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Road crime is one of the most prevalent types of crime, which is why more and more frequent offenders and repeat offenders enter prison convicted of serious crimes. The present study aimed to determine the clinical and sociodemographic profile of road offenders, trying to establish differences and relationships with other types of crime and with community drivers. The study involved 513 drivers, classified into four groups: inmates with crimes against road safety (CTRO); inmates with crimes against road safety and with another type of criminal history (CTRO&OO); prisoners convicted of other criminal offences (COO); community drivers with no criminal record (DWCR). All were given a battery of instruments that assessed personality traits, sensation-seeking, psychiatric symptomatology, alcohol dependence, aspects related to driving and sociodemographic data. The results reveal similar profiles, between the CTRO&OO groups and the COO, in personality, search for emotions and psychopathological symptoms and important differences between the groups of road offenders (CTRO AND CTRO&OO) and of these with the DWCR. The classification and regression tree identified as relevant predictors, the number of fines and traffic accidents, alcohol dependence and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These data can be useful for the prevention and rehabilitation of offenders against road safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the interplay between victim and perpetrator identities in the construction of successful criminal personas. Through detailed interviews with individuals who transitioned from victims to perpetrators within criminal contexts, the research identifies three critical themes: “Influence, Charisma, and Respect,” “Adaptive Leadership and Strategic Management,” and “Morality and Power-Driven Relativism.” The findings reveal that victim identity significantly contributes to the development of traits essential for criminal success, such as resilience and empathy, which enhance leadership and authority. Furthermore, the strategic manipulation of these identities allows criminals to navigate complex social dynamics and maintain control. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding the duality of victim and perpetrator identities in the broader discourse on criminal self-conception, highlighting the nuanced psychological and relational aspects that underpin successful criminal careers. This research extends existing theories on criminal success by incorporating the dynamics of victim identity, offering a more comprehensive framework for analyzing criminal behavior and identity formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of the study was to assess the role of negative affectivity, a dynamic factor, in predicting criminogenic thinking styles after considering the roles of stable personal factors, individual and family history of crime, and cognitive functioning. A secondary objective was to assess whether first-time vs. repeat Pakistani incarcerated offenders differ on criminogenic cognitions. A sample of 205 offenders incarcerated in Pakistani prisons completed self-report measures of negative affectivity, cognitive functioning, and criminogenic cognitions. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were calculated to test the study hypotheses. Findings revealed that negative affectivity factors, particularly fear, were more important for understanding criminogenic cognitive patterns as they explained a significantly larger variance over and above the individual variables, history factors, and cognitive functioning in criminogenic thinking. Further findings showed that repeat offenders scored consistently higher on criminogenic cognitions compared to first-time offenders. The findings highlight the importance of developing prevention programs incorporating cognitive behavior therapeutic strategies targeting negative affectivity and criminogenic cognitions among incarcerated offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have studied criminal specialisation at the offenders’ level to understand criminal careers. Despite criminal careers comprising events in which offenders co-offend with others, we know less about the extent of co-offending groups showing signs of becoming specialists. To start addressing this gap, in this study we report a method through which we identified 1,796 co-offending groups in a network containing information about adult offenders (n = 76,697) connected to criminal investigations (m = 35,604) between 2010 and 2018. During this timeframe, one in five co-offending groups remained unchanged in their composition and re-offended. Of those re-offending, 54% became specialists in crimes such as those affecting private property. The other 46% that re-offended were generalists. Simulation analyses showed that the proportion of highly specialised groups was not observed by chance. These results suggest that criminal specialisation is a characteristic also shared by co-offending groups. Criminologists and practitioners might find helpful the method employed here to identify co-offending groups and assess their level of specialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot study examines whether the Young Adult Habitual Offender Program (YAHOP), an intensive and outpatient program, is related to a reduction in the general risk of recidivism, common forensic symptomology as well as cognitive distortions. The program integrity (PI) was assessed, with the intent to explore the relationship between the level of PI and any changes in several outcome variables. Additionally, the study examines whether participants with a migration background benefitted equally from YAHOP compared to participants with a native Dutch background. The sample comprised n = 90 high‐risk young adult offenders. Results show a decrease in general risk of recidivism. The dynamic risk factors delinquent social network, insufficient impulse control, and dysfunctional problem‐solving skills also show a decrease, as well as the forensic symptoms of aggression and anger. Effect sizes are small, except for anger, which has a medium effect size. We found no change in cognitive distortions and problematic substance use. YAHOP shows to be responsive and culturally sensitive, as the participants with a migration background show a significant decrease in general risk of recidivism. No moderator analysis was conducted due to an overall low level of program integrity. After improving program integrity, full‐scale quantitative research is needed as YAHOP has the potential as a promising desistance program for high‐risk offenders, as in this study the 56 non‐completers were also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative examination of different groups of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) is currently limited. To expand our understanding of Chinese sexual homicides, this study aimed to distinguish between the modus operandi (MO) characteristics of repeat (i.e., with previous arrest and/or conviction) and nonrepeat (i.e., without previous arrest and/or conviction) offenders. Data were gathered from police arrest records, court documents, and published case reports in mainland China, covering a 31‐year period (1988–2018). A sample of 86 male SHOs (31 repeat and 55 nonrepeat offenders) was identified and the offenders' MO characteristics were examined. Compared with nonrepeat offenders, repeat offenders were significantly more likely to commit sexual murder in outdoor locations, approach their victims initially using a non‐surprise approach, engage in nonvaginal penetration of their victims, use a personal weapon to kill their victims, and move their victims' bodies away from the crime scene. However, repeat offenders were less likely to be arrested immediately after committing the murder. The findings have practical implications for police investigative strategies, such as suspect prioritization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Established in Vancouver in 2008, British Columbia’s Downtown Community Court (DCC) is Canada’s first community court. Set up specifically to address offences stemming from mental illness, substance use and poverty, the court brings together justice, health and social services, offering a tailored response to the cycle of reoffending and public safety concerns in the city’s core. Focusing on the perspectives of legal actors, we examine the court as an unexpected site of health intervention. This qualitative interview-based study explores how judges, crown counsels and defence lawyers perceive their role and that of the court in relation to the health and wellbeing of court clients. Our findings show that legal personnel typically see health as a central part of the court’s intervention and similarly view client health as a critical part of their own jobs. Respondents describe the court’s ability to engage with those facing complex health and legal issues as unique, attributing it to its legal professionals’ holistic view of their roles, the court’s strategic community location and its unusual structure, which facilitates information sharing and attracts personnel invested in its mandate. The article identifies three primary needs: 1) enhanced education on client health for legal professionals, 2) nuanced metrics to evaluate the court’s health impacts and, 3) longitudinal client-centred research to measure the DCC’s long-term effects on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on assisted desistance has not considered the influence of criminal-involvement factors on the receptivity to assistance. Although most crimes committed are motivated by the prospect of gain, current knowledge on desistance from lucrative offending is still rudimentary. The purpose of this study was to examine the assistance in the desistance process of 27 individuals having committed profit-driven crimes. First, based on life story narratives, the acknowledgment of assistance was explored. Then, how and when this assistance arose in participants' lives was studied. Results demonstrate the value of the assisted desistance framework in understanding desistance. Other findings include the fact that assistance may take many forms and may arise at various phases in the process of desistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research, using data from the Community Criminal Courts where a majority of elderly offenders are tried and sentenced, investigates the socio-economic profile of elderly offenders and the factors influencing their criminal motivation in Singapore. It revisits conceptualizations of offending in older age which until now has received scant attention even in Asian societies where ties to conventional institutions are thought to be "protective." The majority of elderly offenders in this study were "revolving door prisoners" and were never in possession of any efficacious social capital that would have prevented them from committing a crime or enabled their re-entry process, a problem compounded by the study's findings that almost 70% of the sampled offenders had experienced mental health issues. This would have spelled adverse consequences for their desistance and, conversely, their recidivist behavior, a finding that was consistent with many other studies that had examined the association between psychosis and crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the concern about the demand for medical criminal liability of health professionals, judging by the numerous scientific publications on the subject, has experienced a boom in contemporary societies. This article systematizes the essential assumptions of punishable medical imprudence and analyzes Resolution 458/2019 of the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba (Minsap), which established the procedure for the creation and performance of the commissions of medical liability in its function of preparing the expert opinion in the criminal process followed for alleged imprudence resulting in death or injury in this field. The methodology used follows a descriptive-analytical type of research and is based on the analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive and exegetical methods, supported by the research technique of bibliographic review. The main results reveal the problems associated with the conception, composition, functioning and attributions of these commissions and, in addition, lege ferenda proposals are formulated for their solution. The main conclusion is the need to modify these regulations for a better evaluation of the responsibility of the health professional involved in a criminal proceeding for alleged malpractice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against women in intimate partner relationships (IPVAW) and intimate partner homicide against women (IPHAW) are events of great relevance, and first-order in the media. Through a comprehensive review of 171 cases of IPHAW and 201 cases of IPVAW, the aim of this study is to explore those characteristics that differentiate and resemble the non-lethal aggressors' group from the femicides' group. Age differences were found in variables related to criminal career, drug use, and others, such as being in a separation process or suicidal behaviour related variables. Our results indicate that, although the perpetrators of these criminal typologies share common characteristics, there are also many others that differentiate them. This shows the need for individualized treatments for the different perpetrators and offers the possibility of refining tools for predicting the risk of intimate partner femicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis that the literature shows that most of the serial murders are committed by men and with sexual motivation, the research is a preliminary approach which aims to approach the cultural influence on the sexual motivation of serial killers. Eighty-six cases of serial murders with male perpetrators from different countries have been analyzed, committed between 1900 and 2020. The variables evaluated are related to the serial offender, victimology, modus operandi, sexual motivation typology and the actions related to such classification. In indulgence countries, pre mortem sexual acts (44.20%), interference with the victim's body (36.0%) and mutilation (27.90%) are the most common; the same occurs in restrictive countries, although in a lower percentage, with mutilation 7.0% being the only statistically significant variable (X² = 0.034). Direct-sadistic motivation is the most present, being 52.30% in indulgence countries and 18.60% in restrictive countries, there being a significant relationship (X² = 0.026). There is a partial influence of culture on modus operandi and sexual motivation according to the higher or lesser presence of social norms and how they influence the individual's decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the associations between Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds (vs non-Culturally and Linguistically Diverse) and in-hospital death due to self-harm, repeat self-harm and mental health service use after self-harm. Method: A retrospective study of 42,127 self-harm hospital inpatients aged 15+ years in Victoria, Australia, from July 2008 to June 2019. Linked hospital and mental health service data were used to assess in-hospital death, repeat self-harm and mental health service use in the 12 months following index self-harm hospital admission. Logistic regression and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used to estimate associations between cultural background and outcomes. Results: Culturally and Linguistically Diverse people accounted for 13.3% of self-harm hospital inpatients. In-hospital death (0.8% of all patients) was negatively associated with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse background. Within 12 months, 12.9% of patients had self-harm readmission and 20.1% presented to emergency department with self-harm. Logistic regression components of zero-inflated negative binomial regression models showed no differences in the odds of (hospital-treated) self-harm reoccurrence between Culturally and Linguistically Diverse and non- Culturally and Linguistically Diverse self-harm inpatients. However, count components of models show that among those with repeat self-harm, Culturally and Linguistically Diverse people (e.g. born in Southern and Central Asia) made fewer additional hospital revisits than non-Culturally and Linguistically Diverse people. Clinical mental health service contacts following self-harm were made in 63.6% of patients, with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse people (Asian backgrounds 43.7%) less likely to make contact than the non-Culturally and Linguistically Diverse group (65.1%). Conclusions: Culturally and Linguistically Diverse and non-Culturally and Linguistically Diverse people did not differ in the likelihood of hospital-treated repeat self-harm, but among those with self-harm repetition Culturally and Linguistically Diverse people had fewer recurrences than non-Culturally and Linguistically Diverse people and utilised mental health services less following self-harm admissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study examines the role of law enforcement procedures for environmental offenses. We test whether reaching the statute of limitations is associated with the recidivism of offenses against the flora in Brazil. Methods: We analyze the universe of infractions issued by Brazil's Federal Environmental Agency from 2000 to 2010 using survival analysis and reweighting methods. Results: Findings indicate that reaching the statute of limitations in administrative procedures increases the risk of recidivism for individuals by 188% and firms by 34%. Conclusion: Ineffective sentencing practices stimulate repeated offenses against the environment and have significant consequences for environmental degradation in Brazil, a country that is central for actions to mitigate global environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to educate criminal justice professionals about best practices to cross-examine complainants of child sexual abuse is widely acknowledged. Yet, a dearth of empirical information about their perceptions has hindered development of targeted professional education programmes. The present study compared perceptions of the quality of cross-examination of a child and an adolescent complainant between judges, prosecutors, defence lawyers, police officers and witness support staff. Questioning type (appropriate/inappropriate) and judicial intervention (present/absent) were varied. Results of two-parameter Item Response Theory modelling showed that defence lawyers perceived significantly less unfairness to the complainant than the other professional groups. Judges' views of unfairness were driven by the potential for confusion more than the age-inappropriate questioning. Police officers and witness support staff more likely rated the cross-examination as deleterious to the credibility and reliability of the complainant. Topics to include in professional development programmes around eliciting best evidence from vulnerable witnesses are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use a comprehensive longitudinal dataset on criminal acts over 6 years in a European country to study specialization in criminal careers. We present a method to cluster crime categories by their relative co-occurrence within criminal careers, deriving a natural, data-based taxonomy of criminal specialization. Defining specialists as active criminals who stay within one category of offending behavior, we study their socio-demographic attributes, geographic range, and positions in their collaboration networks relative to their generalist counterparts. Compared to generalists, specialists tend to be older, are more likely to be women, operate within a smaller geographic range, and collaborate in smaller, more tightly-knit local networks. We observe that specialists are more intensely embedded in criminal networks, suggesting a potential source of self-reinforcing dynamics in criminal careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Juvenile Military Court (JMC), established in 2009 in the West Bank, handles offenses perpetrated by Palestinian minors, consisting mostly of security-related violations. With the establishment of the JMC, and a subsequent three-stage legal reform in handling juvenile offenders, Palestinian minor suspects and defendants have been accorded various procedural rights. This study addresses the impact of these rights on the criminal careers of Palestinian minors appearing in the JMC. It first reviews the demographic profile of 8,301 minors handled by the JMC between 2000 and 2018, describes their offenses, and offense transition between their initial and second arrest. Using trend analysis, the study compares minors' reoffending level in the years before and after the reform. The findings suggest significant differences in minors' reoffending level between the years preceding and following the legal reform. Possible explanations for the findings are offered, and the article concludes with policy implications and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the 2011 'riots' attracted a huge amount of political, media and academic attention, the state's punitive reaction to the unrest received far less analysis, despite being characterised by exceptionally harsh practices at every stage from arrest to sentencing. Drawing on interviews with criminal justice professionals who were at the heart of this response, and focusing in particular on the Crown Prosecution Service's unusually punitive approach, this article examines the imaginations, assumptions and claims that allowed professionals to variously justify and problematise this vindictive backlash. The article shows how an imagination of the disturbances as an apolitical and unprecedented outbreak of violence was central to many professionals' accounts. Yet this imagination, I contend, requires significant erasure and elision. Forgetting England's long history of unrest, and ignoring or dismissing the police killing of Mark Duggan that immediately precipitated the disturbances, were vitally important in allowing professionals to ignore the vital connections between the unrest and entrenched structural racism that has consistently underpinned post-war urban unrest – and to position the harsh law and order response as reasonable, proportionate, necessary and adequate. In doing so, the article makes a significant contribution to scholarship on the unrest, and on the importance of amnesia and ignorance - conceived as active, collective and inherently political processes - in normalising punitive and discriminatory state practices, both in the wake of the riots and in their longer aftermath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demerit points systems (DPS) have been used in many countries as a means for improving road safety, by monitoring traffic law violations of drivers and applying corrective measures to repeat offenders, while knowledge on their safety impacts is yet incomplete. This study examined the DPS impacts on committing traffic offenses and accident involvement of drivers, in Israel, based on files of the national Licensing Authority and complementary accident files. Models were developed to evaluate changes in violation and accident rates of drivers, who underwent the DPS corrective measures, in after the treatment related to the before period, and accounting for changes observed in the matched comparison-groups. The findings showed that during the three-year period after the measures' implementation, the decrease in committing violations was of 70%, and simultaneously, there was a decrease in drivers' accident involvement, on average, of 1% in severe accidents and of 11% in total injury accidents. The effects were consistent across various groups of drivers by the corrective measures applied and the type of license. The study results support the continued use of the DPS, to improve drivers' behaviors and road safety. To increase its impacts at the national level, the DPS implementation should be supported by stable police enforcement and publicity efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the recidivism rate at the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology – National Capital Region (BJMP-NCR), Philippines, from 2020 to 2022 based on predictive variables and antecedents of recidivism. The results revealed that young individuals; males; married; Person Deprived of Liberty (PDL) with drug cases, leading to death or intending to cause death, and acts involving fraud and deception; and those having shorter stays in prison tend to recidivate more. Likewise, the pattern of recidivism in the Metro Manila District Jail (MMDJ) from 2020 to 2022 was affected by the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, both predictive variables and antecedents of recidivism show no significant association with the pattern of recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing evidence about heterogeneous pathways leading individuals into organized crime, there is limited knowledge about the differences in the criminal career between individuals who entered criminal organizations in their youth and those who joined at an older age. This study assesses the differences between early and late recruits in the Italian mafias through logistic regressions considering several criminal career parameters computed on the period prior to recruitment. Results show that recruitment in the mafias is far from a homogenous process. Early recruits report an early criminal onset, lower educational attainment, more serious offenses within a shorter time-span, and more frequent violent co-offending; late recruits show a later onset, more prolific and versatile—but less serious—offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which firms can be deterred from offending has received significant attention. Despite this, the evidence for such deterrence remains inconclusive. This article suggests that instead of focusing on the deterrence aimed at companies, we should instead begin with a less contentious observation; that companies are frequently recidivists, and that an emphasis on the factors associated with company recidivism would be a useful starting point for thinking about offending by firms. The article explores this through an investigation of companies pursued by the UK's Environment Agency in England between 2000 and 2016. The logistic regression analysis suggests that being a utilities company, a large enterprise or a new company were all predictive of repeat offending. Conversely, whether a company was fined after its initial offense was not predictive of whether it would re-offend. The implications of these findings for regulatory work and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many theories emphasize how employment is protective against criminal recidivism, yet a criminal record is a major barrier for getting hired. We asked 591 managers to make hypothetical hiring decisions between two applicants whose key difference was the presence or absence of a criminal conviction. In addition, we randomly manipulated the education, references, wage, or experience of the applicant with the criminal record to identify which manipulations can offset the cost of the record on an applicant's probability of being selected. We found that, when credentials were the same, the applicant with a criminal record was unlikely to be hired. That applicant, however, could become likely to be hired (i.e., the likelihood crossed 50 percent) by having at least 1 year of relevant experience, a GED or a college degree, or references from a former employer or a professor. Incomplete degrees, references from criminal justice professionals, or wage discounts did not make the applicant with the record likely to be hired. Findings confirm that a criminal record carries a high employability cost but also indicate that this cost can be superseded by specific credentials that signal an applicant's reliability, which can be provided by existing programs and institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low empathy is an important psychological construct for understanding persistent criminal and antisocial behavior. In this study the affective empathy (the capacity to experience the emotions of others) and cognitive empathy (the capacity to understand the emotions of others) of 100 young male offenders (aged 16-17) in Buenos Aires was assessed using the Basic Empathy Scale. The level of empathy of young offenders who were repeat offenders (N=49) was then compared to one-time offenders (N=51). In addition, data on family criminality, school achievement and socioeconomic status was also obtained for both groups. The results showed that repeat offenders had significantly lower affective and cognitive empathy, and that these relationships held independently of the other related factors. These findings suggest that low empathy may be an important explanatory factor for repeat offending of juveniles in Argentina, and therefore may be a useful target for interventions designed to reduce repeat offending [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports offender, victim and offence characteristics of the entire population of known serial homicide offenders identified in Italy between 1848 and 2019 (59 offenders, 244 victims, of whom 50.4% were men, and 21.7% were sex workers). We found that most of the offenders (72.4%) had a personality disorder. The offenders' age during their series was 35.1 (SD = 11.3) years, on average. Sexual elements were found in 28.4% of the crime scenes. The median time interval between homicides was 2.8 months. Also, we investigated the consistency of the offence characteristics over the series and found significant correlations between the offence characteristics between a previous and the subsequent homicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of psychopathy in Asian samples has not been well reported. This study tests the ability of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) to predict sexual recidivists compared to nonsexual recidivists. A total of 451 Korean male high-risk offenders were assessed by the PCL-R in 2005, and 445 offenders recidivated by 2016. Factor 1 (interpersonal-affective) and facet 2 (affective) showed the highest effect size of 0.53 in a comparison between sexual recidivists (n = 201) and nonsexual recidivists (n = 244). We further tested four facets for different forms of recidivism using one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Sexual recidivists scored significantly higher in facet 2 than misdemeanors (n = 59, d = 0.79), robbers (n = 31, d = 0.58), burglars (n = 33, d = 0.57), and murderers (n = 65, d = 0.54). The highest effect sizes were found in facet 2 (d = 0.79) to separate sex offenders from misdemeanors, followed by Factor 1 (d = 0.75) and facet 1 (d = 0.73) to separate sex offenders from burglars. Finally, hierarchical binary logistic regression revealed that only facet 2 (27.3%) predicted sexual recidivism, indicating the importance of personality traits over behavioral traits in predicting sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This feasibility study examined the aggression management training (AMT) interventions on self‐esteem, impulsivity, and aggressive behavior among adolescents residing in delinquent or observation homes. Methods: A quantitative research approach with the quasi‐experimental nonequivalent control group (comparison) pretest and Posttest design was adopted. A total of 32 male adolescents (16 each in experimental and comparison groups) residing in two different observation homes in the state of Bihar, India were selected by convenience sampling technique. The study evaluated the following outcome measures: self‐esteem, impulsivity, and aggressive behavior for both groups at baseline and 1 month. AMT was administered to the experimental group bi‐weekly for 4 weeks covering four components in 8 sessions. Results: We analysed the data with independent and paired t‐tests for between and within the group differences, and Pearson correlation for a relationship. AMT intervention improved self‐esteem and reduced aggressive behavior and impulsivity among adolescents residing in delinquent homes. A correlation was found between aggression and impulsivity, and between self‐esteem and impulsivity. Psychiatric nursing Implications: The study had provided initial evidence for practice that can help psychiatric nurses significantly implement these types of interventions among significant, vulnerable, and ignored groups of adolescents detained in observation homes to prevent the occurrence of repeat offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professionals working in the criminal justice sector are vulnerable to sources of indirect trauma such as the interactions with perpetrators of crime who themselves may be traumatised and exposure to distressing events or graphic material. This systematic review aims to examine the prevalence of this secondary traumatization and related resilience and risk factors among criminal justice professions. After identifying 158 relevant studies within PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane, 52 studies were included in this review. Low to moderate levels of secondary traumatization was reported in criminal justice professions. The low prevalence of secondary traumatization may be explained by social desirability and the stigma of mental health issues in these professions. Risk factors (i.e. history of mental illness, work-related trauma, negative coping strategies) predicted secondary traumatization. Support strategies and interventions were moderately effective, however further research and a consensual definition of secondary traumatization is needed, so that organisations may benefit from trauma-informed approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the literature has indicated that foreign incarcerated women share a number of characteristics that differ from those found in the rest of the female prison population. This article analyses their socio-educational profile, considering diverse factors related to their criminal careers. For this purpose, a descriptive non-experimental research was carried out, in which 159 foreign female prisoners from 6 Spanish penitentiary centres participated. The main results show that this population mostly commits crimes against public health, is sentenced to more than 6 years of prison, hardly presents drug addictions, and that their labour trajectories are marked by a great precariousness. We conclude with the need to review the penal response, given its excessive severity for drug trafficking, and to reflect on the economic motivations that normally lie behind their offences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely acknowledged that factors such as previous offending and unemployment increase the risk of offending, but it remains unclear to what extent this also holds true for terrorist suspects. Using register-data on individuals suspected of a terrorist offense in the Netherlands, the present study takes on a life-course criminological approach to study the background and criminal career of terrorist suspects. Moreover, we compare their background to that of general criminal suspects and members of the general population. Our findings support the idea of a "new" crime-terror nexus at the individual level and show similarities between terrorist suspects and regular suspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To explore whether receipt of either of two patron banning provisions currently used in Western Australia—in response to alcohol‐related disorderly and anti‐social behaviour—is associated with changes to subsequent offending. Method: Western Australia Police de‐identified the offender records and associated data for 3440 individuals who had received one or more police‐imposed barring notice/s between 2011 and 2020, and 319 individuals who had received one or more prohibition orders between 2013 and 2020. The number of offences recorded for each recipient before and after the first notice/order were examined to understand the potential effect of both provisions upon subsequent offending. Results: The low number of repeat barring notices (5% of the total) and prohibition orders (1% of the total) points to their general success. Analysis of offending records before and after receipt/expiry of either provision indicates that both have a generally positive effect on subsequent behaviours. For all barring notice recipients, 52% recorded no further offences and for all prohibition order recipients, 58% recorded no further offences. There was a less positive effect for the sub‐set of multiple ban recipients and prolific offenders. Discussion and Conclusions: Barring notices and prohibition orders appear to have a generally positive effect on subsequent behaviours for the majority of recipients. More targeted interventions are recommended for repeat offenders, for whom patron banning provisions have a more limited effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigative interviews (e.g., interrogations) are a critical component of criminal, military, and civil investigations. However, how levels of alertness (vs. sleepiness) of the interviewer impact outcomes of actual interviews is unknown. To this end, the current study tracked daily fluctuations in alertness among professional criminal investigators to predict their daily experiences with actual field interviews. Fifty law-enforcement investigators wore a sleep-activity tracker for two weeks while keeping a daily-diary of investigative interviews conducted in the field. For each interview, the investigators indicated how well they established rapport with the subject, how much resistance they encountered, how well they maintained their own focus and composure, and the overall utility of intelligence obtained. Daily alertness was biomathematically modeled from actigraphic sleep duration and continuity estimates and used to predict interview characteristics. Investigators consistently reported more difficulties maintaining their focus and composure as well as encountering more subject resistance during interviews on days with lower alertness. Better interview outcomes were also reported on days with subjectively better sleep, while findings were generally robust to inclusion of covariates. The findings implicate adequate sleep as a modifiable fitness factor for collectors of human intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides the characteristic of a female recidivist through a qualitative empirical analysis of socio-demographic, criminal-legal, and criminal-executive features of convicted women serving their sentences in the Chernihiv Correctional Institution No. 44 by conducting an anonymous survey of 123 female recidivists. The characteristic features inherent to female recidivists have been identified and generalized and, on this basis, a typical characteristic of such persons has been worked out based on the analysis of results of the survey of convicted women. This category is mostly represented by middle-aged people from 36 to 48 years. This person has a secondary or secondary special, vocational education, is unmarried, without stable socially useful ties, and the existing family ties have deteriorated after being sentenced to imprisonment, and by occupation she has a predominantly working specialty. She is serving a sentence of imprisonment for a term mainly from 2 to 5 years for middle grave crimes, has 3 to 4 convictions, which indicates her extensive criminal experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the perception of stress and strain among police officers when working with juvenile repeat offenders and high-intensity offenders. A qualitative study shows that while the interviewed police officers do not explicitly report any strain, they do exhibit clear symptoms of stress, indicating psychological strain. Both police officers and social pedagogical professionals are exposed to above-average levels of strain. Working with juvenile repeat offenders and high-intensity offenders poses a challenge for both the police and social work. Individuals in high-risk professions such as police officers and social workers are at a higher risk of enduring stress and potential strain. The study was conducted with six police officers who have extensive experience working with juvenile repeat offenders and high-intensity offenders. The collaboration between the police and social work is also addressed, with barriers and mistrust between the two professional groups being mentioned. The police officers have various resources for coping with stress, such as psychosocial support teams and peer counseling. [Extracted from the article]

• Alcohol use problem is a risk factor for re-offense of DUI. • Alcohol treatment reduces risk of DUI recidivism during intervention. • We examined the lasting effect of alcohol treatment on DUI recidivism. • Two-year recidivism rate remained lower after 12-month treatment. Alcohol use problems are prevalent among recidivists of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). This 2-year postintervention follow-up study explored the preventive effects of 12- or 6-month alcohol treatment in relation to reoffense among repeat DUI offenders who participated in a community-based joint legal–medical intervention program. A total of 259 repeat DUI offenders with alcohol use problems were referred from a Prosecutors' Office to a psychiatric hospital to receive alcohol treatment. We divided these participants into two groups on the basis of treatment duration (6- and 12-month groups) and collected their official DUI offense records for 2 years after the intervention. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the hazard ratio of each treatment duration in relation to reoffense. The reoffense rates were compared with a group of DUI offenders (n = 4097) who did not participate in the intervention program (i.e., a nonintervention group). The baseline characteristics were similar between the two treatment groups. The 2-year reoffense rates for the 12-month treatment, 6-month treatment, and nonintervention groups were 12%, 19%, and 21%, respectively. The hazard ratio for reoffense was lower for the 12-month group than for the 6-month group (hazard ratio: 0.45; 95% confidence interval: 0.21–0.96). Survival analysis revealed that compared with the non-intervention group, reoffense was significantly reduced in the 12-month group but not in the 6-month group. The 12-month joint legal–medical intervention program for alcohol treatment yielded superior outcomes to the corresponding 6-month program in terms of preventing DUI reoffense for 2 years postintervention. This research is, however, subject to the limitation that we lacked the information of factors that might affect the reoffense risk, such as motivation level, readiness to change, personality traits, and familial support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prison intervention/treatment actions are aimed at addressing the in/reintegration of convicted persons. However, there are few references and results of these actions. This paper aims to analyze the intervention programs in Spain and their relationship with the processes of female in/reinsertion and recidivism. A descriptive univariate and bivariate analysis was performed on a sample of 310 female inmates surveyed in open regime. The results indicate that employment education programs are most in demand, followed by life skills and gender-based violence programs. There is greater participation in the ordinary regime (between 50% and 60%), with repeat offenders standing out (75.3%), which questions the adequacy of their needs in professional actions. The findings show the importance of updating the penitentiary interventionaction from a socio-educational and gender perspective, adapted to the characteristics of women for their in/reinsertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine differences in patterns of criminal arrests between US citizens and foreign citizens among a sample of individuals incarcerated for homicide in Texas. Data for this project come from administrative records of inmates incarcerated in Texas for homicide. Drawing from the criminal careers literature, official arrest records are assessed to compare differences in criminal histories with growth curve models for the examination of criminal careers of non-Texas born US citizens and foreign citizens. Notable findings are that the age-crime curves are remarkably similar between the two groups, but the curves differ in degree, with those of US citizens peaking significantly higher across all crime types examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dearth of official, accurate reoffending data and empirical insight into the factors associated with recidivism in South Africa, including the overrepresentation of violent and sexual offending in the recidivism literature can be argued to negatively impact the development of effective interventions and associated policies. The current study therefore explored the differences between recidivists (N = 202) from different offending categories with respect to cognitive-behavioral, victimogenic, social, environmental, substance use and employment variables. The findings indicated a significant comparative difference in deviant decision-making patterns by sexual offenders, justification of offending behavior by narcotic offenders and involvement in gangsterism and substance use by aggressive offenders. Economic offenses were also significantly more frequently committed by the participants. The study provides new insight into the socio-psychological understanding of recidivism and recommends that future research be sensitive to the local context but is also aware of the changing nature of African ideologies globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An outlaw pursued by the sheriff of Nottingham, Robin sought shelter in Sherwood Forest where he, along with his band of trusted followers, robbed the rich and gave to the poor. I Robin Hood: Legend and Reality i makes an important contribution to the ongoing scholarly debate on the origins of this most famous of outlaws. Crook makes his case that Wetherby was the most likely proto-Robin, his offences being so notorious that a posse had been specially hired "to seek, take and behead Robert" (p. 232). [Extracted from the article]

The so-called 'wall of silence' presents a threat to successful police investigations and criminal trials. Explanations for it have focused on cultural narratives, including distrust in the police, a 'no snitching' culture and manipulative 'professional criminals'. Drawing on a study of serious multi-handed violence and 'joint enterprise' as a legal response, this article highlights the role of the law, and its agents, in generating silence among young suspects, whose primary concern is the legal risks of talking. Yet, these young people face a precarious trap, as their silence is interpreted as guilt by the police, propelling them towards charge. This article concludes that to avoid over-charging and to encourage young people with knowledge of serious violence to talk, structural change is needed. The system must reverse the legal rules regarding silence and reform the law on secondary liability to reduce the legal risks of talking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant research and literature relating to the role of critically reflective practice and staff supervision in 'helping professions', there has been less attention given to probation practice. This article addresses this gap by presenting the findings from a study that explores the implementation of a reflective model of staff supervision in the National Probation Service. Utilising a mixed-methods research design including a survey and semi-structured interviews with managers and front-line practitioners, the study sheds light on probation staff's experience of reflective supervision and manager perspectives of implementing the model. Overall, we find that probation staff are supportive of the ethos and underpinning principles of the reflective supervision model. However, our participants raised important barriers to implementation, most notably a lack of time and perceived tension between the managerial and developmental aspects of the supervisor role. We conclude by arguing that the Probation Service needs to address these barriers to enable reflective supervision to realise its potential to protect practitioner emotional well-being, support-positive outcomes for individuals subject to probation intervention and develop practitioner professionalism, empowerment, and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congress wants citizens to believe that it is very tough on crime. In federal statutes, as well as in the United States Sentencing Guidelines, authorities have imposed heightened penalties on criminals whose history demonstrates violence, a propensity for aggravated conduct involving guns and drugs, or a repetitive disregard for the law. Who is an armed career criminal? Wbat is an aggravated felony? Wbo is a career offender? Congress cannot be bothered with the details, but it assures an anxious public that it will lock up all these bad guys and throw away the key. Words matter in the law. By failing to define recidivist terms. Congress has allowed tbe courts to finish the job, badly. The Supreme Court tried to remedy congressional sloppiness by creating a "categorical approach" for analyzing past predicate crimes in Taylor v. United States. However, the Court's legislative drafting bas subjected countless defendants to a constitutionally infirm process by forcing courts to wade into tbe details of ancient convictions. In the years since Taylor, the federal courts have adopted varying approaches wben applying the categorical approach in considering past crimes. One contested category of qualifying offenses involves inchoate crimes and secondary liability in a situation wherein a defendant took steps toward (by, e.g., aiding attempting, or conspiring) an otherwise qualifying felony. No legal scholar has yet written about tbe Taylor secondary and inchoate liability landmine in the context of recidivist regimes. This Article undertakes that analysis to consider how secondary and inchoate liability change the meaning of crimes that directly impact who will be convicted and sentenced under federal recidivism statutes and sentencing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent utilizers of the criminal justice system heavily strain local resources due to their ongoing interactions with criminal justice agencies and their disproportionate need for social and behavioral health services. We first identify and compare frequent utilizers 'demographic and legal characteristics to first-time and repeat offenders by analyzing two years of prosecution data from three counties in a large Florida jurisdiction. Ordinal regression is then employed to evaluate the impact of first-time offenders, repeat offenders, and frequent utilizers on filed charge severity and the harshness of punitive sanction. Results reveal that frequent utilizers are more likely to be involved in property and drug offenses than personal offenses. They also have an enhanced proclivity to be represented by public defenders or assigned counsel, be held pretrial, and receive custodial sentences. However, contrary to previous research, our findings show that frequent utilizers exhibit a more serious pattern of offending than first-time or repeat offenders. These findings suggest the need for rigorous state monitoring of frequent utilizers in the community while still underscoring the importance and effectiveness of various rehabilitative and prevention strategies beyond the criminal justice system's purview to address the complexities of frequent utilizers' needs. • Frequent utilizers are in the top 95th percentile in arrest frequency within age cohorts. • They face more severe charges than first-time and repeat offenders. • Frequent utilizers are often involved in property and drug offenses. • They have higher rates of pretrial detention and less legal representation. • Frequent utilizers receive harsher sanctions, including custodial sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bach suggests that, in following this course of action, the judiciary, among other reasons, both acted out of humanity toward repeat offenders and was unwilling to alienate working-class communities. Combating London's Criminal Class: A State Divided, 1869-95, by Matthew Bach; pp. x + 191. The remainder of Bach's study analyzes the effectiveness of this legislation in London up to 1895, focusing on three of its core elements: the creation and use of the Habitual Criminals Register, police supervision of license holders and repeat offenders, and the imposition of tougher sentences on repeat offenders. [Extracted from the article]

Bourdieusian criminology has produced useful concepts such as the street-criminal field, capital and habitus. In employing these concepts, this article demonstrates the importance of the criminal role model-image, such as the respected career criminal, as an ego-ideal among lower class youths who identify with these role models, acquiring bodily and mental criminal dispositions using the results of ethnographic research conducted in a run-down district in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Focusing on a non-Western context with an original theoretical articulation, this article further suggests that the affective relationship between these disadvantaged lower class youths and respected older criminals lubricates the youths' formation of criminal habitus and likewise constitutes a 'strategic mutuality' flowing through certain practices in the street-criminal fields. The original finding lies in revealing a strategic affinity transmitting knowledge of criminal techniques and skills across generations, and further making crime as work a reliable source of income for disadvantaged youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggression and violent behavior are widespread in the world and cause serious threats to public safety. Violent criminal recidivism rates remain very high among certain groups of offenders. In India, the quantum of total violent crimes is continuously increasing from 2009 to 2019. Adverse childhood experiences can affect the development of a child in many ways, leading to highly maladaptive behaviors, such as serious, violent, and chronic (SVC) delinquency. This study was done as a case–control method among recidivist violent offenders and controls to examine the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on violent criminality. The questionnaire included the World Health Organization Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE- IQ) and standardized measures of Health Risk Behaviors (HRBs). Thirteen categories of adverse childhood experiences of the recidivist violent offenders and controls were measured. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relation (p < 0.001) between ACEs and violent criminality in cases (M = 72.14, SD = 6.80, N = 35) and controls (M = 44.91, SD = 5.39, N = 32). The largest correlation was found between collective violence and household violence (r = 0.813). Bivariate correlation analyses were highly significant between total ACE score and criminality (r (35) = 0.927, p < 0.001). The results reveal that household violence, community violence and collective violence experienced by recidivist violent offenders were nearly double the rate of the control group. Findings emphasize the need for evaluations of ACEs in recidivist offenders for better rehabilitation strategies and also the necessity for preventive efforts at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal and qualitative studies have highlighted that courtroom actors consider multiple aspects of criminal records. However, most quantitative studies on sentencing only included the number of prior convictions or arrests, with little attention to the seriousness trends of those priors. Taking stock from studies on criminal careers, we used group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) to identify patterns of escalation and de-escalation among a defendant sample in New York State (n = 56,017), and then examined the role of trajectory groups in four decision points: dismissal, charge reduction, incarceration, and incarceration length. We found that escalation, de-escalation, and a higher stable level of crime seriousness were associated with less favorable outcomes at multiple decision points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Desistance: How does the exit from criminal life occur?" deals with the concept of "desistance" in criminology. Six factors are identified that are considered significant for a serious and sustainable motivation for change. The study focuses on the topic of "desistance" and examines how professionals in the criminal justice system can recognize whether prisoners genuinely want to exit from criminality and are capable of doing so. The article deals with the desistance process of prisoners and the factors that can lead to a successful exit from criminality. It emphasizes that a good relationship between the professional and the client, as well as prosocial changes in the behavior and attitudes of the prisoner, are important factors for a successful exit. [Extracted from the article]

This article argues that guns, as objects used in and for crime, have received insufficient criminological attention. It proposes a socio-material perspective for taking crime guns seriously as material agents in the ways many serious crimes are planned and executed. Drawing in part upon affordance theory, the perspective links the 'objective' physical properties of guns to their allure and take up for the purposes of carrying out crime. Guns are powerful organising objects in the commission of crime, it is argued, capable of provoking as well as enabling a range of threatening and harmful activities. The perspective is developed drawing upon interview data from a large qualitative study of convicted gun criminals. These data enable the notion of materiality to be considered at different stages of criminal career, particularly prior to first criminal gun use through to enforced or voluntary desistance. The article concludes with a consideration of policy options suggested by the socio-material perspective. In a post-Covid 19 world in which guns have gained greater salience in many countries, it is argued that the need to 'dematerialise' gun attraction and use has never been greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]