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Research has suggested that changing one's answer on multiple-choice examinations is more likely to lead to positive academic outcomes. This study aimed to further understand the relationship between changing answer selections and item attributes, student performance, and time within a population of 158 first-year medical students enrolled in a gross and developmental anatomy course at an academic medical institution in the United States. For each student, answer changes, overall exam performance, and individual item performance data were retrieved from an online testing software for a single block exam. Researchers determined how many times students changed their answers, the associated outcomes, and time spent on each item and the entire exam in relation to item performance. Students in the highest performing quartiles were more likely to keep their initial answer selection, spent more time choosing their initial answer selection, and averaged a higher total exam time than each of the lowest two performance quartiles. Time on individual items and answer changes had a statistically significant relationship, with more time relating to the presence of an answer change. Changing an answer selection was more likely to result in a negative outcome. The content subject was significant in relation to answer changes and time spent per item. This study provides a deeper understanding into which factors, such as item attributes, time, and performance of the student, showed statistically significant relationships to answer changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the impact of an active project-based, aquaculture constructivist-learning program, as perceived by high school students. The purpose of this case study was to discover if participation in the program influenced students’ interest, engagement, and future educational and career aspirations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) when integrating aquaculture in and outside the classroom. Likewise, the study also wanted to explore students’ knowledge about aquaculture and skill development after their participation in the program. The study employed a qualitative methods approach to explore students’ attitudes and experiences. Qualitative data were collected from post-student focus groups at three different public, rural high schools in Kentucky. Other qualitative data included teacher journal reflections (e.g., personal documents) and public newspaper articles (e.g., public documents). Four emergent themes were found: (1) Students show excitement and enthusiasm in the hands-on, aquaculture program; (2) students show attention to detail in the hands-on, aquaculture tasks, it sticks, and are more responsible; (3) students are collaboratively engaged with their peers; and (4) greater interest and confidence in STEM through practical application. Results demonstrated that the program engaged learners in real-world problem-solving and decision-making situations while working collaboratively in small works. It also appears that students gained an important life skill, responsibility, as well as self-confidence in STEM, after participating in the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how manufacturers' (principals') use of dual distribution systems—house accounts and house territories managed by in-house salespeople—influence independent manufacturers' representatives' (IMRs') perceptions of sales controls, psychological climate, and overall satisfaction. Research on the use and effects of dual distribution selling systems has previously focused nearly exclusively on the perspective of manufacturers (principals). The study is based on a nationally representative sample of IMR practitioners, is grounded in and proceeds from the opposing dyadic perspective (the IMR [agency] view), and generates new and useful strategic insights related to how best to manage critical manufacturer-IMR relationships. The study reveals that manufacturers' use of house territories, outside the domain of the focal IMR imposed favorable effects on IMR's perceptions of sales controls and psychological climate, and contributed directly to higher IMR satisfaction with the principals they represent. House accounts inside IMR territories negatively influenced IMR perceptions of sales controls and psychological climate, and contributed directly to lower IMR satisfaction with the principals. Managerial implications and future research opportunities are developed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been linked to overactivity of the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, both in ALS patients and mouse models. However, attempts to pharmacologically modulate PERK for therapeutic benefit have yielded inconsistent and often conflicting results. This study sought to address these discrepancies by comprehensively evaluating three commonly used, CNS-penetrant, PERK modulators (GSK2606414, salubrinal, and Sephin1) in the same experimental models, with the goal of assessing the viability of targeting the PERK pathway as a therapeutic strategy for ALS. To achieve this goal, a tunicamycin-challenge assay was developed using wild-type mice to monitor changes in liver UPR gene expression in response to PERK pathway modulation. Subsequently, multiple dosing regimens of each PERK modulator were tested in standardized, well-powered, gender-matched, and litter-matched survival efficacy studies using the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. The alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine was also tested to elucidate the results obtained from the Sephin1, and of the previously reported guanabenz studies, by comparing the effects of presence or absence of α-2 agonism. The results revealed that targeting PERK may not be an ideal approach for ALS treatment. Inhibiting PERK with GSK2606414 or activating it with salubrinal did not confer therapeutic benefits. While Sephin1 showed some promising therapeutic effects, it appears that these outcomes were mediated through PERK-independent mechanisms. Clonidine also produced some favorable therapeutic effects, which were unexpected and not linked to the UPR. In conclusion, this study highlights the challenges of pharmacologically targeting PERK for therapeutic purposes in the SOD1G93A mouse model and suggests that exploring other targets within, and outside, the UPR may be more promising avenues for ALS treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to extend sales control research to inside sales. Aside from a few notable exceptions (Conde et al., 2022) much of the sales control literature has focused on a single control mechanism rather than a sales control portfolio perspective. The authors add multiple layers to Conde et al. (2022) by capturing secondary operational data and manager interviews to access sales control theory in practice. Design/methodology/approach: With operational data from a Fortune 100 financial services company and sales manager interviews, the authors present evidence that managers apply a portfolio of controls to ensure sales agents' overall performance. Findings: Findings support that cultural controls have a greater influence on overall performance than a focus solely on process and outcome controls. Inside sales managers can generate better results when they focus on creating an employee-centric culture rather than controlling sales agents with formal sales controls. Originality/value: This study extends sales control research by examining inside sales managers' formal and informal sales controls. Historically, inside sales had sales leaders balance a myriad of sales controls grounded in strict oversight. With a few notable exceptions, the limited inside sales control research provides the opportunity to display an inside sales manager's need to jointly focus on operational results and sales outcomes, illustrating the importance of cultural controls compared to other sales process and outcome controls. This research considerably extends sales controls research by focusing on inside sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate assortative mating processes inside Internet-dating-service settings. Unattached consumers traditionally sought to satisfy their need for love through conventional search processes, including old-fashioned match-making. That was then, this is now; dozens of internet-mediated dating websites promising romantic-love-matches currently operate internationally. These dating services cultivate dating-exchanges by offering new-fashioned match-making processes. Despite these trends, theoretical and practical questions related to how and why dating services marketers might induce superior romantic exchanges between customers by managing assortative mating processes remain unanswered until now. Design/methodology/approach: A survey-based approach was used to test hypotheses. Pretests were conducted to develop reliable measures of assortative mating propensity. Seven subconstructs of assortative mating were identified by analyzing data from a representative sample. The measurement model was validated before hypotheses testing. The focal assortative mating construct was measured formatively; assortative mating subdimensions functioned as indicators. The model was tested by structural equation modeling. Findings: Assortative mating processes facilitated superior preference-selection outcomes for individuals seeking consumer-to-consumer romantic relationships inside internet-mediated service settings. Insights were generated about how and why assortative mating processes exercised positive effects on consumers' attitudes toward online dating and about how dating services marketers might leverage assortative mating tendencies to benefit consumers. Originality/value: A novel concept was introduced to the services marketing literature, as were several theoretical implications. The study simultaneously measured consumers' propensities to engage in assortative mating and captured the effects of various physical/behavioral consumer characteristics. This study develops new and practical insights about how dating service marketers could manage the effects of assortative mating processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: For the past several decades, the sales control literature has focused on the outside sales context. This study aims to extend sales control research by examining formal and informal sales controls, embodied by cultural controls, used by sales managers in an inside sales context, where the sales agent's performance focus extends beyond sales outcomes to include the influence of operational phone outcomes. Design/methodology/approach: Based on 232 B2C and B2B inside sales agent survey responses, this study presents evidence that in an inside sales department, this study focuses on the congruent effect of formal sales and cultural sales controls on inside sales agent overall performance. Findings: Based on 232 B2C and B2B inside sales agent survey responses, this study presents evidence that in an inside sales department, the operational focus of sales activities and resultant operational performance mediates the relationship between sales controls and inside sales agent sales performance, whereas cultural controls centered on maximizing inside sales autonomous motivation positively moderates the effect of operational outcomes on an inside sales agent's sales performance. Practical implications: By focusing on the tenants of an inside sales agent's overall performance, this research provides practitioners a holistic view of the inherent conflict inside sales managers must balance between the impact of formal sales controls and the benefits of cultural controls. Originality/value: By being the only study to examine sales controls in an inside sales context, with a broad definition of overall performance to include both sales and operational phone outcomes, this study extends sales control research to a new sales context. The need to jointly focus on operational results, as well as sales outcomes, illustrate the importance of cultural controls compared to other sales processes and outcome controls [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study assessed the reliability and validity of three measures of dissociation. Three hundred students completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale Revised (DESR), the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II), and the Dissociative Experiences Scale Comparison (DESC); an additional 252 community adults evaluated clarity of instructions. Findings revealed that the three dissociation measures showed acceptable test–retest reliability and Cronbach's alphas. The DESR and DES-II strongly intercorrelated, but the DESC correlated only moderately with the two remaining dissociation measures, sharing less than 10% of the variance with the original scale. Additionally, the DESR and DES-II showed stronger convergent validity (correlation with measures of alexithymia and post-traumatic stress disorder) than did the DESC. The DESC was the only measure unrelated to trauma history. Participants reported substantially greater difficulty in understanding and utilizing the metric offered by the DESC. In conclusion, evidence supports the DES-II and DESR as alternate measures, but the DESC requires more investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This purpose of this study is to develop actionable marketing insights regarding why consumers might elect to purchase vintage products. A concept called consumer pastness is introduced, developed and defined to achieve this end. Consumer pastness demonstrably affected consumers' perceptions of vintage products' scarcity and consumers' propensity to purchase vintage items. When applied inside marketing contexts, consumer pastness may also explain how and why consumers distinguish vintage products that are "of the past" from new and second-hand products. The data suggest that when consumers perceive products are characterized by higher consumer pastness the products will be perceived as scarcer, more desirable and more valuable than new or second-hand versions of the same item. Design/methodology/approach: A scale was developed to capture three dimensions that comprise consumer pastness and then a pilot study and two experiments were conducted to test the research propositions. Findings: Study propositions were confirmed. Consumers perceive vintage products as scarcer and more desirable than other types of products. Originality/value: A novel and useful concept is introduced to the marketing literature inside this study. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to investigate and develop theoretical insights regarding how and why consumers perceive vintage products differently from new and second-hand products. The investigations reported below are also the first to develop practical insights regarding how management might respond to these insights about the role consumer pastness plays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Organizational climate is an essential dynamic to leverage in salesforce performance. This study aims to develop a model that explores the determinants of independent manufacturers' representatives' (i.e. IMRs') intentions to comply with their principals' requests for additional tasking. Using agency theory, the authors explore the application of behavior and outcome-based controls upon dyadic manufacturer-IMR relationships for these additional performance/task requests. Design/methodology/approach: Data from over 1,000 US-based IMRs were used to test two constructs; inter-organizational climate and perceptions of mutual satisfaction within the agency-principal dyad. Compliance behaviors tested were IMRs' intentions to engage in non-selling-related tasks and intentions to allocate additional selling time to principals' products. The following four exogenous controls were tested: perceived goal congruence between IMRs and principals; IMRs' perceptions of principals' expertise; mutual communications between IMRs and principals in the supply chain dyad; resources and sales support programs provided by principals to IMRs; and IMRs' perceptions of the adequacy and fairness of the principals' compensation plans. Findings: Two constructs – inter-organizational climate and perceptions of mutual satisfaction with the agency-principal dyad – mediated the effects of exogenous sales controls on two compliance behaviors. The model's data were analyzed using Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). A marker variable was deployed to check for common method variance also supported using the Partial least squares (PLS) factor solution. Most variables demonstrated significant direct and mediated effects on each compliance behavior. Variables that emphasized behavioral-based controls dominated intentions for IMRs to engage in non-selling tasks. The principal commission structure, the only sales outcome-based control in the study, most influenced IMRs' intentions to commit additional sales time to their principals' products. Research limitations/implications: This study only examined the intentions of IMRs to engage in additional selling activities and their intention to engage in non-selling tasks. Principals may desire longer-term commitments from IMRs. The model developed here can be modified to capture additional behavioral and attitudinal outcomes including, for example, the exit intentions of IMRs. Practical implications: Principals are well-advised to foster a positive inter-organizational climate that fuels perceptions of mutually satisfying working relationships with their IMRs. These mutually satisfying working relationships can, by themselves, positively influence IMRs to acquiesce to reasonable requests made by principals. This advice appears to be particularly crucial when asking IMRs to engage in additional non-selling tasks. The total pattern of path estimates points to the conclusion that capable sales control plays an important role in fostering positive inter-organizational climates. The inter-organizational climate – mutual satisfaction link proved crucial as a mediator of the impact of sales controls on IMRs' behavioral compliance intentions. Originality/value: Knowing the impact of sales controls on IMR's affords businesses the ability to use these controls for behavioral compliance intentions on non-selling tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic changes in the United States increased diversity among employees and sales agents. Hispanics, the largest minority group, are expected to account for the majority of employment growth over the next several years. Yet, little is known about how this group's intrinsic and extrinsic sales motivation affects tenure. Using operational and earned incentive secondary data from 615 inside sales agents from a Fortune 100 financial service company with multiple locations throughout the United States, we examine the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on inside sales agent tenure, as well as the moderating cultural influence of Hispanic inside sales agents. Overall, inside sales agent retention is positively affected by increased intrinsic motivation and negatively affected by extrinsic motivation. Cultural differences among inside sales agents did not moderate either relationship, demonstrating the similarities of psychological needs for autonomous motivation that transcends cultures. We discuss the value of these new findings to both the literature and practice, along with implications and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although President Trump appeared to have a laser-focused approach at changing the policy accomplishments of his immediate predecessor, he had very little alternative policy plans himself about how to move public policy in a different direction. One of the more important conclusions that the authors present in this study is that we simply do not know what the policy implications are at this time regarding President Trump's use of the administrative presidency to make changes in the Affordable Care Act, climate policy, and in the area of education. It is likely that we will not know the policy results for years since it takes time for policy decisions to be implemented and some of the policy actions of the Trump administration have been challenged in various courts which will need to be resolved by judges. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Previous sales control research has limited the definition of outcome controls exclusively to sales outcomes in an outside sales context. In addition to sales outcome controls, inside sales managers use phone operational outcomes to influence inside sales agent performance, supporting the need to expand the broader definition of outcome controls. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to explore the need to bifurcate outcome controls into two distinct variables: sales and phone operational controls. Researchers know little about the application of sales outcome controls beyond sales-only outcomes, which, in turn, limits the definition of outcome controls. Design/methodology/approach: Through the utilization of survey, secondary operational data and sales manager's feedback, this paper demonstrates that the definition of outcome controls needs to be divided into two distinct areas, sales and phone operational controls for inside sales agents, which, in turn, acts collectively to impact an inside sales agent's job performance and satisfaction. Findings: This research demonstrates that inside sales managers depend on both sales and phone operational outcome controls to drive sales agent performance, varying in degrees by industry. Even as inside sales managers focus on creating an employee-centric autonomous motivational work culture, the overarching controlling factors associated with phone operational outcomes dampen an inside sales agent's performance and job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications: To the best of the authors' knowledge, as the first sales control research to examine an inside sales context, this study provides support to further study sales controls in an inside sales context. This research can be enhanced by examining business-to-consumer inside sales environments, behavior controls, greater sample size and additional work outcomes such as turnover and tenure. Practical implications: The findings have important implications because they can help practitioners understand the effect that both sales and phone operational outcomes have on sales agent performance. It also illuminates the need for inside sales managers to be less controlling in their focus on phone operational outcomes, as such a practice has a negative influence on key sales agent job outcomes. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to triangulate multiple data sources to illustrate the need to evaluate both sales and phone operational outcomes as broader components of sales outcome controls. The study of sales controls in a different sales context suggests that sales management controls may differ by sales context, opening the door to extend the vast sales control literature beyond its current context of outside sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The call for greater emphasis on relevant skills in the preparation of business and management majors spans several decades, but progress remains elusive. For example, the Porter and McKibbin report (1988) was accepted as ground shaking at the time; however, it seems that the ground has not shaken very much since. Critics suggest the need for greater emphasis on development of relevant management skills appears just as evident today as it was decades ago (Mintzberg, 2004; Rubin & Dierdorff, 2009). Problem-based learning (PBL) is an approach to education focused on skills development (Savery, 2006). In an effort to understand PBL's potential as a pedagogy, the first part of this article briefly reviews its use in medical schools, the arena of professional education in which PBL has its longest and most widespread use. In the second part, we draw upon medical school experience, research literature, and personal experience with PBL to identify and discuss seven critical challenges in applying this approach to skill building in managerial education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the critical literature there is often a tacit assumption that the Yeoman of the General Prologue is "merely" a forester and mounted archer. This essay challenges that assumption by exploring a potential source of inspiration for the character: Richard II's archers of the crown. One of these archers, Thomas Forster of Drybek, serves as an exemplar for an exploration of the socioeconomic heterogeneity of the men who comprised this elite troop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the social determinants of mental health. Topics discussed include categories of social determinants of mental health, the book "The Social Determinants of Mental Health" by Ruth S. Shim and colleagues, and position statement of the American Psychiatry Association (APA) on social determinants.

Repeated measurements of student ability (i.e., progressing monitoring) is an essential element of informed decision-making when adjusting instruction. An important characteristic of progress monitoring measures is frequent administration to identify areas of concern and to evaluate academic growth. The purpose of this study was to determine if STAR Math is sensitive to small incremental growth across a semester. Within two southern school districts, 114 fifth grade students' progress monitoring data were collected weekly, and a latent growth curve was used to estimate students' change in math ability. Results indicated STAR Math is sensitive to small incremental growth, with a statistically significant and positive slope, suggesting students using STAR Math showed improvement in ability over the semester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the most commonly used scale for assessing dissociation across settings, lacks a validity scale. In this study, six methods of enhancing validity were utilized: vocabulary and duration screening, manipulation checks, inconsistency, atypicality, and structure (unlikely pattern of responses). Six reverse-worded DES questions were developed to assess inconsistency, six questions regarding extremely rare or unknown symptoms assessed atypicality, and the difference between taxon and absorption items assessed structure. Honest, feigning, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) groups completed the assessment (N = 345) via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) or SurveyMonkey. All groups received a brief definition of dissociation. The honest/PTSD groups were asked to complete the survey honestly. The feigning group members were asked to pretend to be someone with dissociative symptoms. Failure of the vocabulary, duration, or manipulation check validations led to 72 exclusions. The three groups differed significantly on the inconsistent items, the atypical items, and structure items, F(2, 271) > 7.52, p <.001, with the feigning group consistently performing worse than the two honest groups. The DES with validity scale may be most useful for community survey studies in which there is a high risk of malingering or feigning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee engagement research to date has proliferated on the conceptualization that engagement is driven by mutable job design characteristics and related socioemotional resources. This essay explores concerns with that conceptualization. For instance, modern engagement research has defined a "work role" with an almost exclusive focus on employees occupying professional roles, largely ignoring broad swaths of population who hold blue- or pink-collar jobs. These concerns are set forth in a discussion of broadening the definition of engagement. We start by describing the key components of the construct of engagement, followed by a discussion of how changes in the modern work role restrict engagement in ways that do not comport with the traditional view. Next, this essay explores three assumptions inherent in engagement's research stream: possibility, availability, and directionality. Finally, key research directions and questions are presented in an attempt to focus research attention on studying engagement from a more inclusive lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student struggles in gross anatomy coursework at the professional level can result in hours of remediation along with a need to allot time and other resources by both the student and the faculty. Since this course typically occurs in the first semester of the first year, programs can turn to admissions data to try to determine which of these students may struggle. This study looked at two years of medical (n = 280) and dental (n = 78) students to determine if there is a relationship between pre‐admissions anatomy coursework and performance in gross anatomy at the professional school level. Students provided data regarding their past anatomy coursework and final grades in professional school gross anatomy courses were obtained. In addition, students responded to questions regarding their feelings of preparation and how they valued the prior anatomy coursework as it related to the professional course. Statistical analysis showed no difference in final course grade between students with and without prior anatomy in either program. Counter to the numerical data, 96.6% of the students in the study recommended an anatomy course prior to pursuing a health science degree. The primary reasons given for this recommendation were the benefits of repeated content exposure, knowledge of the anatomy terminology, and decreased stress regarding the course. The results from this study suggest that the benefits of prior anatomy may be seen more in the students' stress and quality of life rather in the numerical performance of course grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While attention to the Knight's Yeoman in Chaucer's General Prologue typically focuses on his weapons, fundamental misunderstandings regarding those weapons persist in the critical commentary. The character's peacock-fletched arrows are perhaps the most frequently misinterpreted component of his arms. This article contextualizes the peacock fletching of the Yeoman's arrows by explicating birdwing anatomy, the appearance of various peacock feathers, medieval fletching practices, and historical references to peacockfletched arrows. Rather than being ostentatious, peacock fletching was mundane--unless enhanced by decorative embellishments. Based on reported uses of peacock-fletched arrows, it appears likely that esteem for such arrows was based more on performance than appearance, and a subsequent analysis of how the Yeoman's fletching is likely trimmed supports the tactical utility of his arrows. In this light, the Yeoman's "pecok arwes" suggest that he is a consummate bowman and a lethally effective companion to the Knight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, microscale flow sensors have been extensively studied and developed, which can measure local flow information such as pressure or wall-shear stress over aerial vehicle surfaces in real-time. It is expected that with those sensors onboard, SUAVs can potentially mimic birds or bats in achieving more stable and agile flights than purely relying on rigid body sensors. However, it is challenging to utilize such a rich amount of surface airflow information to enable agile SUAV flights, which could be in the form of 2-D or 3-D images. In this paper, a flow field image based approach is developed for SUAV attitude control. The proposed robust controllers work directly on flow field images through defined image operators. The asymptotically stability of controllers are proven for the closed-loop systems under bounded uncertainties. The effectiveness of the controllers are demonstrated in simulations for both pitching motion and three-axis attitude motion even under gust wind conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the topics of business ethics and social responsibility education have received much attention in scholarly and pedagogical literature (although less in the pedagogical literature), the authors argue that the core teaching problem has not been discussed, that is, the worldview underpinning all of management education. The authors discuss this worldview, propose a more ethics-friendly worldview, and provide some considerations of its implication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial introduction to the September 2006 edition of “Academy of Management Learning & Education” is presented. The issue focuses on the issues of ethics and social responsibilty in business. Details related to various article featured in the issue and details related to past research on issues are reviewed. . The issue focuses on the issues of ethics and social responsibility in business. Details related to various article featured in the issue and details related to past research on issues are reviewed. Included is a discussion of the article "Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Education: Shifting the Worldview," by Robert A. Giacalone of Temple University and Kenneth R. Thompson of DePaul University.

Milton R. Blood is managing director of Accreditation Services for AACSB International--The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. In this role, Milton has played an important part in bringing together representatives from colleges and universities throughout the world to help formulate quality standards for AACSB-accredited schools and to help advance worldwide the relevance of education for member and nonmember schools of business and management. Dr. Blood has been a major force in guiding, articulating, and interpreting AACSB standards since July 1983. Given the April 2003 changes in the standards, we thought it would be beneficial to ask for Milton Blood's perspective, and how he thinks these changes will affect business school leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market for college students is trending lower and future projections are not encouraging. We must take action to make our programs more competitive. Using in part, the O*NET database, the authors propose a set of processes to assess business students' (and particularly management students') career aspirations and to align them with the defined knowledge, skills, and technical abilities needed to make graduates more market ready and more attractive to employers. These changes will create more pull in the market (more organizations will want our graduates) and more push in the market (more students will desire to enter our programs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined co-teacher effectiveness through the theoretical lens of intensity of effort by two coteaching university professors and their students' academic achievement. Data sources included student records, student and professor course artifacts, and student surveys. Participants (50) were enrolled college students in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: Information, Technology, and Scientific Literacy for ALL Learners (STEM-ALL) project. Crossdisciplinary curriculum designed for undergraduate and graduate students included 22 learning outcomes, with the outcomes assessed 187 times in 58 assignments in four 3-credit hour university courses. Participants experienced co-teaching from observing their co-teaching professors and by completing assignments in co-teaching teams. Co-teaching by two professors resulted in high student achievement. Participants reported greatest impact of co-teaching on: learning to teach integrated and connected STEM content; planning for guided inquiry and STEM integrated content; learning to exercise professional judgement; determining uses of databases and other electronic sources; and delivering STEM curricular activities during their local school schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ready‐to‐eat (RTE) foods have been identified as a high‐risk food group because of the number of outbreaks caused by food‐borne pathogens isolated from these products. As these items receive no further processing or heat treatment prior to consumption, bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes present a serious threat to consumer safety. Of particular concern, L. monocytogenes is resistant to various food storage techniques, including reduced or modified atmosphere packaging, refrigerated storage, and increased salt concentration. Cold‐smoked fishery products have been implicated in a number of listeriosis cases, where it is estimated that between 6 and 36% of cold‐smoked fish is contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Edible coatings incorporated with natural antimicrobials have been suggested to control pathogenic and spoilage bacteria on a variety of meat products. In this study, edible zein‐based coatings incorporated with nisin and lemongrass essential oil (LG) (8%) were evaluated for antibacterial action against L. monocytogenes and spoilage organisms on cold‐smoked, cultured hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops, under polyvinyl chlorine (PVC) and vacuum packaging for 14 days (PVC) and 42 days (vacuum packaging), respectively, at 4°C. In this study, corn zein‐based edible coatings were found to be an effective carrier for nisin and LG. Nisin‐treated samples were most effective against L. monocytogenes in both PVC and vacuum‐packaged fillets, with a total reduction of 3.5 log and 3.7 log, respectively over the length of the storage time. LG‐treated samples reduced L. monocytogenes cell counts by 2.5 log in PVC and 1.7 log in vacuum‐packaged samples. Only LG‐treated samples packaged in PVC were found to inhibit the growth of spoilage organisms. Because nisin‐ and LG‐treated fillets reduced L. monocytogenes, they may be useful methods to improve food safety in smoked seafood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the current trend of decreasing contact hours and less emphasis being given to the basic science courses in the pre‐clinical years of medical education, it is essential that new approaches to teaching gross anatomy are investigated to ensure medical students are being adequately exposed to anatomical content. This study retrospectively analyzed practical examination data from four medical gross anatomy classes (N = 569) to ascertain which pedagogical approach, student participation in the dissection process, or interaction with prosected specimens is best for teaching the anatomy of the hand and foot. Data analysis involved the use of propensity score matching, a nonparametric preprocessing statistical approach which ensures accurate representation of the true treatment effect by balancing cohorts prior to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis indicated that those students who were exposed to the anatomy of the hand through interactions with prosected specimens performed 5.6% better (P = 0.012) while for the foot, students who interacted with prosections performed 13.0% better (P < 0.001). Although limited, data from this study suggest that utilizing prosections of the hand and foot seems to be a more advantageous pedagogical approach for teaching these regions than requiring students to dissect them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12‐week experiment was conducted to evaluate replacing fish oil (FO) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets with algal meal (Schizochytrium sp. [AM]) and vegetable oils (VO: linseed oil [L] and soybean oil [S]). For this purpose, 15 aquaria (110‐L each) were arranged in an indoor rack recirculating saltwater system (salinity, 27–28 ppt) and a 2,000‐L mechanical and biological propeller‐washed bead filtration system. Juvenile shrimp (initial weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g) were randomized into five groups of three replicates and fed one of five iso‐nitrogenous (400 g/kg crude protein) and iso‐lipidic (100 g/kg lipid) diets such as control (50 g/kg FO), FO‐AM0 (80 g/kg FO), FS‐AM1 (40 g/kg FO + 20 g/kg VO + 28.8 g/kg AM), FLS‐AM2 (20 g/kg FO + 20 g/kg VO + 58.7 g/kg AM) and LS‐AM3 (0 FO + 20 g/kg VO + 88.5 g/kg AM). No differences were found in most production performance parameters, except final body weight, which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the group fed diet LS‐AM3 (complete replacement of fish oil) compared with those fed diets FO‐AM0 and FLS‐AM2. Proximate and fatty acids composition were altered by the supplementation of AM and VO. Muscle and hepatopancreatic linoleic acid, linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels increased with increasing dietary AM, while eicosapentaenoic acid levels decreased. AM and VO supplementation significantly influenced the major total fatty acids in the tail muscle (MUFA, n‐6 PUFA, n‐3 PUFA and LC‐PUFA) and hepatopancreas (SFA, MUFA, LC‐PUFA and ratio of n‐3/n‐6), with higher n‐6, n‐3 and LC‐PUFAs and ratios of n‐3/n‐6 in high AM diets (LS‐AM3 and FLS‐AM2). Lipase activity increased with increasing dietary AM, whereas adipocytes decreased (p < 0.05). Significantly lower total cholesterol was measured in groups fed control and FLS‐AM2 diets compared to those fed FO‐AM0 and LS‐AM3. Algal meal could replace FO up to 75% and play an important role as a source of essential fatty acids in shrimp diets without compromising growth and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial sales representatives are best viewed as territorial marketing managers. They are consultants tasked primarily with helping their clients make informed and better purchase decisions. Among the requirements for successful consultative sales performance in today's competitive industrial selling environment are: reps must identify key members of client's buying centers, they must accurately characterize the decision making process in buying centres. Sales techniques are needed that can help reps meet these requirements. Surprising, few sales tools have been suggested to aid reps in consultative selling. A particularly overlooked technique is Product Profile Analysis (PPA). First proposed as a consultative selling tool, the goal of PPA is to create an environment in which sales reps and clients can work together to build and, subsequently, apply linear compensatory purchasing models to aid buyers with product/vendor evaluation. Building on PPA's linear compensatory structure this article proposes a modified version of PPA (MOD-PPA) intended to enhance sales reps' consultative abilities. MOD-PPA places heavy reliance on the sales rep's use of a portable computer during the technique's model building and application phases. The emphasis on computers appears justified because of dramatic growth in their use by field sales people. The limitations of PPA can be overcome by incorporating Monte Carlo simulation into the model's application.

Cholesterol is a major sterol in crustaceans that occurs in all cells and in the hemolymph, either in free form or combined with fatty acids. Unlike vertebrates, shrimps and other crustaceans are incapable of de novo synthesis of cholesterol; therefore, dietary cholesterol is essential for their growth and survival. Their requirement, however, is often species-specific and may also depend on the dietary protein and lipid sources. Dietary lipid sources can include the presence of phytosterols and phospholipids, which may have a cholesterol sparing effect in some species. On the other hand, compounds found within some fishmeal alternatives may disrupt cholesterol utilization. Understanding these relationships is important because cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of ecdysteroids and sesquiterpenoids, which are a class of hormones that regulate moulting and reproduction in crustaceans. The biosynthetic pathway of these hormones is not completely understood in crustaceans. When knowledge gaps exist, available information from a better-studied animal group (the insect), is extrapolated to produce a hypothetical model of putative ecdysteroid synthesis in crustaceans. The key steps in cholesterol metabolism, including digestion, absorption, and transportation are highlighted. There is also a focus on various pathways involving candidate genes (encoding enzymes) linking cholesterol metabolism and moulting. Considering the relatively high cost of cholesterol, a better understanding of factors influencing dietary cholesterol requirements in crustaceans and role this plays in lipid metabolism may facilitate more cost-effective feed formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12-week growth trial was conducted to assess an improved soybean meal (ISBM) in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (PWS). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated: the control diet (ISBM-0) contained 30% fishmeal (FM) and three test diets (ISBM-33, ISBM-66 and ISBM-100) were formulated by gradually replacing FM on an isonitrogenous basis. Groups of PWS (3.2 g mean initial weight) were fed their respective experimental diets three times per day. Production performance of PWS was unaffected by diet, except the final weight of shrimp-fed ISBM-66 diet was significantly lower than those fed ISBM-0. Whole-body moisture was significantly higher and protein was significantly lower in PWS-fed ISBM-100 versus shrimp-fed ISBM-0. PWS-fed ISBM-66 had significantly higher oleic acid than shrimp-fed ISBM-0 and linolenic acid versus shrimp-fed ISBM-0 and ISBM-100. The lowest linoleic acid and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were found in shrimp-fed ISBM-100. Based on second-degree polynomial regression analysis of final weight and weight gain, the estimated optimum levels of ISBM to replace FM in PWS diets are 89.13% and 95.56% respectively. Overall, results indicate alternative, sustainable, plant-based protein sources such as ISBM may potentially replace FM in PWS diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from the concept of anemoia, the authors propose a new typology of nostalgia called vintage anemoia. Vintage anemoia encompasses consumers' positive and nostalgic response to vintage cues, regardless of specific historical periods or individual lived experiences. Through a series of seven studies, the authors demonstrate that vintage typography, by evoking feelings of vintage anemoia, can enhance consumer perceptions of product safety. This effect has positive downstream consequences on key marketing outcomes, including brand attitude, purchase intention, and willingness to pay. Furthermore, the effect of vintage anemoia on product safety perceptions remains unaffected by whether product safety information indicates that a product is safe or unsafe. However, the effect diminishes when an explicit indexical cue (year of establishment) is utilized or when promoting futuristic products. The findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge in marketing and provide insights for marketers on leveraging vintage typography as a strategic tool for creating emotional connections with consumers and enhancing perceptions of product safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Research Council polices (NRC, 2012a, 2012b) and the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015 (Pub. L. No. 114-145) call for educators to have active roles in teaching to achieve new goals and purposes for education. A high priority is teaching content knowledge and information fluency skills that will result in deep learning, higher order thinking, and college and career readiness. Information fluency involves abilities to find, evaluate and use print and digital information effectively, efficiently and ethically to create knowledge useful in solving real-world problems. This action research (Blaxter, Hughes, and Tight, 2010) investigates co-teaching in a college, undergraduate physical sciences course. Information and technology literacy skills (ACRL, 2016) were taught in the context of a 12-week unit about the design of control variable experiments. Co-teaching was done by a professor of physical sciences and a professor of library and information science. Assignment learning objectives provided a framework for analysis of 24 students’ scores that tells a story of the process of co-teaching through articulation of two professors’ engagement in instructional interactions, creation of materials and strategies to increase information fluency as well as descriptions of students’ completion of assignments. It was concluded that co-teaching effectiveness involves intensity of effort in shared planning, organization, delivery and assessment of instruction; shared physical and/or virtual space of instruction; and in the combining two areas of academic expertise in delivery of cross-curricular instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shape memory polymer nanocomposite structures have a wide range of applications in aerospace, energy, biomedical devices, etc. However, this type of structure has complex and dynamic behaviors, with mechanical, thermal, and electrical performances that need to be monitored in real time. A recently developed low cost, noncontact monitoring and control platform is discussed, which includes six webcams, one thermal imager, and other sense and control electronics. This platform can provide real-time information, such as current, resistance, 3-D geometry, temperature distribution, and recovery speed, acceleration, and torque, while tested structures are undergoing shape recovery. Software with a graphical user interface is developed to enable vision/thermal system calibration, information measurement, and deformation control of shape memory polymer nanocomposite structures. The salient features of the new platform are: the correlation between the webcams and the thermal imager is constructed so that the temperature at any specific point of the structure surface can be autonomously measured in real time; a new approach is included in the platform for the thermal imager calibration; the information sensed in the platform can be used to develop the recovery torque model and the surface temperature prediction model; and a control system can be developed to precisely drive the recovery process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To be profitable, producers must reduce diet costs, which can be as high as 80% of the variable costs of an aquaculture expense. As vitamin and mineral premixes represent a significant cost, eliminating addition of these premixes could reduce diet costs if no adverse effects were observed for growth and production parameters. A 105-day feeding trial was conducted with juvenile Australian red claw crayfish ( Cherax quadricarinatus) to evaluate the effects of growth, survival, body composition, processing traits and water quality when red claw were fed a supplemental diet containing 28% crude protein ( CP) without vitamin and mineral premixes (and supplemented alfalfa hay) compared with red claw fed a diet (control diet) containing 42% CP, vitamin and mineral premixes, and with supplemented alfalfa hay, and compared with red claw only fed alfalfa hay when grown in ponds. Juvenile red claw (mean weight of 15.7 ± 1.0 g) were randomly stocked into nine 0.02-ha ponds at a rate of 640 per pond (3.2 per m2), and each treatment was used in three ponds. There were two feedings per day, each consisting of one-half of the total daily ration. At harvest, individual weight, percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, survival and total yield of red claw fed a control diet was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) (83.0 g, 398%, 1.53% day−1, 65.1%,and 1708 kg ha−1 respectively) compared with red claw only fed alfalfa hay (44.9 g, 202%, 1.04% day−1, 30.3% and 431 kg ha−1, respectively), but not different ( P > 0.05) from red claw fed the supplemental diet without vitamin and mineral premixes (76.2 g, 367%, 1.47% day−1, 57.2% and 1378 kg ha−1). There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in feed conversion ratio ( FCR) among treatments, which averaged 5.0 (based on prepared diet input). These results indicate that vitamin and mineral supplementation in a diet is not necessary when diet containing 28% CP and alfalfa hay are used in combination for pond grown red claw. These results may help reduce diet costs and possibly increase producers' profits which might allow for industry expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. The mechanisms leading to motor neuron degeneration in ALS are unclear. However, there is evidence for involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in ALS, notably in mutant SOD1 mediated models of ALS. Stress induced phosphorylation of the eIF2 alpha subunit by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 Perk activates the UPR. Guanabenz is a centrally acting alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist shown to interact with a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase, Pp1/Gadd34, and selectively disrupt the dephosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eif2alpha). Here we demonstrate that guanabenz is protective in fibroblasts expressing G93A mutant SOD1 when they are exposed to tunicamycin mediated ER stress. However, in contrast to other reports, guanabenz treatment accelerated ALS-like disease progression in a strain of mutant SOD1 transgenic ALS mice. This study highlights challenges of pharmacological interventions of cellular stress responses in whole animal models of ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing amount of research has been conducted on developing new shape memory polymer nanocomposite structures. Estimating thermal properties of these types of structures is a crucial step towards their successful application. In this paper, a finite element based thermal model is proposed, of which the coefficients are identified using a nonlinear programming method in a nested loop. The model and identification results are validated in three material samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SWI/SNF is a major regulator of gene expression. Its role is to facilitate the shifting and exposure of DNA segments within the promoter and other key domains to transcription factors and other essential cellular proteins. This complex interacts with a wide range of proteins and does not function within a single, specific pathway; thus, it is involved in a multitude of cellular processes, including DNA repair, differentiation, development, cell adhesion, and growth control. Given SWI/SNF's prominent role in these processes, many of which are important for blocking cancer development, it is not surprising that the SWI/SNF complex is targeted during cancer initiation and progression both by mutations and by non-mutational mechanisms. Currently, the understanding of the types of alterations, their frequency, and their impact on the SWI/SNF subunits is an area of intense research that has been bolstered by a recent cadre of NextGen sequencing studies. These studies have revealed mutations in SWI/SNF subunits, indicating that this complex is thus important for cancer development.The purpose of this review is to put into perspective the role of mutations versus other mechanisms in the silencing of SWI/SNF subunits, in particular, BRG1 and BRM. In addition, this review explores the recent development of synthetic lethality and how it applies to this complex, as well as how BRM polymorphisms are becoming recognized as potential clinical biomarkers for cancer risk. Significance: Recent reviews have detailed the occurrence of mutations in nearly all SWI/SNF subunits, which indicates that this complex is an important target for cancer. However, when the frequency of mutations in a given tumor type is compared to the frequency of subunit loss, it becomes clear that other non-mutational mechanisms must play a role in the inactivation of SWI/SNF subunits. Such data indicate that epigenetic mechanisms that are known to regulate BRM may also be involved in the loss of expression of other SWI/SNF subunits. This is important since epigenetically silenced genes are inducible, and thus, the reversal of the silencing of these non-mutationally suppressed subunits may be a viable mode of targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]