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Background and Aim: Since 1996, 38 US states have legalized access to cannabis (medical and/or adult‐use recreational). We aimed to estimate the effect of three dimensions of state cannabis policy design – pharmaceutical, permissive and fiscal – on levels of overall, alcohol‐impaired, occupant, light truck and pedestrian fatality rates. Design and setting: Observational study of US states' overall, alcohol‐impaired, occupant, light truck and pedestrian fatalities between 1994 and 2020. Cases: The unit of analysis was at the state level, consisting of 50 states and 27 years of time series data, resulting in a total of 1350 state‐year observations. Measurements Fatality rates associated with alcohol‐impaired, pedestrian, total occupant, passenger car and light truck fatality rates were obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and normalized per 10 billion vehicle miles traveled. State cannabis policies are measured in three bundles (scales): pharmaceutical, permissive and fiscal. Findings The pharmaceutical bundle was associated with increases in all fatality rates [β = 0.145; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.116–0.173; P < 0.000]. The permissive bundle was associated with lower overall fatality rates (β = −0.319; 95% CI = −0.361 to −0.277; P < 0.000). The fiscal bundle was generally associated with higher fatality rates (β = 0.062; 95% CI = 0.043–0.081; P < 0.000), occupant (β = 0.070; 95% CI = 0.042–0.098; P < 0.000), light trucks (β = 0.049; 95% CI = 0.026–0.072; P < 0.000). Conclusions: US state cannabis regulations influence traffic safety. Greater permissiveness in US state cannabis regulations does not appear to correlate with traffic fatality rate increases, but greater medicalization and fiscal operation does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper establishes a symmetric matrix based on the coopetition relationships among global automobile enterprises, and uses Ucinet software to obtain the visualization chart of the coopetition network of global automobile enterprises. Then, the multiple moderating effect method and two-stage least squares method are adopt to reveal the interaction between structural hole and centrality on enterprise market performance, and how the ego-network characteristics affect this interaction. The results show that structural hole and centrality have a positive interaction on market performance. Compared with high ego-network stability, the positive interaction between structural hole and centrality on enterprise market performance is stronger under the condition of low ego-network stability. And compared with low ego-network density, the positive interaction between structural hole and centrality on market performance is stronger under the condition of high ego-network density. These new findings further strengthen the connection between the overall network and ego-network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing inspiration from the state‐of‐the‐art object detection framework YOLOv8, a new model termed adverse weather net (ADWNet) is proposed. To enhance the model's feature extraction capabilities, the efficient multi‐scale attention (EMA) module has been integrated into the backbone. To address the problem of information loss in fused features, Neck has been replaced with RepGDNeck. Simultaneously, to expedite the model's convergence, the bounding box's loss function has been optimized to SIoU loss. To elucidate the advantages of ADWNet in the context of adverse weather conditions, ablation studies and comparative experiments were conducted. The results indicate that although the model's parameter count increased by 18.4%, the accuracy for detecting rain, snow, and fog in adverse weather conditions improved by 22%, while the FLOPs (floating point operations) decreased by 5%. The results of the comparison experiments conducted on the WEDGE dataset show that ADWNet outperforms other object detection models in adverse weather in terms of accuracy, model parameters and FLOPs. To validate ADWNet's real‐world efficacy, data was extracted from a car recorder under adverse conditions on highways, visual inference was conducted, and its accuracy was demonstrated in interpreting real‐world scenarios. The config files are available at https://github.com/Xinyun‐Feng/ADWNet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Car detection on the road through computer vision is crucial for improving safety, as it plays an essential role in spotting nearby vehicles and preventing fatal accidents. Additionally, car detection significantly contributes to the advancement of autonomous vehicles. Previous explorations of car detection using YOLOv5 have revealed weaknesses regarding its resulting mean average precision (mAP). This scenario led to the development of a more advanced version of you only look once (YOLO), namely YOLOv8. Consequently, this study aimed to adopt YOLOv8 for automatic car detection on the road. YOLOv8 is proven to perform better than the previous version. A dataset comprising video frame images was captured on the highway in Semarang, Indonesia. The experiment results indicated that the proposed approach achieved impressive precision, recall, and mAP values, reaching 94.1%, 98.2%, and 98.8%, respectively. The proposed approach enhanced mAP and training time when compared with YOLOv5. Therefore, it was concluded that the proposed method was better suited for real-time car detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides insights into differences in carsharing users' attitudes, motives for joining carsharing, and transport behaviour between users with and without another car at their disposal. It builds on revealed and stated data about members of the oldest carsharing company in the Czech Republic. Carsharing adopters without a car utilise shared cars more intensively than carsharing users with a car available in their household. On the other hand, unlike the second group, they drive fewer kilometres by car in total. The car availability in households also influences the shift in car use after joining carsharing. The sale of a car thanks to adopting carsharing is a factor leading to a decrease in overall car use. Those who have a car at their disposal within their household have a lower probability of decreasing kilometres driven after joining carsharing. Households without an additional car available seem to be less car-dependent on average than those utilising carsharing as a second or third car. They tend to be more environmentally conscious and more inclined towards policies supporting alternative modes and restricting private car use, although both groups share these beliefs. The findings open a debate over whether carsharing increases the legitimacy of restrictive transport measures against private car ownership and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a proposal for procedures and recommendations for the evacuation of people from cable cars. The proposals and procedures were carried out in a specific facility located in the east of Slovakia. Cable cars represent a certain risk of endangering the lives and health of people. This threat can be caused by technical failures, meteorological conditions, or human factors. Despite the existing safety measures, which are at a high level today, extraordinary events occur on cable cars that require the intervention of the integrated rescue system. The rescue services themselves have their own specific rescue procedures and equipment for rescuing people from heights, and in this paper the most frequently used rescue procedures and methods performed by members of the Fire and Rescue Service will be presented. This paper summarizes individual rescue actions, activities, and technical equipment used in rescuing people from cable cars, as well as an analysis of individual rescue and evacuation techniques from the Skipark Erika cable car. The result of the contribution is a proposal for coordination and an evaluation of the best and most suitable method of rescue in terms of time and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobility practices in everyday life are often highly routinised and resistant to change. But they can also change significantly over the life course, reflecting sudden ruptures linked to incisive life events and more gradual shifts related to changing societal and environmental conditions. Combining insights from practice-theoretical mobility studies and mobility biographies research, this paper critically examines the role of material, social and cultural elements in transforming routine mobility practices, focusing on car ownership and use across the life course. Drawing on mobility-biographical interviews with people who live in Munich (Germany) and who do not own a car, it reveals the complexity of both one-off and daily decisions that help to establish and routinise carless mobility practices, linking them to social and material conditions past and present. The paper also documents the role of environmental and climate-related arguments in the transition towards carlessness, alongside shifts in infrastructure, social and economic circumstances and mobility-related skills and meanings. It concludes with some recommendations for sustainable mobility policy that works with the dynamics of car ownership and use across the life course and that incorporates both social and material aspects underpinning people's decision to give up their private car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cover the problem of dangerous state prediction ahead of vehicle rollover and rescue the vehicle under abrupt cornering condition, a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) merged robust control is developed to balance the vehicle ride comfort and handling performance. To discretize the automobile state attributes and prepare for the prediction, class attribute contingency coefficient (CACC) is adopted to pre-process the data conveniently and establish the category labels. The key contributions of this paper are efficient rollover prediction with probabilistic and numerical representation, a mapping rule from rollover probabilities to T–S fuzzy membership values, and an intelligent objective switchable control between ride comfort and roll stability. The co-simulation method is adopted to verify the effectiveness of this method with passive suspension, semi-active suspension, and optimal control active suspension. It is shown that the DBN-based robust control is able to reduce the roll angle by more than 27% compared to the passive suspension under double-lane change condition and has the best balancing performance. From the perspective of ride comfort testing on bounce sinusoidal roads, the vehicle DBN incorporating robust controllers can effectively reject vibrations and switch control objectives based on its running conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the penetration rate of electric vehicles (EVs) increases, how to reasonably distribute the ensuing large charging load to various charging stations is an issue that cannot be ignored. This problem can be solved by developing a suitable charging guidance strategy, the development of which needs to be based on the establishment of a realistic EV charging behaviour model and charging station queuing system. Thus, in this paper, a guidance and pricing strategy for fast charging that considers different types of EV users' willingness to charge is proposed. Firstly, the EVs are divided into two categories: private cars and online ride-hailing cars. These categories are then used to construct charging behaviour models. Based on this, a charging decision model for EV users is constructed. At the same time, a first-come-first-served (FCFS) charging station queuing system is constructed to model the real-time charging situation in the charging station in a more practical way. Finally, a dynamic tariff updating model is used to obtain the optimal time-of-use tariff for each charging station, and then the tariffs are used to guide the fast-charging demand. By comparing the spatial and temporal distribution of charging demand loads at charging stations under different scenarios and considering whether the tariffs at each charging station play a guiding role, it is verified that the proposed strategy effectively optimises the balanced distribution of EV charging loads and alleviates the congestion at charging stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Encouraging alternatives to the car such as walking, cycling or public transport is a key cross-sector policy priority to promote population and planetary health. Individual travel choices are shaped by individual and environmental contexts, and changes in these contexts – triggered by key events – can translate to changes in travel mode. Understanding how and why these changes happen can help uncover more generalisable findings to inform future intervention research. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms and contexts facilitating changes in travel mode. Methods: Prospective longitudinal qualitative cohort study utilising semi-structured interviews at baseline (in 2021), three- and six-month follow up. Participants were residents in a new town in Cambridgeshire, UK, where design principles to promote walking, cycling and public transport were used at the planning stage. At each interview, we followed a topic guide asking participants about previous and current travel patterns and future intentions. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Data analysis used the framework approach based on realist evaluation principles identifying the context and mechanisms described by participants as leading to travel behaviour change. Results: We conducted 42 interviews with 16 participants and identified six mechanisms for changes in travel mode. These entailed increasing or reducing access, reliability and financial cost, improving convenience, increasing confidence and raising awareness. Participants described that these led to changes in travel mode in contexts where their existing travel mode had been disrupted, particularly in terms of reducing access or reliability or increasing cost, and where there were suitable alternative travel modes for their journey. Experiences of the new travel mode played a role in future travel intentions. Implications: Applying realist evaluation principles to identify common mechanisms for changes in travel mode has the potential to inform future intervention strategies. Future interventions using mechanisms that reduce access to, reduce reliability of, or increase the financial cost of car use may facilitate modal shift to walking, cycling and public transport when implemented in contexts where alternative travel modes are available and acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the structures, forces, and actors that drive and constrain transnationalizing intrapreneurship—the overseas business initiatives taken by subsidiaries—under Chinese private investment in Africa. Drawing upon the economic-geographic literature on entrepreneurship, it integrates process- and agency-perspectives to understand the interplay between political-economic contexts, institutional structures, and leadership actions in shaping the intrapreneurial endeavors of Chinese private firms. The process perspective entails seeing intrapreneurial ventures not as singular events but a recursive development of resources, capabilities, and networks in transnational contexts. The agency perspective emphasizes the motivations and actions of subsidiary leaders in charting out new spaces of business opportunities, while also acknowledging the embeddedness of these intrapreneurs in the broader institutional and political-economic landscapes of both host and home countries. The empirical analyses draw upon a multi-year ethnographic research with a Chinese automobile assembler in Ethiopia. Discussions of the firm's internationalization trajectory—initial market venture, subsidiary business expansion, and recent decline in intrapreneurial momentum—over the past two decades offer a nuanced understanding of the contingent, context-specific, and fluid nature of transnationalizing intrapreneurship associated with Chinese private investment in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automobile Technology is the property of Automobile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) and Nonlinear Moving Horizon Estimator (NMHE) are combined to control, in a distributed way, a heterogeneous fleet composed of a steering car and a quadcopter. In particular, the ground vehicle in the role of the leader communicates its one-step future position to the drone, which keeps the formation along the desired trajectory. Inequality constraints are introduced in a switching control fashion to the leader's NMPC formulation to avoid obstacles. In the literature, few works using NMPC and NMHE deal with these two vehicles together. Moreover, the presented scheme can tackle noisy, partial, and missing measurements of the agents' state. Results show that the ground car can avoid detected obstacles, keeping the tracking errors of both robots in the order of a few centimeters, thanks to trustworthy NMHE estimates and NMPC predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the use of an electric drive as an acoustic actuator for active noise cancellation (ANC). In the presented application, the idea is to improve the noise, vibration, harshness (NVH) characteristics of passenger cars without using additional active or passive damper systems. Many of the already existing electric drives in cars are equipped with the required hardware components to generate noise and vibration, which can be used as compensation signals in an ANC application. To demonstrate the applicability of the idea, the electrical power steering (EPS) motor is stimulated with a control signal, generated by an adaptive feedforward controller, to reduce harmonic disturbances at the driver's ears. As it turns out, the EPS system generates higher harmonics of the harmonic compensation signal due to nonlinearities in the acoustic transfer path using a harmonic excitation signal. The higher harmonics impair an improvement in the subjective hearing experience, although the airborne noise level of the harmonic disturbance signal can be clearly reduced at the driver's ears. Therefore, two methods are presented to reduce the amplitude of the higher harmonics. The first method is to limit the filter weights of the algorithm to reduce the amplitude of the harmonic compensation signal. The filter amplitude limitation also leads to a lower amplitude of the higher harmonics, generated by the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). The second method uses a parallel structure of adaptive filters to actively reduce the amplitude of the higher harmonics. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed ANC system is demonstrated in two real driving situations, where in one case a synthetic noise/vibration induced by a shaker on the front axle carrier is considered to be the disturbance, and in the other case, the disturbance is a harmonic vibration generated by the combustion engine. In both cases, the subjective hearing experience of the driver could be clearly improved using the EPS motor as ANC actuator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) is a multi-factorial disorder in most occupational setting and it has increased significantly in recent years. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical, cognitive, and environmental factors of ergonomics with the prevalence of WRMSDs in a car-parts manufacturing industry METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed among 220 workers in a milling unit of a car parts manufacturing company in 2021-2022. The prevalence of WRMSDs was assessed using the Extended Version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Noise exposure was evaluated using dosimetry method. Mental and physical workload were evaluated by the NASA-TLX and key index methods (KIM-MHO and KIM-LHC), respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. RESULTS: The subjects' mean age and work experience were 36.3±6.5 and 8.35±6.41 years, respectively. Eighty-five percent of the subjects reported WRMSDs in at least one area of the body. The results of mental workload assessment revealed a high workload mean range (73.23±14.89) in all of the subjects. Mean score of KIM-LHC and KIM-MHO were 738.18±336.42 and 201.86±36.41, respectively with odds ratio of 1.32 for KIM-LHC in creating the WRMSDs. There was a significant relationship between the noise exposure, mental and physical workload and the prevalence of WRMSDs (p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study revealed that environmental, physical and cognitive factors can simultaneously be effective in the prevalence of WRMSDs. Therefore, performing effective control measures requires comprehensive attention to physical, environmental, and cognitive ergonomics in the algorithm of ergonomics management in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges of the modern world require mobile robots with the ability to navigate in congested environments with high levels of manoeuvrability. Therefore, the Mecanum wheel may be viable for addressing this challenge. This paper presents the experimental results of a kinematic control strategy, which involves considering the dynamic model as a black box, with only the input and output signals being known. To do this, high‐level and low‐level controllers are formulated and explained. The high level aims to control the desired position of the mobile robot, which can be useful for navigation tasks. On the other hand, low‐level control involves nested controllers to regulate the speed of the mobile robot wheels. Both levels are related and computed through pure kinematics transformations with a dSPACE ds1103 card and MATLAB/Simulink software. In total, 120 experiments were conducted to determine the repeatability of the tests, using the combination of three widely explored control techniques in the literature: proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID), PID plus sliding modes, and PID plus quasi‐sliding modes. The experiments conducted are described in detail, and the results are analysed using statistical indices based on the RMS error and percentage improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axle-box bearings are directly affected by wheel–rail impacts as fixedly connected to wheelset. As an inevitable wheel-failure, wheel flat can cause severe wheel-rail impact, which may deteriorate the performance of axle-box bearings, even threatening train running safety. To investigate the dynamic response of axle-box bearings excited by wheel flat, two rigid-flexible coupled vehicle dynamics models of motor and trailer cars are developed. The axle-box bearing, flexible axle-box and wheelset are thoroughly established in trailer car model. The gear transmission system and flexible gearbox are further integrated into motor car model relative to trailer model. The accuracies of models are verified by the field-test results. The dynamic responses of axle-box bearings excited by wheel flat are analyzed. Results indicate that the vibration and dynamic forces acting on axle-box bearing augment with the increasing of flat length. The vibrations intensify gradually from wheelset, inner ring, and outer ring to axle-box, particularly increasing significantly with long flat lengths. Moreover, the dynamic forces within axle-box bearing first increase before decreasing with the growing operating speed. Being structurally difference, wheel flat exerts more significant effects on the axial and radial forces within the bearings of motor car than those of trailer car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present a new command, cnevent, that runs event studies about Chinese-listed companies. With cnevent, researchers are required to provide only a list of events with the Chinese stock code and the corresponding date for each event, and the command can automatically extract indexes and each individual stock's return data to run the whole process of the event study. Furthermore, cnevent enables users to choose the benchmark from among different market indexes and different event window sets with options. The command then generates daily abnormal returns for all trading days within the event window and aggregates the cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) for the whole event window. Finally, cnevent can plot a graph to show the trend of the CARt within the event window and test whether the event has a significant effect on valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automotive Digest is the property of Automotive Digest Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increase in repetitive strain injuries to the hand underscores the need for assessing and preventing musculoskeletal overuse associated with hand-intensive tasks. This study investigates the risk of overload injuries in soft tissue structures of the hand by analyzing the pressure distribution and location of peak pressure in the hand during snap-fit connection assembly in the automotive industry. The influence of the surface geometry of automotive trim components the pressure distribution and force imparted during strikes with the palm and the fist are investigated in a cohort of 30 subjects with extensive experience installing trim parts with snap-fit connections. Using the palm or fist (ulnar hand side) of the dominant hand, the subjects struck a simulation device with a flat, rounded, or edged surface geometry. The average peak force applied was 600 N (±122 N), nearly 3 times the force required to overcome the technical resistance of the snap-fit connector (220 N). Fist strikes exerted a 40% higher mean peak pressure and 18% higher mean pressure than did palm strikes. The pressure distribution in the region of the thenar eminence and soft tissue of the ulnar side of the hand did not differ between fist strikes on flat and edged surfaces. Considering the delicate anatomy of the hand, especially the hypothenar muscles on the ulnar side, assembling connection claps using the fist instead of the palm may prevent repetitive blunt trauma to the sensitive blood vessels and nerves in the palm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional gasoline automobiles, the engine powers the air conditioning system and engine noise can somewhat mask the noise and vibration of the air conditioning system. In pure electric vehicles, however, the absence of an engine makes the air conditioning system's noise more noticeable, concentrated in a limited frequency range at constant speeds. As a result, aerodynamic noise from the air conditioning system is a primary noise source in electric vehicles. Pipeline silencers are the main method for reducing this noise. The current silencer design uses plane wave acoustic theory but when cavity modal resonance occurs, the transmission loss error is relatively high. This article addresses the issue of non-planar wave cavity resonance, studying the cavity modal of a muffler using the finite element method to reveal the transmission loss under cavity mode resonance. A dual cavity expansion structure of an impedance composite muffler is proposed, with sound-absorbing materials placed in the cavity to enhance acoustic performance. The analysis of the transmission loss characteristics of the impedance composite muffler provides a theoretical basis for noise control in pure electric vehicle air conditioning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, drones have been adopted as a novel delivery tool towards medical supplies, improving delivery service efficiency due to fast speed and neglection of geographical limitations. However, the flight endurance of a battery‐operated drone is limited for long‐distance medical supplies delivery operations. Recharging stations, as a kind of drone facility, allow multiple stops for drones to supplement the power to overcome the flight‐range limitations. This paper studies drone‐assisted long‐distance medical supplies delivery with recharging stations in rural communities by a mixed integer linear programming model. To illustrate the applicability of this model and explore the key factors influencing delivery efficiency of medical supplies, a case study from China is conducted. The results indicate that enhancements on the speed of a truck or a drone can yield considerable delivery cost reduction. In addition, drone‐recharging technology advances can improve delivery efficiency of medical supplies in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Field Ornithology is the property of Resilience Alliance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In example‐based learning, examples are often combined with generative activities, such as comparative self‐explanations of example cases. Comparisons induce heavy demands on working memory, especially in complex domains. Hence, only stronger learners may benefit from comparative self‐explanations. While static text‐based examples can be compared easily, this is challenging for transient video‐based modelling examples used in complex domains because simultaneous processing of two videos is not feasible. Objectives: To allow for such comparisons, we combined video‐based modelling examples with static representations (i.e., summarizing tables) of the observed optimal and a suboptimal solution of the problem‐solving process. A comparative self‐explanation prompt asked learners to compare the different solution approaches. Our study investigated the impact of video‐based modelling examples versus independent problem‐solving on cognitive load and problem‐solving skill development. Moreover, we investigated the effects of comparative versus sequential self‐explanation prompts, depending on learners' prior knowledge. Methods: In an experiment, 118 automotive apprentices learned a car malfunction diagnosis strategy. Apprentices were divided into three groups: (1) modelling examples with comparative self‐explanation prompts, (2) modelling examples with sequential prompts, and (3) no examples or prompts. Diagnostic knowledge and skills were assessed before and after the intervention. Cognitive load was measured retrospectively. Results and conclusions: Despite no observed effects on cognitive load, modelling examples enhanced diagnostic knowledge and diagnostic skills with scaffolds, though not independent diagnostic skills without scaffolds. The need for more practice opportunities to foster independent diagnostic skills is assumed. Additionally, comparative prompts seem promising for learners with higher prior knowledge. Takeaways: Video‐based modelling examples were more beneficial for learning than practising to apply the diagnostic strategy. Static representations allow for comparisons of video examples and comparative prompts are promising for learners with higher prior knowledge (cf. expertise‐reversal effect). Further research, especially on the effects on cognitive load, is necessary. Lay Description: What is already known about the topic?: Text and video examples that model how to solve a problem are widely used in education.Text examples often include self‐explanation prompts that ask learners to compare several examples.For video examples, such comparison prompts have seldom been investigated, because comparisons are difficult to implement for transient videos. What does this paper add?: This paper shows that video examples combined with static summaries of processes that have been shown in the video example are effective and allow for comparisons of video examples.Such comparisons seem to be more promising for learners with higher prior knowledge. Implications for practice: Practitioners could combine video examples with static summaries of the processes shown in the video examples to allow for comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]