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Background: Despite multiple years of government HIV educational efforts, the growing trend of new cases among women in Indonesia runs parallel with their seemingly overall lack of comprehensive knowledge about HIV. A major prevention challenge for the Indonesian government lies in delivering HIV prevention education across the world's largest archipelago. This study investigates comprehensive HIV knowledge among reproductive-age women in Southwest Sumba, Indonesia, and the sources through which they report having learned about HIV along with potential mediators of the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and HIV knowledge. Methods: This cross-sectional study using convenience sampling recruited 159 married women ages 15–49 years old living in 4 selected church parishes in Southwest Sumba on March 12–20, 2023. The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire-18 and items from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (24 total) measured the women's comprehensive knowledge about HIV. Additional items asked about sources through which the women had received information about HIV. One-way ANOVA examined differences in the level of HIV knowledge obtained through one or more information sources (healthcare providers, media, schools, and social network members). Mediation analysis investigated potential mediators of the relationship between SES and HIV knowledge. Results: Comprehensive HIV knowledge scores ranged from 0 to 21 (mean = 10.6). About 65% of the 159 women could only correctly answer 50% or less of the questions. Most incorrect answers pertained either to Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission (MTCT) or misconceptions about the virus. One-way ANOVA revealed that the mean of HIV knowledge increased as the number of informational sources increased (p <.001). Structural Equation Modelling found that social network members, healthcare providers, and the media all had significant direct effects on HIV knowledge. In addition, an indirect positive relationship between SES and comprehensive HIV knowledge was mediated by information obtained through the media and marginally through healthcare providers. Conclusions: The study's results suggest that more extensive in-depth HIV education is greatly needed to help prevent transmission among women living in small and outlying islands in Indonesia. Wider promotion of HIV information through the media and more intensively through local healthcare providers appears a promising and likely effective means to reach these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiescent response style (ARS), the tendency for survey respondents to agree with survey items, is of particular concern for increasing measurement error in surveys with populations who are more likely to acquiesce, such as Latino respondents in the U.S. In order to develop methods for reducing ARS, this study addressed two questions: (1) Does administering a questionnaire using conversational interviewing (CI) yield less ARS than standardized interviewing (SI)? (2) Do bipolar disagree/agree (DA) response scales lead to higher ARS than unipolar response scales that do not assess agreement (non-AG)? A total of 891 Latino telephone survey respondents were screened for ARS and randomly assigned to four experimental groups determined by crossing interviewing technique (CI or SI) and response format (non-AG or DA): (1) SI/non-AG (n = 301); (2) SI/DA (n = 295); (3) CI/non-AG (n = 149); and (4) CI/DA (n = 146). CI yielded lower ARS than SI (p < 0.001), but there was no difference in ARS between DA and non-AG response scales. A subset of coded interview recordings indicated that the CI interviewers reduced ARS by clarifying questions even in the absence of evidence of respondent confusion and helping with response mapping. These results suggest that difficulty answering questions associated with cognitive decline and cultural norms may have prompted higher use of ARS, but that conversational interviewers were able to mitigate these difficulties and cultural tendencies. Findings from this study suggest that using CI to administer survey questions may decrease ARS and improve data quality among survey respondents who are more likely to engage in ARS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Anecdotal evidence suggests that the term "pollster" has, in recent years, become stigmatized in the United States. We explore this and a subsequent question as to whether negative perceptions of pollsters affect people's perceived trustworthiness of survey findings. Methods: Survey experiments were administered to national probability‐based samples after the 2016 and 2020 elections. Results: In each study, pollsters obtained significantly more negative ratings when compared to "survey researchers" and "public opinion researchers," suggesting that the general public views pollsters, who are more likely to be viewed as partisan, as being less honest/ethical. In line with social identity theory, interaction models revealed that those rating pollster critic Donald Trump most favorably had the most negative ratings of pollsters and public opinion researchers, compared to survey researchers. Yet, the vignette experiment showed that negative perceptions of pollsters did not affect the perceived trustworthiness of survey result reports. Conclusions: We conclude that while there appears to be a stigmatization of pollsters, those negative perceptions do not translate into less trust in the findings of public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United States (US) immigration policies have increasingly focused on national security resulting in universities experiencing declines in international student applications, constraints on international scholar employment, and complications facilitating international research collaborations. The COVID-19 pandemic brought additional travel restrictions, embassy closures, and health and safety concerns that exacerbated these challenges. Science mobility is critical for science education, training, competitiveness, and innovation. Using a representative sample of US and foreign-born scientists in three STEM fields, we explore how recent visa and immigration policies have shaped research collaborations, work with students and postdoctoral scholars, and intentions to leave. We use descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and logistic regression and find academic scientists report disruptions from visa and immigration policies; negative impacts of immigration policies on US higher education; negative effects on recruitment and retention of international trainees; and increased intentions to leave the US driven by negative perceptions of immigration policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research on the impacts of exposure to workplace harassment (WH) is largely cross-sectional, and existing prospective studies generally are between two and five years of follow-up, with the longest US study being 10 years. However, the effects of exposure to WH may persist longer, particularly if exposure has been chronic. This study fills this gap by examining effects of prior exposure to chronic sexual and generalized WH on psychological distress and alcohol misuse over an approximately 25 year study period. Methods: Individuals originally recruited from a university-employed sample in the United States were surveyed at 8 time points from 1996–2007 and again in 2020–2021. A series of hybrid path analyses were tested on a sample of 2352 individuals, regressing recent outcomes on latent classes of harassment derived from earlier survey waves, controlling baseline outcomes and demographics. Model fit was assessed using a variety of fit statistics, and standardized regression coefficients were used to assess significance of individual pathways. Results: Prior exposure to chronic sexual harassment had significant direct associations with psychological distress, alcohol misuse, and recent stressors at follow-up. Prior exposure to chronic generalized harassment had significant direct associations with lower income and alcohol misuse. Both forms of WH were significantly indirectly associated with psychological distress through recent stressors at follow-up. Conclusions: Exposure to chronic WH is associated with long-term effects on psychological distress and alcohol misuse in a sample representing a wide variety of job types and racial/ethnic identities. Enforcement of anti-sexual harassment law and policies and enactment of policies and laws to prevent generalized harassment/workplace bullying are imperative for the protection of worker health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines possible causes, consequences, and potential solutions for addressing vaccine hesitancy in the United States, focusing on the perspectives of academic scientists. By examining the experiences of scientists, who are arguably a critical community in US society, we gain deeper insights into how they understand the complexities of vaccine hesitancy and whether their insights and opinions converge with or diverge from the current literature. We present findings from a national survey of a representative sample of academic scientists from the fields of biology and public health regarding vaccine hesitancy and related topics. Empirical analysis using descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses covers multiple topics, including vaccine controversy, trust in science, causes of vaccine hesitancy, preferred policy and regulatory approaches, risk perceptions, and scientists' ethics and perceived communication roles. The results highlight a diversity of opinions within the scientific community regarding how to improve science-society communication in regard to vaccines, including the need to be transparent and candid to the public about the risk of vaccines and their research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reveals the existence of a paradox in how the public views polling within the democratic process. Specifically, even though the public believes that it can influence policymaking, it considers public opinion polls not as useful as other, less representative forms of public input, such as comments at town hall meetings. Analyzing data from multiple surveys conducted in the United States of America, we find no evidence for the democratic representation hypothesis with respect to polling. Comparisons across stakeholders (public, journalists, and politicians) demonstrate that general perceptions of inputs into the democratic process are similar, which confirms the citizen-elite congruence hypothesis. However, unlike members of the public, experts are more likely to believe that public opinion polls are the optimal method by which the public can successfully inform policymaking, a finding consistent with the legitimization hypothesis. With respect to perceptions of politicians, we found substantial differences regarding party registration with Democrats and Independents favoring public opinion polling and Republicans preferring alternative methods (e.g., town hall meetings) of informing policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: With response rates of large‐scale surveys having decreased significantly over the years and rebounds seeming unlikely, many studies now examine how response rates vary with methodological design and incentives. This investigation delves into how individual‐level factors shape survey participation. Specifically, we examine the influence of individuals' democratic engagement and their trust in institutions on intent to participate in surveys, both directly and indirectly through their perceptions of surveys. Methods: We collected survey data from a probability sample of adults (N = 1343) in Mannheim, Germany, from November 2019 to March 2020. Structural equation models were estimated to test the hypothesized relationships. Results: The analyses support most, but not all, hypothesized relationships. Democratic engagement bolstered intent to participate, directly as well as indirectly through perceptions of surveys. Institutional trust, on the other hand, only influenced the outcome measure indirectly. Perceptions of surveys had a strong bearing overall effect on intent to participate. Conclusion: The study's results suggest that the response rates and larger issues related to the perceived legitimacy of public opinion and survey research might be intertwined with orientations related to people's civic and political life. The article discusses potential ways survey researchers can counteract distrust in surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiescent (ARS) and extreme response styles (ERS) can have detrimental effects on survey data and, for unknown reasons, are more frequently used by Latino than non-Latino white respondents. This exploratory study examined the influence of culture on these response styles by investigating their associations with individual-level cultural factors and ARS and ERS among 1,296 Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American telephone survey respondents. Principal components representing stronger endorsement of marianismo / machismo and social attentiveness (simpatía, personalismo, respect for elders, value for sincerity, collectivism, individualism) were associated with higher ARS and ERS, while higher trust in strangers and more limited health literacy were associated with lower ERS. Findings from this study will enable survey designers to better anticipate ARS and ERS in surveys with Latino populations and, in turn, guide the selection of data collection and analysis methods to mitigate measurement error in the presence of these response styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stay-at-home-orders, online learning, and work from home policies are some of the responses governments, universities, and other institutions adopted to slow the spread of COVID-19. However, research shows these measures have increased pre-existing gender disparities in the workplace. The working conditions for women during the pandemic worsened due to increased family care responsibilities and unequal distribution of domestic labor. In the academy, working from home has resulted in reduced research time and increased teaching and family care responsibilities, with a larger proportion of that burden falling to women. We investigate the persistence of gender inequity among academic scientists resulting from university COVID-19 responses over time. We draw on two surveys administered in May 2020 and May 2021 to university-based biologists, biochemists, and civil and environmental engineers, to analyze how the pandemic response has disproportionately impacted women in academia and the endurance of those inequities. Results show significantly greater negative impacts from the pandemic on women's research activities and work-life balance, compared to men. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results, and the need for the academy to better predict and adjust to the gender disparities its policies create. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Applications for and receipt of external research grants are important indicators of scientific productivity, and ones that the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program is intended to support. Methods: We investigate the association between the receipt of support services from one CTSA-supported hub and investigator productivity as measured by individual investigator grant submissions and grant awards at a Research I public university over an 8-year period. Negative binomial regression models are used to evaluate associations between individual grant productivity (in 2017, 2018, and 2019) and receipt of support services during the preceding 2 years. Results: Controlling for prior levels of productivity, service receipt is found to be predictive of both grants submitted and grants awarded to investigators in each model examined. Analyses also found some evidence of faculty rank and race/ethnic differences in the effects of Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS) service use on subsequent grant productivity. Conclusions: Further work is needed to understand the relationship between clinical and translational services and other measures of productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: Established research from the United States and other Western countries has found that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) populations are at an elevated risk for suicide.Suicidality among LGBT individuals is understudied in Thailand and other Asian countries, warranting additional research to better understand risk factors and to create effective treatment and suicide prevention interventions. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: The study examined rates and predictors of suicidality in Thai LGBT adults.Study findings suggest that general (e.g. stress and loneliness) and minority stressors (e.g. discrimination and victimization) played important roles in predicting lifetime and past‐year suicidal ideation, while socio‐demographic and health‐related factors (e.g. living in high poverty area and having chronic diseases) were associated with suicide attempts among LGBT individuals. What are the implications for practice?: Changes in the nursing curriculum and continuing education resources are needed to improve knowledge and core competencies in the mental health and treatment needs of LGBT individuals in Thailand.Among LGBT serving practitioners, routine assessment of suicidality is needed to increase the early identification and treatment of individual at risk for suicidal behaviours.Standardized measures of sexual orientation and gender identity should be included in all patient intake forms.In conducting research on strategies to improve mental health outcomes among LGBT populations, standardized measures of sexual orientation/gender identity and minority‐specific stressors should be used.Suicide prevention interventions aimed at reducing general and minority stress among LGBT populations should be a priority in mental health nursing. Introduction: A large and rigorous body of research in the United States has demonstrated that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) populations are at an elevated risk for suicide. However, scant research aimed at understanding the rates and predictors for suicidality among Thai LGBT individuals exists. Aim: To examine rates and predictors of suicidality among Thai LGBT adults (N = 411). Method: Data collection was conducted via online and in‐person surveys. Guided by the Minority Stress Model, standardized measures of demographics, health‐related factors, general and minority‐specific stressors and suicidality were completed. Results: Thirty‐nine per cent of participants reported lifetime suicidal ideation, 19.0% past 12‐month suicidal ideation and 13.1% lifetime suicide attempts. Lifetime suicidal ideation was associated with higher levels of social discrimination, stress, loneliness and chronic disease (OR = 1.12, 1.16, 2.75, and 1.46, p ≤.05, R2 = 0.327). Past‐year suicidal ideation was associated with victimization, stress, loneliness and being a former smoker (OR = 1.52, 1.20, 2.34, and 4.89, p <.05, R2 = 0.345). Suicide attempts were associated with internalized homophobia, poverty, chronic disease, alcohol use and physical health (OR = 1.44, 1.06, 1.59, 1.45 and 0.95, p ≤ 0.05, R2 = 0.187). Discussion: General and minority‐specific stressors negatively impacted suicidality among LGBT participants. Implication for practice: Study findings have implications for nursing education, practice and research. Nursing education should include information about the influence of sexual orientation and gender identity on mental health outcomes. Further, systematic screening for suicidality should be conducted by LGBT serving psychiatric and mental health nurses. Finally, research is needed to determine best practices for interventions aimed at reducing suicidality risk among LGBT individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey alert letters improve response rates and assure potential respondents that the research is legitimate and of high quality. Pre-notification by mail increases response rates for web surveys because it represents a second mode of communication and contributes to increases in respondent trust and study legitimacy. Due to work-from-home orders in response to COVID-19, postal alert letters are unlikely to reach research participants at their place of employment. We conducted three experiments testing the effects of sending academic scientists a pre-notification email message on web survey response rates as compared to no alert email message and variation in the timing of the pre-notification. The data comes from three random national samples of university-based scientists that were conducted during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two of three experiments suggest that email alert pre-notifications can have a minor effect on improving response rates to web surveys of academic scientists. The timing of those pre-notification messages, though, had no effect on survey response. These findings indicate pre-notification messages remain useful when studying academic scientists. Future research should compare the effects of electronic as compared to postal pre-notification on survey response among scientists, as postal pre-notification requires extensive resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twenty-first century has seen an important transition in survey modes used for electoral polls. This transition has not ended yet. It is thus possible to examine differences between modes used in the same election. Different modes are more or less prone to social desirability and use different sampling frames and recruitment strategies that may lead to differences in estimation. However, available literature does not show systematic and substantial differences between modes. In this article, we examine differences between modes across 15 elections and referendums that took place since 2005 in four countries: Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We first assess differences in average estimates, variance, trends, and forecasts. We then pool the data to analyze whether there are differences that apply in all contexts. We conclude that differences between modes vary with context and over time. There are some consistent differences, however, as online polls are less likely to detect movement than are telephone or IVR polls. In a context in which online polls are becoming dominant, citizens may not be provided with a reliable portrait of the state of public opinion. IVR polls tended to be more precise than other polls recently, but they also tended to have a conservative bias. For the future, it will be important to monitor closely new developments in the methodology used for election polls. The presence of multiple modes in pre-election polling and new developments in mixed modes would be beneficial to voters and researchers alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys are an important research modality in ophthalmology, but their quality has not been rigorously assessed. This study evaluated the quality of published ophthalmic surveys. Three survey methodologists, three senior ophthalmologists, and two research assistants developed a survey evaluation instrument focused on survey development and testing; sampling frame; response bias; results reporting; and ethics. Two investigators used the instrument to assess the quality of all ophthalmic surveys that were published between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018; indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and/or Web of Science; contained the search terms "ophthalmology" and "survey" or "questionnaire" in the title and/or abstract; and were available in English. The search identified 626 articles; 60 met the eligibility criteria and were assessed with the survey evaluation instrument. Most surveys (93%; 56/60) defined the study population; 48% (29/60) described how question items were chosen; 30% (18/60) provided the survey for review or described the questions in sufficient detail; 30% (18/60) were pre-tested or piloted; 25% (15/60) reported validity/clinical sensibility testing; 15% (9/60) described techniques used to assess non-response bias; and 63% (38/60) documented review by an institutional review board (IRB). The quality of published ophthalmic surveys can be improved by focusing on survey development, pilot testing, non-response bias and institutional review board review. The survey evaluation instrument can help guide researchers in conducting quality ophthalmic surveys and assist journal editors in evaluating surveys submitted for publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community-level health data are needed to identify and prioritize the most pressing health issues at the local level. Objectives: To conduct a community-driven probability health survey of disadvantaged Chicago communities in 2015–2016. Methods: A safety-net hospital completed questionnaire development and dissemination in close partnership with a Community Advisory Committee (CAC), so the data captured accurately reflected community priorities. Lessons Learned: The final survey sample included 1,543 adult interviews and proxy reports for 394 children, well below our original recruitment goal. Although ideal for area probability sampling, face-to-face surveys are challenging given declining response rates. Nevertheless, these data provide representative community-level data that is otherwise unavailable. Conclusions: Hyper-local data are especially critical for diverse and segregated cities such as Chicago. Lessons learned can be applied to future community surveys done by hospital systems, health departments, and community advocates to maximize the usefulness of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiescence is often defined as the systematic selection of agreeable ("strongly agree") or affirmative ("yes") responses to survey items, regardless of item content or directionality. This definition implies that acquiescence is immune to item characteristics; however, the influence of item characteristics on acquiescence remains largely unexplored. We examined the influence of eight item characteristics on acquiescence in a telephone survey of 400 Latinos and non-Latino Whites: qualified wording, mental comparisons, negated wording, unfamiliar terms, ambiguous wording, knowledge accessibility, item length, and polysyllabic wording. Negated and ambiguous wording was associated with reduced acquiescence for the full sample as well as subsamples stratified by ethnicity and sociodemographic characteristics. This effect was strongest among younger, more educated, and non-Latino white respondents. No other item characteristics had a significant influence on respondent acquiescence. Findings from this study suggest that acquiescence may be affected by interactions between respondent and item characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted qualitative semi-structured telephone interviews with the directors of the 10 National Institutes of Health Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities (NIH/CPHHD) to identify factors that were associated with the sustainability of 19 interventions developed to address cancer disparities and 17 interventions developed to address cardiovascular disease disparities in the United States. Interview transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method of analysis to identify key themes and synthesize findings. Directors at NIH/CPHHD reported that barriers to sustainability included uncertainty about future funding and insufficient resources to build and maintain diverse stakeholder partnerships. Strategies that helped to overcome these barriers included developing and engaging community partnerships with health care systems; early pursuit of multiple funding sources; and investments in infrastructure to address the social determinants [End Page 1212] of health. Sustainability planning should be incorporated during the early stages of intervention development to facilitate maintenance of successful programs that address health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personalismo may have a broad influence on the well-being of U.S. Latinos by shaping social networks and, in turn, access to information and resources. However, research on personalismo is currently constrained by the lack of a psychometrically sound measure of this cultural construct. This research used a mixed-methods approach to develop a personalismo scale across three studies: a cognitive interviewing study with Mexican American adults (n = 33); a cognitive interviewing study with non-Latino White, Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American adults (n = 61); and a psychometric telephone survey with Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American adults (n = 1,296). The final, 12-item scale had high internal consistency reliability and appears to be appropriate for use with Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American adults. Significant differences emerged across Latino subgroups, with higher personalismo observed among Cuban Americans and female respondents, providing empirical evidence of cultural heterogeneity among U.S. Latino populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that Latino survey respondents are more likely to acquiesce than non-Latino European Americans (EAs), thereby decreasing the potential for measurement invariance across cultural groups. To better understand what drives this culturally patterned response style, we examined the influence of respondent and interviewer characteristics on acquiescence. Data were obtained from a telephone survey of 400 Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban American, and non-Latino EA respondents, and a self-administered survey of 21 interviewers. Higher acquiescence was associated with several respondent characteristics: older age, lower education, stronger Latino cultural orientation, Spanish use, Latino ethnicity, and, among Latinos, Cuban American ethnicity. In contrast, acquiescence was not influenced by respondent–interviewer social distance, social deference, or interviewer characteristics (e.g., education, gender, acculturation, interviewer experience). These findings indicate that acquiescence differs across Latino ethnic subgroups and that respondent and language factors are more influential determinants of acquiescence than survey interviewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of legislatively mandated changes in terminology for National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) questions on proxy and self-reports of an important condition. Specifically, we examine changes from the use of the term "mental retardation" to "intellectual disability" that were mandated by what is now known as "Rosa's Law," an act signed by President Obama in October 2010. Our analyses focus on changes in national prevalence of measures of intellectual disability during the period 2011–2016, compared to 1997–2010, for the population as a whole and for demographic subgroups. Findings show that the change in question wording implemented in the NHIS after Rosa's Law produced a small, albeit statistically significant, increase in reporting of intellectual disabilities for adults and for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's presidential address speech which was delivered at the 73rd Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research in Denver, Colorado on May 17, 2018, and it mentions changes involving public opinion research over the years. The deligitimation of survey research is addressed, along with declining response rates for surveys and the claim that many Americans do not trust public opinion researchers.

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to validate the Korean American Parental Depression Literacy Scale (Parental D‐Lit Scale), which was modified from Griffith's Depression Literacy Scale based on expert reviews, individual and focus group interviews, and a cross‐sectional, self‐administered survey. Survey participants included Korean American mothers (n = 107, 74.8%) and fathers (n = 36, 25.2%) of adolescent children. We examined reliability and validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and correlational and comparison analyses. The scale showed moderate reliability and validity (α = 0.72) and content validity (scale‐level content validity index = 0.875). EFA resulted in a three‐factor model, and CFA showed a close fit to the data (root mean square error of approximation = 0.056). Reliability indices indicated that total scale scores were more useful for examining depression literacy than subscale scores. Criterion validity was supported by statistically‐significant correlations in the expected direction between depression literacy and other theoretically‐related constructs, including attitudes towards mental health‐care services (+), depression stigma (−), recognition of depression (+), and acculturation (+). The Parental D‐Lit Scale scores showed statistically‐significant mean differences between parents who identified depression in a vignette (mean = 18.3, standard deviation (SD) = 2.9) and those who did not (mean = 16.8, SD = 4.0), indicating the discriminant validity of the scale. The Parental D‐Lit Scale shows promise for use by psychiatric/mental health nurses in assessing the effectiveness of educational and clinical interventions. Additional research should employ larger samples in various regions of the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative to ductile anchors, nonductile anchors have long been subject to increased design safety margins in U.S. building codes for nonstructural building components. Historically, a safety factor was applied at the end of the calculation process, effectively modifying all elements within a given load case. This factor's most recent implementations in the building codes narrowed its application to the horizontal earthquake component of the seismic load cases, taking the form of the overstrength factor, Ω0, as a demand multiplier for nonductile anchor performance. From a rational combination of empirical observation and precedent, Ω0 was set to 2.5, but minimal experimental or analytical evidence exists to support this value. A research project was thus initiated with funding from Hilti Corporation at San Diego State University to study the overstrength approach through a combination of dynamic structural testing and nonlinear time-history analyses of an idealized nonstructural component with various anchor behaviors. The latter is presented in this paper, which made use of a customized analysis tool that allowed for rapid evaluation of unidirectional earthquake response for a wide range of component and anchor characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces the American Association for Public Opinion Research's (AAPOR) 2023 Award for Exceptionally Distinguished Achievement presented to Timothy P. Johnson.

We evaluated how regulatory support services provided by University of Illinois at Chicago’s Center for Clinical and Translational Science may reduce Institutional Review Board (IRB) turnaround times. IRB applications were categorized by receipt of any regulatory support and amount of support received. Turnaround time included total turnaround time, time for IRB review, and time for investigators to modify protocols. There were no differences in any turnaround times for supported versus nonsupported applications. However, for supported applications, those receiving more intensive support had total turnaround times 16.0 days (SE 7.62, p < .05) faster than those receiving less intensive support. Receiving higher regulatory support may be associated with faster approval of IRB submissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:Our two study objectives were: (1) to understand the relationship between the perception of a previous negative health-care experience and race/ethnicity, and how socio-demographic, access-to-health-care, and self-reported health variables modified this relationship; and (2) to assess how many behaviors participants reported changing as a result of experiencing a perceived negative health-care experience, which behaviors they changed, and if there were differences in patterns of change across racial/ethnic groups. Design:We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 600 African-American, Mexican-Hispanic, and white adults in socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods in Chicago, IL. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze the relationship between a perceived negative health-care experience in the last 5 years and race/ethnicity. We summed and then calculated the percentage of people who changed each of the 10 behaviors and evaluated whether or not there were differences in behavior change across racial/ethnic groups. Principal findings:More than 32% of participants reported a perceived negative health-care experience in the past 5 years. Participants who had a bachelor’s degree or above (OR: 2.95, 95%CI: 1.01–8.63), avoided needed care due to cost (OR: 1.84, 95%CI: 1.11–3.06), or who reported fair/poor health (OR: 3.58, 95%CI: 1.66–7.80) had significantly increased odds of reporting a negative health-care experience. Of these people, 88% reported ‘sometimes/always’ changing at least one health-seeking behavior. There were no racial/ethnic differences in reporting negative experiences or in patterns of behavior change. Conclusions:Race/ethnicity was not related to reporting a perceived negative health-care experience or reported patterns of behavior change in response to that experience. However, those who avoided care due to cost were more highly educated, or who indicated poorer health status reported having a negative experience more often. Our findings suggest that the perception of a previous negative experience may influence subsequent health-care-seeking behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although sexual minority women (SMW) are at increased risk of hazardous drinking (HD), efforts to validate HD measures have yet to focus on this population. Objectives: Validation of a 13-item Hazardous Drinking Index (HDI) in a large sample of SMW. Methods: Data were from 700 adult SMW (age 18-82) enrolled in the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study. Criterion measures included counts of depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, average daily and 30-day ethanol consumption, risky sexual behavior, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) measures of alcohol abuse/dependence. Analyses included assessment of internal consistency, construction of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to predict alcohol abuse/dependence, and correlations between HDI and criterion measures. We compared the psychometric properties (diagnostic accuracy and correlates of hazardous drinking) of the HDI to the commonly used CAGE instrument. Results: KR-20 reliability for the HDI was 0.80, compared to 0.74 for the CAGE. Predictive accuracy, as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for alcohol abuse/dependence, was HDI: 0.89; CAGE: 0.84. The HDI evidenced the best predictive efficacy and tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity. Results supported the concurrent validity of the HDI measure. Conclusions: The Hazardous Drinking Index is a reliable and valid measure of hazardous drinking for sexual minority women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual minority identity (bisexual, lesbian) is a known risk factor for depression in women. This study examined a facet of minority stress prevalent among women-sexual identity mobility-as an identity-related contributor to higher levels of depressive symptoms. We used three waves of data from the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study, a longitudinal study of sexual minority women (N = 306). Random effects OLS regression models were constructed to examine the effect of sexual identity changes on depressive symptoms. We found that 25.6 % of the sample reported a sexual identity change between Wave I and Wave II, and 24.9 % reported a sexual identity change between Waves II and III. Women who reported a change in sexual identity also reported more depressive symptoms subsequent to identity change. This effect was moderated by the number of years participants had reported their baseline identity and by whether the participant had initiated a romantic relationship with a male partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural differences in the relations between perceived stress and mental and physical health, and the role of social support in buffering these relations, are examined in a survey of multiple U.S. cultural/ethnic groups. Findings from a health survey of N = 603 adults comprising approximately equal numbers of non-Hispanic Whites, Mexican Americans, Korean Americans, and African Americans show that perceived stress is negatively correlated with one’s perceived mental and physical health, in line with previous research. However, the role of social support in mitigating this relationship is culturally contingent. A buffering effect of social support on the relation between perceived stress and both mental and physical health was only observed for Mexican Americans, not for the other cultural/ethnic groups. These patterns are discussed in the context of research on differences in social help seeking among distinct types of collectivistic cultural groups. The findings are consistent with recent research on horizontal versus vertical collectivism that highlights the importance of sociability and benevolence in Latin American cultural contexts. The results affirm the importance of distinguishing between collectivistic cultures in understanding how social support may impact mental and physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that most library science survey use Likert-style questions. It discloses that the Likert format is a five point set of Likert response that contains a middle point balanced by positive and negative options on either side, that the style can be adapted to assess many aspects of attitudes and opinions, and that the middle of a 5-point scale (usually the neutral scale) is often problematic because many respondents as well as researchers are uncertain on what it means.

This article reviews unfinished business regarding the assessment of substance use behaviors by using survey research methodologies, a practice that dates back to the earliest years of this journal's publication. Six classes of unfinished business are considered including errors of sampling, coverage, non-response, measurement, processing, and ethics. It may be that there is more now that we do not know than when this work began some 50 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An anonymous, online survey using a convenience sample of global researchers was implemented during 2013–2014 to explore the actual use or nonuse of their research outcomes in a range of interventions in the area of substance use and related disorders. Eighty-seven researchers from 19 countries responded. Based on their self-reports, the utilizability of their findings were either unknown to them or had no effects in terms of substance use treatment, prevention, policies, or professional education. Most respondents did believe, however, that their investigations had an influence on substance use research. The study's limitations are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cross-cultural variability in respondent processing of survey questions may bias results from multiethnic samples. We analyzed behavior codes, which identify difficulties in the interactions of respondents and interviewers, from a discrimination module contained within a field test of the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. In all, 553 (English) telephone interviews yielded 13,999 interactions involving 22 items. Multilevel logistic regression modeling revealed that respondent age and several item characteristics (response format, customized questions, length, and first item with new response format), but not race/ethnicity, were associated with interactional problems. These findings suggest that item function within a multi-cultural, albeit English language, survey may be largely influenced by question features, as opposed to respondent characteristics such as race/ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report from the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Task Force on survey response and refusal. The author reflect on the trend of rising rates of refusal to participation in surveys and the effect of refusal bias on the validity of survey results. Other topics include categorizing refusals from potential respondents, the impact of self-exclusion on research results, the enactment of procedures by researchers to prevent refusals, and the rights of respondents.

We examined differences between sexual minority women’s (SMW’s) sexual identity and sexual behavior or sexual attraction as potential contributors to hazardous drinking across a 10-year period. Data are from a longitudinal study examining drinking and drinking-related problems in a diverse, community-based sample of self-identified SMW (Wave 1: n = 447; Wave 2: n = 384; Wave 3: n = 354). Longitudinal cross-lagged models showed that SMW who report higher levels of identity-behavior or identity-attraction discordance may be at greater risk of concurrent and subsequent hazardous drinking. Results of multigroup models suggest that sexual orientation discordance is a more potent risk factor for risky drinking outcomes among SMW in older adulthood than in younger adulthood. Findings support that discordance between sexual orientation dimensions may contribute to hazardous drinking among SMW and provide evidence that cognitive-behavioral consistency is important for individuals expressing diverse and fluid sexual identities, attraction, and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate cultural variations in the qualities that White Americans and Hispanic Americans believe power-holders should embody, and the situations in which these norms influence consumer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – Two experimental studies (n1=130 and n2=121) and one field study (n=241) were conducted with White American and Hispanic participants. Results were analysed using ANOVA and regression. Findings – White Americans are predisposed to apply to power-holders injunctive norms of treating others justly and equitably, whereas Hispanics are predisposed to apply injunctive norms of treating others compassionately. These cultural variations in the use of injunctive norms were more evident in business or service contexts in which power was made salient, and emerged in the norms more likely to be endorsed by White American and Hispanic participants (Study 1), their approval of hypothetical negotiators who treated suppliers equitably or compassionately (Study 2), and their evaluations of powerful service providers in a real-life, on-going and consequential interaction (Study 3). Research limitations/implications – This research suggests key implications for our theoretical understanding of the role of social norms in carrying cultural patterns, as well as for cross-cultural theories of consumer satisfaction with service providers. Practical implications – Marketers should pay attention to signals of fairness (compassion) in their services, as perceptions of fairness (compassion) by White American (Hispanic) consumers can boost satisfaction ratings. This is particularly important in service encounters that might be characterized by power differentials, such as those in health care and financial services. Originality/value – As consumer markets grow more culturally diverse, it is important for marketers to understand how distinct notions of power impact the attitudes and behaviors of consumers from different cultures. This research investigates the implications of distinct power concepts for multi-cultural consumers’ evaluations of service providers, an important and under-researched area with implications for global service management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]