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This paper investigates the small sample properties of minimum chi-square estimates of the parameters of stochastic brand choice models. It also describes and evaluates a statistical test which is appropriate for discriminating between two stochastic brand choice models when one is a constrained version of the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the Pearson Chi-Square and Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit tests with respect to validity under the following conditions: (1) the N independent observations are tabulated and arranged into k mutually exclusive groups that are equally probable under the hypothesis to be tested; and (2) both N and k are "small"; i.e., not greater than 50. A random sampling experiment was performed, and the results show that in general for the conditions considered, the Pearson test is more valid than the Kolmogorov test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on sampling problems in trade statistics in the field of marketing. The author focuses on the success rate and reliability of patented sampling techniques utilized by the U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Government sampling techniques relevant to the retail and wholesale trade are criticized. A case study focusing on grocery wholesales located in the U.S. is discussed in relation to the 1935 Census of Distribution. Applications of the Chi Square test are also examined.

The concepts of alpha error, beta error, power and alternative hypotheses are first developed for a simple percentage problem in market research. These concepts are then used to explain the method of calculating simple size in the multi-cell case using the non-central Chi-Square distribution. The development is by means of an advertising research problem for delineating "different" geographical trading areas and the sample size necessary to detect differences of given magnitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a follow-up records' study of 773 former marriage counseling clients of 21 marriage counselors. The clients' primary treatment form was compared with six categories of counseling outcome. A chi-square statistical treatment demonstrated that the six forms of counseling resulted in different outcomes significant beyond the .001 level. A rank ordering of the six forms for effectiveness suggested conjoint interviews and conjoint groups to be the most effective forms. Different forms may be helpful to those who divorce as opposed to those remaining married, and some findings are quite different from current supposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies the exponential distribution to stock price reactions to determine, at three confidence levels, the critical percentage price reaction beyond which a reaction constitutes a strong likelihood of a major reversal or halt in the stock's present general price trend. We show that these critical values can be used to determine stop losses, so that a trader's position is closed when the probability of a major reversal or halt against his position is large, and an open position is kept open when the probability that the reaction is a major one is small or moderate. The distribution fit on ten stocks on daily and weekly bases for over a year's duration each, tested using the chi-squared statistic, was found to be good. Further, three stops, corresponding to three confidence levels of the distribution were tested for each stock against a subsequent six-month period of price action. The percentage of successful tests of these stops for each of the stocks corresponded very closely to expected results ascertained by using data from the previous period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with some problems that occur in certain tactical considerations: how should one place k circles [spheres] in the plane [3- space] so that their union has the greatest standard normal probability measure, that is, so as to maximize the probability that a random normal point will fall in one or more of the circles [spheres]. For k>3 the problem seems hopeless, (except for certain special situations); the case for k=3 is still unresolved and is being worked on by a number of investigators, and the case for k=2 is solved completely in this paper. The results for k=2 have some practical value when applied to actual problems arising in tactical considerations, and some theoretical value, as a method of attacking the problem for k≥3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discussion on "segregation indices" which deals with issues like the way to define the amount of Negro segregation in a city. It is to define measures of association for a contingency table with only two columns, that is, where one of the attributes, like Negro and non-Negro, is dichotomous. Instead of a minority and dominant group, one may, for instance, compare men and women, an experimental and control group, and so forth. Likewise, the manifold attribute need not be location. If there is anything special about the residential segregation problem, it is that there are a large number of census tracts roughly equal in population, that is, that the row totals of the contingency table are approximate. To convert chi square for a table with two columns into an index with the range o to 1, one merely divide it by the total population. The quotient is called the mean square contingency, or phi square. Two of the proposed indices are nothing but special applications of phi, in one case for a particular fourfold table, in the other by k table. Furthermore, the familiar approach by k table is more easily generalized.

A method suitable for hand computation is presented for determining the probability of killing a point target when (a) the lethal volume is a sphere centered on the burst point of the weapon, and (b) the distribution of the weapon's burst points is described by a three-dimensional multivariate normal distribution about the target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a reply to a response by Donald Morrison about the article "Adaptive Behavior in Automotive Brand Choices," from the February 1969 issue of "Journal of Marketing Research." The author believes that Morrison is mistaken in his conclusion that the original research is erroneous. He says that Morrison is actually testing a different hypothesis with the same set of data. Morrison's hypothesis is that individuals are not homogenous, as the author stated in his original paper. The author concludes by showing a chi-square test where the results favor his belief that past purchases of a particular make influence the probability that the consumer will again purchase that make.

When an experiment is run with a factorial layout and some of the factors are random effects, there may not be an exact test for some effect of interest. This paper considers three statistics that could be used to test that hypothesis using a ratio of linear combinations of independent Chi-square statistics. The common case, utilizing four Chi-square statistics, is examined for a number of configurations of nuisance parameters. Both the power and the probability of a type I error are used in the comparison. Two statistics appear to be equally good over a large region and, in certain situations, the statistics involving the subtraction of Chi-square statistics is shown to be more stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study of the learning of verbal material congruent and incongruent with attitudes. The aim was to select Ss with rather strongly held attitudes and to have them learn verbal materials consistent and inconsistent with these attitudes. The Allport-Vernon Study of Values was given to 319 students in elementary psychology classes and those items pertaining to religious or political-economic attitudes were scored. WA Form R-PE 6 (S) was given to the same groups. Twenty-two Ss were found who met the arbitrary criteria for being designated as Religious (R) S, and 21 Ss for being designated as Political-Economic S. Resulted data are evaluated in two ways, by Chi Square and by the t-test. The evidence summarized in this report suggests that it is easier for Religious Ss to learn paired associates in which the response word is a religious one than it is for them to learn paired associates in which the response word has a political economic meaning. The reverse finding was obtained for Ss with strong political-economic values.

The role of the extended family as a source of information and as the basis for mutual assistance and social contact is studied among rural and urban samples in central Brazil. Chi-square tests are used to determine the presence of association between length of residence of migrants and occupational status with the extent of mutual assistance and social contact. While migrants have fewer contacts than do natives, the extent of contact tends to increase, particularly with relatives of the husband, with length of residence of the migrants. Occupational status is positively associated with extended family contacts of all types in both rural and urban samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A "blowup factor" is defined for the measurement of the effect on forecast error variance of two types of misspecification which may be implicit in the choice of a particular adaptive forecasting scheme: (1) misspecification of the number of non-zero parameters of the stationary linear stochastic process generating the observed time series, and (2) misspecification arising from postulating stationarity when in fact the generating process is non-stationary in mean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several authors have considered point and interval estimation of the exponential scale parameter, σ, on the basis of subsets of the order statistics. In this paper, we suggest a procedure for finding approximate confidence intervals for σ in large samples, using k sample quantiles of a random sample of size n. The procedure is based on a simple chi-square approximation to the distribution of the asymptotically best linear estimate of σ. We compare this procedure with the one given by Ogawa (1962) based on an approximating t-distribution. We find that the interval based on the chi-square approximarion is easier to calculate, and performs better when k is small and n is large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently the U. S. Water Resources Council has proposed standardization of the analysis of peak flood discharges by fitting a Pearson Type III distribution to the logarithms of the data. This action has served to draw attention to the inadequacy of available tables of percentage points of the Pearson Type III distribution and the need for better tables. Many tables of percentage points of the related chi-square distribution are available in the literature, perhaps the most comprehensive being those published by the author in 1964. These could be used to obtain percentage points of the Pearson Type III distribution, but it would be much more convenient to have a table from which percentage points of the latter distribution could be read directly for uniformly spaced values of the skewness coefficient. The author has therefore, by a modification of the programs used to compute his 1964 tables of percentage points of the chi-square distribution, obtained percentage points, corresponding to cumula. tire probability P = .0001, .0005, .001, .005, .01, .02, .025, .04, .05, .1(.1).9, .95, .96, .975, .98, .99, .995, .999, .9995, .9999, of the standardized Pearson Type III distribution with skewness α[sub 3] ≡ γ[sub 1] = 0.0(0.1)9.0. This paper includes the five-decimal-place table, accurate to within a unit in the last place, together with a description of the method of computation and a discussion of possible applications, including the estimation of the return periods of floods. Space has been conserved by giving results only at intervals of 0.2 in &alpha[sub 3] for &alpha[sub 3] > 4.8; the intermediate values, if needed, can be obtained by interpolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned primarily with the method of moments in dissecting a mixture of two normal distributions. In the general case, with two means, two standard deviations, and a proportionality factor to be estimated, the first five sample moments are required, and it becomes necessary to find a particular solution of a ninth degree polynomial equation that was originally derived by Karl Pearson [10]. A procedure which circumvents solution of the nonic equation and thereby considerably reduces the total computational effort otherwise required, is presented. Estimates obtained in the simpler special case in which the two standard deviations are assumed to be equal, are employed as first approximations in an iterative method for simultaneously solving the basic system of moment equations applicable in the more general case in which the two standard deviations are unequal. Conditional maximum likelihood and conditional minimum chi-square estimation subject to having the first four sample moments equated to corresponding population moments, are also considered. An illustrative example is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a multivariate extension of Friedman's chi[sup 2, sub tau]-test. A rank permutation distribution and the large sample properties of the criterion are studied. The asymptotic relative efficiency (A.R.E.) for a sequence of translation alternatives is studied and bounds are given for certain special cases. It is shown that, under specified conditions, the A.R.E. of this test with respect to the likelihood ratio test is largest, when the block dispersion matrices differ and can be greater than unity when the differences are large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellison has shown that the Wald-Wolfowitz tolerance limits for a normal distribution, x + lambda s, are good only to 0(n/N[sup 2]), rather than to 0(1/N[sup 2]). Here x is distributed normally with mean mu and variance sigma[sup 2]/N while s[sup 2]/sigma[sup 2] is distributed as chi[sup 2, sub n]/n independently of x. Thus, for n much greater than N[sup 2] the usual values of lambda are incorrect; Ellison has proposed an alternative in this case. This paper derives new lambda's which have two advantages over the Wald-Wolfowitz and the Ellison limits. First, they are shown to be better approximations. Secondly, they are easily calculated in the sense that only tables of the normal and chi[sup 2] distributions are required and the solution of a non-linear equation is not required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a five-year longitudinal study on cognitive style and inquiry strategy. The purpose of the study was to determine the longitudinal effects of the inquiry strategy method on the pupil's styles of categorization. The subjects were administered with the Sigel Cognitive Style Test (SCST). The longitudinal groups of experimentals and comparisons had the SCST in 1966. The results have shown through Chi-square that both inquiry groups were significantly more analytical in styles of categorization than were the comparison groups. Implications for analytical style were discussed.

The article comments on conditional independence and log linear models for multi-dimensional contingency tables. Frequency data in the form described by a contingency table occur in many different fields of research, as indicated by the abundant literature available. The approach to their analysis varies from the relatively ad hoc application of the Chi-square tests for various relationships of independence to the specification of a model for which parameter estimates of effects, as well as tests, may be used. A number of features may be listed for the log linear model which make it convenient, at least if no theoretically more acceptable model is available. The log linear model is the simplest form of model which automatically fills the boundary conditions that all predicted proportions for all cells of the table lie in the interval. It is the only model for which the parameters can be estimated in a situation of inverse sampling, i.e., when random samples are taken from each sub-population corresponding to a value of the dependent variable. In addition, since it is directly analogous to the linear models of normal theory, the statistical theory of inference-making is relatively simple, primarily because sufficient statistics exist for all the parameters.

The article presents a study which examines the impact of confidentiality on the ratings of professional health personnel performance. The study employs three collections of Operational Efficiency Reports including the June 1959 Annual Report, the June 1958 Annual Report, and the December 1958 Confidential Report. It mentions that the study focuses on 217 subjects which include 82 Research (RES), 59 Public Health, and 76 Medical Care (MC) officers. The result of the study indicates that thee was fairly high and consistent rating intercorrelations regardless of the reporting conditions involved.

The article presents a study which investigates occupational differences among attitudinal areas in the employment condition and to consider effects of such differences for both application and research. The study uses response to the Triple Audit Employee Attitude questionnaire that was gathered from 3207 nonsupervisor employees in 26 companies. Chi-square tests was also used for combinations of occupational groups. Results show that a number of large differences are located across occupational groups and it suggests it might be needed to specify the particular attitudinal area when asking occupation.

In this article the authors described a method of testing relative merits of area and quota sampling by drawing various samples from a known universe, which is made up of records based on a house-to-house survey in Iowa City. Stratification simply means dividing the universe into groups which are presumed to be more homogeneous than the entire universe. This is merely a technique for the reduction of the variance of a sample estimate. The differentiation between quota and area samples is made by the way the respondents are selected within strata, not through the presence of strata or their choice. A statistical method, chi-square test was developed by Karl Pearson to test the hypothesis that an observed distribution is a random sample from a proposed universe. The hypothesis is rejected when the probability of securing a value of chi-square as large as, or larger than, the value obtained is small, usually less than 5 percent. It can be seen from the given formula that chi-square is defined in absolute frequencies, not relative frequencies.

The article focuses on the task of a psychologist to discover the rules or laws governing mental activity. It examines three experiments in which a set of targets, equiprobable to the experimenter, are treated by the subjects as non-equiprobable. In one of the experiments, for the experimenter, the elements constitute a uniform display. The same feature characterized a further preliminary experiment. A subject is told that to each square has been assigned a number, and this number is recorded on a ticket in an urn. Three tickets will be successively drawn at random from the urn, with replacement after each draw. Before each draw, the subject indicates the square, which he thinks will be located by the ticket drawn. A Chi-square test shows that the first and third choices depart significantly from a uniform distribution, but not the second choice. The responses constitute a way of patterning the display, this patterning presumably being shaped by experience. The variation of pattern as between the three experiments suggests that the pattern or structure imposed is sensitive to the display and to the task.

The usefulness of the Registrar General's Classification of Occupations is discussed from the standpoint of research on ageing. Table 2 of the Registrar General's Occupational Tables is reanalysed to determine the validity of making generalisations on the basis of this classification. It was found that only a few of these generalisations could be made with any validity A new classification is called for and some promising approaches are indicated. A simple method of treating the Occupational Tables is proposed as an aid to rapid comparisons between occupations. The method minimises confusion engendered both by the way data are presented and by underlying demographic trends. Age curves, showing the age structure, are plotted for three occupations and the usefulness of these curves in predicting likely problem areas are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the pessimistic findings of psychomotor test on sewing machine operators. The use of psychomotor tests as employee selection devices is common practice among apparel manufacturers. However, the statistical study of sewing machine operators, in eight different plant locations, fails to show a significant correlation between test scores and subsequent measured productivity. It was found out that employee production records and scores on the pin board and form board tests failed to show a relationship by Chi-square testing or a statistically significant correlation by regression analyses. At a single plant of the same company only negative correlations could be demonstrated between the results of three different specially designed psychomotor tests and observed productivity.

A technique previously developed for interpreting measures of association for fourfold tables based on markovian assumptions is here extended to derive measures of second order association. Transition rates between the states represented by [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines student participation in formal organizations. The five social participation categories were the four quartiles for the sample, labeled as None, Low, Middle--in the order of increasing participation. Chapin Social Participation Scale reports the reliability coefficient as .887. Social adjustment was measured by the Washburne Social Adjustment Inventory. The chi square was employed to test for statistically significant relationships between participation scores and various background factors such as age, employment and marital status. The data for the study were collected from a random sample of students in a large midwestern university. Of the background factors studied, sex, age, marital status, and military status are significantly related to social participation. Women participate more than do men. The older the student, the less likely he is to participate. Among men, traveling time to campus and mode of travel are related significantly to social participation. Women who participate date significantly more than do low participants or non-participants. Men in the middle and low participant categories are more active in sports than those in the high or non-participant categories. Place of residence is an important factor in social participation. For the females, however, the mean social adjustment scores increased with decreased participation.

This article focuses on the measurement of similarity in social profiles. The comparison of states with respect to a series of characteristics simultaneously, when interest lies in the similarity between profiles of the series values rather than between composite indexes representative of each series, introduces the need for other measures of similarity. By similarity in profile is meant here similarity in the relative sizes of all values in a series. The method which proved most satisfactory in measuring similarity in profiles was based on the well-known fact that the process of squaring values in a series increases the relative weight of the larger values. Accordingly, two profiles with a given total of differences between corresponding component values in their series would be considered most similar when this total difference was distributed more evenly among the individual component value differences rather than occurring as a lump difference between corresponding values of only two of the components. Distributed evenly, the total difference would be broken down into smaller differences, the sum of whose squares would be less than the square of the few lumped differences would be if the total difference were concentrated in two or three pairs of components instead of being distributed in small amounts among all the component pairs. The chi square measure of dissimilarity between an observed and expected distribution seemed to offer a possibly appropriate inverse measure of similarity.

The Mean Cost Rating (MCR) measures the differentiation ability of those variables or groups of variables used in constructing parole prediction or base expectancy tables. The literature of the past two decades suggests that it represents perhaps the most satisfactory statistical index of predictive selectivity. Its use has been limited, however, by its complex method of computation. The MCR is explained and a simplified procedure for computing it is offered. In addition; the MCR is compared with Chi-square, the J-value, and the Index of Predictive Selectivity, which have also been used to determine the selective ability of factors in the construction of prediction tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on an experimental study of the effect of character and personality in public speaking. Historic studies on effectiveness of oral persuasion; Use of chi-square test for the analysis.

This article present an approach to measure association such that a single basic logic is used regardless of the measurement level of the variables being associated. As data progress from nominal to ordinal to equal interval in mathematical character, association measures should simply incorporate the added properties into the format used at the lower levels. The logic is adapted to the types of measurement present in the independent and dependent variables so that a complete range of association measures is available. The approach requires little new at the interval-measurement level (dependent variable) and only modest modification of existing procedures for ordinal dependent variables. The two basic approaches to association measures appear to be assessing departure from randomness and determining extent of predictive accuracy. Departure from randomness is characteristic of the chi-squared based measures, which typically suffer from normalizing procedures that admit no easy operational interpretation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the congruence of self and ideal-self utilizing a Q-sort and occupational choices made by potential four-year college students and potential junior college terminal students. To determine if there was a significant difference between the means of Q-sort scores for the groups, es were calculated. The chi-square test of significance between the groups in their selection of realistic occupational goals indicated that a significantly greater number of the four-year college groups selected realistic occupational goals, .01 level A greater number of subjects selected occupational goals above their aptitude level and in inappropriate occupational areas than the number of subjects who chose occupations below their aptitude level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2 groups of 25 subjects each were measured with the Gordon Survey of later- personal Values (S.I.V.), the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study), and an Ideal Student Description Q-Sort (ISS). 7 variables of the P-F Study and the 6 scales of the S.I.V. were tested for significance by the t-test. Chisquare and product-moment correlation were used to analyze I.S.D. differences. Counselors and teachers showed significant differences beyond the .05 level of confidence on 5 of the 15 personality variables measured. Conclusions are: Counselors ave (a) less conforming in behavior than teachers, (b) less ego-defensive than teachers, (c) more benevolent than teachers, and (d) focus on sources of frustration more often than Teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which offers further consideration on the interest of gifted students, particularly the collegiate freshmen with education majors in the U.S. A combination of two freshman classes in a Midwestern state teachers college is implemented to have a population of almost 2,000. The classes comprise of highly-talented and less-talented students. A chi-square value of 0.321 was used to test the results of the study. The results indicate that gifted students possess a greater range of interests than the less-gifted.

The manifest goals of this research were to: (a) devise a means of measuring the relative importance for youth of two potential types of referents-parents or peers and (b) obtain information on behavioral correlates of parent and peer orientations. Tests of relationship were made relative to parent or peer orientation and: the age-grade level, sex, the perceived source of need satisfaction, and the socioeconomic class of respondents. Ordinal type scales were used where applicable to gain measurements of the variables. Chi-square tests and rank-order correlations provided the measures of association between type of orientation and the independent variables. All the associations were found to be significant, except socioeconomic class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines a sample of college students from entrepreneurial and bureaucratic backgrounds using the Traditional Family Ideology Scale. Devices and procedure; Result of the chi square test.

The multiserver queue with Poisson arrivals and Erlangian, gamma or chi-square service time is solved for the steady state case. A general procedure, adaptable to computer programming, for writing the equations for the state probabilities is given. Generating functions for the time invariant state probabilities are found. A method of computing numerical solutions is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of an opinion poll among the students at Grinnell College a sex difference was noted. This investigation was designed to test the significance of this difference and to seek the cause for it. It was found to be significant when tested by chi-square, and the chief reason seemed to be in underlying attitudes of (a) greater emotionality of response on the part of women and (b) greater interest in the war and world events on the part of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on leadership as related to Bernreuter personality measures. The purpose of the present study is to attempt to pick out the individual items on the inventory which show a significant difference in the responses of the leaders and the non-leaders. Also an analysis of the "traits" which appear to determine these differences in response is made. To a lesser extent we are interested in the validity of the trait scales and the appropriateness of the names applied to them. The subjects are 81 college women -- 36 leaders and 45 nonleaders. The increase in the number of non-leaders is due to the inclusion of some day students. The exclusion of day students in the previous study was found not materially to change the results. The first step is the tabulation of the responses made by the two groups to each of the 125 items on the inventory. The items which appear to show a difference in response are selected from the total list. The application of the Chi-Square Test reveals that few of the 125 items in the Inventory show a significant difference in the responses of the leaders and non-leaders

The sociologist who has accumulated data on a subject is soon faced with the problem of interpreting these data. He then must reorganize, combine, eventually reduce them. For this he uses mathematical models. If his variables are real numbers, he can choose among a variety of standard statistical models which most frequently involve linear structures, as these are the most easily worked out. The simplest probabilistic model involving attributes is the multinomial model, where the basic assumption is that the probability that an event belongs to a certain class depends only on this class. Statisticians have long been interested in multinomial models and have provided with a certain number of results. One approach has been to assimilate the linear model for proportions with an analysis-of-variance model, which also involves attributes. The theory of tests concerning multinomial models is largely based on tests of the chi-square type. The aim of this article is to discuss a statistical treatment for the estimations of the parameters, regions of confidence and tests of hypotheses.

The present article reports the results of a statistical correlational analysis of constriction-dilation as manifested in the Rorschach test and reflected in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The chi-square tests of independence for each of the Rorschach categories versus all seven TAT were categorized. There were 21 associations statistically significant at the 5% level or better, from a possible maximum of 42. Twenty of these 21 were in the direction consistent with the hypothesis. These results provide emphatic evidence that constriction on the Rorsehach projective test is closely associated with constriction evinced in response to a second projective technique, the TAT.

Explores the use of statistical tests for decision-making in regional geographical construction in the United States. Chi square; Variance analysis; Relationship between regional constructs and the areal dispersion of selected traits within regional frames.

The article presents a study on 238 first-grade children's perceptions of interactions, as reported by questionnaire-interviews; and actual teacher-student interaction, and measured by a Reading Observation Record, to determine whether teachers discriminated against boys. Obtained data were treated by use of chi-square and analysis of variance procedures. In addition, reading achievement scores of boys and girls were compared. Results indicated that children perceived that teachers discriminated against boys and favored girls in the situation of reading instruction. On the other hand, an analysis of observations of actual teacher-pupil interaction revealed no differential treatment. Boys' and girls' achievement did not differ significantly.

This discussion of the hypothesis, evidence, and inference presented in an American Educational Research Journal article has attempted to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the material presented. The purpose here is not to question the competency of the principal investigator, for undoubtedly many of the questions raised herein could be answered by referring to the detailed report of the study that was submitted to the U. S. Office of Education. This discussion is presented to call the attention of the readers to strengths and weaknesses of the study, to encourage their consideration of them in reaching conclusions, and to encourage others to engage in the process of critical evaluation of publisbed research articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the szondi test. In a previous paper, the researchers have shown the wide variation in the frequency with which pictures are chosen by Szondi test subjects. In the present study,the researcher test the homogeneity of the Szondi pictures from the standpoint of recognition by comparing sets 1 and V to see whether there is a significant difference in the frequency with which pictures are recognized. Should the pictures be associated with categories by chance, the researcher expect to find on the average one correct identification for each sample of eight pictures, or a total of 300 for the two sets in the experiment. The chi-square test is used to measure the significance of the difference between the number of correct identifications in the two sets.

The article presents a simplified explanation of tests of significance including formulas and underlying assumptions. The commonly used statistical techniques to differentiate selected samples or populations to a given trait under consideration includes chi-square, the Fisher-t and the analysis of variance. Understanding of these test of significance will enable teachers to appraise critically any claims made on the superiority of certain methods and techniques over others and to decide the desirability of altering present methods on the basis of statistical soundness of the evidence presented. The statistical formula for computing chi-square, the Fisher-t and analysis of variance were also presented.

The article presents a comparative analysis of MMPI profiles of black and white psychiatric patients. An analysis was conducted wherein corrected chi-square was computed for each item on the race criterion in each sample. Eight factors comprising 53 of 58 items were derived in the psychiatric patient sample. The black psychiatric patient more often than the white psychiatric patient characterized herself as an individual who, although considering herself morally conscientious, was unable to affect her environment, as she felt manipulated by powerful external agents. Ten factors comprising 56 of 65 items were derived in the prison sample. The black prison inmate more often than the white prison inmate characterized himself as having intense feelings, and as conscientious, self-confident, sensitive to self and others. Item-level comparisons have value for further investigations, as scale scores conceal racial differences and as many discriminating items are not keyed so that scale-level comparisons do not utilize all available data.

A response by Enrico T. Federighi to a letter to the editor about his article "The Use of Chi-Square in Small Samples" in the December 1950 issue is presented.