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Objective: B-HOLISTIC was a real-world retrospective study of treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in regions outside Europe and North America. This subgroup analysis reports findings from Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, and South Africa. Materials and Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years and diagnosed with stage IIB-IV classical HL receiving frontline chemotherapy (frontline cHL) and/or with relapsed/refractory HL (RRHL) from January 2010 to December 2013 were assessed. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with RRHL. Results: Overall, 694 patients (RRHL: n=178; frontline cHL: n=653) were enrolled. Among patients with RRHL, >80% received first salvage chemotherapy. The most common first salvage regimens were etoposide, methylprednisolone, cytarabine, and cisplatin in Saudi Arabia (78.3%) and dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin in Türkiye (36.1%) and South Africa (40%). Median PFS (95% confidence interval [CI]) in the RRHL group was 5.1 (3.0-15.9), 19.7 (7.5-not reached), and 5.2 (1.1-10.1) months in Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, and South Africa, respectively. The 5-year PFS and overall survival (95% CI) rates in patients with RRHL were 33.2% (21.6-45.2) and 78.2% (65.9-86.5) in Saudi Arabia, 42.5% (29.5-54.9) and 79.4% (67.2-87.5) in Türkiye, and 13.1% (4.2-27.0) and 53% (35.5-67.8) in South Africa, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that the clinical outcomes in Türkiye and Saudi Arabia were generally comparable with those of Western countries during the study period, although Saudi Arabia had lower PFS rates. Conversely, the clinical outcomes in South Africa were suboptimal, emphasizing the need for novel therapies and improved progression to stem cell transplantation. These data may serve as a control group for future studies in these countries and inform clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to examine the impact of human rights and economic growth by utilizing two measures of economic growth for developing countries and an unbalanced data spanning from 1961-2017. The hypothesis of the study asserts that improvement in human right protection score increases economic growth in an economy. Firstly I conducted panel unit root test to see if the variables are stationary. After verifying the stationarity of variables at levels (i.e., I(0)) based on panel unit root tests, empirical estimations were conducted without the fear of potential spurious regression problem. According to the estimation results, in parallel to prior expectations, positive statistically significant effect on economic growth was identified for the variables of human right protection, physical capital investment, education investment, openness whereas negative statistically significant effect on economic growth was identified for the variable of inflation in all models estimated. Estimation results indicate that countries trying to reach to higher economic growth, besides the other determinants of economic growth, must pay attention to human right protection and implement policies that prioritizing human right protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we attempt to investigate the effect of usage of pirated software on productivity by utilizing three distinct indicators of productivity for developing countries and an unbalanced panel data set containing the years between 2003 and 2017. Our hypothesis claims that increase in the use of pirated software enhance the productivity level in developing countries. Firstly, we implemented univariate analyses and the results of univariate analyses implied that the usage of pirated software and productivity are positively and significantly related in all of three models. Secondly, three control variables (i.e., education, investment, and openness) were employed in our three productivity models in order to check if the findings of univariate analyses remain valid and robust. After inclusion of the three control variables, the statistically significant positive association between the use of pirated software and productivity were observed in all models. Regarding to control variables, they take expected signs whenever they are statistically significant. Based on the estimated coefficients of PROD1 models, a 1% positive change in usage of pirated software leads to a rise in a growth in productivity by 0.1023% and 0.0623% in univariate and multivariate models, respectively while a 1% positive change in usage of pirated software leads to a rise in a growth in productivity by 0.1072% and 0.0684% in univariate and multivariate models of PROD2, respectively. Besides a 1% positive change in usage of pirated software induce to an increase in productivity level by 0.0881 and by 0.0601, respectively in PROD3 models. Secondly, three control variables, namely education, investment, and openness, were included in our three productivity models to test if the finding of univariate analyses keeps its validity. EDUC, INVEST, and OPEN variables are taken the anticipated positive influences and they are statistically significant at least at the level of 5%. More specifically, in estimation results for PROD1 model, one percent increase in EDUC, INVEST, and OPEN variables cause to a jump in productivity by 0.2309%, 0.1198%, and 0.7359%, respectively. Openness of an economy has the most explanatory power among all independent variables. In addition to PROD1 model, in estimation results for PROD2 model, one percent increase in EDUC, INVEST, and OPEN variables cause to a jump in productivity by 0.2482%, 0.0893%, and 0.7211%, respectively. Besides a 1% positive change in EDUC, INVEST, and OPEN variables induce to an increase in productivity level by 0.3345%, 0.0341%, and 0.2238%, respectively in PROD3 models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve current account deficit, exchange rate policy has been frequently used by policymakers. Therefore, the effect of exchange rate on exports has been well-studied in literature. This paper aims to estimate real exchange rate elasticities of export outcomes (unit value, quantity, and value) using six-digit HS product level data for Turkey and selected countries. Our results show that price elasticity of exports is low, but quantity elasticity is high in most selected countries. This indicates that the exchange rate is affected by export amount. On the other hand, these results vary among different sub-sectors and destination country groups. These findings imply that exchange rate policy should be cautiously designed to avoid unexpected consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistics performance indicators are important in determining the market development levels of countries. Especially the logistics markets of developing countries play an active role in increasing the country's economy and trade volumes. In this research, it is aimed to cluster the developing countries according to their level of logistics market development in 2022. For this reason, fuzzy clustering and discriminant analyzes have been applied in the research. The sample area of the study consists of 50 developing countries. The data of the research have been taken from "The Agility Emerging Markets Logistics Index" reports. The research has been carried out in two phases. In the first phase, developing countries are classified by fuzzy cluster analysis. According to the analysis findings, 2 clusters have been obtained as high and low logistics market development cluster. In the second phase, discriminant analysis has been conducted to test the cluster membership of clustered countries. According to the discriminant analysis findings, all cluster memberships have been confirmed. As a result of the research, the cluster membership status of the developing countries and cluster centers according to the variables have been determined and the obtained implications have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes cash-cash flow sensitivity by comparing financially constrained and unconstrained firms in eight markets. 486 manufacturing firms are examined between 2005 and 2018 using the Generalized Method of Moments. These firms are categorized based on size, age, and Size-Age, Sales-Age, and Kaplan and Zingales indices. We find that both constrained and unconstrained firms evince positive cash-cash flow sensitivity. Although unconstrained firms obtain external financing easily, they prefer to first use internally generated funds in accordance with the pecking order theory. The results also reveal that cash-cash flow sensitivity cannot be used to test financial constraints in emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has aimed to open a discussion on the mutual interactions between creative industries and the higher education ecosystem. It should be noted that while creative industries are seen as the new welfare and employment source of countries within the dynamics of cognitive capitalism conditions, it poses an important question to the higher education ecosystem, exactly how intellectual capital is needed in the transformation of knowledge societies can be developed. Nevertheless, these industries' have not gained prominence in the higher education ecosystem, but for their economic functions, at least, in the case of Turkey's higher education. However, the fact that not having found a place with a holistic and consistent higher education ecosystem as the creative industries, at least in Turkey, apart from the economic functions. In this way, the study evaluates the reciprocal dialectics between creative cultural industries and the higher education ecosystem in accordance with the global experiences and noteworthy cases for the different countries. This study conducted questioning of the dialectic between the creative industries and higher education by performing a comparative education policy analysis for the first time in the literature developed a set of alternative governance proposals on the higher education ecosystem of Turkey. In this context, the present study has offered a number of alternative governance models for Turkey's creative industries education. Towards the dominant debates in the literature, this study led to a new discussion on a new set of values in the direction of the socially innovative university, instead of the entrepreneurial university model of the neo-liberal policy in the higher education ecosystem accompanied by the creative industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the effect of usage of pirated software on poverty by using six prominent poverty indicators for the samples of developing and Latin America countries. The data utilized in models is unbalanced and employ the period between 2003 and 2017. Our hypothesis asserts that increases in usage of pirated software diminish poverty in developing and Latin America countries. Firstly, univariate analyses are conducted, and the results of univariate analyses are demonstrated that there is a statistically significant opposite relationship between usage of pirated software and poverty in all six distinct poverty models. Secondly, three control variables (i.e., unemployment, health expenditure, and human capital) were included to our six poverty models to find out if the finding of univariate analyses retains its validity. The statistically significant reverse relationship between usage of pirated software and poverty remained the same after the inclusion of the three covariates. In other words, usage of pirated software maintains its negative significant effect on poverty in all models for both developing and Latin America countries samples. In consideration of the control variables, statistically significant negative coefficients were obtained for health expenditure and human capital whereas a positive coefficient was obtained for unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggressive global dissemination of the coronavirus indicated the urgency of the development of vaccines at an unprecedented rate and scale. The limited production and short supply of vaccines which were reserved mostly for the advanced economies were the greatest problems of 2021. For emerging economies, this timeline will stretch to late 2022 or early 2023. As a part of systematic immunization programs, the development, licensing, and implementation of the vaccines against the Covid-19 virus started to address health service inequalities among countries. While on one hand vaccination is regarded to be one of the most cost-effective interventions in public health during the pandemic, on the other hand, the introduction and sustainable supply of vaccines needed to be supported and ensured by decision-makers and governments. Due to the weak economic conditions of developing countries, they could not provide enough financial and health support to their citizens during this period. However, since the global GDP loss from not inoculating all countries is higher than the cost of manufacturing and distributing vaccines globally, there has been a growing demand to international cooperation to have global vaccination without omitting any countries. This paper focuses on the economic and social costs and benefits of vaccinations during the Covid-19 pandemic period in advanced, middle, and low-income countries. Accordingly, macroeconomic and social impacts of vaccination will be discussed and some policy suggestions will be put forth to get more benefits from the vaccination both for economic and health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health indicators, which are in a very close relationship with the economy, are very important for the society. It is very important to determine the factors that have an impact on health indicators and their degree of influence. In this direction, the effect of political-economic indicators on basic health indicators is investigated in the study. 42 countries in the middle-upper income group are included in the study. The data type of the variables is annual and covers the 2000-2019 periods. Autocorrelation, multiple linear connection problem, variance problem and cross-section dependencies of all models are examined. The econometric findings of the models are obtained as a result of the robust correction tests. As a result of the study, it is that the income level, political stability, accountability level and public expenditures in a country, especially an index value, have significant effects on basic health indicators. The increase in economic variables has positive effect on health indicators. However, one unit of deterioration in income distribution is seen to cause further deterioration in health indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the relationships between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness, and urbanization within the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for 11 Islamic and 11 non-Islamic Emerging Economies in the period of 1990-2018. For this purpose, the long-term relationship between variables is investigated for both country groups using MG, AMG, and CCEMG estimators. The results show that the effect of energy consumption on CO2 is significantly positive in both country-specific and panel results. In non-Islamic emerging economies, there is a significantly positive relationship between urbanization and CO2 for most country-specific and panel results, whereas the effect of urbanization on CO2 is significantly negative for most country-specific and panel results in Islamic emerging economies. The effect of trade openness on CO2 is significantly negative in most Islamic and non-Islamic emerging economies. In panel results, the effect of trade openness on CO2 is significantly negative in non-Islamic emerging economies while it is insignificantly negative in Islamic emerging economies. The country-specific results within the framework of the EKC hypothesis show that the EKC hypothesis is valid for Malaysia and Kuwait in Islamic emerging economies as well as Argentina, China, and Thailand in non-Islamic emerging economies for all models. The panel results represent that the EKC hypothesis is not valid for Islamic emerging economies in all models while valid for non-Islamic emerging economies in MG and AMG models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of outward foreign direct investment on domestic investments was investigated in developing countries. In this context, the study was analyzed with panel data analysis methods for the period 1993-2018. Stationarity of the series has been tested as a means of CADF (2007) panel unit root test. According to the panel unit root test result, the series are first-order stationary. The cointegration relationship among series was tested by Durbin-Hausman (2008) cointegration test and series has been observed to be cointegrated. Long and short run cointegration coefficients were estimated by Panel AMG (2009) method. According to the long term analysis results in developing countries, a 10% increase in outward foreign direct investment has increased the home country’s domestic investments by 1.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to examine whether International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have a moderating effect on the relationship between financial development and foreign investments, using data between 2010 and 2018 for 34 developing country economies. For this purpose, the data set was obtained from two sources. Macroeconomic data and foreign direct investments are obtained from World Bank development indicators, financial development data are obtained from International Monetary Fund balance of payments and financial development data sets. IFRS data was created by the authors of a dummy variable that is given a value of zero for economies that require and / or allow the use of IFRS, and a zero for economies that require the use of local accounting. The reason for the period until 2018 is that the financial development data are until 2018. Panel data analysis method was used in analyzing the data. The results of the analysis revealed that the financial development index consisting of the average of 9 sub-indices and the IFRS standards had a positive effect on foreign direct investments. On the other hand, when the sub-indices of financial development are examined, it is determined that there is a positive and significant relationship between 4 sub-indices; financial institution index, access to financial markets, financial institution productivity index and access to financial institutions and foreign direct investments. Likewise, except for the financial institution sub-index, in all other indices; Financial development, financial markets index, financial market depth index, financial market efficiency index, access to financial markets, financial institution depth index, financial institution efficiency index and access to financial institutions and IFRS standards have been found to have a positive effect on foreign direct investments. The moderator effect, which consists of the product of financial development and financial development sub-indices and URFS standards, was not found. In other words, it has been determined that IFRS standards do not have a moderator effect on the relationship between financial development and foreign direct investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modernization theory, which dominated academic studies from the early 1950s until the late 1970s, attributed a "special place" to the Turkish case among many other non-Western countries, with a special emphasis on the Kemalist modernization of the Early Republican Period. This paper seeks to explore the reasons for Turkey's special place and the ways Kemalist modernization is positioned vis-a-vis other non-Western countries by tracking the scholarly works by Walt Rostow, Dankwart Rustow, Daniel Lerner, Bernard Lewis and Shmuel Eisenstadt. Without ignoring the particular reflections of disciplinary perspectives they have, their analyses of the Turkish case are investigated with a focus on a number of common themes. Thus, this study does not only shed light on the historical origins of the so-called "Turkish model", it also seeks to provide a basis for future studies in making a more empirically grounded critique of modernization theory's analysis of the Turkish case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the research is to study the relationship between governance and economic development in emerging economies. We used MSCI countries as a sample due to their increasing importance. Our research is based on the World Bank data for Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) of observed countries from 2002 to 2018. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) were applied to identify the relationship between the GDP index as a dependent variable and the WGI as an independent variable and other control variables. The experimental results showed that there was no significant relationship between governance and economic development. On the basis of these findings, it is emphasized that the countries in the sample should give more importance to governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To detect factors related with loss to follow-up (LTF) in neonatal hearing screening (NHS) program of one institution in a developing country. Methods: A prospective study was planned based on the data collected in a pilot study conducted a year before in the same institution. In this pilot study, hearing screening was performed before hospital discharge for every infant (1217 newborns) in six months period. Total referral rate was 19.1% (223/1217). Loss to follow-up (LTF) was 38.1% (85/223). Telephonic interviews were done with 50 parents who had not come with their child to the second hearing test. For these telephonic interviews the questionnaire with four sections (socio-demographic information; information about pregnancy, birth, and present health condition of the child; caregiver knowledge of neonatal hearing screening, and reasons for default on follow-up) was created. Results: The mothers participated in this study were 29.1 years (±5.2 SD) of age in average. Place of residence was mostly rural (64%; n=32) with 39.4 Km (±24.8 SD) away from from the rescreen referral center. Their knowledge on neonatal hearing screening, hearing impairment incidence or treatment opportunities was at a very low level. Caregivers' perceptions that follow-up was unnecessary (50%; n=25), was most frequently given reason for follow-up default, followed by newborns bad health condition (12%; n=6) and forgetting about the follow-up visits (8%; n=6). Conclusion: The main reason for default in follow-up in our study was caregiver's poor knowledge about this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering its dire effects on different sectors, the coronavirus is far more than a health problem. The pandemic has hit the global economy starting with the developed world and now spreading into emerging economies. It is a fact that developing countries are more disadvantageous in this process since not only their health conditions and health services are not so sophisticated as their developed counterparts, but also macroeconomic conditions are not strong enough to endure such a long-lasting socio-economic crisis. Those countries are poorer and it is hard for them to allocate sources to the health sector. Comparing with emerging economies, the developed world also has been suffering from the severe effects of the pandemic. Because of long-lasting lock-down and contractions in the global economy, all developed economies revealed negative economic growth rates for the proceeding years. The purpose of this article is not only to compare the macroeconomic effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on developed and developing countries but also to assist economy authorities, health care leaders, and their organizations in anticipating and preempting problems by providing alternative health management policies rather than reacting. Macroeconomic variables data that are released by the World Bank and IMF will be applied to make the comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reveal whether financial development and regulatory efficiency have a noteworthy role in developing countries ‘relationship between foreign direct investment and export of high-tech products. Rich panel data from 70 developing countries for the period 2002-2015 are used in the analysis to examine the relevant relationship. The Generalized Moments Method (GMM) is utilized in the study, since it allows to control the endogeneity relationship between variables. Findings shows that financial development and regulatory quality level affect the contribution of FDI on exports of high-tech products in developing countries. According to results, in countries where regulatory quality and financial development level are higher, FDI may contributes positively to export of high technology products. However, it couldn’t be found any significant relationship for countries which have less regulatory quality and financial development level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National innovation capacity is defined as the innovation potential of a country, both as an economic and political asset, and is seen as the main source of sustainable economic growth and increase in welfare. Empirical analyzes are conducted to obtain information about the dynamics of national innovation capacity in the economic field. However, it is seen that most of these studies focus on developed countries. In this study, it is aimed to make empirical analysis of determinants of national innovation capacity in developing countries in comparison with developed countries. In most of the studies in the literature, the disadvantages and shortcomings of representing the national innovation capacity only with the number of patents are mentioned and alternative methods are proposed. Based on the propositions in empirical studies and method trials, the national innovation capacity index is calculated as a new output variable representing the national innovation capacity in order to fill the relevant gap in the literature and this variable is used to represent it. In the study, data for the period 1996-2016 are analyzed by panel data method in 18 developing countries and 31 developed countries. It is seen that the effect of national technological ability and infrastructure factors, which are among the determinants of national innovation capacity in developing countries, is weak. In addition, foreign technologies have been found to have a significant impact on the development of technological capabilities in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study contributes to the literature by examining the firm- and country-specific determinants of the debt maturity structures in developing countries. The sample panel data set comprises of 3981 firms from 30 countries for 8 years from 2011 to 2018. Countries are selected among developing and transition economies based on data availability. A multilevel modelling methodology is employed in order to decompose the determinants of debt maturity. Variance components analysis revealed that country-level and firm-level are the causes of 15% and 50% of the total variability in debt maturity structures, respectively. Asset maturity, firm quality, firm size, leverage and growth opportunity are detected as firm-specific determinants of debt maturity. Besides, it is found that bank concentration and stock market development are also effective on the debt maturity structures of firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of financial systems on the capital structures of firms operating in developing countries during the 2008 global financial crisis. Traditionally, financial systems are classified according to their orientation as bank-oriented and market-oriented. The bank-oriented financial systems are characterized with an efficient banking sector and a relatively less-developed stock market. On the other hand, stock market is much more effective than the banking sector in a market-oriented system. It is reasonable to expect that the financial system orientation of a country is an important macroeconomic determinant of the external financing mix choices of firms operating in this country. Since both banking sectors and stock markets are affected from the 2008 global financial crisis, the effect of financial system orientation of a country on the capital structure may show interesting patterns during the crisis period. Our findings indicate that leverage ratios are higher for firms operating in countries with market oriented and developed financial systems during the 2008 global financial crisis. Besides, it is found out that there is an indirect effect of financial system development level on capital structure through the firm-specific factors. Generally accepted determinants of capital structure are effective only in countries with a relatively developed financial system while they are not helpful to explain capital structure decisions of firms in financially undeveloped countries during the 2008 global financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the response of credit default swap (CDS) spreads to the credit rating announcements is explored in the context of some emerging countries including Turkey, China, South Africa, Brazil and Russia. By applying an event study analysis and using data for credit rating announcements of Moody's, Fitch and S&P and daily 5-year CDS spreads for the period June 01, 2009, to May 31, 2018, it is found that positive credit rating events significantly decrease CDS spreads, whereas it is vice versa for negative credit rating events. While negative events have been anticipated by CDS markets, it is not the case for positive events. Moreover, after negative credit rating announcements, CDS spreads start to decrease significantly. H owever, it is not found a ny significant change in CDS spreads following the positive events. In general, it is concluded that credit rating events convey valuable information to CDS markets especially around the announcement date, and it is identified that both negative and positive credit rating events are important determinants of CDS spreads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial production is denoted as an engine for growth by Kaldor (1966). According to Kaldor, the main indicator of economic growth is industrialization. Thus, industrial production is defined as an engine of growth (KEG-Kaldorian Engine of Growth). There should be a shift from agricultural production to industrial production for economic growth in the Kaldorian growth model. In this paper, the Kaldorian growth model is examined for 118 developing countries between 1990 and 2016 by using impulse-response analysis, causality analysis, and variance decomposition analysis which are based on Panel VAR analysis. The obtained findings show that industrial production has a significant effect on economic growth, however, this effect is not persistent in the long run according to the impulse-response analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast growing urban population brings some opportunities while it can also causes significant health costs, especially in developing countries. This study aims to investigate the possible impact of urbanization on health expenditures in 89 developing countries during the period 2006-2015 by using both static and dynamic panel data techniques. Fixed Effects (FE) estimator results showed that the health expenditures per capita has a positive relationship with income per capita, the share of government expenditures, out -of-pocket payments per capita, the share of population ages 65 and above. Furthermore, FE findings revealed that the increased urbanization also induces the healthcare expenditures in developing countries. In addition, dynamic panel estimation method is also applied in the empirical a nalysis to avoid the possible endogeneity problem and to consider the dynamic properties. Thus, Generalised Methods of Moments (GMM) findings showed that the urbanization leads healthcare expenditures in developing countries. Thereby, GMM results are coherence with the FE findings. Consequently, the empirical results indicate the importance of urbanization as a determinant of healthcare expenditures. Therefore, developing countries' policy makers should re-consider their urban development policies to prevent from the negative externalities of rapid urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of international sanctions imposed by the United States (US) and multinational institutions (European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN)) on the external debts of less developed or/and developing countries are empirically assessed. Our sample includes 44 countries experienced international sanctions over the period 1976-2014. According to the results, the sanctions significantly increase the external debt of the target country. Moreover, if the targeted countries increase government expenditures against these sanctions, it is seen that the tendency of these sanctions to increase external debt is lower in sanctioned periods. Adding to these, the effect of the type of regime in targeted countries on external debt varies according to the state of government expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries are the ones with high economical potential and provide high income opportunities to the investors. Beside the fact that these countries have a high growth rates they also include high risks. In order to prevent risks some protection measures could be taken. In this perspective, gold is commonly accepted as a safe haven. Aim of this study is to show whether gold is safe for investors in the risky markets. For this purpose interactions between developing market indexes and the gold market have been analyzed. In the study, Turkey, China, Brazil, Russia and India are selected and market index data of these are examined. In addition international gold price series are included into the data set for an indicator of gold market. This study covers the period of 01.01.2010-01.10.2018 and DCC methodology which deals with time dependent correlations is implemented. According to the results the correlations between gold market and other markets are time varying and volatile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the corporate quality concept has been further heightened by the lack of public and private sector corporate governance policies among the important causes of international crises and corporate scandals. In the related literature it is stated that institutional quality is an integral part of the performance of the stock market in a country. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of institutional quality on stock market performance, taking into account the economic development levels of countries. For this purpose, data from 26 developed countries and 34 emerging countries for 2002-2015 periods were analyzed by dynamic panel data analysis method. According to empirical analysis result; it can be said that the institutional quality plays an important role in the improvement of the stock market performance of the countries. Findings show that institutional quality and organizational quality components have more influence on stock market performance in developing countries in general. Findings of this study show that policy makers need to pursue a policy agenda to improve the quality of the official institutions and the labor market, especially for developing countries, along with innovation and investments for the development of the financial market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster management has been a subject of interest to libraries and librarians, because of its implications for disaster preparedness and control. This paper is a review of literature on disasters experienced by libraries in some developing nations, with a view to discovering workable solutions that would help to either prevent or manage future occurrences. It examined library disasters in Egypt, Philippines, Nepal, Jamaica, Nigeria and Malawi among others. The paper observed that the initial response of the affected libraries to these disasters was poor. It therefore advocated for the need for disaster plan and preparedness among libraries and librarians in developing countries. It further suggested the following as the way forward - conduct of risk assessment, formulation of disaster plan and policies, mitigation, quick response to disaster and workable recovery plan among others. As a result of this research, it was concluded that disasters would be prevented and better managed in libraries if these precautions and recommendations are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to empirically analyze the effect of corruption and country risk on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The study was carried out using the data of 49 developing countries for the 2002-2015 period. Relationships between the variables were investigated by static and dynamic panel data methods. This empirical analysis revealed the following general findings: i) a decline in corruption and country risk positively affects FDI inflows; ii) financial risk, which is a component of country risk, has no significant effect on FDI inflows, whereas a fall in the level of economic and political risk accelerates FDI inflows; iii) FDI inflows are most sensitive to economic risk. Based on these results, it can be said that developing countries can attract more FDI by creating a quality institutional structure, effectively fighting corruption, and creating sound macroeconomic policies that improve the investment climate and reduce cost, uncertainty, and risk perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, in many countries resources such as petroleum, coal and natural gas, which are defined as primary energy sources in the industry, are being used extensively. The use of these resources increases the amount of carbon emissions, which are extremely negative environmental impacts. In this context, what is the effect of energy consumption and carbon emissions on economic growth is a major problem. In this study, the relationship between energy consumption and carbon emissions with economic growth of developed and developing 81 countries is examined. That is to say, in the survey, it has been tried to determine in what direction and size the consumption amount of sources used in the electricity energy and carbon emissions emitted to the environment by energy consumption in selected countries. In the scope of the study, 81 countries were analyzed with panel data analysis period of 1995-2013. According to the results of the research, energy consumption in research countries has a negative and significant effect on economic growth. Accordingly, the increase in energy consumption has had a positive impact on economic growth by reducing consumption costs. The effect of carbon emissions on economic growth is significant and positive. According to the research, the increase in the use of primary energy resources in the industry due to the economic development in the research countries has increased the carbon emissions and hence the economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship among foreign direct investments, export and economic growth, and to provide evidence from 44 selected developing countries. Firstly, the data sets consisting of annual data in the period of 2000-2014 were subjected to LLC, IPS and Hadri panel unit root tests and it was concluded that the series did not have unit roots in their level values. The causality relationship among the series was determined using the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Causality Test method. According to the results obtained, it may be argued that there is a two-way relationship of causality among the variables foreign direct investments, export and economic growth in the developing countries in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study is to investigate relationship between risk and return in emerging markets in the context of 2008 global financial crisis. Daily data obtained from Datastream database from June 03, 2004 to June 03, 2014 for twelve emerging markets which are selected from Morgan Stanley Capital International - Emerging Market Index is used for GARCH-M model estimations. The data is divided into three different subperiods to detect the impact of mortgage crisis on equity markets. GARCH-M model documents the insignificant relationship between risk and return. Consequently risk premium do not depend on time in emerging market and investors who are taking risk in emerging market does not appear to be rewarded with higher expected returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a trend of ever expanding cases of trade liberalisation worldwide. The main question for academics is "why is there such a world-wide support for trade liberalisation?". This paper will take on this research question. Current literature seem tofocus on the differentiation of internal and external reasons. However, it will be argued in this paper that these factors may not work in the same way for every country. Instead, it will be suggested that there might be a significant difference between developed and developing countries. Hence, the paper will aim at contributing the academic discussion by providing a theoretical analysis of how these reasons differ for the developed and the developing. Hence, offering an alternative perspective for future discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it will be explained, because of globalization of trade, the line between trade and competition policies happened very important depending on necessarly of global competition policy and developing countries. In the era of competition policy against between cartels, mergers and abuse of market power but this rules will be ineffective in the absence of global competition policy. The developments like anti-competetive beheviours of firms increased in the process of trade globalisation. Because of free trade conditions, many global anticompetetive practices like global cartels and global mergers with international spillovers ocur. Trade related international competition issues are getting important. In this context, developing countries have much bigger problems. A developing country would have more difficulties in pushing a developed country to cooperate in a cartel investigation against a cartelist firm its own country origin. Consequently, global competition policy will be solution to those competition problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has direct and indirect effects on the current account balance (CAB). While some of these effects are positive, some of it is caused by the current account deficits in the balance. Thus, the net effect on the current account of foreign direct investments is uncertain. Studies examining the effects on the current account balance of foreign direct investments coincide especially the post-1990 period with the speed of globalization. This study examines causal relationships between FDI and current account in the developing countries. In the tests taking into 30 Developing Countries with mid-upper income for the period 1990-2011 caught a two-way causal relationship. These results indicate that FDI inflows in the developing countries lead to deficits these countries' current account. Such a result means increase the transfer of profits and the current account deficits stimulating the country's imports directly and indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to debadeted general ideas on poverty and to determine the relationship between poverty and globalization. The reason of poverty in the globalization process are examined. This paper comperatively looks at poverty elimination stratejies in different contriyes to the extand that they would from examples for Turkey. In this contex what have done and what can be do to struggle poverty is analayzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the Information and Communication Technologies on economic growth has been estimated for 30 developing countries including Turkey and 23 developed countries. By using yearly data, the fixed effect and random effect panel data methods are used to analyze this effect for the time period 1995-2008. We found that information and communication technologies have positive impacts on the economic growth both in developing and developed countries. The effect is higher for the developed countries. The effect of the aforementioned technologies on economic growth, depending on the proxy variable, is between %0.04 and %0.38 in the developed countries and between %0.03 and %0.09 in the developing countries. Those results support the theoretical assumption that information and communication technologies are one of the strategic factors for the economic development and high rate sustainable economic growth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: A significant increase has been noted in the number of infants admitted to our hospital due to neurologic findings and diagnosed as vitamin B12 deficiency within the first 6 months of life. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the presence of maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 deficiency in infants born in our hospital. Material and Method: The study population consisted of 250 women giving birth in our hospital and term newborns completing 48 hours after birth. Serum vitamin B12 levels were measured in mothers and vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels were measured in their newborns. The differential diagnosis between vitamin B12 deficiency and impaired cobalamin synthesis was made in infants with hyperhomocysteinemia. The diagnostic threshold for vitamin B12 deficiency was 300 pg/mL in mothers and 200 pg/mL in newborns. Results: Vitamin B12 deficiency was found in 81.6% of the mothers and 42% of the infants. The mean homocysteine level in infants with vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly higher compared to those with normal vitamin B12 levels. Impaired cobalamin synthesis was not observed in any cases. Conclusions: Inadequate consumption of animal proteins during pregnancy due to low socioeconomic status appears to be a significant risk factor for vitamin B12 deficiency both in the mother and the infant. The present study draws attention to the need for parenteral vitamin B12 replacement during pregnancy in developing countries, such as Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in developing countries are in rise. CVD burden is devastating because of onset of illnesses at younger ages, and an increase in incidence of preventable complications. The excess in consumption of health services due to mortality and morbidity associated with CVD constitutes burden on the health care systems. Jordan like other developing countries is substantially affected by CVD. Therefore, this review aims to examine the role of nurses in promoting CVD assessment, prevention and management in Jordan. Prevention at primary level is cost effective and is lifesaver. Modifiable risk factors for CVD are well known. Health promotion programs and campaigns raise public awareness of ways to adopt healthy lifestyles. Identification of high risk groups and adopting health policies to ensure implementation of screening programs helps in initiating treatments at early stage to ensure high prognosis. Even with presence of the disease, there is much that can be done. Complication can be prevented by effective management of the disease. Prevention of CVDs is multifactorial and is the responsibility of all health care providers including nurses and physicians. Nursing curricula in Jordan lack the adequate training of nurses in chronic disease prevention, in particular CVD. There is an urgent need for development and training and certification programs that are customized to prepare nurses for subspecialties such as CVD nursing, to enable nurses to meet the needs of persons with CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İkinci dünya savaşından sonra mal ticaretinin serbestleşme sürecini sermaye akımlarının serbestleşmesi takip etmiştir. Özellikle ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmanın finansmanında iç kaynak yetersizliği yaşayan gelişmekte olan ülkeler, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları aracılığıyla bu sorunu aşmaya çalışmaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelere yönelik doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, başta ekonomik olmak üzere sosyo-kültürel ve politik birçok faktör tarafından belirlenmektedir. Politik faktörler içerisinde ise yatırım yapılmak istenen ülkedeki hükümet istikrarı, hem yatırımların niteliğini hem de niceliğini etkileyen önemli bir faktör olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ile hükümet istikrarı arasındaki ilişkiyi test etmek amacıyla 73 gelişmekte olan ülkenin 1994-2006 yılları arasındaki verileri kullanılarak panel eşbütünleşme analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analize göre doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ile hükümet istikrarı arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to review advanced stage (stage 3 or above) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) cases reported from Turkey since 2000, together with cases followed in our unit, and try to obtain an idea regarding the frequency of advanced ROP. Turkish and English literature was searched for ROP reports from Turkey, and of 21 articles identified, 15 provided precise information regarding advanced cases. Cases referred for ROP surgery to our unit and cases requiring ROP surgery while being followed in our unit were also included. Combined with the cases in our unit, the frequency of advanced stage ROP was calculated as 9.3% in the population at risk. Fifty-three cases were referred to our unit for ROP surgery over the last five-year period, 13 of whom had retinal detachment. Considering the number of very low birth weight infants born annually in Turkey and the rate of survival each year according to the Turkish Neonatal Society Bulletin, there will be over 1500 cases of advanced ROP in Turkey. This finding makes it essential for neonatologists to pay more attention to the prevention and management of ROP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the two decades preceding the year 2000, IMF-directed economic programs and policies increased the vulnerability of the economies of developing countries, and these programs were heavily criticized. All of these criticisms pointed out the need to restructure the Fund to make it more transparent, more unbiased, and more communicative. However, the current global economic crisis has resulted in the resurrection of the IMF in developing-country economies. Iceland, Hungary and the Ukraine applied to the Fund for Stand-By Arrangements, with conditionality clauses, supported by loans. However, they should keep in mind that it is generally accepted that IMF-supported programs have anti-growth effects; that irrespective of the country's circumstances, the Fund proposes identical remedies; and that the imposition of austerity measures negatively affects the lower-income segments of society. IMF officials frequently ignore the views of the officials of the debtor countries and the Fund's policies create moral hazard problems through the bailing out of international investors. Moreover, enforcing structural reforms without preparing the essential infrastructure and taking the necessary precautions negatively affects the economies of developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların (DYY) ev sahibi ülkelerin ekonomik büyümelerine etkisi bugüne kadar tartışılagelmiş bir konudur Literatürde bu konuda ortak bir görüş yoktur ancak çalışmaların bir çoğu pozitif etkisinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşımıştır. Bu çalışma gelişmekte olan ülkelerde doğrudan yabancı yatırımların economic büyümeye etkilerini104 ülke için yapılan panel veri analizi ile test etmektedir. 1993-2004 dönemi için yapılan uygulamaya göre doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ekonomik büyümeye olumlu etkisi söz konusudur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]