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Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) that saw rapid geographic expansion resulting in a global epidemic in 2022 (2). MPXV consists of 2 [...]

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of gonorrhea, remains a persistent global public health concern. N. gonorrhoeae is classified by the World Health Organization as a priority pathogen because of the [...]

Corynebacterium diphtheriae species complex (CdSC; also called cornyebacteria of the diphtheriae species complex) include Corynebacterium diphtheriae and C. ulcerans, 2 potentially toxigenic and highly pathogenic species for humans (1). Human [...]

11th Warnemunde Turbulence Days on Linking Ocean Mixing and Circulation at Various Scales What: Forty-five participants from 10 countries met to discuss contemporary issues of marine turbulence with a focus on the linkage between mixing and overturning circulation on all scales (https://www.io-warnemuende.de/wtd-2023.html). When: 17-20 September 2023 Where: Rostock, Germany KEYWORDS: Eddies; Inertia-gravity waves; Meridional overturning circulation; Mixing; Ocean circulation; Turbulence, 1. Introduction Walter Munk, in his famous abyssal recipes, showed more than half a century ago that the strength of the global overturning circulation is closely linked to diapycnal mixing. [...]

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in >650 million infections and 6.5 million deaths during March 2020-December 2022 (2,2). Uganda recorded its first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection on March 21, 2020; [...]

Servant leadership has been the focus of increased research because of its association with important job attitudes and behaviors. This study expands prior research by examining how servant leadership influences outcomes among 272 business-to-business salespeople. Servant leadership was related directly to superior customer value, organizational identification, and ethical climate. It was related both directly and indirectly to performance. Implications for having sales managers who are viewed as servant leaders are discussed., INTRODUCTION The uniqueness of a salesperson's job makes leadership especially important in the professional selling domain (Ingram et al., 2005). Salespeople often work away from other employees, including the sales [...]

The aim of this study was to describe the environmental adaptations made by early childhood centre (ECC) educators to support the literacy skills of the children in their group through daily activities, following professional development (training and coaching). Data were collected using questionnaires administered before and after the experiment, as well as a logbook completed by the four participating educators. Qualitative analysis reveals that, as a result of professional development, the variety and quantity of environmental adaptations proposed by the educators increased, particularly in terms of environmental writing, printouts, and literacy materials made available. In conclusion, the enrichment of the physical environment in literacy would allow, among other things, the children to access the material themselves, which would promote their interest and their involvement in early literacy activities. Keywords: early literacy, physical environment, childcare centre, professional development Cette etude visait a decrire les adaptations de l'environnement realisees par le personnel educateur d'un centre de la petite enfance (CPE) pour soutenir les habiletes en litteratie des enfants de leur groupe lors des activites quotidiennes, et ce, a la suite d'un developpement professionnel (formation et accompagnement). Le remplissage d'un questionnaire avant et apres la demarche de developpement professionnel ainsi que la tenue d'un journal de bord par les quatre educatrices participantes ont permis de recueillir les donnees analysees. L'analyse qualitative revele qu'a la suite du developpement professionnel, la variete et la quantite des adaptations de l'environnement proposees par les educatrices ont augmente, notamment sur le plan des ecrits imprimes environnementaux ainsi que du materiel en litteratie mis a la disposition des enfants. En conclusion, l'enrichissement de l'environnement physique en litteratie permettrait entre autres aux enfants d'acceder eux-memes au materiel, ce qui favoriserait leur interet et leur implication pour les activites d'eveil a la lecture et a l'ecriture. Mots-cles: litteratie emergente, environnement physique, milieu de garde, developpement professionnel, Introduction L'importance de favoriser le developpement des habiletes emergentes en litteratie (eveil a la lecture et a l'ecriture) chez les jeunes enfants est reconnue depuis plusieurs annees (Girolametto et al., [...]

BACKGROUND: Uranium exposure remains an important environmental legacy and physiological health concern, with hundreds of abandoned uranium mines located in the Southwestern United States largely impacting underserved indigenous communities. The negative effects of heavy metals on barrier permeability and inhibition of intestinal epithelial healing have been described; however, transcriptomic changes within the intestinal epithelial cells and impacts on lineage differentiation are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: Herein, we sought to determine the molecular and cellular changes that occur in the colon in response to uranium bearing dust (UBD) exposure. METHODS: Human colonoids from three biologically distinct donors were acutely exposed to UBD then digested for single cell RNA sequencing to define the molecular changes that occur to specific identities of colonic epithelial cells. Validation in colonoids was assessed using morphological and imaging techniques. RESULTS: Human colonoids acutely exposed to UBD exhibited disrupted proliferation and hyperplastic differentiation of the secretory lineage cell, enteroendocrine cells (EEC). Single-cell RNA sequencing also showed more EEC subtypes present in UBD-exposed colonoids. DISCUSSION: These findings highlight the significance of crypt-based proliferative cells and secretory cell differentiation using human colonoids to model major colonic responses to uranium-bearing particulate dust exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13855, Introduction Uranium mining in the United States arose in the 1940s, peaked in the 1970s, and subsided in the late 1980s, with extensive activity concentrated in Navajo, Puebloan, and other [...]

Costa Rica has benefited from effective vaccination campaigns to eliminate canine rabies virus infections. Still, the virus has endured, spread by vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) to cattle, with rare but [...]

Policy-makers need to rethink the connections between the economy and health. The World Health Organization Council on the Economics of Health for All has called for human and planetary health and well-being to be moved to the core of decision-making to build economies for health. Doing so involves valuing and measuring what matters, more and better health financing, innovation for the common good and rebuilding public sector capacity. We build on this thinking to argue that breastfeeding should be recognized in food and well-being statistics, while investments in breastfeeding should be considered a carbon offset in global financing arrangements for sustainable food, health and economic systems. Breastfeeding women nourish half the world's infants and young children with immense quantities of a highly valuable milk. This care work is not counted in gross domestic product or national food balance sheets, and yet ever-increasing commercial milk formula sales are counted. Achieving global nutrition targets for breastfeeding would realize far greater reductions in greenhouse gas emissions than decarbonizing commercial milk formula manufacturing. New metrics and financing mechanisms are needed to achieve the health, sustainability and equity gains from more optimal infant and young child feeding. Properly valuing crucial care and environmental resources in global and national measurement systems would redirect international financial resources away from expanding carbon-emitting activities, and towards what really matters, that is, health for all. Doing so should start with considering breastfeeding as the highest quality, local, sustainable first-food system for generations to come. [phrase omitted] Les responsables politiques doivent repenser les liens entre economie et sante. Le Conseil de Organisation mondiale de la Sante sur l'economie de la sante pour tous a demande que le bien-etre et la sante, aussi bien de l'humain que de la planete, soient desormais au creur du processus de prise de decisions afin de creer des economies au service de la sante. Il est donc imperatif d'identifier et de valoriser ce qui compte, d'accroitre et d'optimiser le financement de la sante, d'innover pour le bien commun et de renforcer les capacites du secteur public. En partant de cette reflexion, nous plaidons pour une reconnaissance de l'allaitement dans les statistiques relatives a l'alimentation et au bienetre, et estimons que tout investissement realise dans ce domaine devrait etre considere comme un credit-carbone dans le cadre des modalites financieres mondiales liees aux systemes economiques et sanitaires ainsi qu'a une alimentation durable. Les femmes allaitantes nourrissent la moitie des enfants en bas age dans le monde avec d'immenses quantites de lait extremement precieux. Ces activites de soins ne sont pas comptabilisees dans le produit interieur brut ou les bilans alimentaires nationaux, contrairement aux ventes de lait maternise en constante progression. Atteindre les cibles mondiales de nutrition pour l'allaitement contribuerait davantage a reduire les emissions de gaz a effet de serre que decarboner la production de lait maternise. De nouveaux parametres et mecanismes de financement sont necessaires pour beneficier des avantages en matiere de sante, de durabilite et d'equite qui decoulent d'une meilleure alimentation des nourrissons et jeunes enfants. Valoriser correctement les principales ressources consacrees a l'environnement et aux soins dans les systemes de mesure nationaux et mondiaux permettrait de detourner les moyens financiers internationaux du developpement d'activites a fort taux d'emissions pour les rediriger vers ce qui compte vraiment, c'est-a-dire la sante pour tous. Et pour y parvenir, la premiere etape consisterait a reconnaitre l'allaitement comme l'aliment de base, local, durable et de qualite pour les generations futures. [phrase omitted] Los responsables de formular las politicas deben volver a plantearse las conexiones entre la economia y la salud. El Consejo sobre la Economia de la Salud para Todos de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud ha pedido que la salud y el bienestar humanos y del planeta se situen en el centro de la toma de decisiones a fin de desarrollar economias para la salud. Esto requiere valorar y medir lo que importa, mas y mejor financiacion sanitaria, innovacion para el bien comun y reconstruccion de la capacidad del sector publico. Nos basamos en este pensamiento para argumentar que la lactancia materna deberia reconocerse en las estadisticas de alimentacion y bienestar, mientras que las inversiones en lactancia materna deberian considerarse como una compensacion de emisiones de carbono en los acuerdos globales de financiacion para sistemas alimentarios, sanitarios y economicos sostenibles. Las mujeres lactantes alimentan a la mitad de los bebes y ninos pequenos del mundo con inmensas cantidades de una leche muy valiosa. Este trabajo de cuidados no se contabiliza en el producto interior bruto ni en los balances alimentarios nacionales y, sin embargo, si se contabilizan las ventas cada vez mayores de leche de formula comercial. Alcanzar los objetivos mundiales de nutricion para la lactancia materna supondria una reduccion mucho mayor de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero que descarbonizar la fabricacion de leche de formula comercial. Se necesitan nuevas metricas y mecanismos de financiacion para lograr los beneficios en materia de salud, sostenibilidad y equidad de una alimentacion mas optima de los bebes y los ninos pequenos. Una valoracion adecuada de los cuidados esenciales y de los recursos medioambientales en los sistemas de medicion globales y nacionales redirigiria los recursos financieros internacionales lejos de la expansion de las actividades que emiten carbono, y hacia lo que realmente importa, es decir, la salud para todos. En este contexto, habria que empezar por considerar la lactancia materna como el sistema de primera alimentacion de mayor calidad, local y sostenible para las generaciones futuras., Introduction Amid widespread health system weaknesses and inequities exposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General tasked the WHO Council on the Economics of [...]

The 1920s and 30s witnessed an explosion of interest in Spinoza among Zionist intellectuals. The reflexive equation of nation and state has led scholars to conclude that Zionists were drawn to Spinoza because he justified state sovereignty. This assumption is mistaken. Eastern European Zionists rejected Spinoza's sovereignty-centered political thought--precisely because it denies political standing to non-sovereign bodies such as the kahal. Drawing on diasporic history, Spinoza's Zionist critics elaborated a distinctive political vision that prized national autonomy but did not equate self-rule with sovereign power. I foreground Zionist repudiation of Spinozist sovereignty to challenge reigning assumptions about the ideological sources of non-sovereign politics. Theorists influenced by German Jewish thought have predicated the cultivation of non-sovereign political imagination on a disavowal of nationalism. This opposition--between diaspora and nation, between nationalism and non-sovereignty--is false. In eastern Europe, nationalist figurations of galut (exile) have long inspired non-sovereign, non-Spinozist political imaginaries. Key words: Baruch Spinoza, galut, Jakob Klatzkin, Nahum Sokolow, Zionism, Toward the end of Baruch Spinoza and His Time, the sprawling tome that Nahum Sokolow devoted to Spinoza's life and thought, one encounters an arresting juxtaposition: 'Spinoza is ours and [...]

Thousands of children and youth across the country took to the streets for two weeks in spring 1947 to protest a three-cent increase in the price of chocolate bars. The protest initially generated enthusiastic press coverage and had widespread popular support, but when the National Federation of Labor Youth (NFLY), the Communist Party's youth organization, announced its support, anti-communists in the press and the community red-baited the protesters. The campaign quickly lost momentum, which anti-communists attributed to the presence of Communists but was more likely due to their own red-baiting attacks in the press. Some of these protests were spontaneous reactions to a 40 per cent increase in the price of candy bars, while others were led or inspired by NFLY. Either way, the countrywide mobilization of thousands of children and youth marks a turning point in the history of Canada's left. Erupting in tandem with a nationwide strike of industrial workers and protests of activist consumers demanding greater economic security and a more responsive state, the children's chocolate bar protest provides a window on this critical moment in the class struggle. The attacks on this popular protest at the moment that the long run of community- based militancy was about to be demonized, delegitimated, and silenced by red-baiting marks a significant milestone in Canada's Cold War. In addition to adding the youngsters' challenge to capital and the state to the history of the popular left, the event contributes to the growing literature on children and youth engaged in political protest, while their creative protest strategies offer a youthful dimension to the study of performance activism. Keywords: Communist youth, children, protest, boycotts, performance activism, class struggle, prices, chocolate Des milliers d'enfants et de jeunes à travers le pays sont descendus dans la rue pendant deux semaines au printemps 1947 pour protester contre une augmentation de trois cents du prix des barres chocolatées. La manifestation a d'abord suscité une couverture médiatique enthousiaste et a bénéficié d'un large soutien populaire, mais lorsque la Fédération nationale de la jeunesse ouvrière (NFLY), l'organisation de jeunesse du Parti communiste, a annoncé son soutien, les anticommunistes de la presse et de la communauté ont attaqué les manifestants. La campagne a rapidement perdu de son élan, ce que les anticommunistes ont attribué à la présence des communistes, mais plus probablement était le résultat de leurs propres attaques dans la presse. Certaines de ces manifestations étaient des réactions spontanées à une augmentation de 40 pour cent du prix des barres chocolatées, tandis que d'autres étaient dirigées ou inspirées par la NFLY. Quoi qu'il en soit, la mobilisation à l'échelle nationale de milliers d'enfants et de jeunes marque un tournant dans l'histoire de la gauche canadienne. Déclenchant en même temps qu'une grève nationale des travailleurs de l'industrie et des protestations de consommateurs activistes réclamant une plus grande sécurité économique et un État plus réactif, la manifestation des barres chocolatées des enfants offre une fenêtre sur ce moment critique de la lutte des classes. Les attaques contre cette protestation populaire au moment où le militantisme communautaire de longue date était sur le point d'être diabolisé, délégitimé et réduit au silence par des attaques anticommunistes, marquent une étape importante dans la guerre froide au Canada. En plus d'ajouter le défi des jeunes au capital et à l'histoire de la gauche populaire, l'événement contribue à la littérature croissante sur les enfants et les jeunes engagés dans la protestation politique, tandis que leurs stratégies de protestation créatives offrent une dimension juvénile à l'étude de l'activisme de performance. Mots clefs : Jeunesses communistes, enfants, protestation, boycotts, militantisme de performance, lutte des classe, prix, chocolat, In mid-April 1947, Canadian confectionary manufacturers across the board raised the list price of chocolate bars from five to eight cents. Political watchers had been predicting the increase for weeks, [...]

Teacher recruitment is a pressing need in the United States. Equally important is the recruitment of more racial-minority teachers to help close the teacher-student diversity gap. We surveyed 300 undergraduates at our university regarding their perspectives on teaching careers--what they found attractive and deterring. Results from this survey and three race-alike focus groups were analyzed for racial group differences to inform recruitment strategies. Black, indigenous, and people of color respondents generally found proposed deterrents more dissuading than did White respondents, especially deterrents considered to be racially charged. Personal experiences as a K-12 student emerged as salient, attracting some but deterring others from teaching., Introduction Enrollments in U.S. teacher preparation programs (TPPs) have declined precipitously in the past several years (Podolsky et al., 2016), threatening the ability of K-12 schools to fill classrooms with [...]

PURPOSE Many individuals who are eligible for lung cancer screening have comorbid conditions complicating their shared decision-making conversations with physicians. The goal of our study was to better understand how primary care physicians (PCPs) factor comorbidities into their evaluation of the risks and benefits of lung cancer screening and into their shared decision-making conversations with patients. METHODS We conducted semistructured interviews by videoconference with 15 PCPs to assess the extent of shared decision-making practices and explore their understanding of the intersection of comorbidities and lung cancer screening, and how that understanding informed their clinical approach to this population. RESULTS We identified 3 themes. The first theme was whether to discuss or not to discuss lung cancer screening. PCPs described taking additional steps for individuals with complex comorbidities to decide whether to initiate this discussion and used subjective clinical judgment to decide whether the conversation would be productive and beneficial. PCPs made mental assessments that factored in the patient's health, life expectancy, quality of life, and access to support systems. The second theme was that shared decision making is not a simple discussion. When PCPs did initiate discussions about lung cancer screening, although some believed they could provide objective information, others struggled with personal biases. The third theme was that ultimately, the decision to be screened was up to the patient. Patients had the final say, even if their decision was discordant with the PCP's advice. CONCLUSIONS Shared decision-making conversations about lung cancer screening differed substantially from the standard for patients with complex comorbidities. Future research should include efforts to characterize the risks and benefits of LCS in patients with comorbidities to inform guidelines and clinical application. Key words: lung cancer screening; preventive medicine; comorbidities; multimorbidity; clinical reasoning; judgment; paternalism; beneficence; personal autonomy; risk-benefit assessment; life expectancy; quality of life; counseling; education of patients; shared decision making; patient-centered care; holistic health; primary care; practice-based research, INTRODUCTION The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines recommend lung cancer screening (LCS), with an annual low dose-computed tomography scan of the chest, for individuals who meet age [...]

Innovations in horse equipment during the early Middle Ages provided advantages to societies from the steppes, reshaping the social landscape of Eurasia. Comparatively little is known about the precise origin of these crucial advances, although the available evidence points to early adoption in East Asia. The authors present new archaeological discoveries from western and northern Mongolia, dating to the fourth and fifth centuries AD, including a wooden frame saddle with horse hide components from Urd Ulaan Uneet and an iron stirrup from Khukh Nuur. Together, these finds suggest that Mongolian groups were early adopters of stirrups and saddles, facilitating the expansion of nomadic hegemony across Eurasia and shaping the conduct of medieval mounted warfare. Keywords: Mongolia, Middle Ages, horse riding, stirrup, saddle, Introduction Across Eurasia, the development of sophisticated cavalry had tremendous consequences for ancient societies. Beginning with the domestication of the horse and the subsequent invention of the chariot in the [...]

Each year in the United States, >800 foodborne outbreaks are reported, causing >14,000 illnesses and >800 hospitalizations (1-3). Foodborne outbreaks range from small, localized outbreaks, such as those associated with [...]

* Context.--United States' clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are often produced by professional societies and used worldwide in daily medical practice. However, studies in various medical specialties demonstrate under-representation of women and racial and ethnic minority groups in CPGs. The representation of authors by gender, race, and ethnicity of US pathology CPGs has not been previously evaluated. Objective.--To assess if women and individuals from racial and ethnic minority groups are underrepresented as authors of pathology CPGs. Design.--The gender, race, ethnicity, and terminal degrees of authors of 18 CPGs from the College of American Pathologists were coded by using photographs and other available information online and compared to their representation in academic pathology per Association of American Medical Colleges benchmark data. Results.--Two hundred seventy-five author positions (202 physician author positions) were analyzed. Women overall (119 of 275; 43.3%) and women physicians (65 of 202; 32.2%) held fewer positions than all men and men physicians. Women physicians were significantly underrepresented in physician author positions, while White men physicians were significantly overrepresented in all, first, senior, and corresponding authorship roles when compared to the proportion of women and White men physicians among pathology faculty, respectively. Asian men and women physicians were underrepresented as compared to their representation among pathology faculty. Conclusions.--Men, particularly White men physicians, are overrepresented among pathology CPG author positions, while women physicians and some physicians from racial and ethnic minority groups are underrepresented. Further research is needed to understand the impact of these findings on the careers of underrepresented physicians and the content of guidelines. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2024;148:230-241; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0351-OA), Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) influence the daily practice of medicine. In the United States, guidelines are often produced by professional societies and used around the world. As such, they have [...]

Three mother-baby pairs with invasive meningococcal disease occurred over 7 months in Western Australia, Australia, at a time when serogroup W sequence type 11 clonal complex was the predominant local [...]

California typically reports one quarter of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United States and had a 19% case decline during 2020 (1). That decline paralleled national and global observations during [...]

Background Human cryptosporidiosis is distributed worldwide, and it is recognised as a leading cause of acute diarrhoea and death in infants in low- and middle-income countries. Besides immune status, the higher incidence and severity of this gastrointestinal disease in young children could also be attributed to the digestive environment. For instance, human gastrointestinal physiology undergoes significant changes with age, however the role this variability plays in Cryptosporidium parvum pathogenesis is not known. In this study, we analysed for the first time the impact of digestive physicochemical parameters on C. parvum infection in a human and age-dependent context using a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. Results Our results showed that the parasite excystation, releasing sporozoites from oocysts, occurs in the duodenum compartment after one hour of digestion in both child (from 6 months to 2 years) and adult experimental conditions. In the child small intestine, slightly less sporozoites were released from excystation compared to adult, however they exhibited a higher luciferase activity, suggesting a better physiological state. Sporozoites collected from the child jejunum compartment also showed a higher ability to invade human intestinal epithelial cells compared to the adult condition. Global analysis of the parasite transcriptome through RNA-sequencing demonstrated a more pronounced modulation in ileal effluents compared to gastric ones, albeit showing less susceptibility to age-related digestive condition. Further analysis of gene expression and enriched pathways showed that oocysts are highly active in protein synthesis in the stomach compartment, whereas sporozoites released in the ileum showed downregulation of glycolysis as well as strong modulation of genes potentially related to gliding motility and secreted effectors. Conclusions Digestion in a sophisticated in vitro gastrointestinal model revealed that invasive sporozoite stages are released in the small intestine, and are highly abundant and active in the ileum compartment, supporting reported C. parvum tissue tropism. Our comparative analysis suggests that physicochemical parameters encountered in the child digestive environment can influence the amount, physiological state and possibly invasiveness of sporozoites released in the small intestine, thus potentially contributing to the higher susceptibility of young individuals to cryptosporidiosis. Keywords: Cryptosporidium, Apicomplexa, In vitro digestive model, Physicochemical parameters, Child and adult digestion, Author(s): Julie Tottey[sup.1], Lucie Etienne-Mesmin[sup.2], Sandrine Chalançon[sup.2], Alix Sausset[sup.1], Sylvain Denis[sup.2], Carine Mazal[sup.2], Christelle Blavignac[sup.3], Guillaume Sallé[sup.1], Fabrice Laurent[sup.1], Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot[sup.2] and Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé[sup.1] Background The zoonotic disease cryptosporidiosis caused [...]

Introduction Ancestral spike-based COVID-19 vaccines have reduced effectiveness in preventing symptomatic Omicron variant infections due to progressive neutralizing antibody escape (1). As such, COVID-19 vaccines have been serially updated to [...], BACKGROUND. There is uncertainty about the timing of booster vaccination against COVID-19 in highly vaccinated populations during the present endemic phase of COVID-19. Studies focused on primary vaccination have previously suggested improved immunity with a longer interval between the first and second vaccine doses. METHODS. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial (November 2022-August 2023) and assigned 52 fully vaccinated adults to an immediate or a 3-month delayed bivalent Spikevax mRNA booster vaccine. Follow-up visits were completed for 48 participants (n = 24 per arm), with collection of saliva and plasma samples following each visit. RESULTS. The rise in neutralizing antibody responses to ancestral and Omicron strains were almost identical between the immediate and delayed vaccination arms. Analyses of plasma and salivary antibody responses (IgG, IgA), plasma antibody-dependent phagocytic activity, and the decay kinetics of antibody responses were similar between the 2 arms. Symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in 49% (21 of 49) participants over the median 11.5 months of follow-up and were also similar between the 2 arms. CONCLUSIONS. Our data suggest that there was no benefit in delaying COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination in preimmune populations during the present endemic phase of COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number 12622000411741 (https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/ Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12622000411741). FUNDING. National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (program grant App1149990) and Medical Research Future Fund (App2005544).

Reelin (RELN) is a secreted glycoprotein essential for cerebral cortex development. In humans, recessive RELN variants cause cortical and cerebellar malformations, while heterozygous variants were associated with epilepsy, autism, and mild cortical abnormalities. However, the functional effects of RELN variants remain unknown. We identified inherited and de novo RELN missense variants in heterozygous patients with neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) as diverse as pachygyria and polymicrogyria. We investigated in culture and in the developing mouse cerebral cortex how different variants impacted RELN function. Polymicrogyria-associated variants behaved as gain-of-function, showing an enhanced ability to induce neuronal aggregation, while those linked to pachygyria behaved as loss-of-function, leading to defective neuronal aggregation/migration. The pachygyria-associated de novo heterozygous RELN variants acted as dominant-negative by preventing WT RELN secretion in culture, animal models, and patients, thereby causing dominant NMDs. We demonstrated how mutant RELN proteins in vitro and in vivo predict cortical malformation phenotypes, providing valuable insights into the pathogenesis of such disorders., Introduction The neocortex is composed of 6 layers that are built during embryonic development through highly orchestrated processes of successive generation of cohorts of glutamatergic neurons in the proliferative zones [...]

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is disproportionately prevalent among individuals who intersect or are involved with the criminal justice system (CJS). In the absence of appropriate care, TBI-related impairments, intersecting social determinants of health, and the lack of TBI awareness in CJS settings can lead to lengthened sentences, serious disciplinary charges, and recidivism. However, evidence suggests that most clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) overlook equity and consequently, the needs of disadvantaged groups. As such, this review addressed the research question 'To what extent are (1) intersections with the CJS considered in CPGs for TBI, (2) TBI considered in CPGs for CJS, and (3) equity considered in CPGs for CJS?'. Methods and findings CPGs were identified from electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO), targeted websites, Google Search, and reference lists of identified CPGs on November 2021 and March 2023 (CPGs for TBI) and May 2022 and March 2023 (CPGs for CJS). Only CPGs for TBI or CPGs for CJS were included. We calculated the proportion of CPGs that included TBI- or CJS-specific content, conducted a qualitative content analysis to understand how evidence regarding TBI and the CJS was integrated in the CPGs, and utilised equity assessment tools to understand if and how equity was considered. Fifty-seven CPGs for TBI and 6 CPGs for CJS were included in this review. Fourteen CPGs for TBI included information relevant to the CJS, but only 1 made a concrete recommendation to consider legal implications during vocational evaluation in the forensic context. Two CPGs for CJS acknowledged the prevalence of TBI among individuals in prison and one specifically recommended considering TBI during health assessments. Both CPGs for TBI and CPGs for CJS provided evidence specific to a single facet of the CJS, predominantly in policing and corrections. The use of equity best practices and the involvement of disadvantaged groups in the development process were lacking among CPGs for CJS. We acknowledge limitations of the review, including that our searches were conducted in English language and thus, we may have missed other non-English language CPGs in this review. We further recognise that we are unable to comment on evidence that is not integrated in the CPGs, as we did not systematically search for research on individuals with TBI who intersect with the CJS, outside of CPGs. Conclusions Findings from this review provide the foundation to consider CJS involvement in CPGs for TBI and to advance equity in CPGs for CJS. Conducting research, including investigating the process of screening for TBI with individuals who intersect with all facets of the CJS, and utilizing equity assessment tools in guideline development are critical steps to enhance equity in healthcare for this disadvantaged group., Author(s): Zoe Colclough 1, Maria Jennifer Estrella 2, Julie Michele Joyce 2, Sara Hanafy 3,4, Jessica Babineau 5,6, Angela Colantonio 2,3,4,7,8, Vincy Chan 3,4,7,* Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects [...]

Reproduction is safeguarded by multiple, often cooperative, regulatory networks. Kisspeptin signaling, via KISS1R, plays a fundamental role in reproductive control, primarily by regulation of hypothalamic GnRH neurons. We disclose herein a pathway for direct kisspeptin actions in astrocytes that contributes to central reproductive modulation. Protein-protein interaction and ontology analyses of hypothalamic proteomic profiles after kisspeptin stimulation revealed that glial/astrocyte markers are regulated by kisspeptin in mice. This glial-kisspeptin pathway was validated by the demonstrated expression of Kiss1r in mouse astrocytes in vivo and astrocyte cultures from humans, rats, and mice, where kisspeptin activated canonical intracellular signaling-pathways. Cellular coexpression of Kiss1r with the astrocyte markers GFAP and S100-[beta] occurred in different brain regions, with higher percentage in Kiss1- and GnRH-enriched areas. Conditional ablation of Kiss1r in GFAP-positive cells in the G-KiR-KO mouse altered gene expression of key factors in [PGE.sub.2] synthesis in astrocytes and perturbed astrocyte-GnRH neuronal appositions, as well as LH responses to kisspeptin and LH pulsatility, as surrogate marker of GnRH secretion. G- KiR-KO mice also displayed changes in reproductive responses to metabolic stress induced by high-fat diet, affecting female pubertal onset, estrous cyclicity, and LH-secretory profiles. Our data unveil a nonneuronal pathway for kisspeptin actions in astrocytes, which cooperates in fine-tuning the reproductive axis and its responses to metabolic stress., Introduction Reproduction, indispensable for continuation of species, is regulated by sophisticated mechanisms, which integrate central and peripheral inputs, acting at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary- gonadal (HPG) axis. Reproductive capacity [...]

Since October 2021, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus belonging to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage H5 clade 2.3.4.4b have been reported throughout Europe (1). Transatlantic spread of HPAI H5N1 [...]

Background: Apathy is associated with reduced antidepressant response and dementia in late-life depression (LLD). However, the functional cerebral basis of apathy is understudied in LLD. We investigated the functional connectivity of 5 resting- state networks (RSN) hypothesized to underlie apathy in LLD. Methods: Resting-state functional MRI data were collected from individuals with LLD who did not have dementia as well as healthy older adults between October 2019 and April 2022. Apathy was evaluated using the diagnostic criteria for apathy (DCA), the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) and the Apathy Motivation Index (AMI). Subnetworks whose connectivity was significantly associated with each apathy measure were identified via the threshold-free network-based statistics. Regions that were consistently associated with apathy across the measures were reported as robust findings. Results: Our sample included 39 individuals with LLD who did not have dementia and 26 healthy older adults. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with LLD had an altered intraRSN and inter-RNS connectivity in the default mode, the cingulo-opercular and the frontoparietal networks. All 3 apathy measurements showed associations with modified intra-RSN connectivity in these networks, except for the DCA in the cingulo-opercular network. The AMI scores showed stronger associations with the cingulo-opercular and frontoparietal networks, whereas the AES had stronger associations with the default mode network and the goal-oriented behaviour network. Limitations: The study was limited by the small number of participants without apathy according to the DCA, which may have reduced the statistical power of between-group comparisons. Additionally, the reliance on specific apathy measures may have influenced the observed overlap in brain regions. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that apathy in LLD is consistently associated with changes in both intra-RSN and inter-RSN connectivity of brain regions implicated in goal-oriented behaviours. These results corroborate previous findings of altered functional RSN connectivity in severe LLD., Introduction Apathy is a prominent and persistent syndrome in late-life depression (LLD) associated with poor functional outcomes (1) such as reduced response to antidepressant medication (2,3) or an increased risk [...]

Campylobacter is a genus of microaerophilic, fastidious, gram-negative, occasionally partially anaerobic, non-spore forming, motile bacteria with a characteristic spiral or corkscrew-like appearance (1). Such morphology enables the bacteria to colonize [...]

Fish stocking occurs in aquatic systems for conservation purposes, to create or enhance recreational fisheries and to enhance wild-catch commercial fisheries. Identifying and quantifying the contribution of stocking efforts to wild populations is crucial to informing these management objectives. Provenance determination methods trade off accuracy, replicability, and costeffectiveness at fishery-relevant scales. We present and assess multiple methods for provenance determination using a case study of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in the Dry Tropics region of northern Australia. A novel application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is compared to two established methods for fish provenance, otolith microchemistry and genetic parentage analysis using microsatellites. The otolith microchemistry method was able to provide extremely high provenance resolution (>99% accuracy). The microsatellite parentage analysis method had a slightly lower overall accuracy (95%), likely as a result of genetic introgression in this region. Provenance determination using otolith NIRS had the lowest overall accuracy (76%). Once limitations regarding spectral noise, image resolution, and sample size are addressed, NIRS may have potential for costeffectively determining provenance in fish. Key words: barramundi, Lates calcarifer, provenance, natal origin, fish stocking, stock enhancement, otolith microchemistry, NIRS, microsatellite parentage analysis, Introduction Fish stocking occurs in aquatic systems around the world for conservation purposes, to create or enhance recreational fisheries and to enhance wild-catch commercial fisheries (Warren-Myers et al. 2018). Identifying [...]