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Harvest in walleye Sander vitreus fisheries is size‐selective and could influence phenotypic traits of spawners; however, contributions of individual spawners to recruitment are unknown. We used parentage analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms to test whether parental traits were related to the probability of offspring survival in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin. From 2017 to 2020, 1339 adults and 1138 juveniles were genotyped and 66% of the offspring were assigned to at least one parent. Logistic regression indicated the probability of reproductive success (survival of age‐0 to first fall) was positively (but weakly) related to total length and growth rate in females, but not age. No traits analyzed were related to reproductive success for males. Our analysis identified the model with the predictors' growth rate and year for females and the models with year and age and year for males as the most likely models to explain variation in reproductive success. Our findings indicate that interannual variation (i.e., environmental conditions) likely plays a key role in determining the probability of reproductive success in this population and provide limited support that female age, length, and growth rate influence recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc finger protein ZFYVE21 is involved in immune signaling. Using humanized mouse models, primary human cells, and patient samples, we identified a T cell–autonomous role for ZFYVE21 in promoting chronic vascular inflammation associated with allograft vasculopathy. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) stimulated endothelial cells to produce Hedgehog (Hh) ligands, which in turn induced the production of ZFYVE21 in a population of T memory cells with high amounts of the Hh receptor PTCH1 (PTCHhi cells, CD3+CD4+CD45RO+PTCH1hiPD-1hi), vigorous recruitment to injured endothelia, and increased effector responses in vivo. After priming by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Hh-induced ZFYVE21 activated NLRP3 inflammasome activity in T cells, which potentiated IFN-γ responses. Hh-induced NLRP3 inflammasomes and T cell–specific ZFYVE21 augmented the vascular sequelae of chronic inflammation in mice engrafted with human endothelial cells or coronary arteries that had been subjected to IRI before engraftment. Moreover, the population of PTCHhi T cells producing high amounts of ZFYVE21 was expanded in patients with renal transplant–associated IRI, and sera from these patients expanded this population in control T cells in a manner that depended on Hh signaling. We conclude that Hh-induced ZFYVE21 activates NLRP3 inflammasomes in T cells, thereby promoting chronic inflammation. Hedgehog stokes vascular inflammation: Many patients who receive organ transplants develop allograft vasculopathy, a form of chronic vascular inflammation that is associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and may lead to organ failure. Because Hedgehog (Hh) ligands promote endothelial homeostasis and repair and can influence the effector functions of T cells, Jiang et al. explored the potential connection between Hh signaling and T cell–driven vascular inflammation. Using patient samples, primary human cells, and mice engrafted with human endothelial cells or arteries, the authors found that IRI induced endothelial cells to produce Sonic hedgehog (SHH), which stimulated a subset of memory T cells to produce the inflammasome-activating zinc finger protein ZFYVE21. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in T cells enhanced their production of proinflammatory cytokines in response to endothelial-derived antigens, leading to immune cell infiltration and pathological changes in the endothelium. These findings shed light on the mechanisms that contribute to allograft vasculopathy. —AMV [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To improve the tolerability and therapeutic application of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), by application of an esterase‐sensitive motif (ESM), to target pharmacological activity directly to mononuclear myeloid cells expressing the processing enzyme carboxylesterase‐1 (CES1). Methods: This first‐in‐human study comprised single and multiple ascending dose cohorts to determine safety and tolerability. Pharmacodynamic parameters included acetylation, cytokine inhibition and intracellular concentrations of processed acid metabolite in isolated monocytes. Mechanistic work was conducted in vitro and in a CES1/Es1elo mouse strain. Results: ESM‐HDAC391 showed transient systemic exposure (plasma half‐life of 21–30 min) but selective retention of processed acid for at least 12 hours, resulting in robust targeted mechanistic engagement (increased acetylation in monocytes plus inhibition of ex vivo stimulated cytokine production). ESM‐HDAC391 was well tolerated and clinical toxicities common to non‐targeted HDACi were not observed. ESM‐HDAC391 treatment was accompanied by the novel finding of a dose‐dependent monocyte depletion that was transient and reversible and which plateaued at 0.06 × 109 monocytes/L after repeat dosing with 20 or 40 mg. Characterisation of monocyte depletion in transgenic mice (CES1/Es1elo) suggested that colony stimulating factor 1 receptor loss on circulating cells contributed to ESM‐HDAC‐mediated depletion. Further mechanistic investigations using human monocytes in vitro demonstrated HDACi‐mediated change in myeloid fate through modulation of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor and downstream effects on cell differentiation. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate selective targeting of monocytes in humans using the ESM approach and identify monocytopaenia as a novel outcome of ESM‐HDACi treatment, with implications for potential benefit of these molecules in myeloid‐driven diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of aquatic animal protein to the global, animal-source protein supply and the relative importance of aquaculture to capture fisheries in supplying this protein is relevant in assessments and decisions related to the future of aquatic food production and its security. Meat of terrestrial animals, milk, and eggs resulted in 76,966 Kt crude protein compared with 13,950 Kt or 15.3% from aquatic animals in 2018.While aquaculture produced a greater tonnage of aquatic animals, capture fisheries resulted in 7,135 Kt crude protein while aquaculture yielded 6,815 Kt. Capture fisheries production has not increased in the past two decades, and aquaculture production must increase to assure the growing demand for fisheries products by a larger and more affluent population. We estimated based on status quo consumption, that aquaculture production would need to increase from 82,087 Kt in 2018 to 129,000 Kt by 2050 to meet the demand of the greater population. About two-thirds of finfish and crustacean production by aquaculture is feed-based, and feeds for these species include fishmeal and fish oil as ingredients. Aquaculture feeds require a major portion of the global supply of fishmeal and fish oil. An estimated 71.0% of fishmeal and 73.9% of fish oil are made from the catch with the rest coming from aquatic animal processing waste. The catch of small, pelagic fish from the ocean is not predicted to increase in the future. Aquaculture should reduce its fishmeal and oil use to lessen its dependency on small wild fish important to the integrity of marine food webs and food security for the poor in many coastal areas. Fishmeal and fish oil shortages for use in aquaculture feed will result in a limit on production in the future if goals to lessen their use in feeds are not met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, shrimp farms occupied an estimated 3.490 million hectares (Mha) of land and operated 2.426 Mha of production ponds in 2018. Extensive shrimp farms used 1.804 Mha of farm area (1.377 Mha of production ponds), but produced 11.4% of global shrimp production. An estimated 1.718 Mha of land was required to produce ingredients for feeds used in semi‐intensive and intensive shrimp farming, bringing total land use to 5.160 Mha. Extensive production is located in the intertidal zone and much of this land formerly was or still is in mangrove areas. Expansion of shrimp farms into mangrove areas has slowed. Mangrove areas are inferior sites for shrimp farms, and governments have imposed stricter regulations to protect mangroves. Shrimp farming in mangrove areas is unnecessary to supply the global shrimp demand. Scenarios for increasing global shrimp production without further increase in shrimp farm area are presented. But, if the demand for shrimp continues to increase, it will be impossible to freeze the total land footprint for farmed shrimp, because the land needed for feed presently is roughly equal to the direct land use for shrimp farms. Direct land use for farms can be frozen through greater production pond yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elemental profiling is a process where element concentrations in tissues are used to discern group membership between a priori groups, such as geographic location. The goal of this meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of elemental profiling to discern the geographic origin of seafood products when coupled with discriminant analyses. Cohen's Kappa of discriminant analyses were calculated based on reported accuracies and calculated expected accuracies. A systemic literature review was conducted which generated 86 effect sizes from 43 studies. A random effects model was used to estimate Cohen's Kappa, and the average effect observed was 0.83 (±0.036 95% CI) with a p value of <0.001. Moderators were investigated as part of this analysis. There were no significant differences based on production method or geographic range, but differences were observed based on the type of tissue analyzed and taxa groups. Meta-regression was used to analyze the relationship between the effect size and the number of elements included in each analysis or sample size. There was no observed relationship between Kappa and the number of elements analyzed or the sample size of the study. Based on these results, recommendations for future studies that utilize elemental profiling are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the performances of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, in low salinities. The median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of salinity was determined by trimmed Spearman-Karber method using survival data of fish (18.9 ± 0.2 g) collected after 96 h from acclimation to 2, 4, 8, and 32 ppt salinities in 800 L tanks (n = 3), while the serum osmolality of fish (74.1 ± 3.9 g) was determined after 48 h from acclimation to 6, 8, 16, 24, and 32 ppt salinities in 150 L tanks (n = 3). The growth trial was conducted for 6 weeks in 800 L tanks to determine the growth and survival of fish (18.8 ± 0.2 g) at 8 ppt salinity compared to the control (32 ppt salinity). At the conclusion, the isosmotic point of fish was estimated as 357.2 mmol/kg (correspond to 11.0 ppt salinity), while the 96 h LC50 was estimated as 5.65 ppt salinity. No significant differences were noted for survival and FCR of fish reared in 8 and 32 ppt salinities. However, growth was significantly lower in fish reared in 8 ppt salinity compared to the fish reared in 32 ppt salinity. The reduced growth could be, at least partially, due to the increased osmoregulatory energy expenditure at lower salinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of 101 shrimp farms in Ecuador revealed that the average annual shrimp yield based on production pond water surface area was 7.03 ± 0.93 (SE) t/ha/year. The range in annual yield among the five provinces with shrimp farms was 3.67 ± 0.71 to 11.95 ± 5.56 t/ha year, respectively. Averages for total land, water, and energy use were 0.54 ± 0.01 ha/t shrimp, 76,817 ± 6,330 m3/t shrimp, and 61.2 ± 4.2 GJ/t shrimp, respectively. Average wild fish use for fish meal and fish oil included in feed was 0.65 ± 0.02 t/t shrimp. One‐fourth of land use was land embodied in feed. Nearly 80% of total water use was incurred for exchanging water. Eighty‐seven of the farms practiced daily water exchange at an average rate of 8.5% pond volume per day (range 0.7–30%). Pumping water at all farms and mechanical aeration at 47 of the farms were the major direct energy uses. About half of the total energy use was embodied, and roughly half of the embodied energy was in feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in production control which recognizes the strong synergism between product quality and process control is an oft-neglected element of quality engineering. This paper focuses on the optimal control of a sequential production process when product quality is the objective. An algorithm is developed for resolving this problem. The algorithm both identifies the optimal solution and has strong intuitive appeal. To illustrate the procedure, an example is presented for a two-stage discrete part manufacturing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successively more complex Markov models are used to describe an easily understood production process. As the models become more complex, they become more useful, in particular including more cost categories and more types of data. Rework and work-in-process inventories are modeled, together with inspections and scrap rates, and a method is shown for taking tool wear into account. The scheduling impacts of rate-dependent tool wear are also analyzed using the Markov models developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although milling is one of the most common chip metal removal processes, little has been done to aid in identifying the optimum operational conditions for milling processes. In this paper, a mathematical model for milling operations is developed and the five primary control variables identified. The model is then decomposed and an efficient optimization procedure developed for control variable identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate an approach to determining a minimum cost operating regimen for a continuous processing machine centre. A variational analysis is employed to determine an optimal processing trajectory, and from this an approach to establishing an upperbound on the theoretical number of machines employed in processing can be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the machine requirements problem. The problem is described and a classification scheme is presented to categorize alternative approaches which might be used to formulate and analyse the problem. In addition, this article discusses the basic analytical approaches to the problem which have been reported in the literature, and relates these approaches to the problem's classification scheme. Conclusions are drawn as to strengths and weaknesses of the approaches, as well as to potential research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Shrimp farms in India had average yields (pond surface basis) of 7.86 ± 1.04 (SE) m.t./ha/yr for Litopenaeus vannamei (n = 89) and 3.88 m.t./ha/yr for Penaeus monodon (n = 11). Average feed conversion ratio was 1.48 ± 0.04 for L. vannamei and 1.24 ± 0.12 for P. monodon. Land use for production ponds, supporting area, and feed ingredients averaged 0.634 ± 0.053 ha/m.t. for L. vannamei and 0.716 ± 0.087 ha/m.t. for P. monodon. Saline water volume used at farms without water exchange was 18,522 ± 4065 m3/m.t. for L. vannamei and 9528 m3/m.t. for P. monodon. Farms exchanging water used 149,188 m3/m.t. for L. vannamei and 191,500 m3/m.t. for P. monodon. Freshwater embodied in feed was 1678 ± 508 m3/m.t. for L. vannamei and 1401 ± 137 m3/m.t. for P. monodon. Average energy use for farm construction and repair, farm operations, and embodied in feed and liming materials was 82.14 ± 9.08 GJ/m.t. for L. vannamei and 59.03 ± 24.92 GJ/m.t. for P. monodon. Wildfish used to make fishmeal included in feed was 1209 kg/m.t. for L. vannamei and 1611 kg/m.t. for P. monodon. Farm infrastructure, pond management methods, yields, and resource use in India were similar to those previously reported for shrimp farms in Thailand and Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The longitudinal influences of dam removal on river ecosystems are increasingly well described, but impacts to aquatic-terrestrial connectivity are largely unknown. Before and four successive years after dam removal, we quantified density and trophic metrics of nearshore tetragnathid spiders and riparian swallows and their potential emergent-aquatic insect prey at two experimental reaches located within the former impoundment (one unrestored, one with channel restoration) and one control reach above an intact lowhead dam. We observed substantial annual variability in response variables; however, few patterns appear to be strongly linked to dam removal. We found negligible changes in emergent-insect biomass or community structure, although there were slight changes in the relative abundance of feeding modes (e.g., increased predators, decreased collector-gatherers). The most pronounced response was a ~9.9 times average decline in spider densities after dam removal at the restored reach. Stable-isotope analysis (13C, 15N) indicated that changes in aquatically-derived energy (i.e., nutritional subsidies derived from aquatic primary producers) to riparian consumers generally showed comparable patterns system-wide; swallow aquatically-derived energy declined more in the restored vs. control reach by the final year of the study. Trophic position (TP) of spiders showed little change post-dam removal, while swallow TP converged slightly between control and experimental reaches after dam removal. Collectively, we interpret our results as evidence that lowhead dam removal can prompt relatively nuanced shifts in aquatic-terrestrial trophic dynamics, regardless of intensive channel-restoration activities. In contrast, we found that broader-scale forcings (e.g., discharge, regional temperature) may be more influential in governing crossboundary trophic interactions than the perturbations related to lowhead dam removal. This study furthers current understanding of the effects of dam removal on integrative, food-web metrics of ecosystem structure and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recipients of liver allografts from diabetic donors have decreased graft survival. However, limited data exist on the effects of donor HbA1c. We hypothesized that allografts from nondiabetic donors with elevated HbA1c would be associated with decreased survival. Liver transplant recipients from the UNOS database from nondiabetic donors were stratified into two groups: euglycemic (HbA1c<6.5) and hyperglycemic (HbA1c≥6.5). Propensity score matching (10:1) was used to adjust for donor and recipient characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess survival. Donors of hyperglycemic allografts were older (49 vs 36, P<.001), were more likely to be non-white, had a higher BMI (29.8 vs 26.2, P<.001), were more likely to engage in heavy cigarette use (1.5% vs 1.3%, P=.004), had higher serum creatinine levels (1.3 vs 1.0, P=.002), and were more likely to be an expanded-criteria donor (35.8% vs 14.4%, P<.001). After propensity matching to account for these differences, allograft survival was significantly decreased in the recipients of hyperglycemic allografts ( P=.049), and patient survival showed a trend toward reduction ( P=.082). These findings suggest that HbA1c may be a simple and inexpensive test with potential utility for better organ risk stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Allosteric modulation of γ-secretase is an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We recently identified a novel γ-secretase modulator, GSM-10h, which effectively lowers Aβ42 production in cells and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Objective: Here, we describe the in vivo characterization of GSM-10h in a model of endogenous Aβ production. Methods: Rats were administered orally with GSM-10h, and the effect on Aβ levels in peripheral and central compartments was determined. In addition, the effect of GSM-10h on Notch processing was assessed. Results: Acute administration of GSM-10h to rats causes a dose-dependent decrease in the level of Aβ42 in plasma, CSF and brain, with little effect on the level of Aβ40 in these compartments. The magnitude of Aβ42 lowering in the CSF and brain was further enhanced upon sub-chronic administration of GSM-10h. No deleterious effect on Notch processing was evident in either of these studies. To further explore the dynamics of Aβ42 reduction in peripheral and CNS compartments, a time course study was conducted. In all compartments, the decrease in Aβ42 was greatest at 6 h after administration of GSM-10h. This decrease in Aβ42 was maintained for 9-15 h, after which time Aβ42 levels returned to baseline levels. Encouragingly, no rebound in Aβ42 levels beyond baseline levels was observed. Conclusions: These findings support the γ-secretase modulator profile of GSM-10h, and highlight the utility of the rat for assessing the pre-clinical efficacy of γ-secretase modulators. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Apelin peptides have recently been identified to be the endogenous ligands for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. However, little is known about the physiological roles of this ligand-receptor pairing. In the present study we investigated the pharmacology of several apelin analogues at the human recombinant APJ receptor using radioligand binding and functional assays. This has led to the identification of key residues in the apelin peptide required for functional potency and binding affinity through structure–activity studies. In particular, we have identified that replacement of leucine in position 5, or arginine in position 2 and 4 of the C-terminal apelin peptide, apelin-13, resulted in significant changes in pharmacology. We also investigated the detailed localization of pre-proapelin and APJ receptor mRNA in a wide range of human, rat and mouse tissues using quantitative RT–PCR, and carried out a detailed immunohistochemical study of the distribution of the APJ receptor in rat brain and spinal cord. Interestingly, the APJ receptor was not only co-localized in white matter with GFAP in the spinal cord, but was also clearly localized on neurones in the brain, suggesting that this receptor and its peptide may be involved in a wide range of biological process yet to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an important but frequently overlooked aspect of production batch-size planning is addressed: namely, the consideration of unit load and material handling. Thus, an additional cost factor to account for the transportation of unit loads is incorporated in the total cost function which is typically broken down into reorder cost, inventory holding cost, and back order cost. A cost minimization model is developed that includes constraints related to volume and weight restrictions on unit loads and in-process storage space. A dynamic programming procedure is utilized to find the minimum cost solution. An example problem is also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of a patient who had colonic obstruction caused by scleroderma is described. The obstruction initially was treated by means of a colostomy, and later subtotal colectomy was carried out. This is the fifth report of a patient with symptomatic colonic scleroderma successfully treated by colonic resection. A review of colonic scleroderma is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the solution of manufacturing scheduling problems using different distributed computer schemes. The distributed computer schemes vary with respect to task partitioning, task allocation and the number of processors used. The best combinations of these variations are presented with respect to problem scenario and size. The distributed computing models, are analyzed with respect to computational advantages gained vs. traditional computing models. The models are implemented over a distributed computer network, designed for heterogeneous application, and are transportable to other operating systems and networks of computers. The advantages of these models are discussed and several useful extensions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the clinical features associated with the presence of hemoglobin C[subH]. Details of the case of a 45-year-old man who observed erythrocyte sickling associated with a paper electrophoretic pattern of hemoglobin C and A; Clinical manifestations of the hemoglobinopathy; Clinical implications of the structure and properties of the hemoglobin; Determination of the maximum urinary osmolality; Evaluation of renal concentrating ability.