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In the construction sector, progress in the development of information technology is very rapid, providing many benefits for construction work that has a level of difficulty and complexity in the work process, including the field of AEC (Arobitect Engineering Construction). The data used in this research are primary data and secondary data from the project at the Arjasa health center building project, Sumenep Regency, East Java. Data collection was carried out quantitatively. This data will later be used in modeling using Tekla Stuctures 2022 software. Based on the case study, 3D modeling is carried out starting from the process of making grids, elevations, foot plate and continuous foundations, sloofs, columns, beams and roofs, followed by 4D modeling or Time Schedule where the schedule the work that has been entered into the task manager is then processed using project visualization, and the last is 5D modeling or cost estimation using Tekla Structures 2022 software. Modeling is done by taking the volume results obtained from 3D building modeling using Tekla Structures 2022 software and then calculating it using Excel. The RAB results obtained for the Polyclinic Building were IDR 224,175,887.47 and for the IGD building IDR 214,707,268.24.

This paper introduces the methods of teaching subjects of drawing geometry and 3D modeling used in the High Aviation Academy in Belgrade. These courses are attended in the first year of basic vocational studies of the Department of Aeronautical Mechanical Engineering. The paper will present the objectives of studying subjects, learning outcomes, auditory exercises, as well as learning through the work of students.

Scene understanding is an important area in robotics and autonomous driving. To accomplish these tasks, the 3D structures in the scene have to be inferred to know what the objects and their locations are. To this end, semantic segmentation and disparity estimation networks are typically used, but running them individually is inefficient since they require high-performance resources. A possible solution is to learn both tasks together using a multi-task approach. Some current methods address this problem by learning semantic segmentation and monocular depth together. However, monocular depth estimation from single images is an ill-posed problem. A better solution is to estimate the disparity between two stereo images and take advantage of this additional information to improve the segmentation. This work proposes an efficient multi-task method that jointly learns disparity and semantic segmentation. Employing a Siamese backbone architecture for multi-scale feature extraction, the method integrates specialized branches for disparity estimation and coarse and refined segmentations, leveraging progressive task-specific feature sharing and attention mechanisms to enhance accuracy for solving both tasks concurrently. The proposal achieves state-of-the-art results for joint segmentation and disparity estimation on three distinct datasets: Cityscapes, TrimBot2020 Garden, and S-ROSeS, using only of the parameters of previous approaches.

[ES] En el presente trabajo se realiza de manera práctica el diseño y modelado 3D de un personaje para un videojuego. Además del modelado, también se ejecuta todo el proceso de texturizado, tanto del personaje como de sus armas. Durante el proyecto se usan los conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo del grado, especialmente aquellos aprendidos en las asignaturas relacionadas con los entornos 3D y videojuegos. El personaje que se crea es un robot antropomorfo que vive en un mundo postapocalíptico. El proceso de trabajo abarca desde la conceptualización, bocetos y diseño final del personaje, hasta la creación de este en un entorno 3D digital, utilizando programas específicos como Blender o ZBrush. Partiendo de un modelo de alto nivel poligonal, se crea uno de medio-bajo poligonaje que no comprometa el rendimiento. Como resultado se obtiene un modelo tridimensional completamente terminado y listo para ser usado en un videojuego real., [EN] In this work, the design and 3D modelling of a character for a video game is carried out in a practical way. In addition to the modelling, the whole texturing process is also carried out, both for the character and its weapons. During the project, the knowledge acquired throughout the degree course is used, especially that learnt in the subjects related to 3D environments and video games. The character created is an anthropomorphic robot living in a post-apocalyptic world. The work process ranges from the conceptualisation, sketches and final design of the character, to the creation of the character in a digital 3D environment, using specific programmes such as Blender or ZBrush. Starting from a high polygonal model, a medium-low polygonal model is created that does not compromise performance. The result is a fully finished three-dimensional model ready to be used in a real video game.

[ES] En el presente trabajo se realiza de manera práctica el diseño y modelado 3D de un personaje para un videojuego. Además del modelado, también se ejecuta todo el proceso de texturizado, tanto del personaje como de sus armas. Durante el proyecto se usan los conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo del grado, especialmente aquellos aprendidos en las asignaturas relacionadas con los entornos 3D y videojuegos. El personaje que se crea es un robot antropomorfo que vive en un mundo postapocalíptico. El proceso de trabajo abarca desde la conceptualización, bocetos y diseño final del personaje, hasta la creación de este en un entorno 3D digital, utilizando programas específicos como Blender o ZBrush. Partiendo de un modelo de alto nivel poligonal, se crea uno de medio-bajo poligonaje que no comprometa el rendimiento. Como resultado se obtiene un modelo tridimensional completamente terminado y listo para ser usado en un videojuego real., [EN] In this work, the design and 3D modelling of a character for a video game is carried out in a practical way. In addition to the modelling, the whole texturing process is also carried out, both for the character and its weapons. During the project, the knowledge acquired throughout the degree course is used, especially that learnt in the subjects related to 3D environments and video games. The character created is an anthropomorphic robot living in a post-apocalyptic world. The work process ranges from the conceptualisation, sketches and final design of the character, to the creation of the character in a digital 3D environment, using specific programmes such as Blender or ZBrush. Starting from a high polygonal model, a medium-low polygonal model is created that does not compromise performance. The result is a fully finished three-dimensional model ready to be used in a real video game.

[ES] En el presente trabajo se realiza de manera práctica el diseño y modelado 3D de un personaje para un videojuego. Además del modelado, también se ejecuta todo el proceso de texturizado, tanto del personaje como de sus armas. Durante el proyecto se usan los conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo del grado, especialmente aquellos aprendidos en las asignaturas relacionadas con los entornos 3D y videojuegos. El personaje que se crea es un robot antropomorfo que vive en un mundo postapocalíptico. El proceso de trabajo abarca desde la conceptualización, bocetos y diseño final del personaje, hasta la creación de este en un entorno 3D digital, utilizando programas específicos como Blender o ZBrush. Partiendo de un modelo de alto nivel poligonal, se crea uno de medio-bajo poligonaje que no comprometa el rendimiento. Como resultado se obtiene un modelo tridimensional completamente terminado y listo para ser usado en un videojuego real., [EN] In this work, the design and 3D modelling of a character for a video game is carried out in a practical way. In addition to the modelling, the whole texturing process is also carried out, both for the character and its weapons. During the project, the knowledge acquired throughout the degree course is used, especially that learnt in the subjects related to 3D environments and video games. The character created is an anthropomorphic robot living in a post-apocalyptic world. The work process ranges from the conceptualisation, sketches and final design of the character, to the creation of the character in a digital 3D environment, using specific programmes such as Blender or ZBrush. Starting from a high polygonal model, a medium-low polygonal model is created that does not compromise performance. The result is a fully finished three-dimensional model ready to be used in a real video game.

The geometric features of the conical parts measured by a sine bar requires special devices for basing and fastening. Basing and fixing conical parts on a sine bar is a problem that can lead to deviations in measurements. In the presented study, a fixture for fixing and basing conical details when measuring with a sine bar is designed and manufactured. The device is designed to facilitate the work of the operator in fixing the workpiece during the measurement, which increases the accuracy of the measurements. The developed structure is designed using SolidWorks. After the completion of the 3D model, a choice of material and technology for 3D printing is made. After that, a 3D printer is used for its production. The manufactured device is tested in laboratory studies. The designed device is installed on the sine bar without changing the measurement methodology. The conducted experiments prove its workability and applicability.

This paper reports results of laboratory and 3D numerical modeled pull-out tests with steel ladders and polymeric strip reinforcements. These types of reinforcement are commonly used in reinforced soil walls constructed with concrete facing elements. Laboratory pull-out tests are required to determine accurate and realistic pull-out strength values considering the interaction of specific reinforcement and backfill materials under different confining pressures (i.e., trying to simulate the different reinforcement layer arrangements and load conditions in actual reinforced soil walls). International design Codes for reinforced soil walls provide default values for pull-out strength. However, in many cases, default values are too conservative and/or are not strictly specified for particular reinforcement types. Pull-out tests can be difficult and expensive to perform, thus not being common nor worth for the vast majority of reinforced soil wall projects. Consequently, calibrated numerical models can be useful to predict pull-out response under site-specific conditions, and provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the soil-reinforcement interaction. Details of the numerical approach, including relevant aspects of the soil-reinforcement interfaces, are described. Examples of calibrated numerical predictions for pull-out loads, displacements, and soil-dilatancy effects are presented. The influence of reinforcement, soil and interface stiffnesses is shown. Numerical results provide useful insight for future modelling works of the complex interaction between type-specific backfill materials and reinforcement element, relevant for investigation and/or practical design of reinforced soil walls., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant, Postprint (published version)

Archaeological repositories often operated by universities and museums grapple with space constraints and preservation challenges for materials excavated from archaeological sites. The conventional use of 2D visualization methods, such as photography and illustration, face limitations in capturing the full three-dimensional essence of artifacts. This has stimulated the application of 3D modelling technology in archaeological research. The study evaluates 3D solutions for digital imaging, aiming to enhance accessibility for conservation, research, education, and public engagement. The research assesses the feasibility of integrating 3D technology into regular documentation practices in museums and institutions with low budgets. The objectives are met by exploring the application of 3D imaging technology for documenting and archiving archaeological objects associated with the nineteenth-century Zulu Kingdom in South Africa. Photogrammetry and 3D scanning, such as Scaniverse and Metascan, were employed to model the archaeological materials. The materials were sourced from previous excavations at uMgungundlovu archived at the Five Hundred Year Archive, and from artifacts and features identified during the 2022 field investigations. Through the creation of a digital data management plan and a thorough analysis of various 3D technologies and their applications, 3D models that could improve interactions with archaeological objects were generated. This research proposes methods that can be applied to 3D documentation of materials under curation, in the laboratory, and during fieldwork. In particular, the results advance the development of solutions for the KwaZulu-Natal Amafa and Research Institute and add to the existing 2D images in the Five Hundred Year Archive.

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) brings forth the challenge of effectively managing the second-life and end-of-life cycles for lithium-ion batteries. Augmented Reality (AR) offers a promising solution to sustainably and efficiently dismantle these batteries. This thesis explores the development and evaluation of an AR mobile app specifically designed for guiding the dismantling process of a Volkswagen (VW) ID.4 lithium-ion EV battery. Subsequently, a detailed end-to-end development pipeline is presented, spanning from identifying the correct dismantling steps and building complete 3D reconstructions of the ID.4 battery using photogrammetry and CAD or 3D modelling, to creating an AR mobile application in Unity with the help of Vuforia allowing users to visualize the disassembly steps through an interactive guide. Tracking recognition testing results for each model indicates that simpler models exhibit a higher chance of producing false positives, while composite models have a greater minimum recognition distance compared to the faithfulto-real-life one-piece counterparts. User testing is conducted using a hybrid approach, combining a Figma prototype with video recordings to replicate the app’s behavior in a safe environment, without the physical presence of a high voltage battery. Results show positive user feedback, demonstrating the app’s usability and effectiveness in guiding the dismantling process. Furthermore, the thesis evaluates the app’s performance through the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the Technology Acceptance Model. The obtained SUS score of 80 (Grade B - Good) indicates favorable usability, while the Technology Acceptance Model provides insights into potential users’ perceptions., Den ökande användningen av elektriska fordon (EV) frambringar utmaningen att effektivt hantera andra livscykler och slutlivscykler för litiumjonbatterier. För att hållbart och effektivt demontera dessa batterier erbjuder Augmented Reality (AR) en lovande lösning. Denna uppsats utforskar utvecklingen och utvärderingen av en AR-mobilapplikation som specifikt är utformad för att guida demonteringsprocessen av ett Volkswagen (VW) ID.4 litiumjon EVbatteri. Därefter presenteras en detaljerad genomgående utvecklingsprocess, som sträcker sig från att identifiera korrekta demonteringssteg och skapa kompletta 3D-rekonstruktioner av ID.4-batteriet med hjälp av fotogrammetri och CAD eller 3D-modellering, till att skapa en AR-mobilapplikation i Unity med hjälp av Vuforia, som tillåter användare att visualisera demonteringsstegen genom en interaktiv guide. Resultaten bättre identifieringstester för varje modell indikerar att enklare modeller har större chans att producera falska positiva resultat, medan komplexa modeller har större minsta igenkänningsavstånd jämfört med helhetsmodeller som är trogna verkligheten. Användartester genomförs med hjälp av en hybridmetod som kombinerar en Figma-prototyp med videoinspelningar för att återskapa appens beteende i en säker miljö, utan att behöva ha ett högspänningsbatteri fysiskt närvarande. Resultaten visar positivt användarfeedback och bekräftar appens användarvänlighet och effektivitet vid guidning av demonteringsprocessen. Uppsatsen utvärderar också appens prestanda genom System Usability Scale (SUS) och Technology Acceptance Model. Den erhållna SUS-poängen på 80 (Betyg B - Bra) indikerar en god användbarhet, medan Technology Acceptance Model ger insikter om potentiella användares uppfattningar.

Modelling and numerical simulation have involved a great advance in clinical practice for the prediction of the structural behaviour of soft tissues in certain healthy or pathological scenarios. One of the main features of these simulations is that they can define the geometric parameters of the structure in its initial boundary conditions. In the case of the cornea, there are discrepancies with respect to the initial conditions that depend on whether if it is considered its physiological geometry measured in vivo, or otherwise its geometry in its stress-free state. The choice of one or the other could lead to errors in the simulation model due to the non-linearity of these tissues. In this study, two methodologies were evaluated, the displacement method and the prestress method, to obtain the geometry of non-pathological cornea in its free-of-stress state. Both methodologies allow obtaining the physiological geometry measured in-vivo of the healthy cornea, however, the method of displacements presents a computational architecture that makes it more efficient in numerical simulation, when compared to the pre-stress method. | El modelado y la simulación numérica han supuesto un gran avance en la práctica clínica para la predicción del comportamiento estructural de los tejidos blandos en determinados escenarios sanos o patológicos. Una de las principales características de estas simulaciones es que pueden definir los parámetros geométricos de la estructura en sus condiciones de contorno iniciales. En el caso de la córnea, hay discrepancias con respecto a las condiciones iniciales que dependen de si se considera su geometría fisiológica medida in vivo, o de lo contrario su geometría en su estado libre de estrés. La elección de uno u otro podría conducir a errores en el modelo de simulación debido a la no linealidad de estos tejidos. En este estudio se evaluaron dos metodologías, el método de desplazamiento y el método de pretensado, para obtener la geometría de la córn

The technological advances of the Modern Movement in architecture introduced hyperbolic structures of great architectural simplicity and high structural complexity. The Church of the Holy Trinity in Caracas, built in 1969, is an example of these roofs. Four hyperbolic paraboloids of reinforced concrete of great geometric complexity cover the same 28 x 28 m space. The objective is to define geometrically and architecturally the church and its paraboloids through an architectural visualization methodology that uses the 3D model and orthogonal projections in the SolidWorks program. The proposed methodology is carried out in three phases: first with the bibliographic and historical review of the church archives. Secondly, with the construction of the 3D model and its orthogonal projections in the program SolidWorks. Finally, the detailed analysis of the geometrical, architectural and structural content of the church, together with the updated and extended planimetry information. Finally, the definition of a complex and non-existent analysis through architectural visualization. A methodology with SolidWorks that allows the modeling of geometrically complex curves and their planimetric extension, documentation necessary for their protection and safeguarding, Postprint (published version)

Trilobites were a successful group of marine arthropods that thrived for much of the Palaeozoic Era. Akey innovation of trilobites involved the capacity to enrol their biomineralized exoskeletons for protection; a trait that appeared early in their evolutionary history during the Cambrian Period. However, even though there has been much interest in the description of enrolment-related anatomical adaptations, and different styles of enrolment, the kinematic aspect has just begun to be explored—not just as means of understanding trilobite movements, but also as a potential driver of evolution. In this study, with the use of the open-source software Blender, four models of three different species of Ordovician trilobites(two phacopines and two illaenines) were constructed and later submitted to enrolling simulations. Different angle metrics were measured and then compared between simulations to analyse the performance of the developed methodology, and between the different models to reveal potential evolutionary or developmental trends. Results suggest a clear relationship between the kind of higher-level taxonomic groups analysed and the angle arrangement of the trunk elements in an enrolled position. In contrast, the same was not as evident when comparing the measured angle metrics against the total number of segments. Illaenina models consistently resulted in lower angles between segments required to enrol, suggesting a more efficient enclosure of the body favoured by bigger and more spherical proportions of cephalon and pygidium. This study contributes to a growing field in palaeontology and provides new, detailed enrolment data for several trilobite species. In future, such data should be synthesized with those from previous and future studies to analyse the evolutionary and developmental history of trilobites from this novel perspective.

This project deals with current modular and procedural technologies and its usage in 3D Art for Environments. The use of tools to create and distribute elements based on a series of parameters is increasingly common for the creation of digital, urban spaces, as it speeds up the creative process and can generate a multitude of unique versions. The goal is to deepen the author’s knowledge on existing city building approaches and replicate the results with a modular and procedural approach using non-standard workflows. The result of this project is an urban space within Unreal Engine, a detailed guide on the approach followed for its creation, and the assets used to construct it.

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) brings forth the challenge of effectively managing the second-life and end-of-life cycles for lithium-ion batteries. Augmented Reality (AR) offers a promising solution to sustainably and efficiently dismantle these batteries. This thesis explores the development and evaluation of an AR mobile app specifically designed for guiding the dismantling process of a Volkswagen (VW) ID.4 lithium-ion EV battery. Subsequently, a detailed end-to-end development pipeline is presented, spanning from identifying the correct dismantling steps and building complete 3D reconstructions of the ID.4 battery using photogrammetry and CAD or 3D modelling, to creating an AR mobile application in Unity with the help of Vuforia allowing users to visualize the disassembly steps through an interactive guide. Tracking recognition testing results for each model indicates that simpler models exhibit a higher chance of producing false positives, while composite models have a greater minimum recognition distance compared to the faithfulto-real-life one-piece counterparts. User testing is conducted using a hybrid approach, combining a Figma prototype with video recordings to replicate the app’s behavior in a safe environment, without the physical presence of a high voltage battery. Results show positive user feedback, demonstrating the app’s usability and effectiveness in guiding the dismantling process. Furthermore, the thesis evaluates the app’s performance through the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the Technology Acceptance Model. The obtained SUS score of 80 (Grade B - Good) indicates favorable usability, while the Technology Acceptance Model provides insights into potential users’ perceptions., Den ökande användningen av elektriska fordon (EV) frambringar utmaningen att effektivt hantera andra livscykler och slutlivscykler för litiumjonbatterier. För att hållbart och effektivt demontera dessa batterier erbjuder Augmented Reality (AR) en lovande lösning. Denna uppsats utforskar utvecklingen och utvärderingen av en AR-mobilapplikation som specifikt är utformad för att guida demonteringsprocessen av ett Volkswagen (VW) ID.4 litiumjon EVbatteri. Därefter presenteras en detaljerad genomgående utvecklingsprocess, som sträcker sig från att identifiera korrekta demonteringssteg och skapa kompletta 3D-rekonstruktioner av ID.4-batteriet med hjälp av fotogrammetri och CAD eller 3D-modellering, till att skapa en AR-mobilapplikation i Unity med hjälp av Vuforia, som tillåter användare att visualisera demonteringsstegen genom en interaktiv guide. Resultaten bättre identifieringstester för varje modell indikerar att enklare modeller har större chans att producera falska positiva resultat, medan komplexa modeller har större minsta igenkänningsavstånd jämfört med helhetsmodeller som är trogna verkligheten. Användartester genomförs med hjälp av en hybridmetod som kombinerar en Figma-prototyp med videoinspelningar för att återskapa appens beteende i en säker miljö, utan att behöva ha ett högspänningsbatteri fysiskt närvarande. Resultaten visar positivt användarfeedback och bekräftar appens användarvänlighet och effektivitet vid guidning av demonteringsprocessen. Uppsatsen utvärderar också appens prestanda genom System Usability Scale (SUS) och Technology Acceptance Model. Den erhållna SUS-poängen på 80 (Betyg B - Bra) indikerar en god användbarhet, medan Technology Acceptance Model ger insikter om potentiella användares uppfattningar.

Synthetic terrains play a vital role in various applications, including entertainment, training, and simulation. While significant progress has been made in terrain generation, existing methods often focus on large-scale features, relying on 2D elevation maps to model them. However, rocky terrains like those found in alpine environments have many detail features like sharp ridges, loose blocks or overhangs that are poorly represented in this maps, so it is common to model them using textures. Instead, in this project, we aim to generate plausible rocky geometry on top of existing 3D models. We propose a method based on a simplified simulation of mechanical erosion processes commonly found in high altitude terrains such as percolation and freeze-thaw weathering. The process can be controlled through a series of intuitive parameters and its iterative nature lets an artist apply it multiple times until sufficient erosion is achieved. Additionally, we developed an artist-friendly tool integrated as add-on into Blender, which is a widely used 3D modeling software. This rich integration streamlines their workflow, eliminating the need for external applications and facilitating direct interaction with the model geometry before and after the simulated erosion.

Estuaries are among the most densely populated and heavily utilised regions in the world, where crucial functions – e.g., freshwater availability and water safety – strongly relate to the natural dynamics of the system. When developing nature-based solutions to safeguard these essential functions, a thorough understanding of estuarine dynamics is required. This study describes an elaborate sensitivity analysis on the salt intrusion length using an idealised estuary, which is parametrically designed using key estuary-scale parameters – e.g., river discharge and tidal flats – to cover a wide range of estuary classes. We were able to systematically investigate such a wide range of estuary classes due to the combination of (1) state-of-the-art hydrodynamic modelling software, (2) high performance computing, and (3) reduction and analysis techniques using machine learning. The results show that the extent of the estuarine salt intrusion length is largely determined by four estuarine features: (1) river discharge; (2) cross-sectional area (especially water depth); (3) tidal damping/amplification; and (4) tidal asymmetry. In general, the salt intrusion length shows clear correlations with (a combination of) estuary-scale parameters, which all put an upper limit on the salt intrusion length. These relations provide crucial insights for successful development of nature-based solutions to mitigate salt intrusion in estuarine environments., Coastal Engineering, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulic Engineering

The management of mine tailings presents a global challenge. Re-mining of tailings to recover remaining metals and other valuable constituents could play a crucial role in reducing the volume of stored tailings. To assess the resource potential of tailings storage facilities, 3D resource models must be constructed. This is not straightforward owing to the heterogeneous nature of tailings. In this case study, modelling of the Davidschacht tailings deposit was performed using universal sequential Gaussian simulation, to account for the strong trends and heterogeneity. The tonnages of the valuable elements were estimated with reasonable certainty, confirming that relatively few drill holes are required for robust resource estimates of tailings storage facilities. Zinc is the most abundant valuable metal (6,270 t ±10 %), followed by Pb (2,480 t ±10 %), Cu (654 t ±11 %), and In (12.6 t ±9 %), with errors given for 95 % confidence levels. Although the In tonnage is low compared to the other elements, its in situ value is around half that of Cu and Pb, demonstrating the importance of high value by-products for re-mining potential. Although tailings deposits typically have lower grades and tonnages than primary ore deposits, and the quantities of recoverable valuable elements may be even lower due to current technological limitations, re-mining of TSFs should also be considered for rehabilitation purposes and may help to diversify raw materials supply chains. Geostatistical modelling, particularly universal kriging-based simulation, has been proven to produce robust tonnage estimates of tailings storage facilities and should be adopted in industry to reduce the technical and financial uncertainties associated with re-mining.

Water is essential for life on earth and is vital for numerous sectors of our society. Pressures arising from climate change, growing populations, and the shift towards clean energy accentuate the importance of effective water management. To make decisions about water resource allocation, hydraulic modeling studies have been undertaken on large African rivers. These studies employ global terrain models, utilize remotely sensed water surface elevation data, and often involve estimating river channel bathymetry. Typically, these models also require an estimation of the river channel bathymetry. However, observed bathymetry data is seldom available and crucial for the hydraulic model performance. It has resulted in a key challenge of modelling large rivers in this data-sparse context. This research aims to model a medium to large sized river with wide floodplains in three dimensions by integrating discharge data and a highly accurate bathymetry. The primary objective is to quantify the friction coefficient and establish a reliable rating-curve for the river system. By utilizing these key components, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the hydraulic behavior of the river, contributing to improved water flow predictions and management strategies. The bathymetry data is acquired through two different methods. The dry bathymetry is obtained using an UAV (DJI Phantom 4) and photogrammetry (WebODM). The wet bathymetry data is collected using both, sonar with the Deeper Chirp+ and spatial referencing with the RTK-GNSS from ArduSimple. These methods are cost-effective and require minimal manpower, making them practical options for acquiring accurate bathymetric information. The discharge data is acquired using the open-source software, OpenRiverCam. OpenRiverCam uses Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) to determine the surface velocities and combines the results with the bathymetry data to calculate discharges, providing an efficient sol, TEMBO, Water Management

This article explains a collective experience of teaching graphic geometry in the compulsory training of the architecture career and proposes a further step in innovation with the renewal of tutorials. The tutorials cover the instruction in the management of the software, but also the theoretical concepts necessary to complete the knowledge about geometric shapes, representation systems and graphic operativity. New methods should not avoid the learning objectives. The analysis includes surveys on the use of tutorials and graphs of the evolution of the academic results of 59 four-months courses. It is concluded that the tutorials have been key to making a notable qualitative leap in the involvement of students in their own learning, significantly improving their academic results., Esta ponencia explica una experiencia colectiva de la enseñanza de la geometría gráfica en la formación obligatoria de la carrera de arquitectura y propone un paso más en innovación con la renovación de tutoriales. Los tutoriales cubren la instrucción en el manejo del software, pero también los conceptos teóricos necesarios para completar el conocimiento sobre formas geométricas, sistemas de representación y operatividad gráfica. Los nuevos métodos no deben dejar de atender los objetivos de aprendizaje. El análisis incluye encuestas sobre el uso de los tutoriales y gráficos de la evolución de los resultados académicos de 59 cursos cuatrimestrales. Se concluye que los tutoriales han sido clave para dar un salto cualitativo notable en la implicación del estudiantado en su propio aprendizaje, mejorando significativamente sus resultados académicos., Esta aportación ha sido posible con el soporte del Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la UPC; del personal de la unidad técnica de gestión de nuestro centro UTG-ETSA Vallès, al equipo de dirección de la ETSA Valles y a la dirección del Departament de Representació Arquitectònica., Peer Reviewed

Cultural heritage in coastal or shallow aquatic environments is often located in areaswhere access is difficult or where accurate survey and documentation may notalways be possible with terrestrial or aquatic equipment. The combination of photo-grammetry and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) generates a range of possibilitiesacross multiple sectors, including history, ethnography and cultural heritage studies.Additionally, these methods can be used to prospect new archaeological sites. Thisarticle presents three case studies that use UAV techniques and Structure fromMotion and Multiview Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry to conduct topographicand geometric registrations of archaeological, historical and ethnographic sites (someof which are classified as cultural heritage sites). These examples are located incoastal or shallow aquatic environments that are difficult to survey with traditionalmethods. The results show that it is possible to carry out detailed geometric registra-tion and heritage prospection over large coastal or shallow aquatic environmentsusing a low-cost UAV. Furthermore, the results of this work show great advantagesin terms of cost and quality, even in cases where the seabed is below a shallow watercolumn. Other particularities of SfM-MVS application in aquatic environments arediscussed. From an interdisciplinary perspective, this methodology will offer newpossibilities for the study, restoration and conservation of archaeological, historicaland ethnographic monuments

El final del s.XIX se caracteriza por un nuevo movimiento arquitectónico surgido en Catalunya, el Modernismo. Dicha vertiente arquitectónica se desarrolla especialmente en las artes plásticas y decorativas, influenciadas principalmente por el contexto sociocultural del momento, rechazando el estilo industrial y desarrollando sus nuevos conceptos basados en la naturaleza. Un claro representante de este nuevo movimiento es el arquitecto Lluís Domènech i Montaner. El objetivo principal de este documento es analizar si las nuevas metodologías de trabajo BIM que se están implantando en el sector de la arquitectura serían compatibles. Por un lado, con futuras intervenciones para la mejora y rehabilitación de edificios patrimoniales y por otro lado, dar respuesta a, qué pasaría si movimientos como el modernismo se hubiesen desplegado con las herramientas de hoy en día. La innovación inherente a la arquitectura de Domènech i Montaner nos lleva a preguntarnos: qué métodos utilizaría hoy en día para construir sus obras y cómo interactúa su arquitectura con unos procesos muy estandarizados y creados para una arquitectura contemporánea. Como caso de estudio se elige la Casa Fuster, representante de su arquitectura más tardía y evolucionada; la última de sus grandes obras. Nos permite encontrar un gran abanico en los elementos ornamentales, así como la idea de uno de los cuerpos arquitectónicos más emblemáticos para él, el elemento torre. Pieza, con la que termina dando escala y cohesión, no tan solo a los propios edificios, si no también a la trama urbana; ya que para Domènech no existe arquitectura sin urbanismo y por tanto, no se puede entender y crear ciudad sin esta visión de cohesión., The end of the 19th century is characterized by a new architectural movement that emerged in Catalonia, Modernism. This architectural trend developed especially in the decorative and plastic arts, influenced mainly by the sociocultural context of the time, rejecting the industrial style and developing new architectural concepts based on nature. A clear representative of this new movement is the architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The main objective of this document is to analyze whether the new BIM work methodologies that are being implemented in the architecture sector would be compatible with future interventions for the improvement and rehabilitation of heritage buildings, and also to answer the question of what would happen if movements like Modernism were deployed with today’s tools. The inherent innovation in the architecture of Domènech i Montaner leads us to ask: what methods would he use today to build his works and how does his architecture interact with highly standardized processes created for contemporary architecture? As a case study, Casa Fuster is chosen, representing his later and most evolved architecture; the last of his great works. It allows us to find a wide range of ornamental elements, as well as the idea of one of the most emblematic architectural elements for him, the tower. This piece not only provides scale and cohesion to the buildings themselves but also to the urban fabric, since for Domenech there is no architecture without urbanism and therefore, a vision of cohesion is necessary to understand and create a city.

Trilobites were a successful group of marine arthropods that thrived for much of the Palaeozoic Era. Akey innovation of trilobites involved the capacity to enrol their biomineralized exoskeletons for protection; a trait that appeared early in their evolutionary history during the Cambrian Period. However, even though there has been much interest in the description of enrolment-related anatomical adaptations, and different styles of enrolment, the kinematic aspect has just begun to be explored—not just as means of understanding trilobite movements, but also as a potential driver of evolution. In this study, with the use of the open-source software Blender, four models of three different species of Ordovician trilobites(two phacopines and two illaenines) were constructed and later submitted to enrolling simulations. Different angle metrics were measured and then compared between simulations to analyse the performance of the developed methodology, and between the different models to reveal potential evolutionary or developmental trends. Results suggest a clear relationship between the kind of higher-level taxonomic groups analysed and the angle arrangement of the trunk elements in an enrolled position. In contrast, the same was not as evident when comparing the measured angle metrics against the total number of segments. Illaenina models consistently resulted in lower angles between segments required to enrol, suggesting a more efficient enclosure of the body favoured by bigger and more spherical proportions of cephalon and pygidium. This study contributes to a growing field in palaeontology and provides new, detailed enrolment data for several trilobite species. In future, such data should be synthesized with those from previous and future studies to analyse the evolutionary and developmental history of trilobites from this novel perspective.

Amid global climate change challenges, the construction industry faces an urgent transition from a linear production model to a Circular Economy (CE). Initiatives and recommendations in Dutch transition roadmaps and literature predominantly focus on ensuring a future circular built environment, while lacking concrete actions on leveraging the existing assets for reuse. Dutch CE roadmap timelines and interventions are developed based on Material Flow Analysis (MFA) studies with highly uncertain data input, this uncertainty impacts either environment or economy with inaccurate interventions on the CE-transition. Secondly, the Replacement & Renovation (R&R) task of civil structures poses a threat for the industry due to the limitations of capital, contractor capacity, and material resources required to facilitate this peak. There is currently a lack of centrally stored high-quality physical asset data available at public organisations. This data is essential in effectively managing the decommissioning peak and reduces risk for reuse realization. Lastly, Asset Management (AM) is transitioning towards a 3D-centralised strategy in line with Building Information Modelling (BIM) and digital twins, while existing assets are still in 2D with often incomplete and fragmented data documentation. Consequently, a large data quality gap is forming between new and existing assets. This led to the research question: How can centrally stored, quantified, and visualised asset data of existing infrastructure impact the CE-transition, bridge R&R-task efficiency, and AM practices? An upgrade towards 3D-BIM is required for existing assets to bridge this data gap. In doing so, facilitate higher quality- and more accessible asset specific information that can be used in reusability scanning and structural assessments, material quantification for CE-transition roadmap accuracy, and numerous AM benefits. The costs for upgrading the existing assets, Civil Engineering | Construction Management and Engineering

In this paper, we describe two related scripting methods of cartographic data processing and visualization that provide 2D and 3D mapping of Japan with different algorithm complexity. The first algorithm utilizes Generic Mapping Toolset (GMT), which is known as an advanced console-based program for spatial data processing. The modules of GMT combine the functionality of scripting with the aspects of geoinformatics, which is especially effective for the rapid analysis of large geospatial datasets, multi-format data processing, and mapping in 2D and 3D modes. The second algorithm presents the use of the R programming language for cartographic visualization and spatial analysis. This R method utilizes the packages ‘tmap’, ‘raster’, ‘maps’, and ‘mapdata’ to model the morphometric elements of the Japanese archipelago, such as slope, aspect, hillshade and elevation. The general purpose graphical package ‘ggplot2’ of R was used for mapping the prefectures of Japan. The two scripting approaches demonstrated an established correspondence between the programming languages and cartography determined with the use of scripts for data processing. They outperform several well-known and state-of-the-art GIS methods for mapping due to their high automation of data processing. Cartography has largely reflected recent advances in data science, the rapid development of scripting languages, and transfer in the approaches of data processing. This extends to the shift from the traditional GIS to programming languages. As a response to these new challenges, we demonstrated in this paper the advantages of using scripts in mapping, which consist of repeatability and the flexible applicability of scripts in similar works., SCOPUS: ar.j, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In the present paper, an active landslide located to the southeast of the urban area of Alcoy (Alicante, Spain) is analysed. This landslide affects the N-340 road, as well as an area in which some industrial buildings dated from the fifteenth century and catalogued as Places of Cultural Interest are placed. This region is characterised by the existence of a steep relief composed of materials from the Miocene to the present, on which many gravitational movements are developed. The displacements have been analysed using high-resolution spotlight mode SAR images captured by the Spanish SAR satellite PAZ (which operates at X-band), which were processed by advanced differential SAR Interferometry (A-DInSAR). The behaviour of the instability has been determined using InSAR-derived time series displacement maps. Additionally, the study has been completed with a detailed geomorphological mapping at 1:2000 scale and an analysis of structural damage carried out in situ. The landslide was modelled in 3D, from a deterministic and probabilistic point of view, confirming the global instability of the area and the relationship of the landslide with rainfall and the construction of a new road. The integration of all this information obtained and its subsequent analysis has made possible to precisely define the extension of the instability, its kinematics, and to identify the main triggering factors. This information will be crucial for the proper management of this landslide by the local authorities.

Modelling and numerical simulation have involved a great advance in clinical practice for the prediction of the structural behaviour of soft tissues in certain healthy or pathological scenarios. One of the main features of these simulations is that they can define the geometric parameters of the structure in its initial boundary conditions. In the case of the cornea, there are discrepancies with respect to the initial conditions that depend on whether if it is considered its physiological geometry measured in vivo, or otherwise its geometry in its stress-free state. The choice of one or the other could lead to errors in the simulation model due to the non-linearity of these tissues. In this study, two methodologies were evaluated, the displacement method and the prestress method, to obtain the geometry of non-pathological cornea in its free-of-stress state. Both methodologies allow obtaining the physiological geometry measured in-vivo of the healthy cornea, however, the method of displacements presents a computational architecture that makes it more efficient in numerical simulation, when compared to the pre-stress method., El modelado y la simulación numérica han supuesto un gran avance en la práctica clínica para la predicción del comportamiento estructural de los tejidos blandos en determinados escenarios sanos o patológicos. Una de las principales características de estas simulaciones es que pueden definir los parámetros geométricos de la estructura en sus condiciones de contorno iniciales. En el caso de la córnea, hay discrepancias con respecto a las condiciones iniciales que dependen de si se considera su geometría fisiológica medida in vivo, o de lo contrario su geometría en su estado libre de estrés. La elección de uno u otro podría conducir a errores en el modelo de simulación debido a la no linealidad de estos tejidos. En este estudio se evaluaron dos metodologías, el método de desplazamiento y el método de pretensado, para obtener la geometría de la córnea no patológica en su estado libre de estrés. Ambas metodologías permiten obtener la geometría fisiológica medida in vivo de la córnea sana, sin embargo, el método de desplazamientos presenta una arquitectura computacional que la hace más eficiente en la simulación numérica, en comparación con el método de pretensado.

Paral·lel metro station, located in Barcelona, has historically suffered flooding problems due to the location of one of its access stairs in a flood prone area. During these flooding events subway users were subjected to a significant risk of falling and injuries, and, sometimes, the station remain closed during several hours to avoid this kind of problems. In this paper the analysis of flood conditions of this subway access has been performed by using commercial software Flow3D. The results help to understand the hydraulic behavior of the station and, in particular, of its stepped stairs. Furthermore, this results can be extrapolated to other metro stations in Barcelona located in other flod prone areas of the city., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

[ES] La tecnología global avanza continuamente, especialmente en el ámbito de la construcción, lo que ha dado lugar a la aparición y desarrollo de nuevas herramientas de representación gráfica para el sector. El aprovechamiento del potencial de estas novedosas tecnologías en el ámbito del patrimonio arquitectónico construido puede contribuir a ampliar su conocimiento, así como facilitar la visualización de sus espacios y la realización de posibles obras de intervención para su adecuada conservación. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y modelar en formato BIM una vivienda unifamiliar del arquitecto Alejandro de la Sota, la Casa Domínguez, su última y más lograda experiencia doméstica construida. Para ello, en primer lugar, a partir del estudio de diversas fuentes bibliográficas y de la información disponible en el Archivo de la Fundación Alejandro de la Sota, se realizará un análisis de la obra, desde su proceso de ideación hasta la realidad física construida, recorriendo la cadena de decisiones que han llevado al arquitecto a desarrollar una obra de gran valor. En segundo lugar, se procederá al modelado del proyecto en formato BIM. Para concluir se comentará la posible utilidad de la labor realizada para futuras intervenciones que garanticen la conservación de esta obra maestra de la arquitectura española del siglo XX., [EN] Global technology is continually advancing, specially in the field of construction, which has led to the appearance and development of new graphic representation tools for the sector. The use of the potential of these new technologies in the field of built architectural heritage can help to increase our knowledge of it, as well as to facilitate the visualisation of its spaces and to ease possible intervention works for its proper conservation. From this perspective, the aim of this work is to analyse and model in BIM format a single-family hose by the architect Alejandro de la Sota, the Casa Domínguez, his last and most successful domestic building experience. To do this, firstly, based on the study of various bibliographical sources and the information available in the Alejandro de la Sota Foundation Archive, an analysis of the work will be carried out, from its ideation process to the physical built reality, tracing the chain of decisions that have led the architect to develop a work of great value. Secondly, the project will be modelled in BIM format. To conclude, we will comment the potential usefulness of the work carried out for future interventions to ensure the conservation of this masterpiece from 20th century Spanish architecture.

[ES] La tecnología global avanza continuamente, especialmente en el ámbito de la construcción, lo que ha dado lugar a la aparición y desarrollo de nuevas herramientas de representación gráfica para el sector. El aprovechamiento del potencial de estas novedosas tecnologías en el ámbito del patrimonio arquitectónico construido puede contribuir a ampliar su conocimiento, así como facilitar la visualización de sus espacios y la realización de posibles obras de intervención para su adecuada conservación. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y modelar en formato BIM una vivienda unifamiliar del arquitecto Alejandro de la Sota, la Casa Domínguez, su última y más lograda experiencia doméstica construida. Para ello, en primer lugar, a partir del estudio de diversas fuentes bibliográficas y de la información disponible en el Archivo de la Fundación Alejandro de la Sota, se realizará un análisis de la obra, desde su proceso de ideación hasta la realidad física construida, recorriendo la cadena de decisiones que han llevado al arquitecto a desarrollar una obra de gran valor. En segundo lugar, se procederá al modelado del proyecto en formato BIM. Para concluir se comentará la posible utilidad de la labor realizada para futuras intervenciones que garanticen la conservación de esta obra maestra de la arquitectura española del siglo XX., [EN] Global technology is continually advancing, specially in the field of construction, which has led to the appearance and development of new graphic representation tools for the sector. The use of the potential of these new technologies in the field of built architectural heritage can help to increase our knowledge of it, as well as to facilitate the visualisation of its spaces and to ease possible intervention works for its proper conservation. From this perspective, the aim of this work is to analyse and model in BIM format a single-family hose by the architect Alejandro de la Sota, the Casa Domínguez, his last and most successful domestic building experience. To do this, firstly, based on the study of various bibliographical sources and the information available in the Alejandro de la Sota Foundation Archive, an analysis of the work will be carried out, from its ideation process to the physical built reality, tracing the chain of decisions that have led the architect to develop a work of great value. Secondly, the project will be modelled in BIM format. To conclude, we will comment the potential usefulness of the work carried out for future interventions to ensure the conservation of this masterpiece from 20th century Spanish architecture.

The aim of the study is to obtain fast digitalization of large urban settings. The data of two university campuses in two cities in northern Spain was captured. Challenges were imposed by the lockdown situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which limited mobility and affected the field work for data readings. The idea was to significantly reduce time spent in the field, using a number of resources, and increasing efficiency as economically as possible. The research design is based on the Design Science Research (DSR) concept as a methodological approach to design the solutions generated by means of 3D models. The digitalization of the campuses is based on the analysis, evolution and optimization of LiDAR ALS points clouds captured by government bodies, which are open access and free. Additional TLS capture techniques were used to complement the clouds, with the study of support of UAV-assisted automated photogrammetric techniques. The results show that with points clouds overlapped with 360 images, produced with a combination of resources and techniques, it was possible to reduce the on-site working time by more than two thirds.

[ES] En este Trabajo Final de Grado se expone la intervención en una vivienda de un edificio plurifamiliar residencial situado en el municipio de Sagunto, Valencia. Se realizará el proyecto de una reforma integral, contendrá el estudio del estado actual de la vivienda y del estado reformado, la memoria descriptiva y constructiva, los planos de ambos estados, mediciones y presupuesto, renderizados, cumplimiento de la seguridad y salud en la obra, cumplimiento de la normativa vigente y de la documentación necesaria para la realización de la reforma., [CA] En aquest Treball Final de Grau s'exposa la intervenció en un habitatge d'un edifici plurifamiliar residencial situat en el municipi de Sagunt, València. Es realitzarà el projecte d'una reforma integral, contindrà l'estudi de l'estat actual de l'habitatge i de l'estat reformat, la memòria descriptiva i constructiva, els plans de tots dos estats, mesuraments i pressupost, renderitzats, compliment de la seguretat i salut en l'obra, compliment de la normativa vigent i de la documentació necessària per a la realització de la reforma., [EN] In this Final Degree Project, the intervention in a house of a multi-family residential building located in the municipality of Sagunto, Valencia, is exposed. The project of a comprehensive reform will be carried out, it will contain the study of the current state of the house and the reformed state, the descriptive and constructive memory, the plans of both states, measurements and budget, renderings, compliance with safety and health in the work , compliance with current regulations and the necessary documentation to carry out the reform.

[EN] The use of virtual reality (VR) in project design can be a useful tool to facilitate collaborative remote work, decision-making, and spatial comprehension. Likewise, it can be a good instrument in the teaching-learning process of architecture. Here we analyze a collective remote work experience where architecture students used 3D modeling and immersive VR in a two-week activity led by professors. We seek to understand the impact of these technologies on the creative, learning, and representational processes of the students through surveys, interviews, and observations. The results show that time for training and experimentation is essential, that teaching teams require greater acceptance of change, that the final formats must be consistent with the tools used, and that there is a great difference in the perception of these technologies between men and women., [ES] El uso de la realidad virtual (RV) en el diseño de proyectos puede ser una herramienta útil para facilitar el trabajo colaborativo a distancia, la toma de decisiones y el entendimiento espacial. Asimismo, puede ser un buen instrumento en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de la arquitectura. Aquí analizamos una experiencia colectiva de trabajo remoto donde estudiantes de arquitectura utilizaron modelación 3D y RV inmersiva en una actividad de dos semanas guiada por docentes. Mediante encuestas, entrevistas, y observaciones, buscamos entender el impacto de estas tecnologías en el proceso creativo, de aprendizaje y representacional de los/las estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que el tiempo de capacitación y experimentación es fundamental, que los equipos docentes requieren mayor aceptación al cambio, que los formatos finales deben ser coherentes con las herramientas usadas, y que existe gran diferencia en la percepción de estas tecnologías entre hombres y mujeres.

[ES] En este Trabajo Final de Grado se expone la intervención en una vivienda de un edificio plurifamiliar residencial situado en el municipio de Sagunto, Valencia. Se realizará el proyecto de una reforma integral, contendrá el estudio del estado actual de la vivienda y del estado reformado, la memoria descriptiva y constructiva, los planos de ambos estados, mediciones y presupuesto, renderizados, cumplimiento de la seguridad y salud en la obra, cumplimiento de la normativa vigente y de la documentación necesaria para la realización de la reforma., [CA] En aquest Treball Final de Grau s'exposa la intervenció en un habitatge d'un edifici plurifamiliar residencial situat en el municipi de Sagunt, València. Es realitzarà el projecte d'una reforma integral, contindrà l'estudi de l'estat actual de l'habitatge i de l'estat reformat, la memòria descriptiva i constructiva, els plans de tots dos estats, mesuraments i pressupost, renderitzats, compliment de la seguretat i salut en l'obra, compliment de la normativa vigent i de la documentació necessària per a la realització de la reforma., [EN] In this Final Degree Project, the intervention in a house of a multi-family residential building located in the municipality of Sagunto, Valencia, is exposed. The project of a comprehensive reform will be carried out, it will contain the study of the current state of the house and the reformed state, the descriptive and constructive memory, the plans of both states, measurements and budget, renderings, compliance with safety and health in the work , compliance with current regulations and the necessary documentation to carry out the reform.

[EN] The use of virtual reality (VR) in project design can be a useful tool to facilitate collaborative remote work, decision-making, and spatial comprehension. Likewise, it can be a good instrument in the teaching-learning process of architecture. Here we analyze a collective remote work experience where architecture students used 3D modeling and immersive VR in a two-week activity led by professors. We seek to understand the impact of these technologies on the creative, learning, and representational processes of the students through surveys, interviews, and observations. The results show that time for training and experimentation is essential, that teaching teams require greater acceptance of change, that the final formats must be consistent with the tools used, and that there is a great difference in the perception of these technologies between men and women., [ES] El uso de la realidad virtual (RV) en el diseño de proyectos puede ser una herramienta útil para facilitar el trabajo colaborativo a distancia, la toma de decisiones y el entendimiento espacial. Asimismo, puede ser un buen instrumento en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de la arquitectura. Aquí analizamos una experiencia colectiva de trabajo remoto donde estudiantes de arquitectura utilizaron modelación 3D y RV inmersiva en una actividad de dos semanas guiada por docentes. Mediante encuestas, entrevistas, y observaciones, buscamos entender el impacto de estas tecnologías en el proceso creativo, de aprendizaje y representacional de los/las estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que el tiempo de capacitación y experimentación es fundamental, que los equipos docentes requieren mayor aceptación al cambio, que los formatos finales deben ser coherentes con las herramientas usadas, y que existe gran diferencia en la percepción de estas tecnologías entre hombres y mujeres.

[ES] En este Trabajo Final de Grado se expone la intervención en una vivienda de un edificio plurifamiliar residencial situado en el municipio de Sagunto, Valencia. Se realizará el proyecto de una reforma integral, contendrá el estudio del estado actual de la vivienda y del estado reformado, la memoria descriptiva y constructiva, los planos de ambos estados, mediciones y presupuesto, renderizados, cumplimiento de la seguridad y salud en la obra, cumplimiento de la normativa vigente y de la documentación necesaria para la realización de la reforma., [CA] En aquest Treball Final de Grau s'exposa la intervenció en un habitatge d'un edifici plurifamiliar residencial situat en el municipi de Sagunt, València. Es realitzarà el projecte d'una reforma integral, contindrà l'estudi de l'estat actual de l'habitatge i de l'estat reformat, la memòria descriptiva i constructiva, els plans de tots dos estats, mesuraments i pressupost, renderitzats, compliment de la seguretat i salut en l'obra, compliment de la normativa vigent i de la documentació necessària per a la realització de la reforma., [EN] In this Final Degree Project, the intervention in a house of a multi-family residential building located in the municipality of Sagunto, Valencia, is exposed. The project of a comprehensive reform will be carried out, it will contain the study of the current state of the house and the reformed state, the descriptive and constructive memory, the plans of both states, measurements and budget, renderings, compliance with safety and health in the work , compliance with current regulations and the necessary documentation to carry out the reform.

[ES] La tecnología global avanza continuamente, especialmente en el ámbito de la construcción, lo que ha dado lugar a la aparición y desarrollo de nuevas herramientas de representación gráfica para el sector. El aprovechamiento del potencial de estas novedosas tecnologías en el ámbito del patrimonio arquitectónico construido puede contribuir a ampliar su conocimiento, así como facilitar la visualización de sus espacios y la realización de posibles obras de intervención para su adecuada conservación. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y modelar en formato BIM una vivienda unifamiliar del arquitecto Alejandro de la Sota, la Casa Domínguez, su última y más lograda experiencia doméstica construida. Para ello, en primer lugar, a partir del estudio de diversas fuentes bibliográficas y de la información disponible en el Archivo de la Fundación Alejandro de la Sota, se realizará un análisis de la obra, desde su proceso de ideación hasta la realidad física construida, recorriendo la cadena de decisiones que han llevado al arquitecto a desarrollar una obra de gran valor. En segundo lugar, se procederá al modelado del proyecto en formato BIM. Para concluir se comentará la posible utilidad de la labor realizada para futuras intervenciones que garanticen la conservación de esta obra maestra de la arquitectura española del siglo XX., [EN] Global technology is continually advancing, specially in the field of construction, which has led to the appearance and development of new graphic representation tools for the sector. The use of the potential of these new technologies in the field of built architectural heritage can help to increase our knowledge of it, as well as to facilitate the visualisation of its spaces and to ease possible intervention works for its proper conservation. From this perspective, the aim of this work is to analyse and model in BIM format a single-family hose by the architect Alejandro de la Sota, the Casa Domínguez, his last and most successful domestic building experience. To do this, firstly, based on the study of various bibliographical sources and the information available in the Alejandro de la Sota Foundation Archive, an analysis of the work will be carried out, from its ideation process to the physical built reality, tracing the chain of decisions that have led the architect to develop a work of great value. Secondly, the project will be modelled in BIM format. To conclude, we will comment the potential usefulness of the work carried out for future interventions to ensure the conservation of this masterpiece from 20th century Spanish architecture.

[ES] En este Trabajo Final de Grado se expone la intervención en una vivienda de un edificio plurifamiliar residencial situado en el municipio de Sagunto, Valencia. Se realizará el proyecto de una reforma integral, contendrá el estudio del estado actual de la vivienda y del estado reformado, la memoria descriptiva y constructiva, los planos de ambos estados, mediciones y presupuesto, renderizados, cumplimiento de la seguridad y salud en la obra, cumplimiento de la normativa vigente y de la documentación necesaria para la realización de la reforma., [CA] En aquest Treball Final de Grau s'exposa la intervenció en un habitatge d'un edifici plurifamiliar residencial situat en el municipi de Sagunt, València. Es realitzarà el projecte d'una reforma integral, contindrà l'estudi de l'estat actual de l'habitatge i de l'estat reformat, la memòria descriptiva i constructiva, els plans de tots dos estats, mesuraments i pressupost, renderitzats, compliment de la seguretat i salut en l'obra, compliment de la normativa vigent i de la documentació necessària per a la realització de la reforma., [EN] In this Final Degree Project, the intervention in a house of a multi-family residential building located in the municipality of Sagunto, Valencia, is exposed. The project of a comprehensive reform will be carried out, it will contain the study of the current state of the house and the reformed state, the descriptive and constructive memory, the plans of both states, measurements and budget, renderings, compliance with safety and health in the work , compliance with current regulations and the necessary documentation to carry out the reform.

[ES] La tecnología global avanza continuamente, especialmente en el ámbito de la construcción, lo que ha dado lugar a la aparición y desarrollo de nuevas herramientas de representación gráfica para el sector. El aprovechamiento del potencial de estas novedosas tecnologías en el ámbito del patrimonio arquitectónico construido puede contribuir a ampliar su conocimiento, así como facilitar la visualización de sus espacios y la realización de posibles obras de intervención para su adecuada conservación. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y modelar en formato BIM una vivienda unifamiliar del arquitecto Alejandro de la Sota, la Casa Domínguez, su última y más lograda experiencia doméstica construida. Para ello, en primer lugar, a partir del estudio de diversas fuentes bibliográficas y de la información disponible en el Archivo de la Fundación Alejandro de la Sota, se realizará un análisis de la obra, desde su proceso de ideación hasta la realidad física construida, recorriendo la cadena de decisiones que han llevado al arquitecto a desarrollar una obra de gran valor. En segundo lugar, se procederá al modelado del proyecto en formato BIM. Para concluir se comentará la posible utilidad de la labor realizada para futuras intervenciones que garanticen la conservación de esta obra maestra de la arquitectura española del siglo XX., [EN] Global technology is continually advancing, specially in the field of construction, which has led to the appearance and development of new graphic representation tools for the sector. The use of the potential of these new technologies in the field of built architectural heritage can help to increase our knowledge of it, as well as to facilitate the visualisation of its spaces and to ease possible intervention works for its proper conservation. From this perspective, the aim of this work is to analyse and model in BIM format a single-family hose by the architect Alejandro de la Sota, the Casa Domínguez, his last and most successful domestic building experience. To do this, firstly, based on the study of various bibliographical sources and the information available in the Alejandro de la Sota Foundation Archive, an analysis of the work will be carried out, from its ideation process to the physical built reality, tracing the chain of decisions that have led the architect to develop a work of great value. Secondly, the project will be modelled in BIM format. To conclude, we will comment the potential usefulness of the work carried out for future interventions to ensure the conservation of this masterpiece from 20th century Spanish architecture.

[EN] The use of virtual reality (VR) in project design can be a useful tool to facilitate collaborative remote work, decision-making, and spatial comprehension. Likewise, it can be a good instrument in the teaching-learning process of architecture. Here we analyze a collective remote work experience where architecture students used 3D modeling and immersive VR in a two-week activity led by professors. We seek to understand the impact of these technologies on the creative, learning, and representational processes of the students through surveys, interviews, and observations. The results show that time for training and experimentation is essential, that teaching teams require greater acceptance of change, that the final formats must be consistent with the tools used, and that there is a great difference in the perception of these technologies between men and women., [ES] El uso de la realidad virtual (RV) en el diseño de proyectos puede ser una herramienta útil para facilitar el trabajo colaborativo a distancia, la toma de decisiones y el entendimiento espacial. Asimismo, puede ser un buen instrumento en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de la arquitectura. Aquí analizamos una experiencia colectiva de trabajo remoto donde estudiantes de arquitectura utilizaron modelación 3D y RV inmersiva en una actividad de dos semanas guiada por docentes. Mediante encuestas, entrevistas, y observaciones, buscamos entender el impacto de estas tecnologías en el proceso creativo, de aprendizaje y representacional de los/las estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que el tiempo de capacitación y experimentación es fundamental, que los equipos docentes requieren mayor aceptación al cambio, que los formatos finales deben ser coherentes con las herramientas usadas, y que existe gran diferencia en la percepción de estas tecnologías entre hombres y mujeres.

[EN] The use of virtual reality (VR) in project design can be a useful tool to facilitate collaborative remote work, decision-making, and spatial comprehension. Likewise, it can be a good instrument in the teaching-learning process of architecture. Here we analyze a collective remote work experience where architecture students used 3D modeling and immersive VR in a two-week activity led by professors. We seek to understand the impact of these technologies on the creative, learning, and representational processes of the students through surveys, interviews, and observations. The results show that time for training and experimentation is essential, that teaching teams require greater acceptance of change, that the final formats must be consistent with the tools used, and that there is a great difference in the perception of these technologies between men and women., [ES] El uso de la realidad virtual (RV) en el diseño de proyectos puede ser una herramienta útil para facilitar el trabajo colaborativo a distancia, la toma de decisiones y el entendimiento espacial. Asimismo, puede ser un buen instrumento en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de la arquitectura. Aquí analizamos una experiencia colectiva de trabajo remoto donde estudiantes de arquitectura utilizaron modelación 3D y RV inmersiva en una actividad de dos semanas guiada por docentes. Mediante encuestas, entrevistas, y observaciones, buscamos entender el impacto de estas tecnologías en el proceso creativo, de aprendizaje y representacional de los/las estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que el tiempo de capacitación y experimentación es fundamental, que los equipos docentes requieren mayor aceptación al cambio, que los formatos finales deben ser coherentes con las herramientas usadas, y que existe gran diferencia en la percepción de estas tecnologías entre hombres y mujeres.

Mapping an environment with a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor through the use of a LiDAR Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) algorithm is a powerful technology that allows for the creation of detailed 3D models. Recently various LiDAR sensors have been developed based on Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) technology. These LiDARs are very low cost and considerably smaller than conventional LiDARs. They also often incorporate other sensors such as Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)s and cameras into the same device. Performing LiDAR SLAM with MEMS based LiDAR is challenging due to the short range, the smaller Field of View (FOV) and the sensitivity to ambient light of MEMS based LiDAR. In this thesis the objective is to reduce the effect of these factors when doing LiDAR SLAM by incorporating IMU measurements into the position estimation of the sensor. A graph based positioning approach is proposed to achieve tight coupling of the IMU sensor and LiDAR position estimates. The method is made more robust by incorporating an outlier detection mechanism that reduces the influence of wrong LiDAR position estimates caused by insufficient points in the LiDAR FOV or by ambient light disturbance. The method was built in ROS and implemented on the Intel ® L515 sensor. The performance is evaluated in indoor situations with varying presence of ambient sunlight and where room size approaches the maximum limit of the sensor range. The algorithm achieves lower drift than the current state of the art for the Intel ® L515. The algorithm especially achieves altitude drift reduction and increases robustness to outliers in the LiDAR positioning., Mechanical Engineering | Systems and Control

Owing to population growth in Malaysia, there have been significant stratified subsurface and aboveground developments, particularly in densely populated areas, posing a challenge to the current land administration system and the urge to constantly improve. Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) provides a relatively generic spatial representation model for a variety of spatial units, such as 2D land parcels and 3D legal spaces around structures and utilities. As a result of standardization, the LADM data model becomes more flexible, making spatial data management easier. On top of that, 2D-based cadastral systems experience challenges when it comes to documenting, handling, and visualizing the spatial extent of vertically stratified cadastral spaces. 3D strata object visualization is typically represented using third-party software that requires professionals and limits the number of users of cadastre data. The necessity for a 3D visualization platform has been realized by many researchers. A number of 3D Cadastral prototypes have been developed in several countries, including Australia, Russia, and Indonesia. Moreover, 3D visualization improves user communication, decision-making, and the management and facilitation of land information systems. This paper attempts to expand the depiction of those strata objects in 3D by implementing CityJSON based encoding. The focus is mainly on the visualization of the 3D strata parcels above ground, and CityJSON data format for 3D spatial data modelling, and to link the 3D Strata Viewer with the database (legal information) of the 3D parcel using a web-based platform based on LADM Country Profile. This paper describes the implementation of the conceptual model of strata objects based on the Malaysian LADM Country Profile for the representation of spatial and non-spatial strata data. Tools such as FME as data manipulation and conversion and Ninja to handle and visualize 3D strata objects in a browser. The work demonstrates the

Tissue patterning during development is thought to be driven largely by gene regulatory responses to spatial gradients of molecular signals, known as morphogens. In this thesis, early patterning of the human neural tube is studied using two different gene regulatory network models. The models portray patterning in the rostral-caudal direction as a response to gradients of WNT and FGF signalling. The first model is based on a tri-stable network topology which describes patterning into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain regions; the second model describes the formation and maintenance of the isthhmic organizer, and also subsequent midbrain formation. The two models were optimized against time-resolved bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data from human embryonic stem cells undergoing 14 days of patterning in an in vitro microfluidics-based setup. In the setup, a GSK3 inhibitor is used to mimic the patterning effects of the in vivo early neural tube WNT signalling gradient. The resulting RNA data are in the form of time series over multiple GSK3 inhibitor concentrations. Clustering of the RNA data reveals that it is meaningful to group genes into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain categories of the tri-stable model. It also reveals additional gene co-expression patterns within these categories, which is useful for further modelling work. The optimized network models are studied in reaction-diffusion simulations of WNT and FGF morphogen driven patterning in both a realistic 3D neural tube geometry, and in a 3D model of the tissue from the microfluidics setup. It is found that patterning of the tri-stable model is significantly influenced by WNT production, decay, and diffusion mechanisms, and that the WNT secretion locations of an earlier spatial 3D tube model, used as a foundation for this work, should be modified in order to produce a WNT gradient which is more similar to the in vivo WNT gradient shape. The isthmic organizer network model is found to accurately de, Hur en enda befruktad äggcell kan utvecklas till ett igenkännligt foster över loppet av några månaders tid är ett fascinerande mysterium. Vi vet nog alla att celler kan dela sig, och att det är på så vis som våra kroppar växer under fosterstadiet. Men en cell som delar sig kommer ge upphov till två identiska dotterceller. Hur är det då möjligt att en äggcell kan ge upphov till alla de helt olika sorters celler som finns i ett foster redan någon månad in i dess utveckling? Hjärnceller ser ju helt annorlunda ut än exempelvis blodceller, och de har helt skilda ”arbetsuppgifter” i kroppen. Alltså måste det vara något mer än celldelning i görningen för att ett foster ska kunna utvecklas på rätt sätt. En stor del av svaret på utvecklingens gåta finns i våra gener. Många vet att generna innehåller all information om vad cellerna ska göra, men det är nog inte lika många som vet att inte alla gener i en cell är ”påslagna” samtidigt. Lite förenklat kan man säga att det är vilka gener som är av och påslagna som avgör vad cellen gör för något – därför har varje sorts cell sitt egna ”fingeravtryck” av vilka gener som är av och på. En hjärncell har alltså helt andra gener som är påslagna än blodceller, och det är på grund av detta som de skiljer sig så mycket åt. Intressant nog finns det gener vars viktigaste uppgift tycks vara att slå av eller på andra gener. Man kan då tänka sig att vissa gener är viktigare än andra: om en viss viktig gen exempelvis slås på av en annan, så kanske det får så stora konsekvenser för cellen att den blir till en helt annan sorts cell. Det är precis det som sker vid åtskilliga tillfällen i ett fosters utveckling: vid vissa tidpunkter byter några av fostrets celler identitet på grund av hur vissa viktiga gener påverkar varandra. För att förstå vad som händer kan man rita ett sorts släktträd för cellerna: högst upp har vi den befruktade äggcellen, som tidigt delas upp i olika grupper (”trädgrenar”) av celler baserat på vad som händer med deras gener. V

The aim of the study is to obtain fast digitalization of large urban settings. The data of two university campuses in two cities in northern Spain was captured. Challenges were imposed by the lockdown situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which limited mobility and affected the field work for data readings. The idea was to significantly reduce time spent in the field, using a number of resources, and increasing efficiency as economically as possible. The research design is based on the Design Science Research (DSR) concept as a methodological approach to design the solutions generated by means of 3D models. The digitalization of the campuses is based on the analysis, evolution and optimization of LiDAR ALS points clouds captured by government bodies, which are open access and free. Additional TLS capture techniques were used to complement the clouds, with the study of support of UAV-assisted automated photogrammetric techniques. The results show that with points clouds overlapped with 360 images, produced with a combination of resources and techniques, it was possible to reduce the on-site working time by more than two thirds.

LKAB’s Malmberget mine is not only one of the largest SLC mines in the world, but it is also one of the most complex, where between 10 and 15 orebodies are mined simultaneously. The subvertical orebodies are generally stacked, where one orebody is on the footwall or the hangingwall of the other. This results in complex stress interactions and deformation patterns when these orebodies are mined simultaneously. Keeping the entries into the respective orebodies open is a critical part of daily mine planning at the Malmberget mine and the ability to predict stress changes and associated damage to these entries contributes significantly to this planning. To develop an effective empirical tool for predicting mining-induced stress changes and associated entry deformation and damage, a two-year monitoring program was initiated in 2019 to record those stress changes and their consequences. These results are described in other papers written by the authors for this same symposium. This paper, however, focuses on the numerical modelling component of this work, where a series of numerical modelling was done using FLAC3D with monitoring data as the basis for model calibrations. Given the extent of the mining operations at Malmberget mine, the stress changes are global in extent on the scale of kilometres and extend from 100 to 200 m below the active mining front. The field data collected in the entries are local and do not necessarily reflect the global extent of stress changes. Nevertheless, through numerical modelling it is possible to build a global model to observe stress changes and the resulting deformations as neighbouring orebodies are mined., Funder: Luossavaara Kiirunavaara AB;ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-0-6450938-3-4

During an inventory of Ör church’s roof structure in 2021, it was discovered that the roofstructure above the church’s nave contains a large amount of reused structural parts froman earlier roof structure. The reused structural parts are most likely originated from Örchurch’s early medieval roof structure.This thesis is an attempt to reconstruct the early medieval roof structure with the use of3D-laser scanning. The goal is to present a possible shape and 3D-model of the earlymedieval roof structure. The existing roof structure will also be documented. One aim ofthe thesis is to develop and evaluate the method of using 3D-laser scanning for thispurpose.The reconstruction resulted in eight different shapes and 3D-models of the early medievalroof structure. The documentation of the existing roof structure above the nave resulted inupdated section, plan and detailed drawings.The method of using 3D-laser scanning gave a detailed point cloud of the existing roofstructure. The point cloud had low density points in certain parts of the roof structurewhich is a consequence from the implementation of the 3D laser scanning. For thismethod a field study and planning in advance is recommended for best possible result.

Tall buildings have been constructed in many cities over the world to accommodate the demographic and economic growth in urban areas. These structures, however, have been widely discussed concerning their potential negative impacts on urban life. By drawing on concepts of urban morphology and the city image, this thesis aims to examine the impact of tall buildings on predominantly low-rise built urban environments and cities. Through a quantitative case study approach applying geographic information systems this thesis attempts to identify (1) the shadow impacts significantly taller buildings have on surrounding areas, (2) the visual impact and the potential for a proposed tall building to act as a new landmark, and (3) the impact tall buildings have on the skyline of a city dominated by low-rise buildings and a historic city centre. The thesis analysed two proposed buildings in Västerås, Sweden and found that the shadow impact of the analysed structures is concentrated on the winter months. The visibility of the buildings concentrates on open spaces and certain visible corridors but is not widely spread over the city. Therefore, the possibilities of the new structures becoming a new landmark of the city are questionable. Furthermore, the proposed planned structures would be visible in the skyline but would not obstruct the views to the other landmarks of the city. The thesis and its results contribute to the discourse around tall buildings and the research on the city image by showing the importance of the analysis of the potential impact of tall buildings in urban planning processes.

Today, modern geospatial technologies and methods are widely used in combination with the documentation and preservation of objects of importance to cultural heritage. In this setting, archeologists and historians alike benefit from the rapid technological developments over the past decades, which have resulted in instrumentation that allows the capture of real objects and the generation of accurate and precise three-dimensional (3D) digital representations, i.e. models, from these sensed data. Here, the object of interest is the villa of the late historian Professor Gilbert Trausch with its library, for which a virtual library should be created for the general public. The building is an 19th century townhouse located on Limpertsberg in the City of Luxembourg and contains a cellar, three floors as well as a loft. Of particular interest were the cellar, stair cases, the first (the location of Professor Trausch’s office) and second floors as most of the bookshelves are situated there. In line with state-of-the-art approaches for 3D building modelling, a broad spectrum of modern geospatial technologies including classical surveying, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), digital close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning were employed to capture the Villa Trausch and its 33 bookshelves, i.e. Trausch’s Library, in all its details, while providing all data in one homogeneous coordinate system. Models and more photo-realistic visualizations of the exterior and interior have been obtained using, e.g., indoor images captured during the scanning. These allowed us to explore different virtual reality (VR) pathways employed by the gaming industry, for the generation of a first VR experience of the building in the sense of a digital museum. Currently solutions for the development of a public virtual library using commercial providers are investigated.