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We consider the equivalence problem for first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and recover the well-known result that any two first-order ODEs are equivalent under a point transformation by Cartan’s equivalence method. Curvature properties of some first-order and second-order ODEs motivate us to define the equivalence problem for such equations as the metric equivalence problem which defines the {e}-structure on the corresponding manifolds. Accordingly, we show that there are first-order ODEs and linear second-order ODEs which may not be equivalent under a class of fiber-preserving diffeomorphisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis research is the first to examine the consequences of international migration for housing tenure through comparisons between the ‘settler’ migrants who originated from Turkey and are now living in multiple European destinations and their ‘stayer’ and ‘returnee’ counterparts based in Turkey. The data is drawn from personal interviews performed as part of the pioneering 2000 Families Survey with 5980 individuals nested within 1770 families. The settlers differ considerably from their stayer and returnee counterparts in that they turn more towards tenancy than homeownership in their current country of residence in Europe. Strikingly, the results reveal that the least integrated reside in countries governed by liberal expansion regime (esp. Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands), promoting policy measures to ease transition of lower social classes into homeownership. The results also demonstrate an increased tendency for homeownership amongst the children of asset-rich parents across both Turkey and Europe, independently of migration status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compound 2,2-diphenyl-1,3-propanediol (22D13P) was very useful in the development of anti-breast cancer. The FT-IR, 13C and 1H-NMR spectra of 22D13P molecule were recorded theoretically as well as compared with experimental results. The fundamental vibrational modes were assigned based on potential energy distribution (PED)% analysis. The stabilization energy and charge distributions of 22D13P molecule were obtained through natural bond orbital analysis. In addition, the electronic properties of 22D13P molecule were analyzed via the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The drug-likeness properties of 22D13P molecule were also studied. Furthermore, molecular docking was used to examine the interactions between the 22D13P molecule and 6I65 receptor from estrogen-related receptor family. The molecular dynamics simulation analysis showed that 22D13P molecule can be a potential inhibitor for breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by different species of the leishmania parasite, transmitted through the sandfly, within the group of protozoa. According to the World Health Organization, leishmaniasis is one of the most encountered seven tropical diseases. Trypanothione reductase is a vital enzyme for the parasite. This has made Trypanothione reductase a potential target in the treatment of leishmaniasis. The limitations of current therapeutic options and the high cost have increased the motivation for research on the inhibition of Trypanothione reductase. In this study, the structural and electronic properties of the newly synthesized compound methyl 2-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-ylamino) benzoate were calculated using DFT/B3LYP and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The calculated structural parameters were found to be highly compatible when compared with experimental studies. The crystal packing of the compound was examined through the Hirshfeld surface analysis method. When the potential of the compound to be used as a drug was evaluated using Lipinski criteria, no hindrance to its use in living organisms was found. As the crystal structure of the enzyme was unknown, homology modeling was performed. Finally, in the molecular docking study, the interaction mechanisms of the compound mentioned in the title and the compound clomipramine used as a control in the receptor's active site were examined. The results revealed that the compound mentioned in the title demonstrated a better potential compared to the control compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation involved the treatment of natural clinoptilolite with varying concentrations of NaOH solutions followed by calcination. The samples' composition and structure were characterized and their performance was investigated in the context of hydrogen (H 2) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) adsorption. While a decreasing SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio was observed in the NaOH-treated samples, the morphological structure obtained from SEM images and the increase in surface area according to BET results exhibited more pronounced alterations, particularly within the 0.5–1 M NaOH concentration range. The alkali treatment resulted in notable peak sharpening, with the most prominent changes observed in the (020), (100), and (101) lattice planes at the same concentration. However, there were no significant alterations in peak intensities. Although H 2 adsorption (4.0192–26.4726 cm3/g) could reach higher values, higher amounts of CO 2 adsorption (5.2308–20.2700 cm3/g) occurred as the concentration of NaOH increased. This phenomenon was attributed to structural modifications in clinoptilolites. • Alkali treated clinoptilolites are high surface area, low Si/Al content, and non-agglomerated. • NaOH concentration change effected the structural and gas adsorptions characteristics. • NaOH concentration is 0.5 M for optimum adsorption and structural properties. • The highest achievable gas adsorption was obtained for H 2 compared to CO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare coexistence of disease or pathology Background: There has been an increase in the use of inhalation methods to abuse drugs, including freebasing crack cocaine (alkaloid) and inhaling methamphetamine vapor. This report is of a 25-year-old man with a history of substance abuse presenting with pneumomediastinum due to methamphetamine vapor inhalation. Acute pneumomediastinum is an extremely rare complication of methamphetamine use. Case Report: A 25-year-old man was treated for polysubstance abuse following 9 days of methamphetamine abuse. EKG did not show any ST &T change. D-dimer was normal, at 0.4 mg/L, so we did not do further work-up for pulmonary embolism. His chest pain worsened in the Emergency Department (ED), and a physical exam demonstrated crepitation of the posterior neck, trapezius, and right scapula. A portable chest X-ray revealed subcutaneous air over the right scapular region, in addition to pneumomediastinum. The urine drug screen test was positive for methamphetamine. A chest CT was ordered, which showed a moderate-volume pneumomediastinum with soft-tissue air tracking into the lower neck and along the right chest wall. The patient underwent an esophagogram, which showed no air leak, and Boerhaave's syndrome was ruled out. His symptoms improved and he did not require any surgical intervention. Conclusions: Considering the higher rates of illicit substance use, especially methamphetamine, it is important to pay attention to the associated pathologies and to keep spontaneous pneumomediastinum on the list of differentials for patients using methamphetamine, particularly those who inhale it, which can cause pneumomediastinum, even without Boerhaave's syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions were affected by COVID-19 school closures, with parents and schools caught unprepared. Education is expected to play a role in creating equal opportunities, so transferring schooling responsibilities to families may have increased learning inequalities generated by family backgrounds. We examined the time students spent on home learning and explored the role of the schools' distance teaching provision in explaining differences traditionally attributed to parental education, eligibility for free school meals, ethnic background and single parenthood. Using the Understanding Society COVID-19 dataset, we found children who received free school meals, single-parent families and children with parents with lower formal education qualifications and Pakistani or Bangladeshi backgrounds spent significantly less time on schoolwork. However, schools' provision of offline and online distance teaching and homework checking significantly increased the time spent on learning and reduced some inequalities, demonstrating the policy relevance of digital preparedness to limit learning loss in school closures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the catalytic activity of a series of platinum(II) pre‐catalysts, bearing N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, in the alkene hydrosilylation reaction. Their structural and electronic properties are fully investigated using X‐ray diffraction analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Next, our study presents a structure‐activity relationship within this group of pre‐catalysts and gives mechanistic insights into the catalyst activation step. An exceptional catalytic performance of one of the complexes is observed, reaching a turnover number (TON) of 970 000 and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 40 417 h−1 at 1 ppm catalyst loading. Finally, an attractive solvent‐free and open‐to‐air alkene hydrosilylation protocol, featuring efficient platinum removal (reduction of residual Pt from 582 ppm to 5.8 ppm), is disclosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayer networks represent multiple types of connections between the same set of nodes. Clearly, a multilayer description of a system adds value only if the multiplex does not merely consist of independent layers. In real-world multiplexes, it is expected that the observed inter-layer overlap may result partly from spurious correlations arising from the heterogeneity of nodes, and partly from true inter-layer dependencies. It is therefore important to consider rigorous ways to disentangle these two effects. In this paper, we introduce an unbiased maximum entropy model of multiplexes with controllable intra-layer node degrees and controllable inter-layer overlap. The model can be mapped to a generalized Ising model, where the combination of node heterogeneity and inter-layer coupling leads to the possibility of local phase transitions. In particular, we find that node heterogeneity favors the splitting of critical points characterizing different pairs of nodes, leading to link-specific phase transitions that may, in turn, increase the overlap. By quantifying how the overlap can be increased by increasing either the intra-layer node heterogeneity (spurious correlation) or the strength of the inter-layer coupling (true correlation), the model allows us to disentangle the two effects. As an application, we show that the empirical overlap observed in the International Trade Multiplex genuinely requires a nonzero inter-layer coupling in its modeling, as it is not merely a spurious result of the correlation between node degrees across different layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and environmental problems, increasing global energy demand, and uncertainties in energy supply have brought the production and use of sustainable energy resources to be crucial. Hydrogen, which is an important energy carrier, is being produced and used globally within the perspective of sustainable energy and environmental technologies. Public awareness is an important step toward the spread of hydrogen energy (HE). In the literature, while public awareness studies focus on renewable energy sources, no study that examines public awareness in the field of HE in a way that addresses different perspectives has come across. This pioneering study aims to explore public awareness of HE by analyzing survey data collected from individuals via basic statistical techniques. Findings indicate that individuals' awareness of hydrogen energy mainly varies according to their knowledge level, education level, and age group. The results of the study will provide an important perspective for all stakeholders on hydrogen energy. Especially the policymakers should consider these results to constitute the frameworks of policy without compromising any perspective of public awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the structural and electronic properties of 2-(2-Bromo-5-Fluorophenyl)-7-Methoxy-3-Nitro-2H-Thiochromene were investigated theoretically using density functional theory. Molecular orbital analysis HOMO-LUMO was used to investigate the stability of the molecule. Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure of the title compound were visualized by hirshfeld surface analysis and examined. Lipinski's rule of five showed that the 2-(2-Bromo-5-Fluorophenyl)-7-Methoxy-3-Nitro-2H-Thiochromene molecule is an orally active candidate and may be suitable for new drug design. In the last part of the study, the best binding pose of 4RJ3 PDB encoded protein to the ligand (the molecule under study) was determined by molecular docking method, and the binding energy and binding mechanism were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Arboviruses are a group of viruses transmitted by arthropods, and are characterized by a wide geographic distribution that causes various infections in humans, both in the enzootic and urban cycles, in environments associated with the presence of vectors. Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), yellow fever, and West Nile virus (WNV) infections are increasingly public health problems that spread throughout the world. The best known vectors of these viruses are the invasive vectors of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The aim of this study is located in the Black Sea in northeastern Turkey located in established populations of A. aegypti and A. albopictus was to investigate the presence of viruses transmitted by mosquito species. Methods: From April to October 2016, it was studied on mosquitoes in the provinces from the western border gate to the province of Ordu and areas with entry points to the inner regions. A total of 267 mosquitoes were collected from 51 different regions of the Black Sea region. All samples were tested for the presence of Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and West Nile virus. Results: A total of 267 mosquito samples, 38 A. aegypti and 229 A. albopictus, were obtained, of which eight were male and 259 were female. No positivity was detected in terms of DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV and WNV in A. aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes included in the study. No positivity was found in panflavivirus. Conclusion: The fact that none of the investigated viruses were detected in A. aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes is an important data that vectors in this region have not yet encountered DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV and WNV. In our country, where cases of foreign travel related to these viruses are seen, there may be a possibility of autochthonous transmission in case of encountering viruses that will come from outside and existing vectors. For this reason, similar studies should be carried out in other regions and healthy and up-todate maps should be created in terms of vector and virus tracking. Thus, when the presence of these viruses entering the country is detected, it will be possible to take quick and effective measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the incidents of discrimination, harassment and violence experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) individuals in Germany, Portugal and the UK. Using a large cross-national survey and adopting an intra-categorical intersectional approach, it documents how the likelihood of experiencing discrimination, harassment and violence changes within LGBT communities across three national contexts. Moreover, it explores how individual characteristics are associated with the likelihood of experiencing such incidents. The results show that trans people are more at risk compared to cisgender gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals to experience discrimination, harassment and violence. However, other factors, such as socioeconomic resources, also affect the likelihood of individuals experiencing such incidents. The three countries in our study show some nuanced differences in likelihood levels of experiencing discrimination, harassment and violence with regard to differential categories of sexual orientation and gender identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of the study was to create an artificial intelligence (AI) system for detecting idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO) on panoramic radiographs for automatic, routine, and simple evaluations. Subject and Methods: In this study, a deep learning method was carried out with panoramic radiographs obtained from healthy patients. A total of 493 anonymized panoramic radiographs were used to develop the AI system (CranioCatch, Eskisehir, Turkey) for the detection of IOs. The panoramic radiographs were acquired from the radiology archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University. GoogLeNet Inception v2 model implemented with TensorFlow library was used for the detection of IOs. Confusion matrix was used to predict model achievements. Results: Fifty IOs were detected accurately by the AI model from the 52 test images which had 57 IOs. The sensitivity, precision, and F-measure values were 0.88, 0.83, and 0.86, respectively. Conclusion: Deep learning-based AI algorithm has the potential to detect IOs accurately on panoramic radiographs. AI systems may reduce the workload of dentists in terms of diagnostic efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning algorithms have lately been used for medical image processing, and they have showed promise in a range of applications. The purpose of this study was to develop and test computer-based diagnostic tools for evaluating masseter muscle segmentation on ultrasonography images. A total of 388 anonymous adult masseter muscle retrospective ultrasonographic images were evaluated. The masseter muscle was labeled on ultrasonography images using the polygonal type labeling method with the CranioCatch labeling program (CranioCatch, Eskişehir, Turkey). All images were re-checked and verified by Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology experts. This data set was divided into training (n = 312), verification (n = 38) and test (n = 38) sets. In the study, an artificial intelligence model was developed using PyTorch U-Net architecture, which is a deep learning approach. In our study, the artificial intelligence deep learning model known as U-net provided the detection and segmentation of all test images, and when the success rate in the estimation of the images was evaluated, the F1, sensitivity and precision results of the model were 1.0, 1.0 and 1.0, respectively. Artificial intelligence shows promise in automatic segmentation of masseter muscle on ultrasonography images. This strategy can aid surgeons, radiologists, and other medical practitioners in reducing diagnostic time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We define a contact metric structure on the manifold corresponding to a second-order ordinary differential equation d 2 y / d x 2 = f (x , y , y ′) and show that the contact metric structure is Sasakian if and only if the 1-form 1 2 (d p - f d x) defines a Poisson structure. We consider a Hamiltonian dynamical system defined by this Poisson structure and show that the Hamiltonian vector field, which is a multiple of the Reeb vector field, admits a compatible bi-Hamiltonian structure for which f can be regarded as Hamiltonian function. As a particular case, we give the compatible bi-Hamiltonian structure of the Reeb vector field such that the structure equations correspond to the Maurer–Cartan equations of an invariant coframe on the Heisenberg group and the independent variable plays the role of Hamiltonian function. We also show that the first Chern class of the normal bundle of an integral curve of a multiple of the Reeb vector field vanishes iff f x + f f p = Ψ (x) for some Ψ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing population, expanding borders, and strengthening local trends in globalization have brought cities to the forefront as significant actors. Local governments, which aim to gather residents and outsiders under a specific romantic idea, have the opportunity to shape urban planning and urban transportation in line with this purpose. Cities planned with a political, cultural, economic, functional, and social point of view can also contain an ideological narrative. This study argues that urban transportation effectively creates the identity of the national city. In Azerbaijan, where the emphasis on ethnic identity is quite substantial due to the influence of historical and political conditions, it is claimed that urban transportation is used to create a human type suitable for the ideological identity of the central government. In this context, the effect of the routes on the national identity formation process was handled through the Baku example, and bus route number 18 was examined as a sample since it is one of the most used lines of the city. As a result, it has been observed that most of the names, symbols and images, from the names of the stops to the line route, from the urban furniture around the route to the writings on the bus, are a tool for the political power to legitimize its own sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trifluoromethyl group containing pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivative is synthesized and the structure of the molecule (E3N5PC) has been verified by using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. In order to determine the theoretical characterization, spectroscopic and electronic properties of the title compound, DFT calculations employing B3LYP method with 6-311 + + G(d, p) basis set has been carried out by utilizing Gaussian 09w package program. In addition, VEDA 4xx software has been used to determine the vibrational frequencies of the title molecule with potential energy distribution percentage. Chemical selectivity and reactivity of the drug molecule, which helps to improve the stability of the molecule, are analyzed via NBO calculations. Molecular docking is to find the best fit orientation of the title molecule with the cannabinoid receptor1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we consider the Riemannian manifold defined by the product of an integral curve of a Cauchy-Riemann vector field on the Poincaré upper half-plane and its image in the tangent bundle. We show that for a Cauchy-Riemann vector field the Chern-Simons three-form identically vanishes and for the Killing vector field X = x ∂ x + y ∂ y the manifold is a space of constant negative curvature. We also show that the components of the connection 1-form θ define compatible Poisson structures iff θ ∧ d θ is s o (3) -valued. By virtue of this we obtain a bi-Hamiltonian structure of a unit geodesic vector field on the manifold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was the assessment of the success of an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm formed on a deep-convolutional neural network (D-CNN) model for the segmentation of apical lesions on dental panoramic radiographs. A total of 470 anonymized panoramic radiographs were used to progress the D-CNN AI model based on the U-Net algorithm (CranioCatch, Eskisehir, Turkey) for the segmentation of apical lesions. The radiographs were obtained from the Radiology Archive of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry of Eskisehir Osmangazi University. A U-Net implemented with PyTorch model (version 1.4.0) was used for the segmentation of apical lesions. In the test data set, the AI model segmented 63 periapical lesions on 47 panoramic radiographs. The sensitivity, precision, and F1-score for segmentation of periapical lesions at 70% IoU values were 0.92, 0.84, and 0.88, respectively. AI systems have the potential to overcome clinical problems. AI may facilitate the assessment of periapical pathology based on panoramic radiographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3 were synthesized in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using both alkaline polyol method and hydrazine reduction method while fixing the weight ratio of [(PVP)]/[Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O] at 2. The effects of hydrazine [N2H5OH]/[Ni] and [NaOH]/[Ni] molar ratios on the structural properties of the catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average of monodispersed Ni nanoparticles ranged between 8.0 and 13.0 nm. The catalytic tests were performed for the partial oxidation of methane in the temperature range of 600–800 °C under a flow rate of 157,500 L kg–1 hr–1 with CH4/O2= 2. At the molar ratio of [NaOH]/[Ni] = 2, the resultant nickel nanoparticles on alumina was established completely without impurities; thus, it demonstrated the highest catalytic activity, 88% for CH4 conversion, and H2 selectivity, 90.60%. The optimum [N2H5OH]/[Ni] ratio was determined as 4.1, which means a good catalytic performance and 89.35% selectivity to H2 for the partial oxidation of methane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research commonly compares the educational outcomes of migrants and the second generation to their native peers in destination countries, often finding the former groups lagging behind in education. Their outcomes are rarely compared to their non-migrant peers in the origin countries. Using the dissimilation from origins perspective, we ask whether Turkish-origin men and women in Europe benefit from migration by comparing their educational outcomes to non-migrants in Turkey. At the same time, we comparatively examine the intergenerational transmission of education to determine to what extent individuals capitalise on their parents and grandparents' resources. Analysing the novel 2000 Families data, we show that migrants and their descendants in Europe obtain higher levels of education than their non-migrant peers in Turkey. While both men and women experience educational benefits from migration, women's gains are higher. Another salient finding is that Turkish-origin parents in Europe are less able to pass on their socioeconomic resources to their children than their counterparts in Turkey. Overall, the findings corroborate the theory of the dissimilation of Turkish-origin Europeans from their Turkish peers in educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) human beta‐defensin‐2 (hBD‐2), an antimicrobial peptide that takes roles in inflammatory diseases, in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Subjects and Methods: A total of one hundred and one individuals, 59 controls and 42 patients with CP, participated in this study. Clinical index measurements were recorded during the periodontal examination, and radiographic evaluation was also performed. The serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken from all of the participants, and the hBD‐2 levels were determined biochemically by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: In our study, hBD‐2 GCF levels in CP (stages II‐IV periodontitis based on the new 2018 classification of periodontal diseases) group (2.77 ng/30 s) were higher than in the periodontally healthy (2.51 ng/30 s; p =.047) individuals. In contrast, serum hBD‐2 levels in CP (2.92 ng/ml) were lower compared with those in healthy controls (7.75 ng/ml, p <.001). Conclusion: Interestingly, our results showed that while higher hBD‐2 GCF levels are associated with CP, lower serum hBD‐2 levels were detected in CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the treatment for textile wastewater through sequential photo Fenton-like oxidation and adsorption processes for reuse in irrigation. The optimum conditions were investigated to reach the minimum irrigation standarts in Turkey. Assessment of the treated wastewater as an irrigation water, evaluation of the agricultural waste as an adsorbent and support material for catalyst are the main significances of this study. Walnut shell and rice husk based adsorbents and catalysts which contain 10% by weight of active site BiBO 3 (B:Fe,Ni) were prepared and used. At the optimum conditions of the photo Fenton-like oxidation; the highest total organic carbon removal, TOC, (20–30%) was achieved with the iron containing walnut shell based catalysts. Adsorption studies were carried out as a consequent step with walnut shell based activated carbon. At the end of adsorption step, approximately 86% TOC and 58% Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removals were observed. Irrigation water standards were provided for TOC, color, turbidity, total suspended solids, and pH after the adsorption step. Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models were found to best fit to the adsorption data. The adsorption rate followed second order kinetic model. As a result, the treated wastewater using photo-Fenton-like oxidation and adsorption process met the quality of irrigation standarts regarding TOC, color, turbidity and TSS. Also irrigation standarts were obtained considering sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Treated wastewater have been found to be used in cultivation of plants such as barley, cotton, sugar beet, grass, spinach, long wheat grass, date palm tree, asparagus, bermuda grass sorghum. The application of the hybrid process showed that the proposed method can be implemented effectively for the treatment of real textile wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we consider the Riemannian geometry associated with the differential equations of one dimensional simple and damped linear harmonic oscillators. We show that the sectional curvatures are completely determined by the oscillation frequency and the friction coefficient and these physical constants can be thought as obstructions for the manifold to be flat. Moreover, equations of simple and damped harmonic oscillators describe nonisomorphic solvable Lie groups with nonpositive scalar curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel ferrite nanoparticles have been synthesized by the surfactant-assisted hydrothermal route using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the NaOH solution. Temperature evolution of magnetic hysteresis loops has been investigated in detail. The magnetic characterization of spinel nanoparticles has been measured by a quantum design vibrating sample magnetometer model 6000. The origin of a cross-over feature of ferrite nanoparticles has been observed at room temperature. Microwave properties of ferrites were investigated with the use of an Anritsu MS2028C VNA Master. The present studies also demonstrate that a microwave absorber can be fabricated within a ferrite polymer nanocomposite for technological applications up to 16 GHz, with the reflection loss of more than -60 dB and -50 dB by using CTAB and EDTA, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study includes what Anti-Bias and Multicultural Education is, how it is defined in the literature, what preconditions of Anti-Bias-Programs are, from which components they are formed, what they are aiming for and which stakeholders they are benefiting from. Also, what the roles and responsibilities of people and experts in AntiDiscriminatory Programs are, what should be considered when applying these programs are explained in this study. In addition to these, the advantages and limitations of the implementation of "Anti-Bias-Programs" in kindergartens have been compiled and interpreted according to the opinions in the literature. As a common feature of the advantages created by the implementation of "Anti-Bias-Programs" in kindergartens, it is seen that the representation of cultural and individual differences in education environments is increasing and accordingly both the social and academic outputs in the education and training process are positively affected. We can say that the disadvantages created by the implementation of "Anti-Bias Programs" in kindergartens are more in the axis of content, material, duration and lack of consciousness according to the literature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, loading of optimum leather fleshings was investigated with four identical batch reactors with different fleshings and treatment sludge ratios (0:1, 0.25:1, 0.35:1, 0.50:1) to contribute to the state of art of the biogas production from tannery solid wastes. Results showed that lipids-containing leather fleshings boosted the methane production potential. However, H2S inhibition and volatile fatty acids accumulation were the main concern in the anaerobic digestion of these wastes. The modified Gompertz model was applied to the batch tests data to determine the kinetic constants of anaerobic digestion of tannery solid wastes. It was calculated with the model outputs that the ultimate methane production potential and maximum methane production rate in reactors having mixing ratio of 0.35:1 and 0.5:1 (dry basis) were highly similar. 0.35 was found to be an optimum leather fleshing and treatment sludge ratio with a 54% more methane production potential than that of control reactor in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last two decades have seen a veritable explosion in the use of gold(I) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and phosphine (PR3) ligands. Both ligand families have significantly contributed to the stability and design of a plethora of gold complexes. Design is oftentimes associated with application. Here, we wish to present an overview of the synthesis and structural properties of dinuclear gold(I) complexes reported to date with their applications across numerous research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study: Ultrasonographic examination of intraosseous jaw pathologies may reveal interesting incidental, mobile hyperechoic particles ("snowflakes") in anechoic areas. Purpose of this study is to explain and discuss this snowing-like ultrasonographic feature of intraosseous jaw pathologies. Material and methods: This study included 113 patients admitted to our clinic for examination: 43 (38.05%) males and 70 (61.9%) females with a mean age of 34.9 ± 17.2 years (range: 6-72 years). A total of 120 intraosseous lesions were evaluated prior to surgery using ultrasonography; these included non-neoplastic, odontogenic, and non-odontogenic lesions. Results: In total, 5 (4.1%) of the 120 lesions exhibited snowing-like feature on ultrasonography, including 2 (1.6% of total) of 3 incisive canal cysts, 2 (1.6% of total) of 7 dentigerous cysts, and 1 (0.8% of total) of 19 odontogenic keratocysts. Conclusions: Snowflakes evident on ultrasonography of intraosseous jaw lesions may be specific to certain pathologies. Future studies correlating radiologic and pathologic features of intraosseous jaw lesions should focus on ultrasonographic snowing-like appearance in different types of lesions and explore why they occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: As social networks are getting more and more popular day by day, large numbers of users becoming constantly active social network users. In this way, there is a huge amount of data produced by users in social networks. While social networking sites and dynamic applications of these sites are actively used by people, social network analysis is also receiving an increasing interest. Moreover, semantic understanding of text, image, and video shared in a social network has been a significant topic in the network analysis research. To the best of the author's knowledge, there has not been any comprehensive survey of social networks, including semantic analysis. In this survey, we have reviewed over 200 contributions in the field, most of which appeared in recent years. This paper not only aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the research and application of social network analysis based on semantic analysis but also summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art techniques for analyzing social media data. First of all, in this paper, social networks, basic concepts, and components related to social network analysis were examined. Second, semantic analysis methods for text, image, and video in social networks are explained, and various studies about these topics are examined in the literature. Then, the emerging approaches in social network analysis research, especially in semantic social network analysis, are discussed. Finally, the trending topics and applications for future directions of the research are emphasized; the information on what kind of studies may be realized in this area is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a monitoring technique based on the wireless sensor network is investigated. The sensor nodes used for monitoring are developed in a simulation environment. Accordingly, the structure and workflow of wireless sensor network nodes are designed. Time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol has been chosen as the medium access technique to ensure that the designed technique operates in an energy-efficient manner and packet collisions are not experienced. Fading channels, i.e., no interference, Ricean and Rayleigh, are taken into consideration. Energy consumption is decreased with the help of ad-hoc communication of sensor nodes. Throughput performance for different wireless fading channels and energy consumption are evaluated. The simulation results show that the sensor network can quickly collect medium information and transmit data to the processing center in real time. Besides, the proposed technique suggests the usefulness of wireless sensor networks in the terrestrial areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid laboratory diagnosis in acute viral infections in the central nervous system (CNS) is important for the direction of treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate viral agents detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples sent to the national virology reference laboratory for the diagnosis of acute CNS viral infection in the 0 to 18 age group. The results of 5,255 CSF samples submitted to the laboratory between January 1, 2009, and February 14, 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. Test results of CSF samples tested with the multiplex real-time PCR panel (Fast Track Diagnostics/Viral Meningitis commercial kit, Luxembourg) kit were evaluated. PCR positivity was detected in 216 (4.11%) of the 5,255 CSF samples tested. The most common agents were enteroviruses 92 (42.6%) and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) 87 (40.2%) while varicella-zoster virus (VZV) 24 (11.1%), mumps virus 10 (4.62%), parechovirus 2 (0.92%), and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) 1 (0.46%) were less often identified. Considering the possibility that a wide variety of microorganisms may be agents of CNS infections, the performing of routine laboratory tests with multiple, fast, and reliable nucleic acid tests such as multiplex PCR provides a practical and effective approach. In addition to the identification of agents, retrospective studies of the incidence of agents will shed light on the clinical approaches in terms of the agents to be considered in the preliminary diagnosis. We consider that our results are valuable in terms of the high number of samples examined by the national virology reference laboratory over a 9-year period, and will contribute to clinicians' understanding of the epidemiology of meningitis in our country, and assist in identifying when and how to investigate patients for possible meningitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To verify the diagnostic performance of an artificial intelligence system based on the deep convolutional neural network method to detect periapical pathosis on cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methodology: images of 153 periapical lesions obtained from 109 patients were included. The specific area of the jaw and teeth associated with the periapical lesions were then determined by a human observer. Lesion volumes were calculated using the manual segmentation methods using Fujifilm‐Synapse 3D software (Fujifilm Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan). The neural network was then used to determine (i) whether the lesion could be detected; (ii) if the lesion was detected, where it was localized (maxilla, mandible or specific tooth); and (iii) lesion volume. Manual segmentation and artificial intelligence (AI) (Diagnocat Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) methods were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: The deep convolutional neural network system was successful in detecting teeth and numbering specific teeth. Only one tooth was incorrectly identified. The AI system was able to detect 142 of a total of 153 periapical lesions. The reliability of correctly detecting a periapical lesion was 92.8%. The deep convolutional neural network volumetric measurements of the lesions were similar to those with manual segmentation. There was no significant difference between the two measurement methods (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Volume measurements performed by humans and by AI systems were comparable to each other. AI systems based on deep learning methods can be useful for detecting periapical pathosis on CBCT images for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, there is growing public concern about the increasing difficulties that young people face in obtaining secure, affordable, high‐quality, and well‐located housing. Much of the analysis and discussion focuses on the ways in which intergenerational housing inequalities have deepened over time as young adults' fortunes have deteriorated, most obviously through declining access to homeownership. In this review, we showcase how researchers are harnessing life course theories and rich longitudinal data sets, exploiting longitudinal modelling techniques, and developing new geographical data linkages to enhance our knowledge of a broader range of housing inequalities in young adulthood. We argue that incorporating these longitudinal perspectives more fully into geographical research and teaching will foster an enriched pluralistic model of quantitative human geography that is characterised by collaboration, critical engagement with policy issues, and sensitivity to the strengths and challenges of working in an integrated fashion with varied forms of numerical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we investigate the integration of a membrane separation protocol in line with the gold-catalyzed hydration of alkynes. The catalytic reaction is optimised towards that end and subsequently merged with membrane technology via the development of an organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) procedure. The protocol is investigated over both ceramic and polymeric membranes. Several gold catalysts were screened in the hydration of diphenylacetylene 1, and high rejection was observed in all cases using Borsig-type polymeric membranes. Catalyst recycling was also achieved up to 4 times using [Au(OTf)(IPr)] (3). In addition, the retained catalyst in the last catalytic cycle was analyzed and readily converted into [Au(Cl)(IPr)] (synthetic precursor to 3), using a straightforward treatment. The sustainability of the process was improved by using a green solvent, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (Me-THF), and by reducing the amount of solvent used via the implementation of a second membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is one of the problems that should be overcome in Turkey as well as a problem that concerns the whole world. In order to solve this problem, the reasons for poverty need to be well identified. In addition, due to the fact that poverty profiles vary from country to country, the solution strategies are also changing. Therefore, in this study conducted a detailed analysis of poverty before recommending any solution strategy for poverty in Turkey. In this analysis, considering the dimensions and speed of globalization, the macro economic, sociological and demographic reasons of poverty were investigated from a very deep perspective. Poverty in Turkey is examined by quantitative data in the tables,. In relation to the outcome of the emerging situation, strategies that can affect the fight against poverty in Turkey have been discussed. The study aims to give a multi-dimensional perspective to the problem by explaining the reasons of poverty in Turkey, its appearance and methods of combating poverty using both theoretical and empirical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human β-defensin-2 is an antimicrobial peptide with antibiotic properties secreted by the oral cavity to protect the host against microbial attack. The inter-individual differences in defensin expression profiles due to genetic variation might be partly responsible for differences in disease susceptibility. Aims: The objective of this study was to examine whether variation in the human β-defensin-2 gene (DEFB4A) is associated with chronic periodontitis (CP). Materials and Methods: This case-control study used Sanger sequencing to analyze two promoter polymorphisms of the DEFB4A gene with potential functional consequences using DNA samples collected from 200 unrelated individuals. Results: The DEFB4A rs1339258595 promoter polymorphism is associated with CP risk and clinical attachment level (CAL) but the rs3762040 polymorphism is not. Carriers of the T allele (rs1339258595) were approximately three times less likely to develop periodontitis compared with noncarriers (p = 0.0004, odds ratio = 0.35). Consistent with a protective role, the carriers of T allele had a lower CAL compared with the wild-type (G) allele. Moreover, the wild-type diplotype (GGGG) had a significantly higher risk of tooth loss compared with other diplotypes (p = 0.016). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that genetic variation in the promoter region of DEFB4A likely affects resistance to periodontal infection and might be a potential marker for CP risk and severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collaboration of users in communication systems is defined as cooperative communication. The cognitive radio, i.e. dynamic spectrum access technique, is a wireless communication technology that provides a great chance for unlicensed users to exploit the frequency bands in an opportunistic way. A wireless sensor network is a widely used communication technology composing of spatially distributed independent sensors in order to monitor physical or environmental circumstances. In this work, a new technique that unlicensed users become a cooperative relay when they are in idle mode is proposed. Along with the proposed technique, unlicensed users help sensor nodes as a cooperative relay when they are in idle mode. Similarly, sensor nodes help unlicensed users for detecting idle frequency bands while in sleep mode. By preventing any disruption that remote users may be exposed owing to signal attenuation, the proposed cooperative relay utilises amplify and forward based cooperative communication protocol. Thanks to this approach; the overall network has greater performance than wireless sensor network that does not use cooperative communication based dynamic access technique in terms of throughput, energy, and delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Several skull-base foramina including foramen meningo-orbitale, craniopharyngeal canals, canaliculus innominatus, foramen vesalius, palatovaginal canals, and canalis basalis medianus are visible on cone-beam computed tomographs. A good understanding of the anatomical variants of these foramina is important to accurately diagnose fractures, understand the paths that infections may take, and identify associated anomalies. We used cone-beam computed tomography to measure the incidences of skull-base foramen variants in a normal population. Methods: A total of 350 subjects (200 females, 150 males, 6–30 years of age) were included. The prevalences of foramen meningo-orbitale, craniopharyngeal canals, canaliculus innominatus, foramina vesalius, palatovaginal canals, and canalis basalis medianus were evaluated by age and gender. Results: Subject age ranged from 6 to 30 years (mean age ± SD = 15.1 ± 4.08). Foramen meningo-orbitale, craniopharyngeal canals, canaliculus innominatus, foramen vesalius, palatovaginal canal, and canalis basalis medianus were observed in 51 (14.6%), 19 (5.4%), 60 (17.1%), 145 (41.1%), 34 (9.7%), and 15 (4.3%) patients, respectively. Conclusions: Skull-base foramina are important clinically and radiologically. Imaging of such variants via cone-beam computed tomography is valuable for both physicians and patients. Few studies of skull-base foramina have used cone-beam computed tomography. Additional research is required for a fuller understanding of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the three-dimensional morphometric features of the sella turcica using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in subjects with unilateral and bilateral maxillary impacted canines and normal controls. Methods: In this retrospective study, CBCT images captured with ultra-low dose protocol of 73 subjects (21 males, 52 females; mean age 20.01 ± 6.53 years) with unilateral or bilateral maxillary impacted canines (29 unilateral and 29 bilateral) and 15 controls were evaluated. Nineteen different measurements of the pituitary fossa were made on CBCT images. To evaluate the normality, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used. The nonparametric statistical Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were applied to analyze the significant differences among and between the groups. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: No measurement differed significantly among the groups (all p > 0.05) other than the right sella length, which differed between the unilateral and bilateral test groups and the unilateral test group and controls (both p < 0.05). The bilateral test group and control group did not differ significantly, but both exhibited greater right sella length than did the unilateral test group (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Other than the right sella length, there were no among-group differences in the mean pituitary fossa measurements of subjects with impacted unilateral and bilateral canines and normally erupted canines. The right sella length was lower in subjects with impacted unilateral canines than in those with bilateral impacted canines and normal controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two prominant components of countries' integration to the global value chain are the foreign direct investments and trade openness. Under the integration activities of countries with the global economy, there is the expectation that these activities will contribute positively to the national economy. Undoubtedly, these two economic activities affect many macroeconomic indicators in a country. One of the mostİstihdam, Ticari Açıklık, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, Eşbütünleşme Analizi important of these macroeconomic indicators is employment. Within this scope, the present study examines the impact of trade openness and the share of foreign direct investment in GDP on employment for E7 countries. As a result of the study covering the period 1993-2017, no long-term relationship between trade openness and employment variables has been determined, while a long-term relationship has been identified between the share of foreign direct investment in GDP and employment. As a result of the cointegration analysis conducted under structural breaks, the impact of foreign direct investment variable on employment has been positive for China, Indonesia and Russia on the employment variable while it has been found to have a negative effect for Brazil and India. No statistically significant relationship has been found for Turkey and Mexico. When structural break date results are analyzed, findings reveal that the long-term relationship between these two variables is affected by both global and country-specific crises for E7 countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the IEEE 802.11af technology-based wireless sensor network for health data monitoring with priority classes is proposed. In IEEE 802.11af technology, a White Space Device (WSD), a Station (STA), and an Access Point (AP) communicate through television white spectrum opportunistically without causing any harmful interference to licensed` services. In the proposed network; WSDs, STA, and AP employ Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technique with the aim of communicating through the white space spectrum determined by White Space Map (WSM). WSD collects health data such as body temperature and blood pressure from an implant or on-body sensors. The priority class is determined according to the emergency of a patient as red, yellow, and green. After obtaining the analytical model of the proposed network, the simulation model is carried out using Riverbed Modeler. The graphical results prove the validity and applicability of the proposed network in terms of delay (0.17 s) and energy consumption (4.7 mJ/s) without any spectrum cost for priority-based health data monitoring. Graphical abstract Cognitive radio based IEEE 802.11af environment for priority based health data monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, combinations of ginger, clove, cinnamon, black pepper, turmeric and cardamom (K, 5B) (5%) were brewed in boiling water for 10 min, then apple cider vinegar (1.2mL/100 mL) and citric acid (0.1g/100 mL) was added to extracts for processing a ready to drink, new functional beverage. Beverages were produced by the addition of sucrose (6.78g/100 mL), stevia (0.025g/100mL), aspartame (0.008g/100 mL) and acesulfame-K (0.008g/100 mL). Products were filled into 200 mL glass bottles and pasteurized at 98°C for 15 min. Antioxidant capacity was examined during in vitro digestion, and the highest value was obtained from K coded stevia added sample (640.05±7.26, 559.77±9.26, 523.46±16.95 µmol trolox/mL soluble solid content respectively from FRAP, CUPRAC, DPPH methods). All samples were sensorially accepted, according to color, appearance, odor, taste, overall acceptability criterias and the usage of vinegar with various spice extracts and sweeteners enabled the production of an alternative cold drink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the applicability of simultaneous nitrate and sulfide removal using two-chamber bio-electrochemical systems (BES). The anode and cathode chambers of a BES were fed with the effluent of a sulfate reducing reactor and a nitrate-rich groundwater as an electron donor and acceptor sources, respectively. BES has been found to be effective for simultaneous removal of sulfide and nitrate coming from different sources and without mixing them. As a result, 10 gS/m3/d of sulfide oxidation and 7.26 gN/m3/d of nitrate reduction rates were achieved. The number of electrons used for denitrification was more than that of delivered from the anode, especially when the anode chamber was fed with the SRR effluent and operated at pH 7–7.5. It was supposed that H 2 S was used for denitrification in the cathode by passing through the membrane. Another reason for this might be the electrons released from the corroding steel mesh current collector. • BES is applicable for simultaneous treatment of HS− and NO 3 − in separate chambers. • 10 gS/m3/d Sulfide oxidation rate was obtained • Nitrate reduction rate was 7.3 gN/m3/d [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, fuzzy logic based collector station decision approach is proposed in order to provide lossless data transmission in underground wireless sensor networks. With the aim of allowing the sensor nodes to transmit energyefficient lossless data, the decision of the collector station is performed with the help of fuzzy logic. The simulation model of the proposed underground wireless sensor network was performed using Riverbed software. Fuzzy logicbased decision processing was performed by using Matlab software. In the fuzzy logic system; collector station decision output value is obtained by evaluating energy, depth and usage input parameters. The proposed underground wireless sensor network performance is evaluated by examining the throughput and energy consumption parameters which are commonly used in wireless sensor networks. When the results are examined to evaluate the proposed sensor network performance, it is revealed that lossless data transmission is performed in underground wireless sensor networks with maximum throughput performance and average energy consumption. Thanks to the proposed fuzzy logic system; the most suitable collector station is selected for wireless sensor networks and energy consumption is kept at the lowest possible level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-oil obtained by pyrolysis of biomass contains high amounts of oxygenated compounds as a result its physicochemical properties may give rise to certain challenges. Zeolite-based catalysts, such as clinoptilolite, have the ability to convert oxygenated compounds into less oxygenated compounds.10%Ni/Clinoptilolite catalyst was synthesized by modified polyol method as an alternative to known methods instead of common catalysts to improve bio-oil quality. Catalyzed/uncatalyzed pyrolysis of hazelnut husk (HH) was conducted for two distinct retention times (15 s and 25 s) and two catalyst/biomass ratios (1:1 and 2:1) to determine the effect of the catalyst. The optimal catalyst/biomass ratio for obtaining the highest aromatic hydrocarbon content was found to be two, whereas the highest aliphatic hydrocarbon content was observed at a ratio of one. An increase in retention time from 15 s to 25 s was found to have a positive impact on the composition of bio-oil, whereas it decreased the aromatic hydrocarbon content only when the ratio of catalyst to biomass was two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although previous research shows that family dynamics and parental socioeconomic status influence the timing of young adults' first entry into homeownership, much less is known about how the role of family factors may vary across countries with different housing systems. In this article, we use panel survey data from Britain and Germany to compare how family life course careers and parental socioeconomic background influence young adults' initial entry into homeownership in these two divergent national contexts. The results show that in Britain, first-time homeownership transitions are tightly synchronized with partnership formation. By contrast, in Germany first moves into homeownership typically occur later around or after the arrival of children. Parental owner-occupation accelerates entry into homeownership in both contexts, while the effects of other parental characteristics are relatively muted. Furthermore, the results highlight how individual socioeconomic factors are critical determinants of entering owner-occupation. This is particularly true in Britain where there is a strong socioeconomic gradient in first-time homeownership transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, thermodynamic properties (Heat capacity, Entropies, Enthalpy, Gibbs free and Thermal energy) and frontier (HOMO, LUMO) molecular orbitals of a derivative dithiophosphonates molecule which is [+HN(C2H5)3][CH3CHOC6H3(CF3)2)(CH3OC6H4)PS2-] in the ground state were calculated by using the quantum chemical calculation method such as density functional theory (DFT) employing B3LYP and HF levels with the 6-31G(d) basis set. In addition, the frontier molecular orbitals analysis of the molecule were researched using computational methods. Properties about the charge density distribution of the title compound and its chemical reactivity has been investigated with mapping molecular electrostatic potential surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]