573 results on '"Thorium Dioxide"'
Search Results
2. The unremarkable alveolar epithelial glycocalyx: a thorium dioxide-based electron microscopic comparison after heparinase or pneumolysin treatment.
- Author
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Timm S, Lettau M, Hegermann J, Rocha ML, Weidenfeld S, Fatykhova D, Gutbier B, Nouailles G, Lopez-Rodriguez E, Hocke A, Hippenstiel S, Witzenrath M, Kuebler WM, and Ochs M
- Subjects
- Mice, Humans, Animals, Heparin Lyase, Electrons, Glycosaminoglycans, Glycocalyx, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Recent investigations analyzed in depth the biochemical and biophysical properties of the endothelial glycocalyx. In comparison, this complex cell-covering structure is largely understudied in alveolar epithelial cells. To better characterize the alveolar glycocalyx ultrastructure, unaffected versus injured human lung tissue explants and mouse lungs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Lung tissue was treated with either heparinase (HEP), known to shed glycocalyx components, or pneumolysin (PLY), the exotoxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae not investigated for structural glycocalyx effects so far. Cationic colloidal thorium dioxide (cThO
2 ) particles were used for glycocalyx glycosaminoglycan visualization. The level of cThO2 particles orthogonal to apical cell membranes (≙ stained glycosaminoglycan height) of alveolar epithelial type I (AEI) and type II (AEII) cells was stereologically measured. In addition, cThO2 particle density was studied by dual-axis electron tomography (≙ stained glycosaminoglycan density in three dimensions). For untreated samples, the average cThO2 particle level was ≈ 18 nm for human AEI, ≈ 17 nm for mouse AEI, ≈ 44 nm for human AEII and ≈ 35 nm for mouse AEII. Both treatments, HEP and PLY, resulted in a significant reduction of cThO2 particle levels on human and mouse AEI and AEII. Moreover, a HEP- and PLY-associated reduction in cThO2 particle density was observed. The present study provides quantitative data on the differential glycocalyx distribution on AEI and AEII based on cThO2 and demonstrates alveolar glycocalyx shedding in response to HEP or PLY resulting in a structural reduction in both glycosaminoglycan height and density. Future studies should elucidate the underlying alveolar epithelial cell type-specific distribution of glycocalyx subcomponents for better functional understanding., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
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3. Estimating the Risk for Secondary Cancer After Targeted α-Therapy with 211 At Intraperitoneal Radioimmunotherapy.
- Author
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Leidermark E, Hallqvist A, Jacobsson L, Karlsson P, Holmberg E, Bäck T, Johansson M, Lindegren S, Palm S, and Albertsson P
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Aged, Radioimmunotherapy adverse effects, Risk Factors, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Thorium Dioxide, Neoplasms, Second Primary, Ovarian Neoplasms
- Abstract
Intraperitoneal
211 At-based targeted α-therapy (TAT) may hold great promise as an adjuvant therapy after surgery and chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer to eradicate any remaining undetectable disease. This implies that it will also be delivered to patients possibly already cured by the primary treatment. An estimate of long-term risks is therefore sought to determine whether the treatment is justified. Methods: Baseline data for risk estimates of α-particle irradiation were collected from published studies on excess cancer induction and mortality for subjects exposed to either224 Ra treatments or Thorotrast contrast agent (25% ThO2 colloid, containing232 Th). Organ dosimetry for224 Ra and Thorotrast irradiation were taken from the literature. These organ-specific risks were then applied to our previously reported dosimetry for intraperitoneal211 At-TAT patients. Results: Risk could be estimated for 10 different organ or organ groups. The calculated excess relative risk per gray (ERR/Gy) could be sorted into 2 groups. The lower-ERR/Gy group, ranging up to a value of approximately 5, included trachea, bronchus, and lung, at 0.52 (95% CI, 0.21-0.82); stomach, at 1.4 (95% CI, -5.0-7.9); lymphoid and hematopoietic system, at 2.17 (95% CI, 1.7-2.7); bone and articular cartilage, at 2.6 (95% CI, 2.0-3.3); breast, at 3.45 (95% CI, -10-17); and colon, at 4.5 (95% CI, -3.5-13). The higher-ERR/Gy group, ranging from approximately 10 to 15, included urinary bladder, at 10.1 (95% CI, 1.4-23); liver, at 14.2 (95% CI, 13-16); kidney, at 14.9 (95% CI, 3.9-26); and lip, oral cavity, and pharynx, at 15.20 (95% CI, 2.73-27.63). Applying a typical candidate patient (female, age 65 y) and correcting for the reference population mortality rate, the total estimated excess mortality for an intraperitoneal211 At-monoclonal antibody treatment amounted to 1.13 per 100 treated. More than half this excess originated from urinary bladder and kidney, 0.29 and 0.34, respectively. Depending on various adjustments in calculation and assumptions on competing risks, excess mortality could range from 0.11 to 1.84 per 100 treated. Conclusion: Published epidemiologic data on lifelong detriment after α-particle irradiation and its dosimetry allowed calculations to estimate the risk for secondary cancer after211 At-based intraperitoneal TAT. Measures to reduce dose to the urinary organs may further decrease the estimated relative low risk for secondary cancer from211 At-monoclonal antibody-based intraperitoneal TAT., (© 2023 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.)- Published
- 2023
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4. Long-term incidence and survival trends in cancer of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden with etiological implications related to Thorotrast.
- Author
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Hemminki K, Försti A, Hemminki O, Liska V, and Hemminki A
- Subjects
- Age Distribution, Denmark epidemiology, Female, Finland epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Male, Norway epidemiology, Registries, Sweden epidemiology, Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic, Gallbladder Neoplasms epidemiology, Gallbladder Neoplasms etiology, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Cancers of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts (called here "GBC" because gallbladder cancer is the main component) are rare in Europe, including the Nordic countries. Their incidence has varied for unknown reasons and we hypothesize that Thorotrast, a previously used carcinogenic radiographic contrast medium, has contributed to the incidence trends. We obtained incidence and survival data from the NORDCAN database, which includes cancer registry data from Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), Norway (NO) and Sweden (SE), which are globally the oldest national cancer databases, starting from 1943 in DK, 1953 in FI and NO and 1960 in SE, and extending to 2016. The incidence trend for GBC showed a broad maximum around 1980 in men (close to 3/100 000) and women (4/100 000), except for NO, where this phenomenon was not seen. In 1955, FI and NO incidence rates were equal but FI rates peaked and later declined similar to DK and SE rates. By 2010, the incidence was similar in all Nordic countries, for both men and women, at close to 2.0/100 000. Birth cohort analysis showed strong effects for countries other than NO. Relative 1-year survival increased for men from 20% to about 50% and similarly for women although at a 5 percentage points lower level. Survival in NO was better than in other countries in the 1980s. Thorotrast, causing a high risk of GBC, was extensively used in the Nordic countries between 1930 and end of 1940s, with the exception of NO, where these was no documented use. These data suggest that Thorotrast influenced GBC epidemiology and probably worsened survival in certain periods., (© 2022 The Authors. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC.)
- Published
- 2022
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5. Vor 90 Jahren - Die erste erfolgreiche zerebrale Arteriographie mit Thorotrast.
- Author
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Busch U
- Subjects
- Angiography, Thorium Dioxide
- Published
- 2022
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6. Mechanism of thorium-nitrate and thorium-dioxide induced cytotoxicity in normal human lung epithelial cells (WI26): Role of oxidative stress, HSPs and DNA damage.
- Author
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Das SK, Ali M, Shetake NG, Dumpala RMR, Pandey BN, and Kumar A
- Subjects
- Cell Count, DNA Damage, Epithelial Cells, Humans, Lung chemistry, Nitrates toxicity, Oxidative Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, Thorium analysis, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Inhalation represents the most prevalent route of exposure with Thorium-232 compounds (Th-nitrate/Th-dioxide)/Th-containing dust in real occupational scenario. The present study investigated the mechanism of Th response in normal human alveolar epithelial cells (WI26), exposed to Th-nitrate or colloidal Th-dioxide (1-100 μg/ml, 24-72 h). Assessment in terms of changes in cell morphology, cell proliferation (cell count), plasma membrane integrity (lactate dehydrogenase leakage) and mitochondrial metabolic activity (MTT reduction) showed that Th-dioxide was quantitatively more deleterious than Th-nitrate to WI26 cells. TEM and immunofluorescence analysis suggested that Th-dioxide followed a clathrin/caveolin-mediated endocytosis, however, membrane perforation/non-endocytosis seemed to be the mode of Th internalization in cells exposed to Th-nitrate. Th-estimation by ICP-MS showed significantly higher uptake of Th in cells treated with Th-dioxide than with Th-nitrate at a given concentration. Both Th-dioxide and nitrate were found to increase the level of reactive oxygen species, which seemed to be responsible for lipid peroxidation, alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA-damage. Amongst HSPs, the protein levels of HSP70 and HSP90 were affected differentially by Th-nitrate/dioxide. Specific inhibitors of ATM (KU55933) or HSP90 (17AAG) were found to increase the Th- cytotoxicity suggesting prosurvival role of these signaling molecules in rescuing the cells from Th-toxicity., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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7. Influence of field conditions on quantitative analysis of single crystal thorium dioxide by atom probe tomography.
- Author
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Sen A, Bachhav M, Vurpillot F, Mann JM, Morgan PK, Prusnick TA, and Wharry JP
- Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT), a 3D microscopy technique, has great potential to reveal atomic scale compositional variations, such as those associated with irradiation damage. However, obtaining accurate compositional quantification by APT for high bandgap materials is a longstanding challenge, given the sensitivity to field evaporation parameters and inconsistent behaviors across different oxides. This study investigates the influence of APT laser energy and specimen base temperature on compositional accuracy in single crystal thoria (ThO
2 ). ThO2 has a broad range of applications, including advanced nuclear fuels, sensors, lasers and scintillators, electrodes, catalysis, and photonics and optoelectronics. The expected stoichiometry of ThO2 is achieved at APT base temperature of 24 K and laser energy of 100 pJ. To overcome mass resolution limitations associated with significant thermal tails, Bayesian methods are applied to deconvolute ion identity within the mass spectra. This approach affirms that the parameters chosen are appropriate for APT analysis of ThO2 ., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)- Published
- 2021
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8. Visualization of the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx by electron microscopy using cationic colloidal thorium dioxide.
- Author
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Hegermann J, Lünsdorf H, Ochs M, and Haller H
- Subjects
- Animals, Colloids metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Staining and Labeling, Electron Microscope Tomography methods, Endothelial Cells cytology, Glycocalyx metabolism, Kidney Glomerulus cytology, Thorium Dioxide metabolism
- Abstract
Biological material itself appears with poor contrast in electron microscopy (EM), due to its composition mostly of light elements. Classical staining agents such as osmium tetroxide, uranyl acetate, and lead citrate preserve and/or stain cellular structures such as membranes, cytoplasm, and organelles well for EM. However, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) show no or only poor contrast with these staining agents. The endothelial glycocalyx in blood vessels consists mainly of proteoglycans. It can be visualized by EM only by additional staining with heavy metal ions such as copper (Alcian blue, cupromeronic blue), ruthenium (ruthenium red), or lanthanum. Best results are achieved by combined perfusion of fixative and stain. Cationic hydrous thorium dioxide colloids (named here cThO2) trace acidic groups in EPS. We describe here the use of cThO2 to visualize the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx in the mouse kidney. cThO2 shows high electron density and binds to a continuous layer of up to a few hundred nanometers thickness on the glomerular endothelium, as well as on epithelia in other blood vessels in perfused animals. The observed staining pattern gives rise to periodic densities, with a spacing varying between 50 and 200 nm, depending on the overall layer thickness, which varies between below 50 up to 300 nm. Due to high electron density of the used cThO2 particles, the introduced method allows distinct imaging and precise fine structural analysis of the endothelial glycocalyx.
- Published
- 2016
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9. Thorotrast and in vivo thorium dioxide: numerical simulation of 30 years of α radiation absorption by the tissues near a large compact source.
- Author
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Bianconi A
- Subjects
- Radiation Dosage, Absorption, Radiation, Alpha Particles, Contrast Media, Monte Carlo Method, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Background: The epidemiology of the slightly radioactive contrast agent named Thorotrast presents a very long latency period between the injection and the development of the related pathologies. It is an example of the more general problem posed by a radioactive internal contaminant whose effects are not noteworthy in the short term but become dramatic in the long period. A point that is still to be explored is fluctuations (in space and time) in the localized absorption of radiation by the tissues., Methods: A Monte Carlo simulation code has been developed to study over a 30-year period the daily absorption of α radiation by μm-sized portions of tissue placed at a distance of 0-100 μm from a model source, that approximates a compact thorium dioxide source in liver or spleen whose size is ≳20 μm. The biological depletion of the daughter nuclei of the thorium series is taken into account. The initial condition assumes chemically purified natural thorium., Results: Most of the absorbed dose is concentrated in a 25-μm thick layer of tissue, adjacent to the source boundary. Fluctuations where a target region with a volume of 1 μm(3) is hit by 3-5 α particles in a day or in a shorter period of time are relevant in a 1-10 μm thick layer of tissue adjacent to the source boundary, where their frequency is larger than the Poisson-law prediction., (Copyright © 2014 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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10. Radiation pathology: from thorotrast to the future beyond radioresistance.
- Author
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Fukumoto M
- Subjects
- Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Genomic Instability, Humans, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced genetics, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced pathology, Thorium Dioxide adverse effects
- Abstract
The effects of radiation on human health have been a major concern, especially after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) accident. We can determine these effects only from radiological disasters. The radiological contrast medium Thorotrast is known to induce hepatic cancers decades after injection. Using archival materials from Thorotrast patients, we performed molecular pathological studies to elucidate carcinogenic mechanisms of internal radiation exposure. It is emphasized here that radiation-induced cancers are a complex consequence of biological response to radiation and ingested radionuclides. We further expanded the study to establish clinically relevant radioresistant cancer cells in order to develop more effective and less harmful radiation therapy. We also found that cancer cells can acquire radioresistance by low-dose fractionated radiation within one month. The FNPP accidents prompted us to collect tissue samples from animals in and around the evacuation zone in order to construct a tissue bank. The final goal of the bank is to enable research that will contribute to the common understanding of radioprotection., (© 2014 The Author. Pathology International © 2014 Japanese Society of Pathology and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)
- Published
- 2014
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11. Cationic hydrous thorium dioxide colloids--a useful tool for staining negatively charged surface matrices of bacteria for use in energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy.
- Author
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Lünsdorf H, Kristen I, and Barth E
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Bacterial metabolism, Staining and Labeling, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Microscopy, Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Background: Synthesis of cationic hydrous thorium dioxide colloids (ca. 1.0 to 1.7 nm) has been originally described by Müller 22 and Groot 11 and these have been used by Groot to stain acidic glucosaminoglycans for ultrastructure research of different tissues by conventional transmission electron microscopy., Results: Synthesis of colloidal thorium dioxide has been modified and its use as a suitable stain of acidic mucopolysaccharides and other anionic biopolymers from bacteria, either as whole mount preparations or as preembedment labels, is described. The differences in stain behavior relative to commonly used rutheniumred-lysine and Alcian Blue electron dense acidic stains has been investigated and its use is exemplified for Pseudomonas aeruginosa adjacent cell wall biopolymers. For the first time thorificated biopolymers, i.e. bacterial outer cell wall layers, have been analysed at the ultrastructural level with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI), leading to excellent contrast and signal strength for these extracellular biopolymers., Conclusion: Application of cationic hydrous ThO2 colloids for tracing acidic groups of the bacterial surface and/or EPS has been shown to be rather effective by transmission electron microscopy. Because of its high electron density and its good diffusibility it stains and outlines electro-negative charges within these biopolymers. In combination with ESI, based on integrated energy-filtered electron microscopy (EFTEM) Th-densities and thus negative charge densities can be discriminated from other elemental densities, especially in environmental samples, such as biofilms.
- Published
- 2006
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12. Immunohistochemical and charge-specific localization of anionic constituents in pseudoexfoliation deposits on the central anterior lens capsule from individuals with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
- Author
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Winkler J, Lünsdorf H, Wirbelauer C, Reinhardt DP, and Laqua H
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- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anions, Anterior Eye Segment, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Basement Membrane metabolism, Basement Membrane ultrastructure, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans ultrastructure, Dermatan Sulfate ultrastructure, Exfoliation Syndrome pathology, Ferritins, Glycosaminoglycans metabolism, Glycosaminoglycans ultrastructure, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Immunohistochemistry, Keratan Sulfate ultrastructure, Lens Capsule, Crystalline ultrastructure, Lens Diseases pathology, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Thorium Dioxide, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans metabolism, Dermatan Sulfate metabolism, Exfoliation Syndrome metabolism, Keratan Sulfate metabolism, Lens Capsule, Crystalline metabolism, Lens Diseases metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Pseudoexfoliation (PSX) syndrome is a degenerative systemic disorder that is characterized primarily by deposits of distinct fibrillar material on the surface lining the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye and is often associated with cataract and glaucoma. Although some components of the PSX material have been identified, the precise composition is obscure., Methods: High-resolution scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with colloidal cationic gold labeling was used to localize anionic constituents at the surface of PSX aggregates. Transmission electron microscopy was applied for the immunocytochemical detection of glycosaminoglycans, and to monitor the charge-specific distribution of colloidal thorium dioxide and ferritin in PSX material. The specific binding of antibodies was confirmed by immunohistological staining of paraffin-embedded specimens., Results: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections revealed immunoreactivity for keratan sulfate and dermatan sulfate proteoglycan within PSX material deposited on the surface of the anterior lens capsule. Post-embedding immunogold labeling of keratan sulfate demonstrated an intense label of PSX aggregates primarily associated with mature PSX fibrils, whereas dermatan sulfate proteoglycon appeared to be present in low quantities. Additionally, keratan sulfate was found at the humoral periphery of the lens capsules. To further investigate the distribution of anionic sites in PSX material, we used cationic colloidal tracers of different size, such as gold, thorium dioxide and ferritin. PSX aggregates exhibited a strong negative charge, resulting very likely from glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans. The density of anionic sites was higher at the interfibrillar matrix. Lens capsules associated with PSX material revealed a diminished accumulation of cationic ferritin at the humoral surfaces., Conclusions: Increased amounts of different glycosaminoglycans identified in PSX material suggest an important role of proteoglycans for the pathogenic pathway in PSX.
- Published
- 2001
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13. Rapid non-destructive quantitative estimation of urania/thoria in mixed thorium uranium di-oxide pellets by high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry.
- Author
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Shriwastwa BB, Kumar A, Raghunath B, Nair MR, Abani MC, Ramachandran R, Majumdar S, and Ghosh JK
- Subjects
- Radiation Monitoring, Thorium Dioxide, Uranium Compounds, Thorium analysis, Uranium analysis
- Abstract
A non-destructive technique using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry has been standardised for quantitative estimation of uranium/thorium in mixed (ThO2-UO2) fuel pellets of varying composition. Four gamma energies were selected; two each from the uranium and thorium series and the time of counting has been optimised. This technique can be used for rapid estimation of U/Th percentage in a large number of mixed fuel pellets from a production campaign.
- Published
- 2001
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14. Sporadic and Thorotrast-induced angiosarcomas of the liver manifest frequent and multiple point mutations in K-ras-2.
- Author
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Przygodzki RM, Finkelstein SD, Keohavong P, Zhu D, Bakker A, Swalsky PA, Soini Y, Ishak KG, and Bennett WP
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Hemangiosarcoma etiology, Hemangiosarcoma pathology, Humans, Liver Neoplasms etiology, Liver Neoplasms pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced etiology, Occupational Exposure, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Carcinogens, Genes, ras, Hemangiosarcoma genetics, Liver Neoplasms genetics, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced genetics, Point Mutation, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Hepatic angiosarcoma (HA) is an uncommon neoplasm associated with known etiologic factors in 25% to 42% of cases. It is, however, one of the most common sarcomas found in the liver. The aim of this study was to find was to find mutations in the K-ras-2 oncogene in sporadic and Thorotrast (TT)-induced HA. Point mutations in K-ras-2 were sought in archival, formalin-fixed tissue blocks from 24 patients with angiosarcoma. Of these, 19 cases were sporadic and 5 were TT-induced. Mutational analysis was performed by topographic microdissection with PCR amplification followed by genotyping. Specific mutations were determined by two independent methods: (a) direct sequencing of the PCR product confirmed by rePCR and by using a different sequencing primer, and (b) PCR-based selective enrichment of mutant DNA by endonuclease digestion followed by heteroduplex DNA analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Eleven K-ras-2 point mutations were detected in 7 of 24 (29%) tumors, including 5 of 19 (26%) sporadic HA and 2 of 5 (40%) TT-induced HA. There were seven G:C > A:T and four G:C > T:A mutations. All seven mutated tumors contained a codon 12-aspartate amino acid substitution. In addition, a second codon 12-cysteine mutant cell population was present in one of two codon 12-aspartate mutated TT-induced HA and in three of five codon 12-aspartate sporadic tumors. Of these four tumors, three contained both aspartate and cysteine mutations and were composed of multiple nodules; the fourth was a single mass. Seventeen tumors had multiple nodules; whereas 5 had a K-ras-2 mutation, 12 were wild-type. The molecular pathology of both sporadic and TT-induced HA is characterized by a high rate of K-ras-2 mutations characteristic of oxidative damage (ie, G:C > A:T and G:C > T:A mutations) resulting in two mutated population sets: codon 12 GGT > GAT and GGT > TGT (glycine to aspartic acid and cysteine). This is, to date, the first study to characterize the K-ras-2 gene mutations within human sporadic and TT-induced HA by direct sequence analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. These data further support the hypothesis linking adduct-forming vinyl chloride exposure to HA containing a much higher frequency of K-ras-2 mutations and a mutational spectrum characteristic of chloroethylene oxide, a carcinogenic metabolite of vinyl chloride.
- Published
- 1997
15. Cervical thorium dioxide granuloma ('thorotrastoma').
- Author
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Nguyen BT, Yousem DM, Hayden RE, and Montone KT
- Subjects
- Diagnosis, Differential, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Foreign-Body Reaction pathology, Foreign-Body Reaction surgery, Granuloma, Foreign-Body pathology, Granuloma, Foreign-Body surgery, Humans, Middle Aged, Foreign-Body Reaction diagnosis, Granuloma, Foreign-Body diagnosis, Neck pathology, Neck surgery, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
An elderly woman had an expanding cervical mass that entrapped and compressed the adjacent cranial nerves, blood vessels, and muscles. The mass was dense on radiographs, extended from the skull base to low neck in the prevertebral and parapharyngeal tissues, and showed mixed intensity on MR. A previous direct carotid arteriogram with thorium dioxide as the contrast agent suggested the histologically proved diagnosis of a cervical thorium dioxide granuloma ("thorotrastoma").
- Published
- 1995
16. Preneoplastic foci of altered hepatocytes induced in rats by irradiation with alpha-particles of Thorotrast and neutrons.
- Author
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Ober S, Zerban H, Spiethoff A, Wegener K, Schwarz M, and Bannasch P
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- Alpha Particles, Animals, Female, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Neutrons, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Liver Neoplasms etiology, Liver Neoplasms, Experimental etiology, Precancerous Conditions etiology, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Prestages of hepatocellular neoplasms induced in rats by continuous internal alpha-radiation of Thorotrast or by fractionated external radiation with neutrons were studied by cytomorphological, cytochemical and morphometric methods. Irradiation with both Thorotrast and neutrons resulted in a significant increase in the number and volume fraction of foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH), the occurrence of which at 14 months correlated well with the previously reported increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms appearing after long lag periods. The morphological and biochemical phenotypes of radiation-induced FAH were similar to those of preneoplastic lesions described earlier in hepatocarcinogenesis elicited by chemicals or viruses.
- Published
- 1994
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17. Alpha-particle dose to the liver and spleen tissues of Japanese Thorotrast patients.
- Author
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Ishikawa Y, Kato Y, Mori T, Machinami R, and Kitagawa T
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Radiation Dosage, Alpha Particles, Contrast Media, Liver radiation effects, Spleen radiation effects, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
We set out to establish an appropriate and convenient method for calculating alpha-particle absorbed doses to the liver and spleen of Thorotrast patients and to estimate a representative dose rate to the liver for the whole population of surviving and deceased Thorotrast patients in Japan. First, we determined steady-state activity ratios of 232Th progeny from 13 autopsy cases and found them to be identical to those reported in German subjects. Second, we estimated the alpha dose rates in 206 subjects at autopsy from radioactivity measurements and terminal weights of the organs. Combining these results with measurements of exhaled 220Rn in survivors, we considered the representative dose rates at injection to be 0.22 Gy y-1. Additionally, our data suggest that deposition in the spleen has previously been overestimated. This is an error with some bearing on the evaluation of leukemia risks from alpha-particle irradiation.
- Published
- 1993
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18. Effect of PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, on liver tumors of Syrian hamsters induced by Thorotrast injection.
- Author
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Shiga J, Maruyama T, Takahashi H, Irie H, and Mori T
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibiotics, Antineoplastic pharmacology, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular pathology, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular prevention & control, Cholangiocarcinoma pathology, Cholangiocarcinoma prevention & control, Cricetinae, Female, Hemangiosarcoma pathology, Hemangiosarcoma prevention & control, Injections, Liver Neoplasms pathology, Male, Sex Characteristics, Liver Neoplasms chemically induced, Liver Neoplasms prevention & control, Proteoglycans pharmacology, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
The contrast medium Thorotrast, an agent well known to be carcinogenic, was injected into 400 congeneic Syrian hamsters. The resulting incidence of malignant hepatic tumors such as cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and hemangiosarcoma, was significantly higher in the male experimental group than in the control group, and the 50% survival period in the male group was shortened by about 100 days (P < 0.01). However administration of the antitumor drug PSK (Polysaccharide Kureha), a protein bound-polysaccharide extracted from basidiomycete fungi, prevented this carcinogenic effect. The incidence of malignant hepatic tumors in the experimental group was 22.5% compared with 2.8% in the control group (P < 0.01) and 10.5% in the PSK-treated group (P < 0.01). PSK also increased the 50% survival period by 61 days (P < 0.01).
- Published
- 1993
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19. Liver cancer induction by 239Pu, 241Am, and thorotrast in the grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leukogaster.
- Author
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Taylor GN, Lloyd RD, and Mays CW
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Mice, Risk, Americium, Liver Neoplasms etiology, Neoplasms, Experimental, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Plutonium, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Forty young adult grasshopper mice (Onychomys leukogaster) of both genders were injected with either 129 or 44 kBq kg-1 of monomeric 239Pu and were maintained for lifetime observation. Average liver doses to death (mean times +/- standard deviation (SD) from injection to death = 405 +/- 133 and 756 +/- 189 d) were calculated as approximately 16 and 9 Gy, respectively. These animals developed a total of 18 primary liver tumors (neoplasms, malignant, and benign). Comparison of these mice to a previously published study involving 49 control animals of the same species, 70 mice given 241Am, and 73 given Thorotrast, indicated that the liver cancer induction of Thorotrast can be attributed almost exclusively to the effects of the radioactivity and not to its nonradiation properties. This suggests that projected risks of liver cancer induction from 239Pu, 241Am, or other liver-seeking actinides in humans probably can be estimated from the liver cancer experience in Thorotrast patients using the calculated radiation doses to liver. For this species, the linear risk coefficient for induction of liver neoplasia (percent of mice with liver tumor) by 241Am or Thorotrast was estimated to be about 14.6 +/- 5.4 times the average liver dose (in Gy) for groups of animals with average liver doses of 5 Gy or less. The lowest average liver dose among groups of these mice given 239Pu was about 9 Gy, the dose was not in the linear range, and it was too high to yield reliable results for determining a risk coefficient for low dose irradiation. However, the estimates for a risk coefficient were similar for the plutonium and americium mice with liver doses of approximately 9 Gy or 16 Gy.
- Published
- 1993
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20. Endocytic pathways in the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia of the mouse: ultrastructure and uptake of tracers.
- Author
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Bannister LH and Dodson HC
- Subjects
- Animals, Ferritins, Horseradish Peroxidase, Mice, Nasal Septum, Nose, Olfactory Mucosa ultrastructure, Olfactory Pathways ultrastructure, Sensory Receptor Cells ultrastructure, Thorium Dioxide, Endocytosis physiology, Olfactory Mucosa physiology, Olfactory Pathways physiology, Sensory Receptor Cells physiology
- Abstract
Mammalian olfactory neurons possess a well-developed system of endocytic vesicles, endosomes, and lysosomes in their dendrites and perikarya. Vomeronasal neurons are similar and also contain much perikaryal agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER). Olfactory supporting cells contain endocytic vesicles and endosomes associated closely with abundant fenestrated AER, and vesicles and numerous large dense vacuoles are present basally. Vomeronasal supporting cells have little AER, and few dense vacuoles occur in their bases. In olfactory neurons, ultrastructural tracers (0.08% horseradish peroxidase, thorium dioxide, ferritin) are endocytosed by olfactory receptor endings and transported to the cell body, where their movement is halted in lysosomes. Higher concentrations (1%) of horseradish peroxidase penetrate olfactory receptor plasma membranes and intercellular junctions. In olfactory supporting cells, endocytosed tracers pass through endosomes to accumulate in dense basal vacuoles. These observations indicate that olfactory sensory membranes are rapidly cycled and that endocytosed materials are trapped within the epithelium. It is proposed that in the olfactory epithelium, endocytosis presents redundant odorants to the enzymes of the supporting cell AER to prevent their accumulation, whereas in the vomeronasal epithelium the receptor cells carry out this activity.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Lung dosimetry of thorotrast patients.
- Author
-
Hofmann W, Johnson JR, and Freedman N
- Subjects
- Bismuth pharmacokinetics, Computer Simulation, Humans, Lead pharmacokinetics, Polonium pharmacokinetics, Radon pharmacokinetics, Radon Daughters, Contrast Media, Lung, Radiation Dosage, Thorium Dioxide
- Abstract
Deposits of intravascularly injected Thorotrast in the reticulo-endothelial system of Thorotrast patients are a continuous source of 220Rn. In this study, we modeled the transport of 220Rn from these deposits through the body into the lungs, exhalation of 220Rn from the lungs, production of 220Rn progeny in the lungs and their exhalation, and mucociliary clearance of 220Rn progeny deposited on airway surfaces. The injection of 1 mL Thorotrast produces annual doses of 0.48 mGy y-1 to the bronchial epithelium and 0.95 mGy y-1 to pulmonary tissue. Based on a mean injected volume of about 25 mL and an average exposure time of 30 y, German Thorotrast patients received a mean bronchial lifetime dose of 357 mGy. Despite these relatively high doses, comparable to exposure in uranium miners, no excess lung cancers could be observed in the epidemiologic follow-up study. This apparent discrepancy between predicted and observed bronchial tumors may have important implications for lung dosimetry and risk assessment of inhaled 222Rn progeny.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Epidermal lysosomes and ultraviolet light.
- Author
-
Hönigsmann H, Wolff K, and Konrad K
- Subjects
- Animals, Cytoplasm radiation effects, Cytoplasm ultrastructure, Guinea Pigs, Histocytochemistry, Lysosomes ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron, Radiation Effects, Skin radiation effects, Skin ultrastructure, Thorium Dioxide, Epithelial Cells, Epithelium ultrastructure, Lysosomes radiation effects, Ultraviolet Rays
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Alpha-particle-induced cancer in humans.
- Author
-
Mays CW
- Subjects
- Bismuth, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Lead, Occupational Diseases etiology, Polonium, Radium therapeutic use, Radon Daughters, Thorium Dioxide, Alpha Particles, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced etiology
- Abstract
Updated information is given on alpha-particle-induced cancer in persons internally exposed to 222Rn progeny, Thorotrast, long-lived 226Ra and 228Ra, and short-lived 224Ra. The lung cancer risk to persons breathing 222Rn progeny in the indoor air of offices, schools, and homes is of increasing concern. About half of the recent deaths among the German Thorotrast patients have been from liver cancer. Animal studies indicate that the liver cancer risk from Thorotrast is mainly from its radioactivity and that the risk coefficient for the Thorotrast patients can be used provisionally for other alpha emitters in the human liver. Six skeletal cancers have occurred in persons with average skeletal doses between 0.85 and 11.8 Gy from 226Ra and 228Ra. In the low-dose German 224Ra patients, two skeletal sarcomas have occurred at about 0.7 Gy compared to about six cases predicted by results from 224Ra patients at higher doses. The minimal appearance time for radiation-induced bone sarcomas in humans is about 4 y. Following brief irradiation, the vast majority of induced bone sarcomas are expressed by about 30 y. Recent evidence against the "practical threshold" hypothesis is given. With the downward revision of neutron doses to the atomic-bomb survivors, the follow-up of persons exposed to alpha particles may be the best opportunity to evaluate directly the effects of high LET radiation on humans.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. On the problem of the phagocytic capacity of Sertoli cells. Electron microscopic study in the rat.
- Author
-
Vilar O, Ponzio RO, and Hib J
- Subjects
- Animals, Carbon, Colloids, Macrophages physiology, Macrophages ultrastructure, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Seminiferous Tubules cytology, Sertoli Cells ultrastructure, Testis cytology, Thorium Dioxide, Phagocytosis, Sertoli Cells physiology
- Abstract
To study the real phagocytic capacity of Sertoli cells the following experiments were carried out: carbon colloidal solution or thorium dioxide of particle size 0.01--0.03 micrometer as 2% solution were injected in rat testes at a speed of 50 microliter per minute by means of a infusion pump. The site of injection was made either in the intertubular species under the albuginea or in the lumen of seminiferous tubules using glass 120 micrometer-gauge needles connected to the pump syringe. 30 to 240 minutes after the injection the tissues were fixed by perfusion of 2% glutaraldehyde and embedded for EM. It was observed: 1) particles injected into the intertubular species were not able to pass through the tubular wall and were either trapped by the connective tissue macrophages or drained by the lymphatic vessels; 2) intraluminal particles were not phagocyted by the Sertoli cells and remained in the lumen. The behavior of the Sertoli cells did not match that of phagocytes since they did not show their devouring capacity for the inert particles. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the current disposal of either debris by Sertoli cells depends on autophagic dissolution rather than n macrophagic capacity.
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. [Production and resorption of the perilymph (lymphatic pathways of the inner ear) (author's transl)].
- Author
-
Arnold W
- Subjects
- Absorption, Animals, Cochlea blood supply, Cochlea cytology, Cochlea ultrastructure, Ear, Middle metabolism, Extracellular Space, Guinea Pigs, Injections, Spinal, Microscopy, Electron, Staining and Labeling, Temporal Bone blood supply, Thorium Dioxide, Ear, Inner metabolism, Labyrinthine Fluids, Lymphatic System physiology, Perilymph metabolism
- Published
- 1974
26. Melanocyte-keratinocyte interactions in vivo: the fate of melanosomes.
- Author
-
Wolff K
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Line, Cytoplasmic Granules metabolism, Guinea Pigs, Keratins biosynthesis, Latex, Lysosomes enzymology, Lysosomes radiation effects, Melanocytes cytology, Melanocytes radiation effects, Melanoma, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microscopy, Electron, Microspheres, Phagocytosis, Pigmentation, Skin cytology, Thorium Dioxide, Ultraviolet Rays, Melanins metabolism, Melanocytes metabolism, Organoids metabolism, Skin metabolism
- Published
- 1973
27. [Morphology and function of an intramyocardial "Sinusoidal" flow net (author's transl)].
- Author
-
Lunkenheimer PP and Merker J
- Subjects
- Animals, Capillaries, Contrast Media, Dogs, Female, Methods, Microcirculation, Microradiography, Microscopy, Electron, Rats, Thorium Dioxide, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Vessels anatomy & histology, Heart innervation
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Radiographic visualization of intraosseous Thorotrast in vivo.
- Author
-
Arndt JH, Hosford G, Kingsley WB, Tillery GW, and Gaulden ME
- Subjects
- Adult, Carotid Arteries diagnostic imaging, Female, Humans, Minerals, Radiography, Bone and Bones diagnostic imaging, Thorium Dioxide
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. [Thorotrastosis and thorotrast carcinoma of the kidney. A differential diagnostic problem].
- Author
-
Donhuijsen K, Heidemann H, and Richter HJ
- Subjects
- Contrast Media, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Kidney diagnostic imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Nephritis chemically induced, Radiography, Thorium Dioxide, Kidney Neoplasms diagnosis, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced diagnosis, Radiation Injuries diagnosis
- Abstract
Thorotrast deposts produce intense fibrosis and it is not uncommon for malignant tumors to arise in such cases. Thus for example, renal carcinoma was observed 35 years after administration of Thorotrast. Such carcinomas may be difficult to diagnose in time because of radiogenic nephritis. In the light of experience with a 55-year old man, the reason for delayed carcinoma diagnosis was lack of formation of tumor nodes due to intense fibrosis resulting in diffuse and canalicular tumor spread. Hence it is obvious that angiography may not be diagnostic in such cases.
- Published
- 1979
30. Ageing of mouse liver lysosomes. An experimental study using indigestible marker substances.
- Author
-
Schellens JP
- Subjects
- Acid Phosphatase, Animals, Biometry, Capillaries ultrastructure, Colloids, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Gold, Histocytochemistry, Injections, Intravenous, Male, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Thorium Dioxide, Time Factors, Aging, Liver ultrastructure, Lysosomes
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Epidemiology of angiosarcoma of liver in New York State.
- Author
-
Vianna NJ, Brady JA, and Cardamone AT
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Arsenic, Environmental Exposure, Female, Hemangiosarcoma chemically induced, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Liver Neoplasms chemically induced, Male, Middle Aged, New York, Registries, Thorium Dioxide, Vinyl Chloride, Hemangiosarcoma epidemiology, Liver Neoplasms epidemiology
- Published
- 1981
32. The induction of chromosome aberrations in the livers of Chinese hamsters by injected thorotrast.
- Author
-
Brooks AL, Guilmette RA, Evans MJ, and Diel JH
- Subjects
- Animals, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Chromosome Aberrations radiation effects, Liver radiation effects, Thorium Dioxide
- Published
- 1985
33. Ultrastructural evidence for leakage of lysosomal contents after phagocytosis of monosodium urate crystals. A mechanism of gouty inflammation.
- Author
-
Shirahama T and Cohen AS
- Subjects
- Acid Phosphatase analysis, Animals, Carbon, Cell Membrane, Cell Separation, Colloids, Cytoplasm, Ferritins, Gout blood, Gout physiopathology, Horses, Humans, Hydrolases, Inclusion Bodies, Inflammation blood, Leukocytes enzymology, Microscopy, Electron, Peroxidases, Thorium Dioxide, Time Factors, Gout pathology, Inflammation pathology, Lysosomes analysis, Phagocytosis, Uric Acid
- Abstract
To obtain direct evidence for the mechanism involved in gouty inflammation, human leukocytes were incubated with synthetic monosodium urate microcrystals. To trace the phago(lyso)somal contents, colloidal carbon, ferritin, Thorotrast(R) or horseradish peroxidase was added to the incubation medium, or acid phosphatase activity was localized cytochemically. The interaction was analyzed in time sequence by electron microscopy. By 5 minutes' incubation, urate crystals and tracers had appeared in the single membrane-bounded vacuoles of leukocytes. After 30 minutes' incubation, the vacuoles containing the urate crystals and the tracers were found in more than 50% of the leukocyte population. The phago(lyso)somal membrane was occasionally discontinuous, and the tracers were found in the free cytoplasm near the membrane opening as well. After 60 minutes' or more incubation, the phago(lyso)somal changes and the cytoplasmic localization of the tracers were common, and many cells showed signs of degeneration. Urate crystals mixed in cell debris were often found to be ingested by other leukocytes. These results have been interpreted as follows. Monosodium urate crystals are avidly phagocytized. The urate crystal-containing phagosomes eventually become phagolysosomes. The phagolysosomal membrane is damaged and the contents leak out into the cytoplasm. The leakage of the hydrolases initiates the host cell injury. The urate crystals released by cell disruption are again phagocytized by other cells and the series of events are repeated.
- Published
- 1974
34. Mechanisms of lysosomal enzyme release from human leucocytes. III. Quantitative morphologic evidence for an effect of cyclic nucleotides and colchicine on degranulation.
- Author
-
Hoffstein S, Zurier RB, and Weissmann G
- Subjects
- Antigen-Antibody Complex, Cytoplasmic Granules, Eosinophils enzymology, Eosinophils immunology, Extracellular Space, Humans, Leukocytes ultrastructure, Lysosomes drug effects, Microscopy, Electron, Microtubules, Neutrophils enzymology, Neutrophils immunology, Peroxidases blood, Phagocytosis drug effects, Prostaglandins pharmacology, Thorium Dioxide, Zymosan, Colchicine pharmacology, Cyclic AMP pharmacology, Leukocytes enzymology, Lysosomes enzymology
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Pincoytosis in the pillar cells of the organ of Corti.
- Author
-
Preston RE and Wright CG
- Subjects
- Animals, Biological Transport, Active, Cochlea physiology, Freeze Drying methods, Guinea Pigs, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Organ of Corti cytology, Perilymph physiology, Thorium Dioxide, Time Factors, Organ of Corti physiology, Pinocytosis
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Electron microscopical studies on the structure, phagocytic properties, and peroxidatic activity of resident and exudate peritoneal macrophages in the guinea pig.
- Author
-
Daems WT and Brederoo P
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Membrane, Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasmic Granules enzymology, Endoplasmic Reticulum enzymology, Female, Golgi Apparatus, Guinea Pigs, Histocytochemistry, Inclusion Bodies, Latex, Macrophages physiology, Microscopy, Electron, Microspheres, Microtubules, Mitochondria, Monocytes cytology, Monocytes physiology, Thorium Dioxide, Ascitic Fluid cytology, Macrophages cytology, Peritoneum cytology, Peroxidases metabolism, Phagocytosis
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Observations on the ultrastructure of platelets in Glanzmann's disease.
- Author
-
Firkin BG, Howard MA, and Farmer SJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Cell Count, Blood Platelets drug effects, Blood Platelets metabolism, Cell Membrane ultrastructure, Edetic Acid pharmacology, Female, Humans, Latex, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Microspheres, Platelet Adhesiveness, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic blood, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic pathology, Syndrome, Thorium Dioxide, Blood Platelets ultrastructure, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic genetics
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Quantitative CT for determination of thorium in thorotrast patients.
- Author
-
Takai M and Kaneko M
- Subjects
- Gamma Rays, Humans, Whole-Body Counting, Liver analysis, Lymph Nodes analysis, Spleen analysis, Thorium analysis, Thorium Dioxide, Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Abstract
The concentrations of thorium in the liver, spleen, and their efferent lymph nodes were determined in six thorotrast patients by quantitative CT scanning. Thorium concentration per CT number was calibrated by scanning a phantom that contained a known concentration of thorium nitrate solution. The total amount of thorium determined by the quantitative CT method in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes was compared with that determined by gamma-ray measurement of the upper abdomen using a whole body counter. A linear relationship was obtained between the amount of thorium determined by the CT method and that determined by the gamma-ray measurement method, although the correlation was not high. The quantitative CT method appears to be useful for determining, with some accuracy, the concentration of thorium in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes of thorotrast patients.
- Published
- 1989
39. Early effects of gentamicin on inner ear glycocalyx cytochemistry.
- Author
-
de Groot JC and Veldman JE
- Subjects
- Animals, Cochlear Aqueduct drug effects, Endolymphatic Duct drug effects, Female, Ferritins, Guinea Pigs, Hair Cells, Auditory drug effects, Histocytochemistry, Thorium Dioxide, Ear, Inner drug effects, Gentamicins pharmacology, Glycoproteins metabolism, Polysaccharides metabolism
- Abstract
The early effects of gentamicin treatment on the inner ear glycocalyx were investigated using two cationic probes, colloidal thorium and cationized ferritin. Gentamicin treatment resulted in a diminished thorium reactivity of both the endolymphatic and perilymphatic glycocalyx of the hair cells after 1 day and complete abolishment of reactivity after 5 days. Cationized ferritin reactivity of the perilymphatic and endolymphatic glycocalyx was not significantly influenced. The cytochemistry of the inner ear glycocalyx and the possible biochemical changes induced by gentamicin are discussed.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. [From the pioneer-days of angiography (author's transl)].
- Author
-
Anger P and Wenz W
- Subjects
- Angiography methods, Catheterization history, Contrast Media, Halogens, History, 20th Century, Humans, Iodized Oil, Punctures, Thorium Dioxide, Angiography history
- Abstract
The occasion of transferring old archives of angiograms done between 1935 and 1940 to our present department led to the review of techniques and problems of angiography in these days; including a review of contrast agents, initial possibilities for series arteriography, puncture methods and catheter technique.
- Published
- 1981
41. International Meeting on the Toxicity of Thorotrast and Other Alpha-emitting Heavy Elements. Lisbon, June 28-July 2, 1977.
- Subjects
- Alpha Particles, Congresses as Topic, Radiation Effects, Thorium Dioxide, Toxicology
- Published
- 1979
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Basic electron microscopy techniques for endocrine tissue.
- Author
-
Vitale R
- Subjects
- Acid Phosphatase analysis, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone analysis, Alkaline Phosphatase analysis, Buffers, Catalase, Cytochrome c Group, Dextrans, Glycogen analysis, Iron, Lanthanum, Myoglobin, RNA analysis, Staining and Labeling, Thorium Dioxide, Cytological Techniques, Endocrine Glands ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron
- Published
- 1975
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The microvasculature of the rabbit gingiva as affected by progesterone: an ultrastructural study.
- Author
-
Mohamed AH, Waterhouse JP, and Friederici HH
- Subjects
- Animals, Endothelium cytology, Endothelium drug effects, Female, Ferritins, Gingiva blood supply, Injections, Intramuscular, Microscopy, Electron, Rabbits, Thorium Dioxide, Time Factors, Capillary Permeability drug effects, Microcirculation drug effects, Progesterone pharmacology
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. In vitro formation and i vivo clearance of fibrinogen: fibrin complexes.
- Author
-
Sherman LA, Harwig S, and Lee J
- Subjects
- Animals, Carbon, Chromatography, Chromatography, Gel, Factor XIII metabolism, In Vitro Techniques, Iodine Radioisotopes, Isotope Labeling, Macromolecular Substances, Male, Mononuclear Phagocyte System metabolism, Rabbits, Thorium Dioxide, Fibrin metabolism, Fibrinogen metabolism
- Abstract
Fbrinogen:fibrin complexes have been previously described in various thrombotic disorders. To evaluate further the properties of fibrinogen:fibrin complexes, and theirin vitro and in vivo behavior, soluable fibrinogen:fibrin complexes have been formed invitro using mixtures of '131l-fibrinogen ('131l-F) and '125l-fibrin ('125l-fb). By means of Sepharose 4B chromatography, a macromolecular complex (peak one) containing both moieties could be separated from a lower molecular weight peak two containg noncomplexed material. The latter eluted at the same position as did intact fibrogen. Both the '131l-F and '125l-fb components of peak one were rapidly catabolized when injected into rabbits with residual blood activity at 24 hours of 8 per cent and 4 per cent, respectively. Peak two behavedas a simple mixture with corresponding 24-hour levels at 31 per cent and 3 per cent. Gel filtration of postinjuection plasma samples demonstrated that peak one remained as macromolecular complex. Preinjection crosslinking of the F:fb complex with factor xiii did not substantially change the blood clearance. Prior blockage of the reticuloendotheial system with Thorotrast or carbon resulted in impaired clearance of peak one. The data provide evidence that fibrinogen and fibrin can form a macromolecular complex which is stable both in vitro and vivo. Further, the reticuloendotheialsystem was shown to mediate the the in vivo clearance of this complex. This latterfinding may be of pathophysiologic significance.
- Published
- 1975
45. The biochemical and ultrastructural demonstration of collagen during early heart development.
- Author
-
Johnson RC, Manasek FJ, Vinson WC, and Seyer JM
- Subjects
- Aminopropionitrile pharmacology, Animals, Chick Embryo, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Collagen analysis, Culture Techniques, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Histocytochemistry, Microscopy, Electron, Myocardium cytology, Proline metabolism, Thorium Dioxide, Tritium, Collagen biosynthesis, Heart embryology, Myocardium metabolism
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Regional renal function measured by videodensitometry.
- Author
-
Erikson U, Lörelius LE, Ruhn G, and Wolgast M
- Subjects
- Animals, Contrast Media, Diatrizoate Meglumine, Dogs, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Kidney physiology, Renal Circulation, Thorium Dioxide, Densitometry methods, Kidney Function Tests methods
- Abstract
The videodensitometric method was applied for the determination of regional renal blood flow and filtration fraction using 2 contrast agents, where Thorotrast represented an intravascular indicator and Angiografin will be distributed in the intravascular and interstitial space and, in addition being freely filtrable in the glomeruli. The contrast density was continuously monitored from the light intensity on a TV-screen, where the region to be analyzed could be outlined by a light pen. The passage time of Angiografin analyzed from the videodensitometric curve was compared to that of 125I-labelled Angiografin as analyzed in the venous effluent. The two methods yielded almost identical values. Knowing the volume of distribution of the agents, the regional blood flow could be calculated and was found to be the same for the two contrast agents used. The curves for Thorotrast showed a rapid passage with a rapid declination towards the base-line. For Angiografin the curves ended in an almost horizontal plateau reflecting the fraction of the Angiografin filtered and remaining into the tubular system. The height of the plateau was then used for the determination of the filtration fraction. The figure obtained was compared to that obtained by conventional clearance techniques, and was found to yield similar values. It is concluded that the videodensitometric method allows for evaluation of the functional characteristics of the kidney in addition to the anatomical information given by the conventional angiography performed in parallel to the videodensitometric measurements.
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Surface differentiation of hemopoietic cells demonstrated ultrastructurally with cationized ferritin.
- Author
-
Ackerman GA
- Subjects
- Cell Membrane ultrastructure, Colloids, Humans, Ions, Iron, Methods, Protein Binding, Staining and Labeling, Thorium Dioxide, Binding Sites, Cell Differentiation, Ferritins, Hematopoietic Stem Cells ultrastructure
- Abstract
The ultrastructural cationized ferritin (CF) technique was employed as a probe of the surface binding characteristics of the various cell types present in normal human bone marrow. The number of CF particles per micron length of cell surface were counted and data subjected to statistical analysis. All cells of the bone marrow exhibited CF reactivity. The extent of labeling was cell specific and could be related to the stage of maturation of the cells in a given lineage. In the neutrophilic series, myeloblasts showed moderate labeling while promyelocytes and myelocytes revealed only minimal binding; CF binding increased sequentially in metamyelocytes, band and segmented neutrophils. Eosinophils and eosinophilic myelocytes showed similar membrane differnetiation patterns while basophils exhibited stronger CF labeling that other granulocytic cells. Lymphocytes were strongly reactive while monocytes and their precursors were moderately labeled with CF. Surface reactivity of developing nucleated erythrocytic cells was similar to that of the lymphocytes. Surface labeling from the proerythroblasts to early normoblasts stage was identical, CF binding increased in the late normoblasts stage and then decreased in the reticulocyte and mature erythrocyte stages. The extent of surface CF reactivity of the marrow cells was markedly different from that obtained with Thorotrast and colloidal iron. Thorotrast and colloidal iron stained the surface of all marrow cell intensely but failed to yield distinctive surface labeling patterns for the differing cell population in bone marrow.
- Published
- 1975
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The structure of mononuclear phagocytes differentiating in vivo. III. The effect of particulate foreign substances.
- Author
-
Goldner RD and Adams DO
- Subjects
- Animals, Barium Sulfate, Cell Differentiation, Foreign-Body Reaction pathology, Granuloma pathology, Guinea Pigs, Macrophages immunology, Macrophages ultrastructure, Phagocytes immunology, Phagocytosis, Talc, Thorium Dioxide, Time Factors, Foreign-Body Reaction immunology, Granuloma immunology, Phagocytes ultrastructure
- Abstract
The response of mononuclear phagocytes to three inert particles--barium sulfate, talc, and thorium dioxide--was studied by correlated light and electron microscopy. All three particles induced maturation of the mononuclear phagocytes, which proceeded to the stage of the mature macrophage and required 7 to 9 days. Once established, maturation persisted as long as 45 days, as did the inert particles. The resultant lesions, dense aggregates of mature macrophages, were termed mature granulomas. The resultant maturation differed from that produced by digestible bacteria in tempo and extent but not in pattern.
- Published
- 1977
49. Assessment of thorotrast redistribution in liver tissue of the rat.
- Author
-
Kaul A, Pustelnik B, Pustelnik C, and Riedel W
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Hepatectomy, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Liver radiation effects, Liver Regeneration radiation effects, Thorium Dioxide
- Published
- 1985
50. A mechanism of teratogenesis: experiments and ultrastructural investigations on the yolk sac placenta of the mouse.
- Author
-
Schlüter G
- Subjects
- Animals, Embryo Implantation, Endoderm physiology, Endoderm ultrastructure, Female, Histological Techniques, Iron-Dextran Complex, Microscopy, Electron, Placenta physiology, Pregnancy, Thorium Dioxide, Yolk Sac physiology, Mice embryology, Placenta ultrastructure, Teratogens, Yolk Sac ultrastructure
- Published
- 1980
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