Search

Purpose: Excessive paper dust during paper production may harm the workers' respiratory health. We wanted to assess the inhalable paper dust levels and its determinants among paper industry workers., Methods: A study was conducted in Ethiopia to assess the level of personal inhalable paper dust exposure among four paper mills. A total of 150 samples were collected using the IOM sampler attached to Side Kick Casella pumps at a flow rate of 2 L/min. The samples were analyzed in Nemko Norlab, Norway. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to identify determinants of inhalable paper dust., Results: The geometric mean of personal inhalable paper dust was 3.3 mg/m 3 with 80% of the measurements exceeding the Swedish occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 2 mg/m 3 . The linear mixed-effects model showed that the level of dust was 28% higher when using high-speed than when using low-speed rewinding machines, while paper mills with an average of more than four machines per job group had 22% higher exposure than paper mills with a lower number of machines. Furthermore, working in packing and preparation was associated with higher dust exposure than in other areas., Conclusions: The dust exposure levels were above the Swedish OEL for 80% of the samples. This indicates that preventive measures should be established in the industry. The exposure model identified high-speed rewinding machines, a high number of machines, and work in preparation and packing as associated with high levels of paper dust exposure., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethical approval Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the College of Health Science Addis Ababa University number 079/22/SPH and from the Regional Committee for Research Ethics South East Norway, number 2022/521268. After the purpose and the importance of their participation were explained informed consent was taken from each study participant. Privacy and confidentiality of information given by each participant were kept properly and personal identifiers were removed. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A new, sensitive, and cost-effective lab-on-paper-based immunosensor was designed based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the detection of exosomes. EIS was selected as the determination method since there was a surface blockage in electron transfer by binding the exosomes to the transducer. Briefly, the carbon working electrode (WE) on the paper electrode (PE) was modified with gold particles (AuPs@PE) and then conjugated with anti-CD9 (Anti-CD9/AuPs@PE) for the detection of exosomes. Variables involved in the biosensor design were optimized with the univariate mode. The developed method presents the limit of detection of  8.7 × 10 2 exosomes mL -1 , which is lower than that of many other available methods under the best conditions. The biosensor was also tested with urine samples from cancer patients with high recoveries. Due to this  a unique, low-cost, biodegradable technology is presented that can directly measure exosomes without labeling them for early cancer or metastasis detection., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

In this study, two methods were examined to optimize the immobilization of antibodies on paper when conducting a paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (P-ELISA). Human IgG, as a test-capture protein, was immobilized on paper via the formation of Schiff bases. Aldehyde groups were introduced onto the surface of the paper via two methods: NaIO 4 and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) with glutaraldehyde (APTS-glutaraldehyde). In the assay, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgG (HRP-anti-IgG) binds to the immobilized human IgG, and the colorimetric reaction of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzyzine (TMB) produces a blue color in the presence of H 2 O 2 and HRP-anti-IgG as a model analyte. The immobilization of human IgG, the enzymatic reaction conditions, and the reduction of the chemical bond between the paper surface and immobilized human IgG all were optimized in order to improve both the analytical performance and the stability. In addition, the thickness of the paper was examined to stabilize the analytical signal. Consequently, the APTS-glutaraldehyde method was superior to the NaIO 4 method in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility. Conversely, the reduction of imine to amine with NaBH 4 proved to exert only minimal influence on sensitivity and stability, although it tended to degrade reproducibility. We also found that thick paper was preferential when using P-ELISA because a rigid paper substrate prevents distortion of the paper surface that is often caused by repeated washing processes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A paper-based colorimetric sensor array mediated by a novel nanozyme (CuCo 2 O 4 ) was developed using a screen-printing technology. The aim was to facilitate the identification of different kinds of alkaloids. Typically, three chromogenic substrates (3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and o-phenylenediamine) were selected as sensing elements, which can be catalyzed by a CuCo 2 O 4 nanozyme with peroxidase-like activity to yield corresponding oxidized products, thereby inducing color changes. Owing to the varying inhibitory ability of different alkaloids on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a decrease in choline (Ch) concentration occurs and subsequently results in the restoration of color within the units of sensor array. Color data can be transformed into hue information with a smartphone. The above color variations generated a unique "fingerprint" pattern on five alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, eserine, and harmane), which can be successfully discriminated through linear discriminant analysis in the range 0.2 to 20 µM. Furthermore, the sensor arrays allowed successful discrimination of the above five alkaloids in Chinese herbal medicine samples and recognition of 22 blind samples. This work presents a novel nanozyme-based paper sensor array, which is a user-friendly and reliable platform for probing different alkaloids. In addition, the developed sensing strategy enables the identification of AChE-related diseases, positively contributing to the screening available of AD-associated drugs., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

A wearable potentiometric device is reported based on an innovative butterfly-like paper-based microfluidic system, allowing for continuous monitoring of pH and Na + levels in sweat during physical activity. Specifically, the use of the butterfly-like configuration avoids evaporation phenomena and memory effects, enabling precise and timely biomarker determination in sweat. Two ad hoc modified screen-printed electrodes were embedded in the butterfly-like paper-based microfluidics, and the sensing device was further integrated with a portable and miniaturized potentiostat, leveraging Bluetooth technology for efficient data transmission. First, the paper-based microfluidic configuration was tested for optimal fluidic management to obtain optimized performance of the device. Subsequently, the two electrodes were individually tested to detect the two biomarkers, namely pH and Na + . The results demonstrated highly promising near-Nernstian (0.056 ± 0.002 V/dec) and super-Nernstian (- 0.080 ± 0.003 V/pH) responses, for Na + and pH detection, respectively. Additionally, several important parameters such as storage stability, interferents, and memory effect by hysteresis study were also investigated. Finally, the butterfly-like paper-based microfluidic wearable device was tested for Na + and pH monitoring during the physical activity of three volunteers engaged in different exercises, obtaining a good correlation between Na + increase and dehydration phenomena. Furthermore, one volunteer was tested through a cardiopulmonary test, demonstrating a correlation between sodium Na + increase and the energetic effort by the volunteer. Our wearable device highlights the high potential to enable early evaluation of dehydration and open up new opportunities in sports activity monitoring., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In the era of liquid biopsy, microRNAs emerge as promising candidates for the early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, offering valuable insights into the disease's development. Among all the existing analytical approaches, even if traditional approaches such as the nucleic acid amplification ones have the advantages to be highly sensitive, they cannot be used at the point-of-care, while sensors might be poorly sensitive despite their portability. In order to improve the analytical performance of existing electroanalytical systems, we demonstrate how a simple chromatographic paper-based disk might be useful to rationally improve the sensitivity, depending on the number of preconcentration cycles. A paper-based electrochemical platform for miRNA detection has been developed by modifying a paper-based electrode with a methylene blue (MB)-modified single-stranded sequence (ssDNA) complementary to the chosen miRNA, namely miR-224 that is associated with lung cancer. A detection limit of ca. 0.6 nM has been obtained in spiked human serum samples. To further enhance the sensitivity, an external chromatographic wax-patterned paper-based disk has been adopted to preconcentrate the sample, and this has been demonstrated both in standard and in serum solutions. For each solution, three miR-224 levels have been preconcentrated, obtaining a satisfactory lowering detection limit of ca. 50 pM using a simple and sustainable procedure. This approach opens wide possibilities in the field of analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, being useful not only for electrochemistry but also for other architectures of detection and transduction., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Wax printing is the most widely used method for fabricating microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), but it still suffers from disadvantages like discontinuation of wax printers and need for additional equipment for heating treatment. To address these issues, this work initially describes a new class of wax printing approach for high-precision, batch fabrication of μPADs using a household 3D printer. It only involves a one patterning step of printing polyethylene wax into rice paper body. Under optimized parameters, a fabrication resolution, namely the minimum hydrophilic channel width, down to ~189 ± 30 μm could be achieved. In addition, the analytical applicability of such polyethylene wax-patterned μPADs was demonstrated well with enhanced colorimetric detection of dopamine as a model analyte by combining metal-organic framework (MOF) based nanoenzymes (ZIF-67) with a smartphone (for portable quantitative readout). The developed nanosensor could linearly detect dopamine over a concentration range from 10 to 1000 μM, with a detection limit of ca. 2.75 μM (3σ). The recovery results for analyzing several real samples (i.e., pig feed, chicken feed, pork and human serum) were between 91.82 and 102.79%, further validating its good detection accuracy for potential practical applications in food safety and medical diagnosis., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)

As the role of exosomes in physiological and pathological processes has been properly perceived, harvesting them and their internal components is critical for subsequent applications. This study is a debut of intermittent lysis, which has been integrated into a simple and easy-to-operate procedure on a single paper-based device to extract exosomal nucleic acid biomarkers for downstream analysis. Exosomes from biological samples were captured by anti-CD63-modified papers before being intermittently lysed by high-temperature, short-time treatment with double-distilled water to release their internal components. Exosomal nucleic acids were finally adsorbed by sol-gel silica for downstream analysis. Empirical trials not only revealed that sporadically dropping 95 °C ddH 2 O onto the anti-CD63-modified papers every 5 min for 6 times optimized the exosomal nucleic acids extracted by the anti-CD63 paper but also verified that the whole deployed procedure is applicable for point-of-care testing (POCT) in low-resource areas and for both in vitro (culture media) and in vivo (plasma and chronic lesion) samples. Importantly, downstream analysis of exosomal miR-21 extracted by the paper-based procedure integrated with this novel technique discovered that the content of exosomal miR-21 in chronic lesions related to their stages and the levels of exosomal carcinoembryonic antigen originated from colorectal cancer cells correlated to their exosomal miR-21., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

A one-shot CO 2 laser-based strategy to generate conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated with nanoceria (nCe) is proposed. The 2D/0D rGO-nCe films, integrated as catalytic sensing layers in paper-based sensors, were employed for on-site monitoring of indoor fogging treatments against Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a ubiquitous pathogenic bacterium. The rGO-nCe laser-assisted synthesis was optimized to preserve the rGO film morphological and electron-transfer features and simultaneously integrate catalytic nCe. The films were characterized by microscopical (SEM), spectroscopical (EDX, Raman, and FTIR), and electrochemical techniques. The most performing film was integrated into a nitrocellulose substrate, and the complete sensor was assembled via a combination of xurography and stencil printing. The rGO-nCe sensor's catalytic activity was proved toward the detection of H 2 O 2 , obtaining sensitive determination (LOD = 0.3 µM) and an extended linear range (0.5-1500 µM). Eventually, the rGO-nCe sensor was challenged for the real-time continuous monitoring of hydrogen peroxide aerosol during no-touch fogging treatment conducted following the EU's recommendation for biocidal product use. Treatment effectiveness was proved toward three Lm strains characterized by different origins, i.e., type strain ATCC 7644, clinical strain 338, and food strain 641/6II. The sensor allows for discrimination and quantification treatments at different environmental biocidal amounts and fogging times, and correlates with the microbiological inhibition, promoting the proposed sensor as a useful tool to modulate and monitor no-touch treatments., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The rapid discrimination of bacteria is currently an emerging trend in the fields of food safety, medical detection, and environmental observation. Traditional methods often require lengthy culturing processes, specialized analytical equipment, and bacterial recognition receptors. In response to this need, we have developed a paper-based fluorescence sensor array platform for identifying different bacteria. The sensor array is based on three unique carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as sensing units, each modified with a different antibiotic (polymyxin B, ampicillin, and gentamicin). These antibiotic-modified CQDs can aggregate on the bacterial surface, triggering aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching. The sensor array exhibits varying fluorescent responses to different bacterial species. To achieve low-cost and portable detection, CQDs were formulated into fluorescent ink and used with an inkjet printer to manufacture paper-based sensor arrays. A smartphone was used to collect the responses generated by the bacteria and platform. Diverse machine learning algorithms were utilized to discriminate bacterial types. Our findings showcase the platform's remarkable capability to differentiate among five bacterial strains, within a detection range spanning from 1.0 × 10 3  CFU/mL to 1.0 × 10 7  CFU/mL. Its practicality is further validated through the accurate identification of blind bacterial samples. With its cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, and high degree of integration, this platform holds significant promise for on-site detection of diverse bacteria., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In this study, the potential of ultrafiltered xylano-pectinolytic enzymatic bleaching approach was investigated, for manufacturing wheat straw-based paper. The enzymatic step was found to be most effective, with xylanase-pectinase dose of 4-1.7 IU/g pulp and time period of 180 min. The absorption spectra of the pulp free filtrate samples obtained after treatment of the pulp with ultrafiltered enzymes showed the removal of more impurities, in comparison to the treatment with crude enzymes. Microscopic analysis also showed the removal of lignin impurities in enzymatically bleached pulp samples. This bleaching approach using enzymes resulted in 27% reduction in ClO 2 dose. Ultrafiltered enzymes treated pulp samples also showed improved quality-related parameters, and Gurley porosity, burst index, breaking length, double fold, tear index, and viscosity increased by 19.05, 13.70, 8.18, 29.27, 4.41, and 13.27%, respectively. The lignin content, TDS, TSS, BOD and COD values also decreased in the effluent samples obtained after enzymatic bleaching plus 73% chemical bleaching dose. The BOD and COD values of the effluent samples improved by 23.01 and 23.66%, respectively. Thus, indicating the potential of ultrafiltered xylano-pectinolytic enzymes in reducing pollution during bleaching of wheat straw. This is the first study, mentioning the efficacy of ultrafiltered enzymes in the bleaching of wheat straw-based paper with better optical-strength-related properties and effluent characteristics., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

White detection remains a critical limitation in using colorimetry to determine substances with microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs). Here, we introduced a simple, safe alcohol ink-modified µPAD for the straightforward and facile detection of white color in precipitation reactions. Although absolute alcohol ink was found to cause device leakage, dilution of the ink with water was the key to successfully precoat wax-created µPADs. Device utility was demonstrated through simultaneous detection of sulfate, phosphate, and water hardness via precipitation reactions. While phosphate interfered with sulfate detection by Ba 2+ , in situ distance-based quantification of phosphate was implemented. Aside from anions, the modified µPADs could be extended to detect cationic analytes such as total hardness. The limits of detection (LODs) for sulfate, phosphate, and hardness were 0.005 mmol L -1 , 0.005 mmol L -1 , and 0.5 mmol L -1 , respectively, with the linear ranges of 0.01-10.0 mmol L -1 , 0.005-1.0 mmol L -1 , and 0.001-0.5 mol L -1 . The µPADs were applied to real water samples, demonstrating results that were consistent with standard methods at a 95% confidence level. By incorporating white detection, these alcohol ink-modified µPADs offer enhanced versatility for addressing a broader array of analytical challenges in real-world settings., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

The use of natural materials as precursors for synthesizing sorptive phases can reduce the environmental impact of the sample preparation step. In this article, two natural materials, i.e., cellulose and humic acids, are combined, resulting in a porous and flat sorptive phase that combines hydrophobic and cation exchange interactions. The simple preparation, with low reagent consumption, and the high production capacity make this process affordable. The performance of the humic acid-coated paper has been studied towards three basic drugs (cocaine, codeine, and methadone), and it has allowed the determination of the targets in saliva by direct infusion tandem mass spectrometry. The simultaneous extraction of many samples and the rapid analysis (2 min) provide a high sample throughput. The resulting method has been validated following the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) M10 validation guide. Working at the optimum conditions, the linear range was established from 5 to 500 μg·L -1 and the detection limits were established at 1.5 μg·L -1 for all the analytes. At the LOQ, the inter-day precision and intra-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, were better than 13.6% and 17.9%, respectively. For low/mid/high quality controls, the inter-day precision and intra-day precision were better than 11.8% and 9.1%, respectively. The accuracy, calculated as relative recovery, was in the range of 83.8-106.1%. Several samples from patients under treatment with codeine-containing prescriptions were finally analyzed., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)

Electrophoretic microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (e-µPADs) are promising for low-cost and portable technologies, but quantitative detection remains challenging. In this study, we develop a paper-based isotachophoretic preconcentration and separation method for the herbicide glyphosate as a model analyte. The device, consisting of two electrode chambers filled with leading and terminating electrolytes and a nitrocellulose strip as the separation carrier, was illuminated by a flat light source and operated with a voltage supply of 400 V. Detection was accomplished using a simple camera. Colorimetric detection was optimized through competitive complexation between glyphosate, copper ions, and pyrocatechol violet as a dye. The buffer system was optimized using simulations, (i) ensuring the pH was optimal for the demetallation of the blue pyrocatechol violet-copper complex [PV] to the yellow free dye and (ii) ensuring the electrophoretic migration of glyphosate into the slower [PV] for the colorimetric reaction. A new data evaluation method is presented, analyzing the RGB channel intensities. The linear range was between 0.8 and 25 µM, with a LOD of approximately 0.8 µM. The ITP separation preconcentrated glyphosate by a factor of 820 in numerical simulations. The method may be applied to control glyphosate formulations, especially in developing countries where herbicide sales and applications are poorly regulated., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A flexible, ultrasensitive, and practical SERS chip is presented based on a paper/f-TiO 2 /Ag structure. The chip enhances the self-assembly of Ag nanoparticles on a cellulose fiber matrix, facilitated by smart functionalized TiO 2 nanomaterials (f-TiO 2 ). This design enables superior detection of the hazardous pesticide tricyclazole (TCZ) on crops using an advanced, simple, and efficient analytical method. Despite its straightforward fabrication process via a solvent immersion method, the intrinsic smart surface properties of the TiO 2 bridging material - both hydrophilic and hydrophobic - enable the uniform and dense self-assembly of hydrophilic Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on the cellulose fiber paper substrate. This innovative design provides superior sensing efficiency for TCZ molecules with a detection limit reaching 2.1 × 10 -9  M, a remarkable improvement compared to Paper/Ag substrates lacking f-TiO 2 nanomaterials, which register at 10 -5  M. This flexible SERS substrate also exhibits very high reliability as indicated by its excellent reproducibility and repeatability with relative standard deviations (RSD) of only 5.93% and 4.73%, respectively. Characterized by flexibility and a water-attractive yet non-soluble surface, the flexible Paper/f-TiO 2 /Ag chips offer the convenience of direct immersion into the analytical sample, facilitating seamless target molecule collection while circumventing interference signals. Termed the "dip and dry" technique, its advantages in field analysis are indisputable, boasting in situ deployment, simplicity, and high efficiency, while minimizing interference signals to negligible levels. Through the application of this advanced technique, we have successfully detected TCZ in two high-value crops, ST25 rice and dragon fruit, achieving excellent recovery values ranging from 90 to 128%. This underscores its immense potential in ensuring food quality and safety. As a proof of concept, flexible Paper/f-TiO 2 /Ag SERS chips, with a simple fabrication process, advanced analytical technique, and superior sensing efficiency, bring SERS one step closer to field applications beyond the laboratory., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Heavy metal ions, such as thallium(I) and lead(II) are environmental toxicants known to cause a severe threat to human and ecosystem health. This work investigates aptamers and intercalating chromophore-based complexes for the detection of these toxic species. In one method, a selective label-free "turn-on" biosensor was developed using a G-quadruplex-intercalating agent, berberine. Fluorescence, melting temperature (T m ), and circular dichroism analysis confirmed the affinity and selectivity results, illustrating the potential of these aptasensor methods for improving detection limits. These fluorescence assays were found to perform with a detection limit of 3.4 μM for Tl(I) and 0.84 nM for Pb(II). Furthermore, the assays were challenged successfully with Tl(I) and Pb(II) spiked into river water samples. We next developed paper-based fluorescent assays for Tl(I) and Pb(II), where the aptamer/berberine complex was spotted onto the paper test zone. When Tl(I) or Pb(II) ions solutions were spotted onto the top of the test zone and the spot was illuminated with a portable UV light (365 nm), a strong green fluorescence could be easily visualized with the naked eye. The lowest detection limits achieved with these fluorescent paper-based assays for Tl(I) and Pb(II) were 1.1 nM and 1.6 nM, respectively. The two fluorescent approaches presented here have the potential to be the basis of rapid, fast, and cost-efficient screening assays for these toxic species., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)

Broussonetia papyrifera is widely found in cadmium (Cd) contaminated areas, with an inherent enhanced flavonoids metabolism and inhibited lignin biosynthesis, colonized by lots of symbiotic fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which Rhizophagus irregularis, an AM fungus, regulates flavonoids and lignin in B. papyrifera under Cd stress remain unclear. Here, a pot experiment of B. papyrifera inoculated and non-inoculated with R. irregularis under Cd stress was carried out. We determined flavonoids and lignin concentrations in B. papyrifera roots by LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively, and measured the transcriptional levels of flavonoids- or lignin-related genes in B. papyrifera roots, aiming to ascertain the key components of flavonoids or lignin, and key genes regulated by R. irregularis in response to Cd stress. Without R. irregularis, the concentrations of eriodictyol, quercetin and myricetin were significantly increased under Cd stress. The concentrations of eriodictyol and genistein were significantly increased by R. irregularis, while the concentration of rutin was significantly decreased. Total lignin and lignin monomer had no alteration under Cd stress or with R. irregularis inoculation. As for flavonoids- or lignin-related genes, 26 genes were co-regulated by Cd stress and R. irregularis. Among these genes, BpC4H2, BpCHS8 and BpCHI5 were strongly positively associated with eriodictyol, indicating that these three genes participate in eriodictyol biosynthesis and were involved in R. irregularis assisting B. papyrifera to cope with Cd stress. This lays a foundation for further research revealing molecular mechanisms by which R. irregularis regulates flavonoids synthesis to enhance tolerance of B. papyrifera to Cd stress., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Novel miniaturized Pb(II) paper-based potentiometric sensors are described using coumarin derivatives I and II as electroactive ionophores and nano vanadium pentoxide as a solid contact material for the sensitive and selective monitoring of trace lead ions. Density functional theory (DFT) confirms optimum geometries, electronic properties, and charge transfer behaviors of 1:2 Pb(II): coumarin complexes. The sensors are prepared by using two strips of 20 × 5 mm filter paper with two circular orifices. One orifice is coated with vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) nanoparticles in colloidal conductive carbon as a solid-contact, covered by a PVC membrane containing coumarin ionophore to act as a sensing probe. The other orifice is treated with Ag/AgCl in a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) film, to act as a reference electrode. Sensors with ionophores (I) and (II) exhibit Nernstian slopes of 27.7 ± 0.2 and 30.2 ± 0.2 mV/decade over the linear concentration range 4.5 × 10 -7 to 6.2 × 10 -3 M and 8.5 × 10 -8 to 6.2 × 10 -3 M, with detection limits of 1.3 × 10 -7 M (26.9 ppb) and 2.1 × 10 -8 M (4.4 ppb), respectively. The sensors are satisfactorily used for accurate determination of lead ions in drinking water, lead-acid battery wastewater, and electronic waste leachates. The results compare favourably well with data obtained by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

The global advocacy of resource conservation and waste management emphasizes the significance of sustainable practices, particularly in sectors such as paper manufacturing and recycling. Currently, conventional chemical methods are predominant for paper production, necessitating the use of substantial amount of toxic chemicals. This chemical-intensive approach compromises the recycled fiber quality, generates hazardous effluent causing serious ecological threats which triggers regulatory complexities for the mills. To address these challenges modern research suggests adopting sustainable eco-friendly practices such as employing enzymes. This review aims to explore the applicability of 'laccase' enzyme for paper recycling, investigating its properties and contribution to improved recycling practices. By delving into the potential application of laccase integration into the papermaking process, this article sheds light on the limitations inherent in traditional methods surmounted within both research and translational landscapes. Culture and process optimization studies, supporting the technological improvements and the future prospects have been documented., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The development of distance-based paper analytical devices (dPADs) integrated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to monitor Escherichia coli (E. coli) levels in food samples is presented. The fluidic workflow on the device is controlled using a designed hydrophilic bridge valve. Dopamine serves as a monomer for the formation of the E. coli-selective MIP layer on the dPADs. The detection principle relies on the inhibition of the E. coli toward copper (II) (Cu 2+ )-triggered oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) on the paper substrate. Quantitative detection is simply determined through visual observation of the residual yellow color of the OPD in the detection zone, which is proportional to E. coli concentration. The sensing exhibits a linear range from 25.0 to 1200.0 CFU mL -1 (R 2  = 0.9992) and a detection limit (LOD) of 25.0 CFU mL -1 for E. coli detection. Additionally, the technique is highly selective with no interference even from the molecules that have shown to react with OPD to form oxidized OPD. The developed device demonstrates accuracy and precision for E. coli quantification in food samples with recovery percentages between 98.3 and 104.7% and the highest relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.55%. T-test validation shows no significant difference in E. coli concentration measured between our method and a commercial assay. The proposed dPAD sensor has the potential for selective and affordable E. coli determination  in food samples without requiring sample preparation. Furthermore, this strategy can be extended to monitor other molecules for which MIP can be developed and integrated into paper-microfluidic platform., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

This paper describes the design and construction of dual microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (dual-μPADs) as a lab-on-paper platform involving a "do-it-yourself" fabrication protocol. The device comprises a colorimetric and electrochemical module to obtain a dual-mode signal readout sensing strategy. A 3D pen polymeric resin was used to prepare graphite carbon-based electrodes and hydrophobic barriers on paper substrates. The proposed carbon-based ink was employed to manufacture electrodes on paper based on a stencil-printing approach, which were further characterized by electrochemical and morphological analyses. The analytical performance of the dual-μPADs was simultaneously evaluated for lactate, pH, nitrite, and salivary amylase (sAA) analysis. To demonstrate the proof-of-concept, saliva samples collected from both healthy individuals and those with periodontitis were successfully tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed devices. Samples collected from individuals previously diagnosed with periodontitis showed high levels of nitrite and sAA (> 94 μmol L -1 and > 610 U mL -1 ) in comparison with healthy individuals (≤ 16 μmol L -1 and 545 U mL -1 ). Moreover, periodontitis saliva resulted in acid solution and almost null lactate levels. Notably, this protocol supplies a simple way to manufacture dual-μPADs, a versatile platform for sensitive detecting of biomarkers in saliva playing a crucial role towards the point-of-care diagnosis of periodontal disease., (© 2023. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Uric acid (UA) is an important biomarker, as a high concentration in blood can lead to gout and further renal syndrome. Although several point-of-care testing (POCT) devices have been reported to detect UA, there are some limitations such as the requirement for uricase and the complicated pretreatment of serum/plasma samples, which restricts their use at home or in undeveloped areas. In this work, we developed an approach by applying Zn 2+ to precipitate proteins and cells in whole blood to avoid interference with the chromogenic reaction. We used carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to immobilize tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) on a nitrocellulose membrane for colorimetric detection. Using the oxidization properties of H 2 O 2 , which turns TMB into oxidized tetramethylbenzidine (TMBox) in the presence of catalyst gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), we successfully constructed an enzyme-free paper-based POCT device using the reduction reaction of UA and TMBox for simple, speedy, and cheap colorimetric detection of UA, achieving a detection time of 8 min, a linear range of 0-150 μg/mL, and an LOD of 25.79 μg/mL. The UA concentration in whole blood samples was further measured and correlated well with the clinical value (R 2  = 0.8212). Thus, the proposed assay has the potential for POCT diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of diseases related to UA., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)

Overwintering insects are facing energetic challenges because of food shortage, low temperature, and desiccation stress. Paper wasps of the genus Polistes overwinter as mated adults (gynes) in hibernacula protecting them from predation, snow, and rain but barely from low environmental temperature. In different climates, they face differing overwintering temperature regimes, and therefore they may differ in their energy use. We investigated how much of energy resources built up until autumn is used during diapause dormancy in natural hibernacula by measuring lipid, glycogen, and free carbohydrate content in autumn and early spring in Polistes dominula from temperate European (Austrian) and warm Mediterranean (Italian) climate and Polistes gallicus from Mediterranean climate. Winter energy consumption amounted to ~ 339 and ~ 310 J per wasp in the Austrian and Italian Polistes dominula populations. The smaller Italian Polistes gallicus consumed ~ 247 J. This amounts to 2.62, 2.35, and 1.79 J per day. Of this, the energy demand was mainly fuelled by lipids (84%, 93%, and 90%, respectively), but glycogen stores contributed also considerably (16%, 6%, and 9%). Free carbohydrates decreased only by 0.7%, 1%, and 0.8%. While fat stores seem still sufficient in spring, the wasps depleted most of their carbohydrates. The energy reserves of 396, 400, and 147 J per wasp remaining in spring in the three populations seem sufficient to fuel rest or simple brood care activities for a whole summer but restrict foraging flights to a few hours (~ 3.5-6 h). Results suggest that energy supply might become challenging in expected future climate scenarios., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

We report the development of a competitive ELISA-based origami microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the detection of mycotoxins in animal feed material. The μPAD was patterned using the wax printing technique with the design of a testing pad in the middle and two absorption pads at the side. Anti-mycotoxin antibodies were effectively immobilized on chitosan-glutaraldehyde-modified sample reservoirs in the μPAD. The determination of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin in corn flour was successfully achieved by performing competitive ELISA on the μPAD in 20 min. Colorimetric results were easily distinguished by the naked eye with a detection limit of 1 µg/mL for all three mycotoxins. The μPAD integrated with competitive ELISA holds potential for practical applications in the livestock industry for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of different mycotoxins in animal feed materials., (© 2023. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

A paper-based analytical device (PAD) with an integrated composite electrode has been designed and fabricated for non-enzymatic creatinine sensing. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was employed to modify the PAD so that it could function as a solid-contact transducer. A new macrocyclic pyrido-hexapeptide derivative was made and used as a special ionophore in the creatinine membrane sensor. The synthesized PAD showed a detection limit of 1.0 µM (S/N = 3) and a potentiometric response towards creatinine throughout a log-linear range of 2.0 µM-10 mM (R 2  = 0.9998). The sensor shows significant selectivity for a few related substances, including ephedrine, codeine, ketamine, caffeine, urea, urate, carbinoxamine, and dextromethorphan. It has been established that the testing method is appropriate for the direct potentiometric detection of creatinine in a variety of human urine sample types. When an indicating electrode and a reference electrode are put on the same flexible disposable, this lets applications with a small sample volume be done. For point-of-care creatinine measurement, the developed paper-based analytical equipment is a good choice because it is affordable, easily accessible, and self-pumping (especially when combined with potentiometric detection)., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Hydroxyl radical (•OH) detection is pivotal in medicine, biochemistry and environmental chemistry. Yet, electrochemical method-specific detection is challenging because of hydroxyl radicals' high reactivity and short half-life. In this study, we aimed to modify the electrode surface with a specific recognition probe for •OH. To achieve this, we conducted a one-step hydrothermal process to fabricate a CoZnMOF bimetallic organic framework directly onto conductive graphite paper (Gp). Subsequently, we introduced salicylic acid (SA) and methylene blue (MB), which easily penetrated the pores of CoZnMOF. By selectively capturing •OH by SA and leveraging the electrochemical signal generated by the reaction product, we successfully developed an electrochemical sensor Gp/CoZnMOF/SA + MB. The prepared sensor exhibited a good linear relationship with •OH concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 1200 nM, with a detection limit of 0.2 nM. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility and accuracy due to the incorporation of an internal reference. It exhibited remarkable selectivity for •OH detection, unaffected by other electrochemically active substances. The establishment of this sensor provides a way to construct MOF-modified sensors for the selective detection of other reactive oxygen species (ROS), offering a valuable experimental basis for ROS-related disease research and environmental safety investigations., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

A smartphone-assisted, paper-based ratio fluorescence probe is presented for the rapid, low-cost and on-site quantification of total flavonol glycosides in Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE). The Al 3+ /Eu-MOF/paper-based probe utilizes lanthanide metal-organic framework (Ln-MOF) nanoparticles immobilized on Whatman filter paper along with Al 3+ for detecting flavonols, which are the hydrolyzed products of flavonol glycosides. The color change of the paper-based fluorescence image from red to orange depends on the concentration of the target analyte in the sample solution. The smartphone equipped with a red, green, blue (RGB) color detector measured the fluorescence signal intensity on the paper substrate after adding flavonol. The analytical variables affecting the performance of the probe, including the addition sequence of the aluminum nitrate solution, its concentration, that of the Ln-MOF solution, the drying time of the paper probe, the reaction time and the sensitivity parameters of the mobile phone camera (ISO), were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the Al 3+ /Eu-MOF/paper-based probe has good linear response in the concentration range 7 ~ 80 µg mL - 1 and a lower detection limit of 2.07 µg mL - 1 . The results obtained with the paper-based ratio fluorescence probe and smartphone combination were validated by comparing them with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements. This study provides a potential strategy for fabricating Al 3+ /Eu-MOF/paper-based probe used for total flavonol glycosides determination., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

To evaluate the morphology of the "athlete's heart", left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (WT) and end-diastolic internal diameter (LVIDd) at rest were addressed in publications on skiers, rowers, swimmers, cyclists, runners, weightlifters (n = 927), and untrained controls (n = 173) and related to the acute and maximal cardiovascular response to their respective disciplines. Dimensions of the heart at rest and functional variables established during the various sport disciplines were scaled to body weight for comparison among athletes independent of body mass. The two measures of LV were related (r = 0.8; P = 0.04) across athletic disciplines. With allometric scaling to body weight, LVIDd was similar between weightlifters and controls but 7%-15% larger in the other athletic groups, while WT was 9%-24% enlarged in all athletes. The LVIDd was related to stroke volume, oxygen pulse, maximal oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and blood volume (r =  ~ 0.9, P < 0.05), while there was no relationship between WT and these variables (P > 0.05). In conclusion, while cardiac enlargement is, in part, essential for the generation of the cardiac output and thus stroke volume needed for competitive endurance exercise, an enlarged WT seems important for the development of the wall tension required for establishing normal arterial pressure in the enlarged LVIDd., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The existence of pesticide residues in the hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere can cause acute or chronic diseases and deteriorate the environment. Therefore, efficient detection of pesticide residues is of great significance to prevent food poisoning, control food pollution, and protect human lives by recognizing their distribution and concentration. Herein, a novel smartphone-coupled three-layered paper-based microfluidic chip is proposed as a facile platform to detect the pesticides. The stereoscopic capillary-driven fluid transport is enabled by the three-layered microfluidic chip configuration. The detection mechanism is based on the enzyme inhibition reaction and the chromatic reaction. The detection results are obtained by a smartphone and figured out by colorimetric quantitative analysis. Taking advantages of the above merits, we demonstrate the utilization of this smartphone-coupled three-layered paper-based microfluidic chip for the effective analysis of typical pesticides (profenofo and methomyl). The linear ranges of profenofo and methomyl are 0.27-2.1 μmol L -1 and 0.14-1.85 μmol L -1 , respectively. The corresponding limits of detection in the chips are 55 nM and 34 nM, respectively. The paper-based chips are also highly cost-effective with a total cost of 0.082 ¥ per piece. It can be anticipated that this technique will open new avenues for the mass fabrication of paper-based microfluidic chips and provide state-of-the-art methods in the field of analytical chemistry., (© 2021. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

A user-friendly, cost-effectively, portable, and environmentally friendly colorimetric sensor for the quantitative determination of formaldehyde was developed based on the combining of microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD), headspace microextraction (HSME), and digital image colorimetry. Coupling HSME and μPAD led to enhancements in selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor through sample cleanup and analyte enrichment. To construct the μPAD-HSME device, two pieces of paper as the sample and detection zone were placed facing each other so that a small common and sealed space was created between them. The color change occurred when the analyte in the gaseous form crossed this gap and reached the detection zone. Colorimetric sensing in the detection zone was performed based on the Hantzsch reaction. The color change in the detection zone was recorded by a smartphone and digital images were processed using image analysis software based on the RGB model. The influence of some key variables on the sensitivity of the method including derivatization reagent composition, sample volume, extraction temperature, and extraction time was studied and optimized. The linear dynamic range of the method was obtained in two ranges of 0.10-0.75 and 0.75-5.0 mg L -1 with a limit of detection of 0.03 mg L -1 . The recoveries were in the range 80-126% for the quantification of formaldehyde in textile, milk, and wastewater samples., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been recognized as one of the most sensitive analytical methods by adsorbing the target of interest onto a plasmonic surface. Growing attention has been directed towards the fabrication of various substrates to broaden SERS applications. Among these, flexible SERS substrates, particularly paper-based ones, have gained popularity due to their easy-to-use features by full contact with the sample surface. Herein, we reviewed the latest advancements in flexible SERS substrates, with a focus on paper-based substrates. Firstly, it begins by introducing various methods for preparing paper-based substrates and highlights their advantages through several illustrative examples. Subsequently, we demonstrated the booming applications of these paper-based SERS substrates in abiotic and biological matrix detection, with particular emphasis on their potential application in clinical diagnosis. Finally, the prospects and challenges of paper-based SERS substrates in broader applications are discussed., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Iron is an important micronutrient involved in several mechanisms in the human body and can be an important biomarker. In this work, a simple and disposable microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) was developed for the quantification of iron in urine samples. The detection was based on the colorimetric reaction between iron(II) and bathophenanthroline and the reduction of iron(III) to iron(II) with hydroxylamine. The developed µPAD enabled iron determination in the range 0.07-1.2 mg/L, with a limit of detection of 20 µg/L and a limit of quantification of 65 µg/L, thus suitable for the expected values in human urine. Additionally, targeting urine samples, the potential interference of the samples color was overcome by incorporating a sample blank assessment for absorbance subtraction. Stability studies revealed that the device was stable for 15 days prior to usage and that the formed colored product was stable for scanning up to 3 h. The accuracy of the developed device was established by analyzing urine samples (#26) with the developed µPAD and with the atomic absorption spectrometry method; the relative deviation between the two sets of results was below 9.5%., (© 2021. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) make up a significant proportion of the global burden of disease in vulnerable groups and tend to substantially impair the quality of life of those affected, making timely detection of UTIs a priority for public health. However, economic and societal barriers drastically reduce accessibility of traditional lab-based testing methods for critical patient groups in low-resource areas, negatively affecting their overall healthcare outcomes. As a result, cellulose-based materials such as paper and thread have garnered significant interest among researchers as substrates for so-called frugal analytical devices which leverage the material's portability and adaptability for facile and reproducible diagnoses of UTIs. Although the field may be only in its infancy, strategies aimed at commercial penetration can appreciably increase access to more healthcare options for at-risk people. In this review, we catalogue recent advances in devices that use cellulose-based materials as the primary housing or medium for UTI detection and chart out trends in the field. We also explore different modalities employed for detection, with particular emphasis on their ability to be ported onto discreet casings such as sanitary products., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Mercury ions (Hg 2+ ) mediating in situ heterojunction formation strategy based on spatially separated dual working areas was developed to achieve sensitive detection of human immunoglobulin G. To be specific, the complex of antibody, the silicon dioxide, and thymine-rich hairpin DNA were immobilized onto the antigen and antibody-modified electrodes, forming a special sandwich type where T-Hg 2+ -T structure could accommodate Hg 2+ . The zinc ions from zinc sulfide (ZnS) photoelectric materials were captured by Hg 2+ to convert ZnS to zinc sulfide-mercuric sulfide nanocomposite. Such ion exchange approach with spatially separated working electrodes endowed the sensing platform with lower background interference and high selectivity, which also avoided damage of illumination on biomolecules. In addition, by regulating the ion recognition probe, the protocol could be extended to numerous other fields like clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and public safety., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

N, Cl-doped carbon dots (N, Cl-CDs) were prepared by hydrothermal method from rhodamine B (RhB) and ethylenediamine (EDA). The resulting N, Cl-CDs exhibited fascinating solvent dependence and strict excitation independence. As the polarity of the solvent increased (from tetrahydrofuran (THF) to water), the emission spectrum of N, Cl-CDs was redshifted and the fluorescence efficiency decreased, which were attributed to hydrogen bond-induced aggregation. Taking advantage of these attributes, the N, Cl-CDs were used as suitable probes for fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode detection of water in THF. The linear relationship was 0.5-100% water with the detection limit down to 0.093%. Moreover, the sensing platform was converted into a paper-based sensor for handy, real-time, and visible humidity sensing. N, Cl-CDs/PVA films were fabricated and realized continuously tunable solid-state fluorescence, further expanding their practical application., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), found in blood and body fluids, have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for disease and injury. miRNAs are quantitatively evaluated using typical RNA analysis methods such as the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, and Northern blot, all of which require complex procedures and expensive reagents. To utilize miRNAs as practical biomarkers, it will be helpful to develop simple and user-friendly sensors. In this study, a paper-based miRNA sensor was developed by combining two methods: (1) target-recycled DNAzyme (Dz) amplification and (2) graphene oxide-assisted Dz blotting on paper. The Dz spots on paper caused a miRNA-dependent color change in presence of colorimetric reagents and facilitated the quantification of absolute amount of the target miRNA, irrespective of the volume, with high reproducibility. This approach is technologically straightforward and enables quantification of as low as 7.75 fmol miRNA using a portable smartphone., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Rapid and sensitive detection of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in fluids with complex background is an important task for safety quality control in the field of medicine, environment, and food. In this study, a gold foil paper-based aptasensor was developed for the detection of enteropathogenic EPEC O26:K60 with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and magnetic separation technology mediated by Fe 3 O 4 @Au composite. The gold foil paper was firstly modified with thiolated capture probe and SERS tag. The thiolated aptamer probe for EPEC was immobilized onto a Fe 3 O 4 @Au composite. In the presence of EPEC, highly specific recognition between the aptamer probe and EPEC made the Fe 3 O 4 @Au composite partially dissociated from the gold foil paper. This led to a decreased Raman intensity response, which showed an obvious negative linear correlation with increasing concentration of EPEC over a wide concentration range from 10 to 10 7  CFU/mL under an excitation wavelength of 633 nm. The detection limit was about 2.86 CFU/mL in a buffer solution and a licorice extractum and the detection time was only 2.5 h. The results demonstrate that the gold foil paper-based aptasensor can be an excellent biosensing platform that offers a reliable, rapid, and sensitive alternative for EPEC detection., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

In this work, a low-cost and eco-friendly paper-based analytical device (PAD) method is described for the determination of phyto-cannabinoids in cannabis and oral fluids based on a simple colorimetric reaction. The PAD was able to distinguish tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- and cannabidiol (CBD)-rich plant samples by using 4-aminophenol (4-AP) and later on to quantify total phyto-cannabinoid content (THC + CBD + CBN) in plant and oral fluids by using the Fast Corinth V reagent. The chemical and physical properties regarding paper type and reagent concentration in the PAD were optimized to achieve the best analytical performance. After that, analytical features were obtained, including a linear range of 0.01-0.1 mg mL -1 , a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.003 mg mL -1 , and a suitable precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 10%. Furthermore, no significant interferences were observed in colorimetric reactions when tea, herbs, and drug samples were analyzed. Additionally, the PAD proved color stability up to 1 month after the sampling at 25 °C. The developed PAD was suitable for determining total phyto-cannabinoid content in plants and oral fluids, obtaining good results compared to GC-MS. Overall, this method showed good reliability resulting in an operational on-site device for drug monitoring., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

This work presents a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the determination of sucrose using the Benedict's test. An asymmetric dumbbell-shaped hydrophobic barrier was produced by rubber stamping the barrier pattern onto a laboratory filter paper. Hydrochloric acid and solution containing sucrose were successively deposited onto the sample reservoir of the μPAD attached to a glass slide. The device was placed in a plastic bag and dipped into boiling water for accelerating the hydrolysis of sucrose into the reducing sugars. Then the Benedict's reagent was added at the narrow straight channel connecting the two circular zones of the μPAD, which was replaced in the plastic bag and heated again for reduction of Cu(II) by the reducing sugars. Precipitate of brick-red copper(I) oxide was formed. The image of the μPAD was recorded by a smartphone. The ratio of the red to blue intensities gave linear correlation with the concentration of sucrose in the range of 0.5-10% w/v. The relative standard deviation of the measurement was less than 5% for 2 and 4% w/v sucrose (n = 10), with limit of determination, calculated using standard deviation of regression divided by slope of calibration, of 0.26% w/v sucrose. The method was successfully validated using the dinitrosalicylic acid method for sucrose measurement. Percent recoveries of sucrose were evaluated using ten sugarcane samples. The recoveries were in the range of 89 to 101%, demonstrating that there were no significant sample matrix effects on the quantification., (© 2022. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Herein we report a quantitative, multiplex assay for disease markers in plasma based on an integrated setup of a portable scanner and a disposable paper-based analytical device (PAD). The quantitative analysis relies on the digital colorimetric reading of the three-layer PAD with 30 assay sites for performing respective chromogenic reactions for plasma uric acid, glucose, and triglyceride, which are considered as important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. A portable scanner with WiFi transmission capability was used to produce high-quality color images of the PADs and wirelessly transfer them to a smartphone or other mobile devices for data processing. The concentrations of biomarkers in both standard solutions and plasma samples can be directly obtained using a custom-designed smartphone app that is also capable of constructing calibration curves. The detection limits of uric acid, glucose, and triglyceride were determined to be 0.50 mg/dL, 0.84 mmol/L, and 14 mg/dL, respectively, which are below the normal limits and adequate for clinical validation. Owing to the distinct advantages-simple, portable, and cost-effective-this mobile assay protocol can be used for point-of-care (POC) settings or resource-limited situations, and potentially for the diagnosis and prevention of infectious diseases.

A wax-patterned paper analytical device (µPAD) has been developed for point-of-care colourimetric testing of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). The detection method was based on the transamination reaction of aspartate with α-ketoglutarate, leading to the formation of oxaloacetate which reacts with the reagent Fast Blue BB salt and forms a cavern pink colour. The intensity of the cavern pink colour grows as the concentration of SGOT increases. UV-visible spectroscopy was utilized to optimize reaction conditions, and the optimized reagents were dropped onto the wax-patterned paper. The coloured PADs, after the addition of SGOT, have been photographed, and a colour band has been generated to correlate the SGOT concentration visually. The images were used to calculate the intensity values using ImageJ software, which inturn was used to calculate the SGOT concentration. The PADs were also tested with serum samples, and SGOT spiked serum samples. The PAD could detect the SGOT concentration ranging from 5 to 200 U/L. The analysis yielded highly accurate results with less than 6% relative error compared to the clinical sample. This colourimetric test demonstrated exceptional selectivity in the presence of other biomolecules in the blood serum, with a detection limit of 2.77 U/L and a limit of quantification of 9.25 U/L. Additionally, a plasma separation membrane was integrated with the PAD to directly test SGOT from finger-prick blood samples., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

An electroanalytical platform capable to take and dilute the sample has been designed in order to fully integrate the different steps of the analytical process in only one device. The concept is based on the addition of glass-fiber pads for sampling and diluting to an electrochemical cell combining a paper-based working electrode with low-cost connector headers as counter and reference electrodes. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this all-in-one platform for biosensing applications, an enzymatic sensor for glucose determination (requiring a potential as low as -0.1 V vs. gold-plated wire by using ferrocyanide as mediator) was developed. Real food samples, such as cola beverages and orange juice, have been analyzed with the bioelectroanalytical lab-on-paper platform. As a proof-of-concept, and trying to go further in the integration of steps, sucrose was successfully detected by depositing invertase in the sampling strip. This enzyme hydrolyzes sucrose into fructose and glucose, which was determined using the enzymatic biosensor. This approach opens the pathway for the development of devices applying the lab-on-paper concept, saving costs and time, and making possible to perform decentralized analysis with high accuracy., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The development of fluorometric paper-based analytical devices (fPADs) integrated with smartphone for fluorometric quantification of ethanol in an instrument-free and portable setup is described. The NAD + -dependent alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized within chitosan modified paper substate was utilized as a bio-recognition element and enzymatically generated NADH was used as a fluorescent probe. 3D-printed imaging setup which houses a paper chip holder and UV-light emitting device (LED) was developed for rapid, accurate capture of the fluorescent images. The biocompatible chitosan layer covering the paper provides a feasible environment for enzyme immobilization and enhances the fluorescence signal. The developed fPADs exhibited high sensitivity for ethanol detection and has a linear range for ethanol detection from 17 µM to 8.75 mM (R 2 =0.99). Additionally, the fPADs were applied to quantify ethanol in four different wine samples including red, white, rose, and sparkling wines successfully. Moreover, the fPADs produce reproducible signals without loss of enzyme activity for at least 14 days and ~80% activity remained till 28 days. Thus, the proposed approach can provide a facile, affordable, portable, and instrument-free tool for the onsite quantification of ethanol in real samples and is applicable for food quality controls., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Dual-emissive fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were prepared through the solvothermal method with citric acid and urea as raw materials and dimethylformamide as the solvent. Two emission peaks were observed at 465 nm and 630 nm. Hg 2+ could selectively quench the fluorescence at 630 nm, but the fluorescence intensity at 465 nm was less affected. Accordingly, a ratiometric fluorescence sensor for Hg 2+ detection was developed, with a linear detection range of 0.5-40 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 37 nM. The dual-emissive CDs were loaded on the surface of the filter paper to fabricate Hg 2+ detection test paper. The color of the test paper could be changed from pink purple to blue by the addition of Hg 2+ , and thus the qualitative and quantitative detection of Hg 2+ could be realized. The concentration distinguishable by the naked eye reached 50 μM, and the quantitative detection range was 5-10,000 μM. This method shows excellent selectivity for Hg 2+ and can be used to detect Hg 2+ in real water samples, providing a highly potential sensing platform for rapid on-site detection of mercury ions., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)

A microcapillary grooved paper-based analytical device capable of dual-mode sensing (colorimetric and electrochemical detection) was demonstrated for analysis of viscous samples (e.g., human saliva). Herein, a hollow capillary channel was constructed via laser engraved micropatterning functions as a micropump to facilitate viscous fluidic transport, which would otherwise impede analysis on paper devices. Using salivary thiocyanate as a model analyte, the proposed device was found to exhibit a promising sensing ability on paper devices without the need for sample pretreatment or bulky instrumentation, as normally required in conventional methods used for saliva analysis. An extensive linear dynamic range covering detection of salivary thiocyanate for both high and trace level regimes (5 orders of magnitude working range) was collectively achieved using the dual-sensing modes. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection was 6 μmol L -1 with a RSD of less than 5%. An excellent stability for the μpumpPAD was also observed for over 30 days. Real sample analysis using the proposed device was found to be in line with the standard chromatographic method. Benefitting from simple fabrication and operation, portability, disposability, low sample volume (20 μL), and low cost (< 1 USD), the μpumpPAD is an exceptional alternative tool for the detection of various biomarkers in saliva specimens.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used for the detection of disease biomarkers. However, it utilizes time-consuming procedures and expensive instruments, making it infeasible for point-of-care (POC) analysis especially in resource-limited settings. In this work, a multicolorimetric ELISA biosensor integrated on a paper/polymer hybrid microfluidic device was developed for rapid visual detection of disease biomarkers at point of care, without using costly equipment. This multicolormetric ELISA platform was built on multiple distinct color variants resulted from the catalytic oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and the etching of gold nanorods (AuNRs). The vivid color changes could be easily distinguished by the naked eye, and their red mean values allowed quantitative biomarker detection, without using any sophisticated instruments. When this multicolorimetric ELISA was integrated on a paper/polymer hybrid analytical device, it not only provided integrated processing and high portability but also enabled fast assays in about 50 min due to the unique advantages of paper/polymer hybrid devices. The limit of detection of 9.1 ng/μL of the hepatitis C virus core antigen, a biomarker for hepatitis C, was achieved using this multicolorimetric ELISA platform. This multicolor ELISA analytical device provides a new versatile, user-friendly, affordable, and portable immunosensing platform with high potential for on-site detections of various viruses, proteins, and biomarkers for low-resource settings such as at home, public venues, rural areas, and developing nations.

Caffeine naturally occurs in tea and cocoa, which is also used as an additive in beverages and has pharmacological effects such as refreshing, antidepressant, and digestion promotion, but excessive caffeine can cause harm to the human body. In this work, based on the specific response between nano zinc 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H-23H-porphine (nano ZnTPyP)-CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and caffeine, combined with chemometrics, a visual paper-based sensor was constructed for rapid and on-site detection of caffeine. The fluorescence of QDs can be quenched by nano ZnTPyP. When caffeine is added to the system, it can pull nano ZnTPyP off the surface of the QDs to achieve fluorescence recovery through electrostatic attraction and nitrogen/zinc coordination. The detection range is 5 × 10 -11 ~3 × 10 -9  mol L -1 , and the detection limit is 1.53 × 10 -11  mol L -1 (R 2  = 0.9990) (S/N = 3). The paper-based sensor constructed exhibits good results in real samples, such as tea water, cell culture fluid, newborn bovine serum, and human plasma. Therefore, the sensor is expected to be applied to the rapid instrument-free detection of caffeine in food and biological samples.Graphical abstract.