts or misreadings by building a reliable picture of the various types of currency usedin Europe between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This is an essential step to subsequently address the possibilityof comparing prices expressed in different currencies as they emerged on different markets., Le difficoltà legate alla creazione di una banca dati dei prezzi dei libri comprendono la possibilità di offrire risposte efficaci a domande quali le modalità della formazione del prezzo durante le varie fasi del processo produttivo (sedimentazione dei costi di produzione, costi relativi alla vendita) o la natura del valore assegnato (stimato nel caso di libri usati, di scorte di magazzino, o a seguito di condizioni speciali offerte a specifici clienti, ecc). Ma prima di tutto è necessario riflettere sull'interpretazione da dare alle cifre fornite dall’eterogenea documentazione che permette la creazione di tale banca dati. Le numerose valute di riferimento in cui i prezzi sono espressi, a seconda dell’area monetaria in cui si muovevano i diversi operatori economici (editori, commercianti, clienti), rischiano di confondere e fuorviare se il loro esatto significato non è chiaramente compreso. Questo problema diventa ancora più urgente quando, ad esempio, le fonti primarie sono le note private di un collezionista riguardo al prezzo d’acquisto di un libro, o quando due valute diverse nello spazio o nel tempo hanno lo stesso nome. Questo aspetto è cruciale anche per confrontare i diversi luoghi e mercati. Il prezzo era espresso in moneta di conto o in moneta coniata? In valuta nazionale o estera? È possibile rapportare due prezzi espressi in valute diverse?Lo scopo del presente contributo è quindi quello di approfondire alcuni aspetti economico-monetari dell’Europa rinascimentale per contribuire a chiarire eventuali dubbi o fraintendimenti, costruendo un quadro attendibile dei vari tipi di moneta utilizzati in Europa tra il XVI e il XVII secolo. Si tratta di un passo essenziale per affrontare successivamente il confronto di prezzi espressi in più valute poiché emersi su mercati differenti.

Theories of Reading from Nineteenth-Century American Fiction proceeds from the claim that when we read nineteenth-century American literature, we read about reading. From characters depicted with books in hand, to citations of newspapers within novels, nineteenth-century texts teem with depictions of overt and implied reading. While diverse scenes of reading are everywhere in nineteenth-century American literature, the stories Americanist critics tell about reading in this period are surprisingly limited. Though literature does not depict reading solely (or even usually) as a means to cultivate subjectivity, Americanist criticism seems unable to resist framing all modes of reading as a mechanism for cultivating liberal subjects and spurring participation in the public sphere. The question that drives Theories of Reading from Nineteenth-Century American Fiction is: what else could we say about reading if we suspended our belief that to read is always to participate in an enlightenment project?This dissertation mines scenes of reading from five key texts to articulate multiple and competing theories of reading that are not bound up with discussions of liberal subject formation or debates about the public sphere. I define a “scene of reading” as a tableau in which there is a prior, potential, or present relationship between a witness and a text. This capacious definition collects an array of representations that imply, reference, or contain the possibility for reading under a single heading. Across four chapters and an epilogue, I explicate theories of reading as an activity that affects one’s perception of the world in The Sketch-Book (1820); registers in the feeling body in Wieland (1798); intervenes in social relations in Hope Leslie (1827); is irreducibly material and ideologically changeable in Clotel (1853); and proves the limits of our ability to textualize bodies of knowledge in Moby-Dick (1851). I examine interpolated letters, reprinted poems, moments of newsp

From tweets to GIFs to memes, social media is awash in bite-sized texts that are perfect for quick, instantaneous consumption and viral sharing. Mixed up in the raucous frenzy of social media, however, are excerpts that originate from print media: quotations from novelists, poets, philosophers, and other authors. The book, far from extinct, has nevertheless become "fragmented," circulating in new ways on digital networks.This study examines the phenomenon of quotations—especially those from books—on the social network Tumblr. Its fundamental question is whether the fragmentation of the book represents a threat to traditional forms of attentive, immersive engagement with long-form texts.The study reports on three research phases, each with distinct methods and data. The first phase, relying on qualitative and quantitative discourse analysis, examined the role of books and traditionally print-based discourses within the context of Tumblr. The second employed ethnographic data techniques, questionnaires and interviews, to uncover Tumblr users' purposes for sharing quotes from books as well as the ways that quoting connects to these users' broader experiences of literacy. The third phase used computational linguistics to distinguish between different types of quotations and to illuminate the features that contribute to "quotability."This study finds that quotation can be—though is not always—intertwined with traditional forms of reading and literate attention. Chapter 3 demonstrates that the quoting of books in particular is a fundamental part of the larger practice of quoting on Tumblr; it further illustrates some of the wide variety of quotations that circulate on this network, from misquotations attributed to famous authors to those quotes that are carefully annotated with bibliographic information, scholarly vocabulary, and other signs of deep familiarity with source texts. Chapter 4 reveals that, for those who quote from books on Tumblr, quoting is often not a form

El impresor flamenco Martín Nucio publicó la editio princeps del Cancionero de romances sin fecha de impresión. Al ser un producto que inaugura un género editorial, el dato es fundamental no solo para la historia de esta colección de romances, sino para la mismísima historia del libro y de la imprenta. Se revisa la falta de consistencia de los argumentos previos (que retrasaban la fecha, incluso, a 1549, un año antes de su segunda edición), para aportar otros que justifican que este proyecto editorial se gestó e, incluso, se imprimió en 1546., The Flemish printer Martín Nucio published the editio princeps of the Cancionero de romances without print date. Being a product that inaugurates an editorial genre, the data is fundamental not only for the history of this collection of novels, but for the very history of the book and the printing. The lack of consistency of the previous arguments (which delayed the date, even to 1549, a year before its second edition) is reviewed, in order to contribute others that justify that this editorial project was conceived and even printed in 1546.

In this ground-breaking study, Linn Holmberg provides new perspectives on the Enlightenment ‘dictionary wars’ and offers a fascinating insight into the intellectual reorientation of a monastic community in the Age of Reason. In mid-eighteenth-century Paris, two Benedictine monks from the Congregation of Saint-Maur – also known as the Maurists – began working on a universal dictionary of arts, crafts, and sciences. At the same time, Diderot and D’Alembert started to compile the famous Encyclopédie. The Benedictines, however, never finished or published their work and the manuscripts were left, forgotten, in the monastery archive. In the first study devoted to the Maurists’ unfinished encyclopedia, Holmberg explores the project’s origins, development, and abandonment and sheds new light on the intellectual activities of its creators, the emergence of the encyclopedic dictionary in France, and the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D’Alembert. Holmberg adopts a multidisciplinary approach to the challenges of studying a hitherto unexplored and incomplete manuscript. By using codicology and handwriting analysis, the author reconstructs the drafts’ order of production, estimates the number of compilers and the nature of their work, and detects comprehensive editorial interferences made by nineteenth-century conservators at the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Holmberg’s meticulous work proves, with textual evidence, the Maurist dictionary’s origins as an augmented translation of a mathematical dictionary by Christian Wolff. Through comparing the Maurists’ manuscripts to the Encyclopédie and the Jesuits’ Dictionnaire de Trévoux, the author highlights striking similarities between the Benedictine project and that of Diderot and D’Alembert, showing that the philosophes were neither first with their encyclopedic innovations, nor alone in their secular Enlightenment endeavours.

In the last five years, Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) store has flourished, allowing entrepreneurs and authors to upload their works for sale to Amazon's worldwide audience. The self-published works that dominate the KDP store are fiction, but local histories and memoirs have also found their way to Amazon. Many of these books are non-traditional histories; they are amateur works on community and family stories, memoirs, and life writing. This new and egalitarian historical production has considerable implications for public historians, librarians, and archivists. How it will impact or change the creation of the historical record and influence the field of history remains to be seen. This research project and its accompanying dissertation will situate some of these histories in their greater historiographical field by conducting a close reading of each, and it will utilize microhistorical methodology and standpoint theory to analyze their significance. While there have been some initial quantitative analyses of self-publishing (Dilevko and Dali, 2006; Bradley et al, 2011), no studies have conducted close readings of these texts or explored their content and subject matter in an in-depth way. This study will ultimately argue that many of these self-published works have a place in the public sphere as useful pieces of intimate, personal, and sometimes firsthand knowledge of past events, and that they should be studied as important and new styles of historical production. As records of a uniquely 21st century outlook, they offer future generations insight into American experiences from ordinary people who were previously unable to publish their thoughts, stories, and ideas without considerable financial cost to themselves, and who have now taken advantage of new technological products and publication formats to share the histories they deemed important enough to write. Further, these new technologies and KDP have facilitated a kind of "People's" expression th

El impresor flamenco Martín Nucio publicó la editio princeps del Cancionero de romances sin fecha de impresión. Al ser un producto que inaugura un género editorial, el dato es fundamental no solo para la historia de esta colección de romances, sino para la mismísima historia del libro y de la imprenta. Se revisa la falta de consistencia de los argumentos previos (que retrasaban la fecha, incluso, a 1549, un año antes de su segunda edición), para aportar otros que justifican que este proyecto editorial se gestó e, incluso, se imprimió en 1546., The Flemish printer Martín Nucio published the editio princeps of the Cancionero de romances without print date. Being a product that inaugurates an editorial genre, the data is fundamental not only for the history of this collection of novels, but for the very history of the book and the printing. The lack of consistency of the previous arguments (which delayed the date, even to 1549, a year before its second edition) is reviewed, in order to contribute others that justify that this editorial project was conceived and even printed in 1546.

From tweets to GIFs to memes, social media is awash in bite-sized texts that are perfect for quick, instantaneous consumption and viral sharing. Mixed up in the raucous frenzy of social media, however, are excerpts that originate from print media: quotations from novelists, poets, philosophers, and other authors. The book, far from extinct, has nevertheless become "fragmented," circulating in new ways on digital networks.This study examines the phenomenon of quotations—especially those from books—on the social network Tumblr. Its fundamental question is whether the fragmentation of the book represents a threat to traditional forms of attentive, immersive engagement with long-form texts.The study reports on three research phases, each with distinct methods and data. The first phase, relying on qualitative and quantitative discourse analysis, examined the role of books and traditionally print-based discourses within the context of Tumblr. The second employed ethnographic data techniques, questionnaires and interviews, to uncover Tumblr users' purposes for sharing quotes from books as well as the ways that quoting connects to these users' broader experiences of literacy. The third phase used computational linguistics to distinguish between different types of quotations and to illuminate the features that contribute to "quotability."This study finds that quotation can be—though is not always—intertwined with traditional forms of reading and literate attention. Chapter 3 demonstrates that the quoting of books in particular is a fundamental part of the larger practice of quoting on Tumblr; it further illustrates some of the wide variety of quotations that circulate on this network, from misquotations attributed to famous authors to those quotes that are carefully annotated with bibliographic information, scholarly vocabulary, and other signs of deep familiarity with source texts. Chapter 4 reveals that, for those who quote from books on Tumblr, quoting is often not a form

A review of different methodologies applied in the study of fine bookbinding over time is presented. To this end, we draw upon the vision of binding art in general treatises first, and specific manuals then. The change in the paradigm motivated by the 19th century bibliophile movement, and its impact on the subsequent 20th and 21st centuries studies, is discussed. Ultimately, we analyze the significance of new technologies in the research and dissemination of fine bookbinding, as they establish bonds with the semantic web and the virtual musealisation of books., Se presenta una revisión de las distintas metodologías aplicadas a lo largo del tiempo en el estudio de la encuadernación artística. Para ello, se recurre a la visión del arte ligatorio en tratados generales primero, y en manuales específicos después. Se atiende, asimismo, al cambio de paradigma motivado por el movimiento bibliófilo del siglo XIX, y a su repercusión en los posteriores estudios de los siglos XX y XXI. En último término, se analiza la importancia de las nuevas tecnologías en la investigación y difusión de la encuadernación artística, en medida que establecen vínculos con la web semántica y la musealización virtual del libro.

A review of different methodologies applied in the study of fine bookbinding over time is presented. To this end, we draw upon the vision of binding art in general treatises first, and specific manuals then. The change in the paradigm motivated by the 19th century bibliophile movement, and its impact on the subsequent 20th and 21st centuries studies, is discussed. Ultimately, we analyze the significance of new technologies in the research and dissemination of fine bookbinding, as they establish bonds with the semantic web and the virtual musealisation of books., Se presenta una revisión de las distintas metodologías aplicadas a lo largo del tiempo en el estudio de la encuadernación artística. Para ello, se recurre a la visión del arte ligatorio en tratados generales primero, y en manuales específicos después. Se atiende, asimismo, al cambio de paradigma motivado por el movimiento bibliófilo del siglo XIX, y a su repercusión en los posteriores estudios de los siglos XX y XXI. En último término, se analiza la importancia de las nuevas tecnologías en la investigación y difusión de la encuadernación artística, en medida que establecen vínculos con la web semántica y la musealización virtual del libro.

It is critically consider issues related to Brazilians’ literary education,analyzing how their reader’s history was built (and the myth of the nonreader),in a reading practice sociology approach. We seek to understandwho the readership of colonial Brazil was until the early twentieth century,and how the transition of a European culture consumer’s country to acountry that produces its own culture was. Four major events thatcontributed to promote the reading culture in Brazil are discussed: a) thecensorship abolition in 1820; b) the end of the government monopoly overthe press in 1821; c) the establishment of higher education in Brazil in 1827;d) investments in public education, particularly for women, around 1834; e)the professionalization of writers. The story of the book and readers’education were constituted between the habit of servitude and the desire forfreedom.

It is critically consider issues related to Brazilians’ literary education,analyzing how their reader’s history was built (and the myth of the nonreader),in a reading practice sociology approach. We seek to understandwho the readership of colonial Brazil was until the early twentieth century,and how the transition of a European culture consumer’s country to acountry that produces its own culture was. Four major events thatcontributed to promote the reading culture in Brazil are discussed: a) thecensorship abolition in 1820; b) the end of the government monopoly overthe press in 1821; c) the establishment of higher education in Brazil in 1827;d) investments in public education, particularly for women, around 1834; e)the professionalization of writers. The story of the book and readers’education were constituted between the habit of servitude and the desire forfreedom.

It is critically consider issues related to Brazilians’ literary education,analyzing how their reader’s history was built (and the myth of the nonreader),in a reading practice sociology approach. We seek to understandwho the readership of colonial Brazil was until the early twentieth century,and how the transition of a European culture consumer’s country to acountry that produces its own culture was. Four major events thatcontributed to promote the reading culture in Brazil are discussed: a) thecensorship abolition in 1820; b) the end of the government monopoly overthe press in 1821; c) the establishment of higher education in Brazil in 1827;d) investments in public education, particularly for women, around 1834; e)the professionalization of writers. The story of the book and readers’education were constituted between the habit of servitude and the desire forfreedom.

It is critically consider issues related to Brazilians’ literary education,analyzing how their reader’s history was built (and the myth of the nonreader),in a reading practice sociology approach. We seek to understandwho the readership of colonial Brazil was until the early twentieth century,and how the transition of a European culture consumer’s country to acountry that produces its own culture was. Four major events thatcontributed to promote the reading culture in Brazil are discussed: a) thecensorship abolition in 1820; b) the end of the government monopoly overthe press in 1821; c) the establishment of higher education in Brazil in 1827;d) investments in public education, particularly for women, around 1834; e)the professionalization of writers. The story of the book and readers’education were constituted between the habit of servitude and the desire forfreedom.

This article comprises a visit to the library of Fray Cristóbal de Torres, an exemplary reader in 17th century Nueva Granada, Archbishop of Santafé de Bogotá and founder of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. The nature of this library is analyzed in comparison to others from the time, as well as some aspects related to the circulation of knowledge in Spain and America, through the analysis of the texts donated to Colegio Mayor del Rosario by the archbishop. Likewise, this article presents some conclusions regarding the conditions of education in 17th century Nueva Granada., Cet article fait un parcours par la bibliothèque de Fray Cristóbal de Torres, lecteur en Nouvelle Grenade du XVIIe siècle, Archevêque de Santafé de Bogota et fondateur du Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. Le texte analyse les traits de cette bibliothèque en tissant une comparaison avec d’autres de la même époque, ainsi que certains aspects de la circulation de savoirs en Espagne et en Amérique à partir de l’analyse des textes donnés par l’Archevêque au Colegio Mayor del Rosario. L’article permet de mieux comprendre la situation de l’éducation dans la Nouvelle Grenade du XVIIe siècle., El presente artículo es un recorrido por la biblioteca de Fray Cristóbal de Torres, lector del siglo XVII en la Nueva Granada, Arzobispo de Santafé de Bogotá y fundador del Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. En él se analiza la naturaleza de dicha biblioteca en comparación con otras de la época, así como aspectos relacionados con la circulación de saberes en España y América a partir del análisis de los textos donados por el Arzobispo al Colegio Mayor del Rosario. De igual manera, el artículo permite sacar conclusiones sobre las condiciones de la educación en la Nueva Granada del siglo XVII.

This paper analyzes, from the perspective of the history of the book, a judgment given in 1431 by the ecclesiastical court of Évora, involving the prosecutor of the Monastery of St. Francis of Évora (plaintiff) and a representative of the Church of Viana do Alentejo (defendant). The dispute centers on a manuscript book containing a Flos Sanctorum, whose legitimate possession both litigants claim. The description of the book and the parties’ arguments allow us historically to contextualize the manuscript, its material value and its alleged journey through the hands of several owners, Este artigo analisa, na perspectiva da história do livro, uma sentença judicial dada em 1431 pelo tribunal eclesiástico de Évora, ao qual compareceram o procurador do Mosteiro de S. Francisco de Évora (queixoso), e um representante da Igreja de Viana do Alentejo (réu). Disputam um livro manuscrito, que contém um Flos Sanctorum, cuja legítima posse ambos os litigantes reclamam. A descrição do livro e o relato das razões apresentadas pelas partes permite contextualizar historicamente o manuscrito, o seu valor material e os alegados percursos pelas mãos de vários possuidores.

This article comprises a visit to the library of Fray Cristóbal de Torres, an exemplary reader in 17th century Nueva Granada, Archbishop of Santafé de Bogotá and founder of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. The nature of this library is analyzed in comparison to others from the time, as well as some aspects related to the circulation of knowledge in Spain and America, through the analysis of the texts donated to Colegio Mayor del Rosario by the archbishop. Likewise, this article presents some conclusions regarding the conditions of education in 17th century Nueva Granada., Cet article fait un parcours par la bibliothèque de Fray Cristóbal de Torres, lecteur en Nouvelle Grenade du XVIIe siècle, Archevêque de Santafé de Bogota et fondateur du Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. Le texte analyse les traits de cette bibliothèque en tissant une comparaison avec d’autres de la même époque, ainsi que certains aspects de la circulation de savoirs en Espagne et en Amérique à partir de l’analyse des textes donnés par l’Archevêque au Colegio Mayor del Rosario. L’article permet de mieux comprendre la situation de l’éducation dans la Nouvelle Grenade du XVIIe siècle., El presente artículo es un recorrido por la biblioteca de Fray Cristóbal de Torres, lector del siglo XVII en la Nueva Granada, Arzobispo de Santafé de Bogotá y fundador del Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. En él se analiza la naturaleza de dicha biblioteca en comparación con otras de la época, así como aspectos relacionados con la circulación de saberes en España y América a partir del análisis de los textos donados por el Arzobispo al Colegio Mayor del Rosario. De igual manera, el artículo permite sacar conclusiones sobre las condiciones de la educación en la Nueva Granada del siglo XVII.

This paper analyzes, from the perspective of the history of the book, a judgment given in 1431 by the ecclesiastical court of Évora, involving the prosecutor of the Monastery of St. Francis of Évora (plaintiff) and a representative of the Church of Viana do Alentejo (defendant). The dispute centers on a manuscript book containing a Flos Sanctorum, whose legitimate possession both litigants claim. The description of the book and the parties’ arguments allow us historically to contextualize the manuscript, its material value and its alleged journey through the hands of several owners, Este artigo analisa, na perspectiva da história do livro, uma sentença judicial dada em 1431 pelo tribunal eclesiástico de Évora, ao qual compareceram o procurador do Mosteiro de S. Francisco de Évora (queixoso), e um representante da Igreja de Viana do Alentejo (réu). Disputam um livro manuscrito, que contém um Flos Sanctorum, cuja legítima posse ambos os litigantes reclamam. A descrição do livro e o relato das razões apresentadas pelas partes permite contextualizar historicamente o manuscrito, o seu valor material e os alegados percursos pelas mãos de vários possuidores.

DER PRESSBENGEL / THE BONE FOLDER: A DIALOGUE BETWEEN AN AESTHETICALLY- INCLINED BIBLIOPHILE AND A WELL-VERSED-IN-ALL-ASPECTS-OF-THE- CRAFT BOOKBINDER By Ernst Collin, translated and introduced by Peter D. Verheyen Der Pressbengel, by Ernst Collin, was originally published in German in 1922. Conceived as a dialogue between a bibliophile and a master bookbinder on all aspects of the bookbinding craft as well as specific techniques, the text also addresses the conflicts between quality and cost and matters of good taste. The family and bindery of W. Collin were Court Bookbinders in Berlin from the mid 1800 until the "liquidation" of the firm under the Nazis. It is this legacy and the work that they produced that is basis of Ernst Collin's work. This 2nd edition features a corrected and expanded biographical introduction by the translator, and discusses the historical context of the decline of formal training, a trend that continues today. This text is laid-out for printing double-sided on 8.5" x 11" paper and binding in workshops and demonstrations related to the history of the book, book arts, and related topics. Please discard the first two sheets after printing. More information on the Collins and German bookbinding during the 19th - 20th centuries can be found on the author's Pressbengel Project Blog. For information and binding ideas contact the publisher and/or order Karen Hanmer's Contemporary Paper Bindings: A guide to bookbinding techniques, tools, and materials that features many structures, including non-adhesive.

In this dissertation, I tell the story of midcentury attempts to establish, develop, and study bibliotherapy in the US. I follow three groups-hospital librarians, psychologists and psychiatrists, and language arts educators-from the 1930s to the 1960s, when each in its own ways expressed belief in the therapeutic power of reading and set out to enact that belief as a legitimate practice in the evolving contexts of its profession and in the broader culture. These professionals tried to learn what happened within people during and after reading, and they attempted to use what they learned to apply reading toward healthy ends. Today, therapeutic reading has become commonplace to the extent that it seems natural. In this dissertation, I aim to recover and explore the midcentury processes by which therapeutic reading came to seem at once natural, medical, and scientific. I argue that midcentury bibliotherapy functioned in concert with an evolving cultural narrative that I call "reading for health." The reading for health narrative gathers up into a coherent story various and deep beliefs and commonplaces about the power of books over our minds and our bodies. In midcentury bibliotherapy, reading for health was reinvigorated as a story about the marriage of science and culture, a unity narrative that claimed the iconic book-capable of swaying minds and societies alike, and burnished with all that western civilization signified-for the professions that applied reading toward their healthy ends. As I demonstrate, however, these narratives were not confined to discrete professions, but functioned as a part of a larger cultural movement set upon the shifting fault lines of the humanities and science. Each of the groups I follow took an avid interest in what I have called the embodied reader. Rather than viewing reading as an act of a disembodied mind, they understood the practice as a psychosomatic experience in which mind and body could not be disconnected. Moreover, they be

In mid-eighteenth century Paris, two Benedictine monks from the Congregation of Saint-Maur – also known as the Maurists – started compiling a universal dictionary of arts, crafts, and sciences. The project was initiated simultaneously with what would become one of the most famous literary enterprises in Western intellectual history: the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d’Alembert. The latter started as an augmented translation of Ephraim Chambers’s Cyclopaedia, but it was constructed with another French dictionary as its ideological counterpart: the Jesuits’ Dictionnaire de Trévoux. While the Encyclopédie eventually turned into a controversial but successful best-seller, considered as the most important medium of Enlightenment thought, the Benedictines never finished or published their work. After a decade, the manuscripts were put aside in the monastery library, and were soon forgotten. For about two hundred and sixty years, the Maurists’ dictionary material has largely escaped the attention of researchers, and its history of production has been unknown. This dissertation examines the history and characteristics of the Maurists’ enterprise. The manuscripts are compared to the Encyclopédie and the Dictionnaire de Trévoux, and the project situated within its monastic environment of production, the history of the encyclopedic dictionary, and the Enlightenment culture. The study has an interdisciplinary character and combines perspectives of History of Science and Ideas, History of Monasticism, History of Encyclopedism, and History of the Book. The research procedure is distinguished by a microhistorical approach, where the studied materials are analyzed in a detailed manner, and the research process included in the narrative. The dissertation shows that the Maurists early found themselves in a rival situation with the embryonic Encyclopédie, and that the two projects had several common denominators that distinguished them from the predecessors within the genre.